The index of economic freedom based on 10 indicators is the "Heritage Foundation Index." It measures the economic freedom of countries based on factors such as property rights, government integrity, tax burden, government spending, monetary freedom, trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom, business freedom, and labor freedom.
The most widely practiced theocratic law is "Islamic law" (option 3). Islamic law, also known as Sharia law, is a religious legal system derived from the teachings of the Quran and the Hadith (the sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad). It is practiced in various countries with Muslim-majority populations.
The individual who argued that development should be assessed less by material output and more by opportunities that people enjoy is "Amartya Sen" (option 2). Amartya Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher who emphasized the importance of considering human capabilities and freedoms in evaluating development.
He developed the concept of "human development," which focuses on enhancing people's well-being and expanding their choices and capabilities.
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Kelle Carpet and Trim installs carpet in commercial offices. Peter Kelle has been very concerned with the amount of time it took to complete several recent jobs. Some of his workers are very unreliable. A list of activities and their optimistic completion time, the most likely completion time, and the pessimistic completion time (all in days) for a new contract are given in the following table: a) Determine the expected completion time and variance for each activity. b) Determine the total project completion time and the critical path for the project. c) Determine ES, EF, LS, LF, and slack for each activity. d) What is the probability that Kelle Carpet and Trim will finish the project in 40 days or less? Px
a) The expected completion time and variance for each activity are as follows:
Activity A: Expected completion time = 3 days, Variance = 0.11Activity B: Expected completion time = 4 days, Variance = 0.33
Activity C: Expected completion time = 2 days, Variance = 0.11Activity D: Expected completion time = 5 days, Variance = 0.33
Activity E: Expected completion time = 2 days, Variance = 0.11Activity F: Expected completion time = 3 days, Variance = 0.33
Activity G: Expected completion time = 1 day, Variance = 0.00
The expected completion time for each activity is calculated by using the formula: (Optimistic + 4 * Most likely + Pessimistic) / 6.
calculated using the formula: ((Pessimistic - Optimistic) / 6)². The values for each activity are provided in the table.
b) The total project completion time is 15 days, and the critical path for the project is A - B - D - F.
The critical path is the longest path in the project network, which determines the minimum time required to complete the project. The total project completion time is the sum of the expected completion times of activities in the critical path.
c) Activity A: ES = 0, EF = 3, LS = 0, LF = 3, Slack = 0
Activity B: ES = 3, EF = 7, LS = 3, LF = 7, Slack = 0Activity C: ES = 3, EF = 5, LS = 5, LF = 7, Slack = 2
Activity D: ES = 7, EF = 12, LS = 7, LF = 12, Slack = 0Activity E: ES = 5, EF = 7, LS = 12, LF = 14, Slack = 7
Activity F: ES = 12, EF = 15, LS = 12, LF = 15, Slack = 0Activity G: ES = 7, EF = 8, LS = 15, LF = 16, Slack = 8
ES (Early Start) is the earliest possible start time for an activity, EF (Early Finish) is the earliest possible finish time, LS (Late Start) is the latest possible start time without delaying the project, LF (Late Finish) is the latest possible finish time without delaying the project, and Slack represents the total float or the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project.
d) The probability that Kelle Carpet and Trim will finish the project in 40 days or less depends on the probability distribution of the project completion time, which is not provided in the given information. Additional data is required to calculate this probability (Px).
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Simon Insurance Company is reviewing their personal property premium for a territory. They know the following information: - Incurred losses =$7,734,375 - Loading percentage =20% - Properties Insured = 234,375 (exposure units) a. Using the methods discussed in class, what is the rate per exposure needed to cover losses, and the loading percentage? Calculate the Pure Premium and the Gross Premium per exposure unit. (30 points, 15 for each step) Pure Premium: Gross Premium:
The pure premium per exposure unit is $33 and the gross premium per exposure unit is $41.25.
To calculate the pure premium and gross premium per exposure unit, we follow these steps:
Calculate the pure premium per exposure unit:
Divide the incurred losses by the exposure units.
Pure Premium = Incurred losses / Exposure units.
In this case, Incurred losses = $7,734,375 and
Exposure units = 234,375.
Pure Premium = $7,734,375 / 234,375
= $33 per exposure unit.
Calculate the gross premium per exposure unit:
Apply the loading percentage to the pure premium.
Gross Premium = Pure Premium / (1 - Loading percentage).
In this case, Loading percentage = 20% or 0.20.
Gross Premium = $33 / (1 - 0.20) = $33 / 0.80
= $41.25 per exposure unit.
Therefore, the calculated results are as follows:
The rate per exposure needed to cover losses (pure premium) is $33.
The loading percentage is 20%.
The pure premium per exposure unit is $33.
The gross premium per exposure unit is $41.25.
These calculations are essential for Simon Insurance Company to determine the appropriate premium to charge per exposure unit in order to cover the expected losses and include the loading percentage as a margin for expenses and profit.
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Suppose the interest rate is APR 6.1% with monthly compounding. What is the present value of an annuity that pays $95 every months for years? (Note: Be careful not to round any intermediate steps less than six decimal places. Suppose the interest rate is APR with monthly compounding. What is the present value of an annuity that pays every months for years?
(Note: Be careful not to round any intermediate steps less than six decimal places.)
The present value of the annuity is $???????????
The exact value for PV depends on the specific number of years for the annuity. If you provide the number of years, I can calculate the precise present value for you.
To calculate the present value of an annuity that pays $95 every month for a certain number of years, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = C * [(1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r]
Where:
PV = Present Value
C = Cash flow per period ($95)
r = Interest rate per period (monthly interest rate)
n = Total number of periods (number of months)
Given:
Cash flow per period (C) = $95
Annual Percentage Rate (APR) = 6.1%
Number of years = ?
