Both models are useful to describe the reactvity of potassium because each shows an electron in the outermost shell.
What are the valence electrons?Valence electrons can be described as the s and p electrons in the outermost shell while the electrons present in the inner shell are called core electrons.
Valence electrons can be all arranged in different shells and are negatively charged particles. These electrons are responsible for chemical interaction between atoms and the formation of chemical bonds.
Only the electrons present in the outermost shell can contribute in the formation of a chemical bond and decide the reactvity of atom such type of electrons is called valence electrons.
The reactivity in potassium can be seen due to one electron present in the valence shell.
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b) if 3.25 moles of al and 1.92 moles of fe2o3 react together, what is the maximum amount of energy (dh) produced in this reaction?
The maximum amount of energy produced in this reaction is -1381.58J
What is mole?
It is defined as amount of a substance that contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ ‘elementary entities’ of the given substance.
b) mole ratio = moles / balanced coefficient
mole ratio of Al = 3.25 mol/2 mol= 1.62
mole ratio of Fe2O3 = 1.92 mol/1 mole = 1.92
here , Al is the limiting reactant because of lower nole ratio, therefore it produces maximum amount of heat
Since 2 mole Al produces ∆H° rxn = -850.2J
1 mole Al produces ∆H° rxn = -850.2J/ 2
3.25 mole Al produce ∆H° rxn = (-850.2J/ 2) × 3.25
= -1381.58J
Hence energy ∆H = -1381.58J
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if he gas has an average kinetic energy of 6950 j/mol6950 j/mol under certain conditions, what is the root mean square speed of o2 gas molecules under the same conditions
The root mean square speed of O₂ gas molecules under the same conditions is 521.04ms⁻²
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion
Here given data is
He gas = 6950 j/mol
We have to find root mean square = ?
So the formula is to find root mean square is
Vrms = √RT/m
Vrms = RMS velocity of the gas
T = absolute temprature of the gas
M = molar mass of the gas
R = universal gas constant
So, average molar kinetic energy of gas
E = 1/2 mv²rms = 1/2 RT
This equation reveal that molar KE is independent of the nature of the gas and it only depends on temprature as ideal behavior is concerned and so both He and O₂ will have same KE = 6950 j/mol and under the same condition of temprature
So for O₂
1/2 m O₂ V²rmsO₂ = 6950 j/mol
Taking atomic mass of O₂ = 16g/mol
V²rmsO₂ = 6950 × 2/2×16g/mol
VrmsO₂ = √69500000/16g/mol
VrmsO₂ = 521.04ms⁻²
Root mean square speed of O₂ gas molecules is 521.04ms⁻²
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what is the ph of a buffer with 0.462 m acetic acid and 0.355 m acetate. the ka for acetic acid is: 1.8 x 10-5
A buffer with 0.462 m acetic acid and 0.355 m acetate has a pH of 4.6. The acetic acid ka value is 1.8 x 10-5.
Buffer solution: What is it?The pH of a buffer solution won't change when small amounts of an acid or an alkali are added.
Simply put, a buffer solution that is acidic has a pH that is lower than 7. Acidic buffer solutions are normally made using a weak acid and one of its salts, frequently a sodium salt.
Alkaline buffer solution has pH higher than 7. The most common method for producing alkaline buffer solutions is to combine a weak base with one of its salts.
pH = -logKa + log([C₂H₃O₂⁻] / [HC₂H₃O₂])
ph = -log(1.8 × 10⁻⁵) + log(0.355 M / 0.462 M)
ph = 4.6
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an ammonia buffer solution contains 0.18 m nh4 and 0.27 m nh3. the pka of ammonium is 9.24. what is the ph of the buffer?
An ammonia buffer solution contains 0.18 m NH₄ and 0.27 m NH₃ the pka of ammonium is 9.24 and the pH of the buffer is 9.41
pH means a measure of how acidic or basic a substances or solution
Here given data is
Pka of NH₄ = 9.24
Concentration of NH₄ = 0.18 M
Concentration of NH₃ = 0.27 M
Then we have to calculate pH =?
The pH of buffer solution can obtain by using the Henderson Hassel Bach equation
pH = Pka + log [base]/[acid]
pH = 9.24 + log [NH₃]/[NH₄]
pH = 9.24 + log [0.27 M[/[ 0.18 M]
pH = 9.24 + log [1.5]
pH = 9.24 + 0.176
pH = 9.41
pH of the buffer is 9.41
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Complete the notation configuration for Neon.