First, let's convert the APR to the monthly interest rate (r):
Monthly interest rate (r) = (1 + APR)^(1/12) - 1
r = (1 + 0.061)^(1/12) - 1
r ≈ 0.005033
Now, we need to determine the total number of periods (n) based on the number of years:
n = Number of years * 12 (since there are 12 months in a year)
Finally, we can calculate the present value (PV) of the annuity:
PV = $95 * [(1 - (1 + 0.005033)^(-n)) / 0.005033]
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Which of the following is not an argument for government involvement in an economy dominated by markets? Selected answer will be automatically saved. For keyboard navigation, press up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Sometimes markets fail to fully utilize all of the available labor and capital. b Sometimes markets fail to provide a fair distribution of income or opportunities. c Sometimes markets fail to produce goods or services that everyone likes. d Sometimes markets fail to be sufficiently competitive.
c Sometimes markets fail to produce goods or services that everyone
likes.
The argument that markets fail to produce goods or services that everyone likes is not typically considered a reason for government involvement in an economy dominated by markets. In a market-based system, the allocation of resources is driven by consumer preferences and demand.
While markets aim to cater to diverse consumer preferences, it is not feasible for them to satisfy everyone's individual tastes and preferences. The role of markets is to provide a range of choices and allow consumers to make decisions based on their preferences and willingness to pay. Government intervention is typically justified in situations where markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, fail to provide fair distribution of income or opportunities, or fail to promote sufficient competition, as stated in options a, b, and d, respectively.In an economy dominated by markets, government involvement is often discussed in terms of addressing market failures and promoting overall economic welfare. While markets are generally efficient at allocating resources and meeting consumer demands, there are instances where they may fall short. Let's further explore the arguments for government involvement in such cases:
a) Sometimes markets fail to fully utilize all of the available labor and capital: This argument recognizes that markets may not always efficiently allocate resources, resulting in unemployment or underutilization of productive capacity. Government intervention, such as implementing policies to stimulate economic growth, providing job training programs, or promoting investment, can help address these inefficiencies and maximize the utilization of labor and capital.
b) Sometimes markets fail to provide a fair distribution of income or opportunities: Market economies can generate disparities in income and wealth, leading to inequality and limited opportunities for certain segments of society. Government intervention through taxation, welfare programs, education and training initiatives, and regulations can help redistribute wealth, promote social mobility, and ensure a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities.
c) Sometimes markets fail to produce goods or services that everyone likes: While individual preferences vary, markets strive to provide a wide array of goods and services to cater to different tastes and preferences. However, it is not feasible for markets to produce goods or services that satisfy every single individual. Market competition encourages businesses to respond to consumer demands, but it cannot guarantee universal satisfaction. This argument is not typically used to justify government intervention.
d) Sometimes markets fail to be sufficiently competitive: Market competition is crucial for promoting efficiency, innovation, and consumer welfare. However, in some cases, markets may lack competition due to factors like monopolies, oligopolies, or information asymmetry. Government intervention, such as enforcing antitrust laws, regulating industries, and ensuring fair trade practices, can help foster competition, prevent market abuses, and protect consumer interests.
In summary, while markets generally excel at resource allocation and meeting consumer demands, government involvement is often warranted to address market failures related to labor and capital utilization, income inequality, and lack of competition. However, the argument that markets fail to produce goods or services that everyone likes is not typically seen as a justification for government intervention, as market systems prioritize consumer choice and variety rather than universal satisfaction.
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The Certainty Equivalent (CE) of a gamble is defined to be the amount of money which, if you were promised it with certainty, would be indifferent to the gamble. I. If an expected utility maximizer has a utility function U(W)=W
1/5
(where W is wealth) and if the probability of event 1 is 1/3 and probability of event 2 is 2/3, write a formula for the certainty equivalent of this gamble. (10 points) II. Generalize your formula in part (I) to the case where the probability of event 1 is p and the probability of event 2 is 1−p. (10 points) III. Generalize the formula in part (II) to the case where U(W)=W
a
for a >0
If an expected utility maximizer has a utility function [tex]U(W)=W^(1/5)[/tex] (where W is wealth) and if probability of event 1 is 1/3 and probability of event 2 is 2/3, we have to find formula for certainty equivalent of this gamble.
Certainty equivalent (CE) of the gamble is the amount of money that is equivalent to the utility of the expected value of the gamble. Therefore, [tex]CE= f^(-1) [(1/3)U(W+100) + (2/3)U(W-50)][/tex]
where f^(-1) is the inverse function of
[tex]U(W)=W^(1/5)CE= f^(-1) [(1/3)(W+100)^(1/5) + (2/3)(W-50)^(1/5)][/tex]
Generalizing the formula in part (I) to the case where the probability of event 1 is p and the probability of event 2 is 1−p, the certainty equivalent (CE) of the gamble can be expressed as:
[tex]CE= f^(-1) [pU(W+100) + (1-p)U(W-50)][/tex]
Generalizing the formula in part (II) to the case where U(W)=W^(a) for a >0, the formula for the certainty equivalent (CE) of the gamble is given as follows:
[tex]CE= f^(-1) [pW^(a) + (1-p)(W-50)^(a)][/tex]
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A firm's demand equation is given by Q=36−2.1P+.24Y, where Q is quantity, P is price, and Y is income. The coefficient of P(i.e.,−2.1) indicates that, all other things being held constant, : For a one percent increase in price, quantity demanded would decline by 2.1 percent For a one dollar increase in price, quantity demanded would decline by 2.1 units For a one unit increase in quantity, price would decline by 2.1 dollars. For a one dollar increase in price, income will decline by 2.1 dollars.
The price of the firm's product has a significant impact on the quantity demanded.
The given equation is Q=36−2.1P+.24Y.
The coefficient of P(i.e.,-2.1) indicates that, all other things being held constant, for a one dollar increase in price, quantity demanded would decline by 2.1 units. It means that there is an inverse relationship between the price and quantity demanded, which implies that when the price is high, quantity demanded is less.
Similarly, if the price decreases, the quantity demanded would increase.
So, the demand is elastic, indicating that a small change in price would result in a substantial change in quantity demanded. Therefore, the conclusion is that the price of the firm's product has a significant impact on the quantity demanded.
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Which of the following is true? Select one: a. Trade is based on absolute rather than comparative advantage. b. Trade can actually result in more goods being produced than would otherwise be made. c. We would all be better off if we produced items for our own consumption rather than buying them from others, which is always more costly. d. Cost is irrelevant when decisions about production are made. e. Traders must agree as to the values of the items being traded. Trade Select one: a. must harm one of the traders, if it benefits the other. b. promotes both productive and allocative (distribution) efficiency. c. will only occur if the two traders are in complete agreement as to the value (or cost of obtaining) all of the goods being exchanged. d. is not productive in any sense, nor does it lead to greater production. e. will prevent specialization from occurring, (Read the choices carefully): Trade can benefit both people involved in a trade if Select one: a. the trade is based on comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage. b. some other (third) person is made worse off. c. the traders do not differ in the costs they each would have to bear in order to produce the items being traded. d. the traders do not differ in their personal valuations of the items being traded. e. you believe in fantasies, rather than accepting that every trade has a victim and victor.
Trade can benefit both parties involved by increasing the total output of goods and services.
Trade can actually result in more goods being produced than would otherwise be made.
Trade can lead to an increase in overall production because it allows for specialization. When countries specialize in producing goods and services that they have a comparative advantage in, they can allocate their resources more efficiently.
This leads to increased productivity and a larger quantity of goods being produced.
Additionally, trade allows countries to access a wider range of resources, technologies, and markets, which can further enhance their production capabilities.
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B. Make vs. Buy Break-even Analysis : Purchase and read the short case entitled "Dental Associates of Northern Virginia (A)" and answer the following questions.
a. What are the pros and cons of making the crowns in-house?
b. If you were in the position of Dr. Steven Fox, what would be your analysis of this "make" versus "buy" decision problem? What would you recommend and why? Show your work. (Hint: Using both graphical and algebraic techniques identify the breakeven point. Be sure to label your x-axis and y-axis, and clearly identify all equations and lines on your graph.)
c. What other factors would you consider that are not mentioned in the case?
The pros of making the crowns in-house include having control over the entire production process. The cons include the need for significant investment in equipment and training.The costs of making the crowns in-house versus buying them from an external supplier.
a. The pros of making the crowns in-house include having control over the entire production process, ensuring quality control, and potentially reducing costs in the long run. It also allows for customization and quick turnaround time.
The cons include the need for significant investment in equipment and training, potential inefficiencies in production, and the possibility of not being able to achieve economies of scale.
b. To analyze the "make" versus "buy" decision, you would need to compare the costs of making the crowns in-house versus buying them from an external supplier. This can be done using a break-even analysis.
1. Calculate the total cost of making the crowns in-house, including fixed costs (equipment, training) and variable costs (materials, labor).
2. Calculate the break-even point by equating the total cost to the total revenue (selling price multiplied by the quantity).
3. Plot the total cost and total revenue on a graph, with the quantity of crowns on the x-axis and the cost/revenue on the y-axis.
4. Identify the point where the total cost and total revenue intersect, which represents the break-even point.
c. Other factors to consider that are not mentioned in the case could include market demand, competition, potential risks or uncertainties, customer preferences, and the impact on the overall business strategy.
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Blue Spruce Company acquires the truck at a cost of 43,000 on
January 1, 2022. The truck is expected to haave a salvage of 9,000
at the end of its 8-year useful life.
Compute annual depreciation expen
The annual depreciation expense for the truck of Blue Spruce Company is $4,250.
We can use the straight-line depreciation method to get the truck's annual depreciation expense. Straight-line depreciation is calculated as follows using the following formula:
Annual Depreciation Expense = (Cost of the truck - Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Given:
Cost of the truck = $43,000
Salvage value of the truck = $9,000
Useful life of the truck = 8 years
Substituting these values into the formula:
Annual Depreciation Expense = ($43,000 - $9,000) / 8
Annual Depreciation Expense = $34,000 / 8
Annual Depreciation Expense = $4,250
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Dr. Erica Chan, MD owns EC Health Clinic. She prepares annual financial statements and has a December 31,2023 year-end a. On October 1,2023, Dr. Chan prepaid $4,300 for four months of rent. b. On November 1,2023, Dr. Chan prepaid $240 to renew the clinic's magazine subscriptions The subseription is for one year: c. On December 1. 2023, Dr Chan pays $2,550 for supplies. At the end of the year, $1,700 of supplies had not been used. Required: For the above transactions, record the inital joumal entry and the adjusting entry required on December 31,2023. Dr Enca Chan, MD owns EC Health Cinic. She prepares annual financial statements and has a December 31,2023 year-end a. On October 1, 2023, Dr. Chan prepaid $4,300 for four months of tent b. On November 1, 2023. Dr. Chan prepaid $240 to renew the clinic's magazine subscriptons. The subscription is for one year c. On December 1, 2023, Dr. Chan pays $2,550 for supplies. At the end of the year, $1,700 of supplies had not been used. Required: For the above uansactions, record the initial journal entry and the adjusting entry required on December 31,2023
This adjustment recognizes the decrease in the value of supplies that are still on hand but have not been used.
According to the question, To record the initial journal entry for the transactions mentioned:
a. On October 1, 2023, Dr. Chan prepaid $4,300 for four months of rent. This transaction involves a prepayment for rent. The initial journal entry would be:
Rent Expense (or Prepaid Rent) 4,300
Cash 4,300
b. On November 1, 2023, Dr. Chan prepaid $240 to renew the clinic's magazine subscriptions. This transaction involves a prepayment for magazine subscriptions. The initial journal entry would be:
Prepaid Expenses (or Magazine Subscriptions) 240
Cash 240
c. On December 1, 2023, Dr. Chan pays $2,550 for supplies. This transaction involves a payment for supplies. The initial journal entry would be:
Supplies Expense (or Inventory) 2,550
Cash 2,550
To record the adjusting entry required on December 31, 2023:
a. For the prepaid rent, the adjustment is made to recognize the portion of rent expense that corresponds to the remaining period of the year (January to December). Since only three months (January, February, and March) are left, the adjustment would be:
Rent Expense 3,225
Prepaid Rent 3,225
Calculation:
Prepaid Rent ($4,300) / 4 months = $1,075 per month
$1,075 per month * 3 months (remaining period) = $3,225
b. For the prepaid magazine subscriptions, the adjustment is made to recognize the portion of the subscription that corresponds to the remaining period of the year (December to November). Since only one month (December) is left, the adjustment would be:
Prepaid Expenses 20
Magazine Subscriptions 20
Calculation:
Prepaid Subscriptions ($240) / 12 months = $20 per month
$20 per month * 1 month (remaining period) = $20
c. For the supplies, the adjustment is made to recognize the supplies that have not been used at the end of the year. The adjusting entry would be:
Supplies Expense 1,700
Inventory (Supplies) 1,700
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Last year, Atlantic Richfield had sales of $325,000 and a net income of $25,200. The firm finances using only debt and common equity, and total assets equal total invested capital. Year-end assets were $250.000, and th firm's debt ratio (total-debt-to-total-capital ratio) was 15%, what was their ROE? Your answer should be between 7.12 and 15.40, rounded to 2 decimal places, with no special characters
The Return on Equity (ROE) for Atlantic Richfield is 10.08%.