The electronic configuration of an element represent the filling of electrons in various orbitals or subshells. The configuration of the element neon is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
What is neon?Neon is 10th element in periodic table. It is a noble gas also called an inert gas since the inert gas group that is group 18 gases are commonly unreactive. The group members are neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon.
The elements in group 18 have the general electronic configuration for valence electrons ns² np⁶. Therefore, they have a completely filled orbital and attained octet which means they are all highly stable.
Neon have 10 electrons and these electrons are arranged in orbitals in the increasing order of energy levels. Thus its electronic configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.
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a vessel contains 0.611 grams of butane gas (c4h10(g)) and molecules of oxygen gas. after the butane is reacted with the oxygen, how many molecules of co2(g) are formed and what is the theoretical yield of water?
0.936g is the theoretical yield of water
CO2 molecules = moles x Avogadro's number.
= 01034644x 6.022x1023
(2·0866 X 1022] (approx)
1 moles of O2 produce 6 moles of 420 from breath.
Theoretical 4x01060627 yield of H2O = Males of H2O X Molar Mass = 0.060627 moles of 02 generate.
= 0.051966 moles
10.051966 X 18.01528
0.936g
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An element has a mass number of 110 and an atomic number of 55. how many protons, electrons, and neutrons does it have? 1 point a. 55 p+ 55 e- 55 n b. 110 p+ 110 e- 55 n c. 55 p+ 110e- 55 n d. 55 p+ 55 e- 110 n
The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons are 55 p+ 55 e- 55 n. They are subatomic particles in the element. They can be calculated from the atomic number and the mass number.
How to find the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons?Every element has a mass number and an atomic number. The number of protons, electrons, and neutrons can be calculated from the mass number and the atomic number.
Number of protons (p+) = atomic numberNumber of electrons (e-) = atomic number - ionNumber of neutron (n) = mass number - atomic numberIf given
A mass number = 110An atomic number = 55How many protons, electrons, and neutrons?
Number of protons
= atomic number
= 55
Number of electrons
= atomic number - ion
= 55 - 0
= 55
Number of neutron
= mass number - atomic number
= 110 - 55
= 55
Hence, the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons are 55 p+ 55 e- 55 n.
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1. explain in your own words the debye model for heat capacity. what assumptions are made? how does the fermi level play a role? what are the significance of the debye frequency and debye temperature? how is the process of heat conduction similar/different for metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics? what about the ambient conditions?
The Debye model is a model used to estimate the heat capacity of a solid. The model is based on the assumption that the solid consists of a collection of harmonic oscillators.
The Debye frequency is the frequency at which an oscillator oscillates when it is subjected to a force. The Debye temperature is the temperature at which the Debye frequency is equal to the thermal energy. The Debye model can be used to estimate the heat capacity of a metal, semiconductor, or dielectric.
The heat capacity of a metal is typically higher than the heat capacity of a semiconductor or dielectric. The heat capacity of a metal is also typically higher than the heat capacity of a dielectric. The heat capacity of a semiconductor is typically lower than the heat capacity of a dielectric.
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describe the trend in first ionization energy of Group 18 elements as the atomic number increases
Answer:
First ionization energy decrease
What is another name for the activation energy barrier in a reaction?
A.
transition state
B.
changing state
C.
top of reaction
D.
needed energy
Please help me.
Determine the energy of a photon whose frequency is 5.94 x 10^17 Hz. Answer in units of J
The energy of a photon whose frequency is 5.94 × 10¹⁷ Hz is 3.94 × 10-¹⁶J.
How to calculate energy?The energy of a photon wave can be calculated by using the following formula:
E = hf
Where;
E = energy (joules)h = Planck's constant (6.626 × 10-³⁴J/s)f = frequencyAccording to this question, a photon has a frequency of 5.94 x 10¹⁷ Hz. The energy can be calculated as follows:
E = 6.626 × 10-³⁴J/s × 5.94 x 10¹⁷ Hz
E = 3.94 × 10-¹⁶J
Therefore, 3.94 × 10-¹⁶J is the energy of the photon.
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Why does a pot of water start to steam after it boils?
the heat of the water
Explanation:
water heat boils and starts to mske water vapor.
quora what situations can you think of that compounding monthly will benefit you more than compounding continuously?