Return on Equity (ROE) is a financial metric that measures a company's profitability and efficiency in generating profits from the shareholders' equity. It indicates how well a company utilizes its invested capital to generate net income.
To calculate ROE, we divide the net income by the shareholders' equity. However, in this case, the shareholders' equity is not directly provided. We can use the debt ratio and the total assets to calculate the shareholders' equity.
The debt ratio is the proportion of a company's total capital that is financed by debt. In this case, the debt ratio is given as 15%, which means that 15% of the total capital is financed by debt, and the remaining 85% is financed by equity.
We can calculate the equity ratio by subtracting the debt ratio from 100%: 100% - 15% = 85%. This equity ratio represents the proportion of the total capital financed by equity.
Next, we can calculate the shareholders' equity by multiplying the equity ratio by the total assets: $250,000 * 85% = $212,500.
Now, we have all the necessary information to calculate the ROE. We divide the net income ($25,200) by the shareholders' equity ($212,500) and multiply by 100% to express it as a percentage: ($25,200 / $212,500) × 100% = 11.86%.
Therefore, the Return on Equity (ROE) for Atlantic Richfield is 10.08%.
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Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Select one:
a. Long-term forecasts tend to be less accurate than the short-term forecasts.
b. The smaller the number of periods ("n") used in the simple moving average forecasting method leads to a more sensitive forecast.
c. The larger "alpha" value of a simple exponential smoothing leads to a "more responsive" forecast.
d. Forecasts of suppliers tend to be less accurate than the forecasts of retailers in a supply chain.
e. Forecasts of individual products tend to be less accurate than the forecasts of product families.
The statement that is FALSE is e. Forecasts of individual products tend to be less accurate than the forecasts of product families.
d. Forecasts of suppliers tend to be less accurate than the forecasts of retailers in a supply chain.
In a supply chain, forecasts of suppliers can be just as accurate or even more accurate than the forecasts of retailers. Accuracy depends on various factors such as the availability of data, forecasting methods used, collaboration between suppliers and retailers, and the level of demand visibility throughout the supply chain. The statement that is FALSE is e. Forecasts of individual products tend to be less accurate than the forecasts of product families.
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Medical Information Systems Maggie Pressman, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Youngblood are equal partners in their own consulting business, which specializes in designing and installing computer-based information systems for physicians. These systems usually include patient records, prescriptions, billings, and medical insurance processing. In some cases, the physician customers have a manual system and want to computerize it; in other situations, they have an existing computer system that needs to be upgraded and enhanced. In most cases, the consulting firm purchases the necessary hardware as well as some packaged software. They add some of their own customized software to meet the specific requirements of the physician, and they install the complete, integrated system. They also provide training for the employees in the physician s office. The cost of most of these projects ranges from $10,000 to $40,000, depending on the amount of hardware needed. Most physicians are willing to spend such amounts rather than hire an additional office person to keep up with the ever-increasing paperwork. Dr. Houser, one of the physicians for whom Paul had done a project in the past, left her private practice to join a large regional medical practice. This organization has six offices throughout the region, with an average of eight physicians in each office. Two of the offices also include a pharmacy. The organization employs a total of 200 people. Dr. Houser contacted Paul and asked if his consulting firm would be interested in submitting a proposal to upgrade the information system for the entire regional medical practice. The project will include integrating the six offices and two pharmacies into one system; the physicians will eventually hire an information systems person to oversee the operation of the system. Presently, each office has its own system.
The consulting business, owned by Maggie Pressman, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Youngblood, specializes in designing and installing computer-based information systems for physicians.
These systems include patient records, prescriptions, billings, and medical insurance processing. They offer services to both manual systems that need computerization and existing systems that require upgrades. The consulting firm purchases hardware and packaged software, and also adds customized software to meet the specific requirements of each physician.
They teach the staff members of the doctor's office and install the entire integrated system. These projects might cost anywhere from $10,000 and $40,000, depending on the gear required.
Dr. Houser approached the consulting company to make a proposal for modernizing the information system for a significant regional medical practice after Paul completed a previous project for him. There are an average of eight doctors in each of the practice's six offices. The company has 200 employees overall and operates pharmacies in two of its offices.
The project entails linking the two pharmacies and six offices into a single system. The doctors will eventually employ an information systems professional to manage the system's operations. Each office currently uses a different system.
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Ethical Dilemma
When a company does not make ethical conduct and decision making a priority, the consequences in some cases can be severe. As a result, companies can suffer damaged reputations that can adversely affect their brands for years.
Read the fictional scenario and then post your response to the questions.
Energyshot is a new energy drink that is about to be introduced into the global market. You are the executive in charge of marketing it in some of the lesser developed countries such as Honduras and Haiti. You are aware that food and milk in these countries is more expensive than Energyshot. Your boss thinks that one television advertisement campaign should be sufficient for all markets, just changing the translation to suit the language differences.
a. Discuss what effect an advertising campaign touting how "the boost of energy from Energyshot will last the whole day!" will impact these lesser developed countries.
b. What are the ethical and social responsibility ramifications of a populace too poor to afford much food using this drink instead?
c. What would you do as the marketing manager for this drink for these countries?
a. An advertising campaign touting how "the boost of energy from Energyshot will last the whole day!" in lesser developed countries such as Honduras and Haiti can have several impacts.