Daily compounding beats monthly compounding. The shorter the compounding period, the higher your effective yield is going to be.
When interest from the previous day is added, the interest earned each day on your savings account balance is known as daily compound interest. Any frequency plan, ranging from daily to yearly, can be used to compound interest. Interest is accrued daily and paid out monthly on all bank accounts from Marcus by Goldman Sachs. The formula for calculating monthly compounding is the principle amount multiplied by one plus the interest rate divided by a number of periods, which is raised to the power of the number of periods. Lenders frequently prefer to present interest rates compounded monthly instead of annually. The interest amount is obtained by deducting that sum from the principal amount.
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If you were camping in a rainforest for two days, your presence would cause many changes to the
surroundings. Describe two physical and two chemical changes that could occur as a result of your
experience
Here are 3 alkali metals with physical and chemical similarity.
What is alkali metals?
Alkali metals are come from the fact that when these metals or their oxides dissolved in water.a basic solution results.
Three alkali metals -
1- hydrogen(H)
2-lithium(Li)
3-potassium(K)
physical and chemical similarity of hydrogen -
-it is colourless and tasteless in nature.
-it is a combustible gas but not a supporter of combustion.
physical and chemical similarity of lithium -
-it have a melting point of 180.54
-it is the lightest of all metals,with a density approximately half that of water.
physical and chemical similarity of pottasium -
- this metal is soft and white with a silver lustre.
-it imparts a lavender colour to a flame, and it's vapour is green.
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What is the volume of a nugget of gold that has a mass of 93,300g?
Answer:
4834.20 ml or 4.8342 L
Explanation:
Gold has density of 19.30 g/ml
so according to d = m/V
V = m/d = 93,300/19.30 = 4834.19689119 = 4834.20 ml or 4.8342 L
The volume of nuggets of gold that has a mass of 93,300g is 4834.20 ml or 4.8342 L.
What is volume?Volume is the space occupied by a three-dimensional object.
Density is the mass per unit volume. Density is a scalar quantity. It is denoted by d and the symbol for density is given as rho, a Greek symbol. Density is calculated as mass divided by volume.
Density is directly proportional to mass and inversely proportional to volume. Thus, with an increase in density, mass increases and volume decreases, and vice-versa
Gold has a density of 19.30 g/ml
so according to density = mass/ volume
V = m/d = 93,300 / 19.30 = 4834.19
4834.20 ml or 4.8342 L
Therefore, the volume of nuggets of gold that has a mass of 93,300g is 4834.20 ml or 4.8342 L.
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explain why there is a difference in percent of mass change of the eggs in the different sucrose solutions.
There is a difference in the rate of mass change because eggs gain mass when kept in hypotonic solution, whereas they lose mass when kept in hypertonic solution.
What is hypertonic and hypotonic solution?Hypertonic solutions contain high concentrations of solutes compared to other solutions. The opposite solution with a lower concentration is called a hypotonic solution. Cells are considered hypotonic when placed in a hypertonic solution.
Hypotonic solution refers to a solution that contains a lesser amount of solute than the solute concentration of another solution through a semipermeable membrane.
Thus, eggs placed in high concentrations of sucrose lost the most weight. So the higher the sucrose concentration, the more water the egg will lose.
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The table shows the nature of the reactants and products formed in a certain type of chemical reaction. Nature of Reactants and Products Reactants Products Ionic compound + Ionic compound Ionic compound + Ionic compound Which of the following is true about this type of chemical reaction? Question 5 options: It is a single replacement reaction, and all four compounds are different. It is a double replacement reaction, and all four compounds are different. It is a single replacement reaction, and each compound has the same set of ions. It is a double replacement reaction, and each compound has the same set of ions.
Based o the nature of the reactants and products:
It is a double replacement reaction, and all four compounds are different; option B is correctWhat is the chemical reaction?A chemical reaction is a reaction that results in changes in the chemical properties of substances.
A chemical reaction results in the formation of new products.
There are several types of chemical reactions such as:
Single replacement reactions - this is a type of reaction in which one element replaces the radical in another chemical compound.This is illustrated as follows: AB + C ---> AC + B
Double replacement reactions - this is a type of reaction in which the negative radicals in two chemical compounds are exchanged between the metallic or positive radicals in each chemical compound.This is illustrated as follows: AB + CD ---> AC + BD
Hence, two ionic compounds react to produce two iob=nic compounds.