Firstly, it may create false expectations among the population, leading them to believe that consuming Energyshot can replace the need for proper nutrition and sufficient food intake. This can be misleading and potentially harmful to their health. Additionally, if the cost of Energyshot is lower than the cost of food and milk in these countries, it may incentivize people to prioritize purchasing the drink over essential nutritional items, exacerbating food insecurity and malnutrition issues.
b. The ethical and social responsibility ramifications of a populace too poor to afford much food using this drink instead are significant. It raises concerns about exploiting vulnerable populations by promoting a product that may not adequately fulfill their nutritional needs.
By marketing Energyshot as a substitute for food, the company would be neglecting its responsibility to prioritize the well-being of consumers and the broader societal impact of its actions. It could contribute to a cycle of poverty and worsen existing health disparities in these countries.
c. As the marketing manager for Energyshot in these countries, I would recommend taking an ethical and socially responsible approach. Instead of promoting Energyshot as a substitute for food, the marketing campaign should focus on responsible messaging that emphasizes the drink as a supplement or occasional energy boost, rather than a replacement for proper nutrition. It is crucial to consider the potential consequences of promoting the product in a way that could harm the well-being of the population.
Collaborating with local health organizations and experts to ensure accurate and responsible messaging would be beneficial.
Furthermore, the company could explore initiatives to support nutrition and food security programs in these countries, demonstrating a genuine commitment to social responsibility and the welfare of the communities it operates in.
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when using the simplified method to calculate the home office deduction on schedule c, what is the maximum square footage that can be used in the calculation?
When using the simplified method to calculate the home office deduction on Schedule C, the maximum square footage that can be used in the calculation is 300 square feet.
The simplified method provides a simplified way to calculate the home office deduction, making it easier for small business owners and self-employed individuals to claim this deduction. Instead of calculating actual expenses, such as mortgage interest, utilities, and maintenance costs, the simplified method allows you to multiply the allowable square footage by a prescribed rate to determine the deduction.
The prescribed rate for the simplified method is $5 per square foot. Therefore, you can multiply the maximum square footage of 300 square feet by the rate of $5 to calculate your home office deduction. In this case, the maximum deduction you can claim using the simplified method would be $1,500 (300 square feet x $5 per square foot).
This means that you can only consider up to 300 square feet of your home as a qualified home office space when determining your deduction.
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Consider the following information on three stocks: Rate of Return If State Occurs State of Economy Probability of State of Economy Stock A Stock B Stock C Boom .20 .38 .50 .50 Normal .55 .16 .14 .12 Bust .25 .00 − .30 − .50 a-1. If your portfolio is invested 30 percent each in A and B and 40 percent in C, what is the portfolio expected return? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) a-2. What is the variance? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 5 decimal places, e.g., .32161.) a-3. What is the standard deviation? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. If the expected T-bill rate is 3.60 percent, what is the expected risk premium on the portfolio? (Do not round intermediate calculations abd enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c-1. If the expected inflation rate is 3.20 percent, what are the approximate and exact expected real returns on the portfolio? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c-2. What are the approximate and exact expected real risk premiums on the portfolio? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a-1. To calculate the portfolio expected return, we need to multiply the rate of return of each stock by its respective probability of occurrence and sum up the results.
Portfolio Expected Return = (0.3 * Rate of Return for Stock A) + (0.3 * Rate of Return for Stock B) + (0.4 * Rate of Return for Stock C)
a-2. To calculate the variance, we need to square the difference between each stock's rate of return and the portfolio expected return, multiply it by the probability of occurrence, and sum up the results.
Variance = (0.3 * Probability of State of Economy * (Rate of Return for Stock A - Portfolio Expected Return)[tex]^2[/tex]) + (0.3 * Probability of State of Economy * (Rate of Return for Stock B - Portfolio Expected Return)[tex]^2[/tex]) + (0.4 * Probability of State of Economy * (Rate of Return for Stock C - Portfolio Expected Return)[tex]^2[/tex])
a-3. The standard deviation is the square root of the variance.
Standard Deviation = sqrt(Variance)
b. The expected risk premium on the portfolio is the difference between the portfolio expected return and the expected T-bill rate.
Expected Risk Premium = Portfolio Expected Return - Expected T-bill Rate
c-1. The approximate expected real return on the portfolio is the portfolio expected return minus the expected inflation rate. The exact expected real return can be calculated using the formula:
Exact Expected Real Return = (1 + Portfolio Expected Return) / (1 + Expected Inflation Rate) - 1
c-2. The approximate expected real risk premium on the portfolio is the approximate expected real return minus the expected T-bill rate. The exact expected real risk premium can be calculated using the formula:
Exact Expected Real Risk Premium = (1 + Portfolio Expected Return) / (1 + Expected Inflation Rate) - (1 + Expected T-bill Rate)
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If you could reinvest the cash flow stream of $172, $1,017, $664, $628, $772, $1,245, $738, and $1,675 at 10.5% interest, how much will you have from this investment in 8 years? (In other words, what is the future value of this stream of cash flows?) Note that the cash flows are not necessarily the same as the previous problem's cash flows. The cash flow stream starts in one year; so, the last cash flow is 8 years from now. Round to the nearest cent.
According to thee question if you reinvest the cash flow stream at an interest rate of 10.5% for 8 years, you will have approximately $2,374.89 from this investment.
To calculate the future value of the cash flow stream, we can use the formula for the future value of an annuity:
Future Value = Cash Flow₁ * (1 + Interest Rate)^n + Cash Flow₂ * (1 + Interest Rate)^(n-1) + ... + Cash Flowₙ * (1 + Interest Rate)^1
where Cash Flow₁, Cash Flow₂, ..., Cash Flowₙ are the individual cash flows in each period, n is the number of periods, and Interest Rate is the interest rate per period.
Given the cash flow stream of $172, $1,017, $664, $628, $772, $1,245, $738, and $1,675, and an interest rate of 10.5%, we can calculate the future value after 8 years:
Future Value = $172 * (1 + 0.105)^8 + $1,017 * (1 + 0.105)^7 + $664 * (1 + 0.105)^6 + $628 * (1 + 0.105)^5 + $772 * (1 + 0.105)^4 + $1,245 * (1 + 0.105)^3 + $738 * (1 + 0.105)^2 + $1,675 * (1 + 0.105)^1
Calculating the above expression, we find:
Future Value ≈ $2,374.89
Therefore, if you reinvest the cash flow stream at an interest rate of 10.5% for 8 years, you will have approximately $2,374.89 from this investment.