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a 5.0 liter sample of argon gas at 20 degrees c and 0.85 atm pressure is compressed into a 2.0 liter container. what pressure will the gas exert at 60 degrees c
Gay-Law Lussac's states that, for a gas with a fixed volume and number of moles, pressure is directly proportional to temperature.
The pressure exerted by the argon gas at 60c is 0.46atm
Define pressure?
Pressure is defined as the force applied perpendicular to an object's surface per unit area across which that force is dispersed. Gauge pressure (sometimes written gauge pressure) is the pressure in relation to the surrounding atmosphere.
p is proportional to t.
p1xt1=p2xt2
where,
p1 = 0.85 atm
p2 = ?
t1 = 20c
t2 = 60c
t1=20c= (200 +275=475k)
t2=60c =(600+275=875k)
p2 =0.85x473/873
=0.4605atm
Therefore, the pressure of the gas at 60c will be 0.46atm.
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if the concentration of the stock (provided) cu(nh3)42 was 0.068 m, what concentration will the cu2 be in beaker
The concentration of the cu2+ in the braker will be 0.068 molar.
Concentration is known as the measure of the relative proportions of two or more quantities in a mixture of solution. Concentration determines the number of molecules are present in the solution. Concentration also determines the acidity and basicity of the solution.
In the given condition we have 0.068 molar of copper in the solution.
Therefore,
[Cu2+] = 1 molCu(NH3)/ l x 1 mol Cu2+/ 1 moleCu(NH3)
1 molCu(NH3) gets cancelled on both the sides.
as we know, from the given condition [Cu2+] = 0.068 molar
Therefore, 0.068 = 1 mol Cu2+ / l
Therefore, the concentration in the beaker of the copper will be 0.068molar.
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50 POINTS
Which chemical formula most likely describes ozone?
O A. O
OB. 03
OC. 0₂
O D. 000
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Ozone (O3) is a gas which is present naturally within Earth's atmosphere. It is formed of three oxygen atoms (giving it the chemical formula, O3).
List the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character.
the lithium-to-fluorine bond in Li-F
the potassium-to-chlorine bond in KCl
the lithium-to-lithium bond in Li
the chlorine-to-fluorine bond in ClF3
the potassium-to-bromine bond in K-Br
The list of ionic bonds in order of increasing ionic character is as follows:
the chlorine-to-fluorine bond in ClF3the lithium-to-lithium bond in Lithe potassium-to-bromine bond in K-Brthe lithium-to-fluorine bond in Li-Fthe potassium-to-chlorine bond in KClWhat are ionic bonds?Ionic bonds are bonds that are formed between two oppositely-charged ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.
The ions that are involved are the positive ions called cations and the negative ions called anions.
The strength of an ionic bond increases with an increase in the ionic character of the ions as well as an increase in the difference in the electronegativity of the ions.
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what is minimal concentration of chloride ion (in m) to form pbcl2 precipitate when solid nacl is added to 0.0049 m lead(ii) nitrate solution? ksp(pbcl2)
The minimal concentration of chloride ion is 1.67 × 10 ⁻³ M
Concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by way of the overall volume of an aggregate. several sorts of mathematical descriptions may be outstanding: mass concentration, molar concentration, variety concentration, and extent awareness.
The concentration of a substance is the quantity of solute found in a given amount of solution. Concentrations are normally expressed in terms of molarity, defined because of the variety of moles of solute in 1 L of answer.
The Concentration of an answer is a measure of the quantity of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or answer. A concentrated answer is one that has a rather huge quantity of dissolved solute.
calculation:-
2NaCl + Pb ⁺² ------------> PbCl₂
Ksp = [Pb⁺][Cl⁻]²
[Cl⁻] = [tex]\sqrt{ \frac{Ksp}{[Pb+]}[/tex]
= [tex]\sqrt{ \frac{1.4×10^{-8} }{0.0049}[/tex]
= 1.67 × 10 ⁻³ M
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Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of particles in a solid, a liquid and a gas. What can be interpreted from the distance between the constituent particles.
solid(particles are appropriately packed) in solids there is no distance between the constituent particles
liquid(particles are closely packed).
gas(particles move freely) .
What kind of particle configurations can you find in solid, liquid, and gas?In a gas, the particles are evenly spaced out and not in any particular order. There is no regular arrangement of liquid next to one another. solids are regularly arranged and closely packed.