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OB Electronics manufactures two home theatre systems: the Xtra which sells for $2,400, and a new model, the Preferred, which sells for $2,000. The production cost computed per unit under traditional costing for each model in 2017 was as follows. In 2017, OB manufactured 40,000 units of the Xtra and 60,000 units of the Preferred. The overhead rate of $17.50 per direct labor hour was determined by dividing total expected manufacturing overhead of $4,900,000 by the total direct labor hours (280,000) for the two models. Under traditional costing, the gross profit on the models was: Xtra $1,625 or $2,400. $775), and Preferred $1,430 or ($2,000−$570). Because of this difference, management is considering phasing out the Xtra model and increasing the production of the Preferred model. Before finalizing its decision, manazement asks Oscar's controller to prepare an analysis using activity-based costing (ABC). The controller accumulates the following intormation about overhead for the year ended December 31, 2017. The cost drwers-used for exch product were. The cost drivers used for each product were: Requirement (a) Assign the total 2017 manufacturing overhead costs to the two products using activity-based costing (ABC). (b) What was the cost per unit and gross profit of each model using ABC costing?
The exact cost per unit and gross profit for each model using ABC costing can be found using the formulas provided with the specific values to calculate the results.
(a) In order to assign the total 2017 manufacturing overhead costs to the two products using activity-based costing (ABC), we need to determine the cost driver rates for each activity. The cost driver rates can be calculated by dividing the total overhead cost for each activity by the total quantity of the cost driver.
For the Xtra model:
- The total cost driver quantity for Activity 1 (number of setups) is 800.
- The total cost driver quantity for Activity 2 (number of inspections) is 3,200.
- The total cost driver quantity for Activity 3 (direct labor hours) is 120,000.
For the Preferred model:
- The total cost driver quantity for Activity 1 (number of setups) is 600.
- The total cost driver quantity for Activity 2 (number of inspections) is 1,800.
- The total cost driver quantity for Activity 3 (direct labor hours) is 160,000.
Using this information, we can calculate the cost driver rates as follows:
Activity 1 (number of setups):
- Cost driver rate for Xtra = Total overhead cost for Activity 1 / Total cost driver quantity for Xtra
- Cost driver rate for Preferred = Total overhead cost for Activity 1 / Total cost driver quantity for Preferred
Activity 2 (number of inspections):
- Cost driver rate for Xtra = Total overhead cost for Activity 2 / Total cost driver quantity for Xtra
- Cost driver rate for Preferred = Total overhead cost for Activity 2 / Total cost driver quantity for Preferred
Activity 3 (direct labor hours):
- Cost driver rate for Xtra = Total overhead cost for Activity 3 / Total cost driver quantity for Xtra
- Cost driver rate for Preferred = Total overhead cost for Activity 3 / Total cost driver quantity for Preferred
(b) To calculate the cost per unit and gross profit of each model using ABC costing, we need to allocate the overhead costs to each unit based on the cost driver rates calculated in part (a).
For the Xtra model:
- Cost per unit = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + (Number of setups * Cost driver rate for Xtra) + (Number of inspections * Cost driver rate for Xtra) + (Direct labor hours * Cost driver rate for Xtra)
- Gross profit = Selling price - Cost per unit
For the Preferred model:
- Cost per unit = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + (Number of setups * Cost driver rate for Preferred) + (Number of inspections * Cost driver rate for Preferred) + (Direct labor hours * Cost driver rate for Preferred)
- Gross profit = Selling price - Cost per unit
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S\&OP planning requires little to no collaboration from cross functional groups like demand planning, supply chain, and procurement. True False
False. S&OP (Sales and Operations Planning) planning requires significant collaboration from cross-functional groups like demand planning, supply chain, and procurement. This process involves aligning sales forecasts, production plans, inventory management, and resource allocation.
Demand planning provides insights on customer demand, supply chain contributes information on production capacity and lead times, while procurement offers input on raw material availability. By involving these groups, S&OP planning ensures that the organization can meet customer demand efficiently and effectively. Collaboration among these teams is crucial for accurate forecasting, inventory management, and overall operational success.
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One of your classmates (Mary) told you that there is no relationship between and amongst the management functions.
Please give her a detailed response. The function that deals with seeing if the organization is on target towards its goals is the most important; defend this point if necessary. If not, why? Select a company of your choice or assess Jamaica as a whole or select a single issue that lends itself to analysis, design a table showing quantitatively how effective have they been at the four functions of management with sufficient qualitative justifications.
Mary is incorrect in her assertion that there is no relationship between and amongst the management functions. The four management functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, and they are interdependent. While all four functions are essential for the success of an organization, planning is the most crucial.
In any organization, management performs the following four basic functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. These four functions are interdependent and are necessary for the success of the organization.Planning: It is the process of determining the organization's objectives and the means of achieving them. Planning is essential because it provides direction and purpose to the organization's activities.Organizing: It is the process of coordinating the activities and resources of the organization to achieve its objectives. Organizing helps to ensure that all of the organization's resources are used efficiently and effectively.Leading: It is the process of influencing people to achieve the organization's objectives. Leading involves motivating, directing, and guiding employees to achieve the organization's goals.Controlling: It is the process of measuring and correcting the performance of the organization to ensure that it is on track to achieve its objectives. Controlling helps to ensure that the organization's activities are consistent with its objectives and that any deviations from the plan are corrected. Mary is incorrect in her assertion that there is no relationship between and amongst the management functions. The four functions of management are interdependent and must work together for an organization to be successful.
Planning is the most crucial of the four functions because it sets the direction and purpose of the organization's activities. Without proper planning, an organization will lack direction, and its activities will lack purpose. A table showing quantitatively how effective a company or Jamaica has been at the four functions of management with sufficient qualitative justifications can be designed. The table can look something like this: Function of Management | Effectiveness | Qualitative Justification Planning | 8/10 | The organization has a clear direction and purpose, but the plan could be more detailed. Organizing | 9/10 | The organization's resources are used efficiently and effectively, and there is a clear chain of command. Leading | 7/10 | While employees are motivated, there is a lack of clear direction and guidance. Controlling | 6/10 | The organization measures its performance but does not take sufficient corrective action to stay on track.
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In modern times, have all companies completely embraced the marketing concept and become market oriented?
No
I have no idea.
Yes, but they’ve also moved on beyond the marketing concept.
Yes
In modern times, not all companies have completely embraced the marketing concept and become market oriented.
While some companies have indeed adopted the marketing concept. Which focuses on identifying and satisfying customer needs, others have not fully embraced it.
Additionally, there are companies that have moved beyond the marketing concept and adopted new approaches to meet changing consumer demands.
So, the answer is not a simple yes or no. It varies from company to company.
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Consider equation (1) in the Competition Chapter which gives the elasticity of residual demand for firm i as ε
i
=nε−(n−1)η
0
. Interpret in your own words the two terms making up the elasticity of residual demand (by the first "term" we mean nε and by the second "term" we mean (n−1)η
0
). Each term tends to make the elasticity of a firm's residual demand larger than the elasticity of market demand. Explain in words the intuition behind these two terms.
Both terms contribute to making the elasticity of a firm's residual demand larger than the elasticity of market demand. The first term reflects the impact of the number of competitors, while the second term reflects the impact of the elasticity of market demand.
The elasticity of residual demand for firm i is given by equation (1) as ε
i
= nε - (n - 1)η
0
Let's interpret the two terms that make up the elasticity of residual demand.
The first term, nε, represents the effect of the number of competitors (n) on the elasticity of residual demand. This term tends to make the elasticity of a firm's residual demand larger than the elasticity of market demand. As the number of competitors increases, the elasticity of residual demand also increases. This means that small changes in the firm's price or quantity will have a greater impact on its residual demand.
The second term, (n - 1)η
0
, represents the effect of the elasticity of market demand (η
0
) on the elasticity of residual demand. This term also tends to make the elasticity of a firm's residual demand larger than the elasticity of market demand.
When the elasticity of market demand is high, this term becomes larger, resulting in a larger elasticity of residual demand. This indicates that changes in market conditions have a greater impact on a firm's residual demand.
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A clothing retailer buys winter coats from one of its suppliers for $67.50. The regular selling price of the coats includes operational expenses of 46% of the selling price and a profit of 30% of the selling price. Due to an unexpected warm winters, the sales have been extremely slow. With spring products arriving in the warehouse, the retailer decides to mark down this line of coats by 70% to clear out the inventory. What is the operating profit or loss on the coats sold during the promotional sale?
The operating loss on the coats sold during the promotional sale is $88.5 - 0.528S.
Given data:
Cost price of a winter coat= $67.50
Selling price of a winter coat= 46% (operational expenses) + 30% (profit)+cost price
= 0.46S + 0.3S + 67.5
= 1.76S − 70
= 0.3S + 0.46S + 67.5 − 70
= 0.76S − 2.5
Since the selling price of the winter coat was marked down by 70% so the new selling price is:
New selling price = 0.3(1.76S − 70) = 0.528S − 21
Operational profit or loss = new revenue generated - cost of goods sold
New revenue generated= Selling price × number of units sold= (0.528S − 21) × n
Loss is the difference when cost price is more than the selling price.
It is calculated as:
Loss = cost price - selling price
= $67.5 - 0.528S + 21
= 88.5 - 0.528S
The operating loss on the coats sold during the promotional sale is $88.5 - 0.528S.
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Wylie Company paid $950,000 cash to buy a group of plant assets. An independent appraiser assigned the following values to the assets acquired:
Prepare Wylie’s journal entry to record the acquisition of these assets.
Land$ 600,000Building250,000Equipment
150,000
Total$ 1,000,000
To record the acquisition of the plant assets, the journal entry for Wylie Company would be as follows:Debit: Land $600,000, Building $250,000,Equipment $150,000 ,Credit: Cash $950,000.
Land is debited for $600,000 to reflect the value assigned by the independent appraiser.
Building is debited for $250,000 to reflect the value assigned by the independent appraiser.
Equipment is debited for $150,000 to reflect the value assigned by the independent appraiser.
Cash is credited for the total amount paid, $950,000, as it represents the cash outflow from Wylie Company to acquire the assets.
This journal entry records the acquisition of the plant assets, recognizing the specific values assigned by the independent appraiser and reflecting the cash payment made by Wylie Company.
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Imagine there are two countries each comprised of three people. In country A, the daily expenditure (consumption) in USD of its three citizens is: $1.5, $2, and $2.4. In country B the daily expenditure is $0.5, $5, and $10.
a) Using a poverty line of $1.25 per day, what is the poverty headcount ratio in each country?
b) Using a poverty line of $2.5 per day, what is the poverty headcount ratio in each country?
c) Using a poverty line of $1.25 what is the Foster-Geer-Thorbecke severity of poverty measure for each country?
d) Using a poverty line of $2.5 what is the Foster-Geer-Thorbecke severity of poverty measure for each country?
e) What is average per capita consumption in each country?
f) Based on your calculations above, which country has a worse poverty problem? Explain your answer.
Countries A and B both have different poverty headcount ratios and different poverty measures based on different poverty lines.
a) Using a poverty line of $1.25 per day, the poverty headcount ratio in country A is 33.33%, and in country B, it is 0%.
b) Using a poverty line of $2.5 per day, the poverty headcount ratio in country A is 66.67%, and in country B, it is 33.33%.
c) Using a poverty line of $1.25, the Foster-Geer-Thorbecke severity of poverty measure for country A is 0.94%, and for country B, it is 0%.
d) Using a poverty line of $2.5, the Foster-Geer-Thorbecke severity of poverty measure for country A is 2.08%, and for country B, it is 0.31%.
e) The average per capita consumption in country A is $1.96, and in country B, it is $5.17.f) Based on the calculations above, country A has a worse poverty problem because it has a higher poverty headcount ratio and a higher severity of poverty measure than country B. Despite having a higher average per capita consumption, country A has more people living below the poverty line and experiencing a greater degree of poverty.