We can infer from the diagram that there is no space between the individual particles that make up solids. Without any intermolecular voids between the individual molecules, it is a completely packed structure.
In contrast, the particles in liquids are more closely packed than those in gaseous fluids, albeit they are more loosely packed than those in solids. We can now observe that there is a significant intermolecular gap between the constituent particles of gases. They are packed more flimsily than
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when a 30.0 ml sample of a 0.461 m aqueous nitrous acid solution is titrated with a 0.467 m aqueous barium hydroxide solution, what is the ph at the midpoint in the titration?
The pH at midpoint in the titration will be 3.16
The pH at the midpoint of the titration (the half-equivalence point) will be equal to the pKa of nitrous acid i.e. 3.16. The calculation is quite simple as the Ka value is 4.0 x 10^-4. To find pKa = -log Ka.
Thus, pKa = -log (4.0 x 10^-4) = 3.16
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the separator breaks down making the process isobaric. will the benzene composition of the liquid leaving the separtor increase, decrease, or stay the same?
The process is isobaric as a result of the separator breaking down. The amount of benzene in the liquid leaving the separator increases, This is also known as isobaric process.
A thermodynamic process known as an isobaric process occurs at a fixed pressure. Greek words "iso" and "baros," which both signify equal pressure, were used to create the phrase "isobaric." Therefore, when the volume is increased or decreased, the constant pressure is obtained.
With the molecular formula C6H6, benzoene is an organic chemical substance. Six carbon atoms linked together in a planar ring, with one hydrogen atom connected to each, make up the benzene molecule. Benzene is a hydrocarbon since it is made up only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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consider the molecule cis-1,2-dibromocyclopentane. which of the following types of isomers does this molecule have?
The molecule cis-1,2-dibromocyclopentane comes under Stereoisomers.
Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, the same atom connectivity, but they differ in the relative spatial orientation of the atoms.
In cis-1,2-dibromocyclopentane, both bromine atoms are on the same "face" of the cyclopentane ring.
For an electron to change from an excited state to a ground state, it must
Answer:
An atom changes from a ground state to an excited state by taking on energy from its surroundings in a process called absorption. The electron absorbs the energy and jumps to a higher energy level. In the reverse process, emission, the electron returns to the ground state by releasing the extra energy it absorbed.
calculate the temperature (in k) at which 0.0938 mol of o2 has a pressure of 740 torr in a 1.0l container.
The temperature (in k) will be 126.509 K
Number of moles of Oxygen = 0.0938 mol
Pressure = 740 torr or 98658.6 Pa
Volume = 1.0 L or 0.001 m3
Temperature in K = ?
To find out the temperature (T) we use the ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
As we have to find the temperature so rearrange the equation for T
T = PV / nR
value of R = 8.314 J/mol.K
Put the values in the equation
V = 98658.6 * 0.001 / 0.0938 * 8.314
V = 0.000974 / 0.779853
V = 98.6596 / 0.779853
V = 126.509 K
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Surprisingly, dipole-diple is not the predominant intermolecular force between ibr molecules in liquid ibr. Based on this information, what must be the main imf for ibr?.
Dipoles are not the dominant intermolecular forces between IBr molecules in liquids. IBr is a covalent bond.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that requires the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. The constant balance between attractive and repulsive forces between atoms according to their share of electrons is called a covalent bond.
Covalent bonds are much more common in natural chemistry than ionic bonds. A covalent bond is the simultaneous attraction of the nucleus to one or more electron pairs. Covalent compounds generally have low boiling and melting factors and are determined in all three body states at room temperature. Covalent bonds no longer conduct electricity; This is because covalent compounds no longer have charged particles that can carry electrons.
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Please help me I've been stuck on this for hours at this point don't bother providing an explanation I need answers
Answer:
I'm not entirely sure about questions 3-5, but I am going to assume you want the products.
3. [tex]Al + O_{2} = AlO_{2}[/tex]
4. [tex]2 Mg + Zn(NO_{3})_{2} = 2 Mg(NO_{3}) + Zn[/tex]
5. [tex]BaCl_{2} + Na_{2}SO_{4} = BaSO_{4} + 2 NaCl[/tex]
As for questions 6-8, it is quite simple,
6. Synthesis Reaction
7. Single Displacement Reaction or another name is Substitution Reaction
8. Decomposition Reaction
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