In summary, we can say that countries A and B both have different poverty headcount ratios and different poverty measures based on different poverty lines.
Based on the data provided, we can conclude that country A has a worse poverty problem than country B because its poverty headcount ratio and severity of poverty measure are both higher. Even though country A has a higher average per capita consumption, this is not sufficient to outweigh the higher poverty rates it experiences. This analysis highlights the importance of using different poverty measures to understand the extent and severity of poverty in different countries.
Countries A and B both have different poverty headcount ratios and different poverty measures based on different poverty lines.
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Why has Tesla been successful with its "no-advertising" promotion strategy in the auto industry, where typically advertising drives consumers' attention and actual sales?
Tesla has been successful with its "no-advertising" promotion strategy in the auto industry for several reasons.
Unique product: Tesla's electric vehicles offer a unique and driving experience. This differentiation sets them apart from traditional gasoline-powered cars and generates curiosity among consumers.
Word-of-mouth marketing: Tesla has relied heavily on positive word-of-mouth recommendations from its satisfied customers. Their focus on creating exceptional products and delivering outstanding customer service has led to enthusiastic endorsements from owners, which helps attract new customers without the need for traditional advertising.
Brand perception: Tesla has successfully built a strong and aspirational brand image. The company's commitment to sustainability, cutting-edge technology, and sleek designs has resonated with environmentally conscious consumers and tech enthusiasts. This positive brand perception drives demand and reduces the need for advertising.
Overall, Tesla's success with its "no-advertising" strategy can be attributed to its unique product, word-of-mouth marketing, strong brand perception, effective use of social media, and limited competition in the electric vehicle market.
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What are the three possible causes for the out of balance amount of the Sales Detail Report and Purchase Detail Report in MYOB AR/
The three possible causes for the out-of-balance amount between the Sales Detail Report and Purchase Detail Report in MYOB AR could be:
1. Data entry errors: Incorrect or incomplete information entered during the sales or purchase transactions can result in discrepancies between the two reports.
2. Timing differences: If sales or purchase transactions are recorded in different periods or accounting periods, it can lead to differences in the amounts shown in the reports.
3. System issues: Software glitches or technical problems within MYOB AR can sometimes cause discrepancies between the Sales Detail Report and Purchase Detail Report.
It's advisable to check for any known issues or updates from the software provider.
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Choose the correct term for the definition: The goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate purpose of resale (or repair). Externality Tax Inventory Product Market Choose the correct definition for the term: Asset Graphical representation of possible combinations of two goods that can be produced with constant resources and technology, such that more of one good could be produced only by diverting resources from the other good, resulting in less production of it. A government-or group-imposed price control or limit on how high a price is charged for a product. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value. The difference between Gross Domertic Product (GOP) and Gross Domestic income (GDU).
The correct term for the definition "The goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate purpose of resale (or repair)" is Inventory. The correct definition for the term "Asset" is "Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value.
Inventory refers to the complete list of materials and goods that a company has on hand or in transit for resale or as part of the production process. Inventories, in essence, are raw materials, finished products, and intermediate goods, including supplies, work-in-progress goods, and finished products.
Asset is a term that describes anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and is held to have positive economic value. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is referred to as an asset.
Externality: This term refers to the unintended impacts that economic activities can have on non-economic agents (for example, a factory polluting a nearby river, impacting local residents).
Tax: A tax is a payment to the government that is typically calculated as a percentage of revenue or value. Taxes are utilized by governments to generate income that can be utilized to fund public services.
Product: A product is a good or service that is created for use or sale in the market.
Market: A market is a system where buyers and sellers can engage in exchange. It encompasses the entire scope of economic transactions in a particular geographic area or by a specific group of consumers and businesses.
The correct definition for the term "Asset" is "Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value.
"The definition "Graphical representation of possible combinations of two goods that can be produced with constant resources and technology, such that more of one good could be produced only by diverting resources from the other good, resulting in less production of it" is known as the production possibility frontier.
A government-or group-imposed price control or limit on how high a price is charged for a product is known as Price Ceiling.
The difference between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Domestic Income (GDI) is referred to as net exports.
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When Rihanna establish Fenty with LVMH she:
a. Participated in an acquisition where her company was bought out by LVMH and integrated into Large LVMH brand architecture
b. Entered into a partnership which has benefits of leveraging expertise of all stakeholders but risk misalignment of interest, sharing of profits, and subject matter expertise
c. Participated into a form of vertical integration where Fenty benefitted from distributed manufacturing that creating cost leadership
d. Divested key assets to partners who ensured future growth by leveraging value chains and maximizing profits
e. All of the above
When Rihanna established Fenty with LVMH, she entered into a partnership (option b) where she could leverage the expertise of all stakeholders.
This partnership allows for the sharing of profits and subject matter expertise, but also carries the risk of misalignment of interests. The other options mentioned in the question, such as acquisition, vertical integration, and divestment, do not accurately describe the nature of Rihanna's partnership with LVMH. Therefore, the correct answer is
b. Entered into a partnership which has benefits of leveraging expertise of all stakeholders but risk misalignment of interest, sharing of profits, and subject matter expertise.
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Alyson, another investor, has also purchased an IIP for the original price of $846.41388758885. Two years pass, and Alyson has just received the annual payment of $36. She is considering selling the IIP.
Again, the original information regarding IIP's has been repeated below.
Customers pay $846.41388758885 to buy an IIP.
The IIP will pay out $36 at the end of each year for 12 years
The IIP will pay out a further single payment of $1,000 after 12 years
There are no further payments after this single payment at time 12.
(a) Barney is willing to purchase the IIP from Alyson. He requires a return of 3.05% p.a. effective. What is the maximum price Barney is willing to pay? Give your answer in dollars, to the nearest cent.
The maximum price Barney is willing to pay for the IIP is $847.44.
To calculate the maximum price Barney is willing to pay for the IIP, we need to determine the present value of the future cash flows. The cash flows consist of 12 annual payments of $36 and a single payment of $1,000 at the end of the 12th year. Using the required return of 3.05% per year, we discount each cash flow back to its present value and sum them up. The maximum price Barney is willing to pay is equal to the present value of these cash flows, which amounts to $847.44 when rounded to the nearest cent.
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