Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be turned into cash or near-cash without losing value or any notable decrease in its price. For instance, an individual can convert currency into cash immediately, whereas real estate is a much less liquid asset as it may take time and money to find a buyer who is willing to pay the asking price.
The assets that are considered most liquid are currency and coins, checking accounts, short-term government bonds and saving accounts.
1. Currency and coins: Currency and coins are considered the most liquid asset because they are in high demand and can be used to purchase any goods and services. They are universally recognized and easily accessible. An individual can readily use cash to buy any item without having to go through the trouble of finding a buyer for the cash.
2. Checking accounts: Checking accounts are also considered as liquid assets. They are easy to access and can be used to purchase goods and services with a debit card, check, or online payment. With checking accounts, individuals can withdraw cash from an ATM, get a cashier’s check, or transfer money to other accounts.
3. Short-term government bonds: Government bonds are also considered as liquid assets, particularly the short-term bonds. They are highly secure and easy to trade. Government bonds can be sold before their maturity date without any significant loss in their value. Government bonds have a lower yield than other bonds, but they have less risk of default than other bonds.
4. Savings accounts: Savings accounts are less liquid than checking accounts because they have withdrawal limits and typically earn lower interest rates. Funds from a savings account may also take a few days to transfer to a checking account.
However, savings accounts are still considered as liquid assets because the funds can be withdrawn at any time without penalty. To conclude, among the assets listed in the options, currency and coins are the most liquid assets. The other options, such as checking accounts, short-term government bonds, and savings accounts, are also considered as liquid assets, but they are less liquid than currency and coins.
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Check My Work (2 remaining)
One can determine the amount of an annuity payment by knowing
a. the four other variables (N, I, FV, and PV) of the annuity. b. two of the other variables. c. the interest rate and the PV. d. the interest rate and the FV. e. one of the other variables of the annuity.
Solving for the N value is helpful
a. to determine how long it will take to accumulate a desired sum of money. b. to know how much interest will be earned in a certain number of years. c. when determining if an interest rate is simple or compounded. d. when trying to find the future value of a cash flow. e. if you want to use algebra to find the time value of money.
Check My Work (1 remaining)
To find the present value (PV) of an ordinary annuity,
a. the interest is compounded and then subtracted from the FV. b. each payment is divided by c. each payment is multiplied by d. the future value (FV) is divided by the interest rate. Check My Work (2 remaining)
Which of the following would constitute an ordinary annuity?
a. A trust fund that pays $900 per month for a period of 180 months b. A CD that pays 2% interest compounded over 10 years c. A savings account that earns 0.5% interest d. A mortgage with an adjustable interest rate and variable payments e. A loan with payments required at the beginning of each year
Check My Work (2 remaining)
In order to determine the interest rate of a cash flow, you must know
a. the periodic rate of return. b. the number of periods and the future value. c. the number of periods and the present value. d. the present value, the future value, and the number of periods. e. the future value and the present value.
Check My Work (2 remaining)
Which of the following statements is CORRECT about an amortized loan?
a. The payments get smaller toward the end of the loan's life. b. The principal portion of the payments generally decreases over time. c. The interest rates are always higher near the end of the amortization schedule. d. The interest portion of the payments generally decreases over time. e. Payments are always made annually.
e. the future value is divided by
The interest portion of the payments generally decreases over time. The correct option is d.
One can determine the amount of an annuity payment by knowing any of the other variables (N, I, FV, and PV) of the annuity. Therefore, the answer is e. one of the other variables of the annuity. If you know any of the other variables of the annuity, you can easily determine the amount of the annuity payment.
Therefore, the correct option is a. to determine how long it will take to accumulate a desired sum of money.To calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity, each payment is multiplied by a factor that considers the interest rate and the length of the annuity. Therefore, the answer is c. each payment is multiplied by.
To calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity, multiply the payment amount by the present value factor.The trust fund that pays $900 per month for 180 months constitutes an ordinary annuity. Therefore, the answer is a.
A trust fund that pays $900 per month for a period of 180 months.To determine the interest rate of a cash flow, you must know the present value, the future value, and the number of periods. Therefore, the answer is d. the present value, the future value, and the number of periods.
An amortized loan has a principal portion that increases over time while the interest portion of the payments generally decreases. Therefore, the answer is d. The interest portion of the payments generally decreases over time.
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A corporate bond pays 6 percent interest. How much would a municipal bond have to pay to be equivalent to this on an after-tax basis if you are in the 20 percent tax bracket?
The 7.5 percent, $1,000 face value bonds of Sweet Sue Foods are currently selling at $1,057. These bonds have 16 years left until maturity. What is the current yield?
For a municipal bond to be equivalent to a corporate bond that pays 6% interest, the municipal bond would have to pay 7.50% interest on an after-tax basis if you are in the 20% tax bracket.LONG ANSWERAssuming that the face value of the corporate bond is $1,000, it would pay $60 of annual interest (6% of $1,000).
To find the after-tax yield on the corporate bond, you would first calculate the amount of tax paid on the bond. If you are in the 20% tax bracket, you would pay $12 of tax on the $60 interest payment, leaving you with $48 of after-tax income.So to find the equivalent yield of a municipal bond, you would need to solve for the interest rate that would leave you with $48 of after-tax income on a $1,000 investment.If x is the interest rate paid by the municipal bond, the equation would be:(1 - 0.2)x = 0.048 or 0.8x = 0.048 or x = 0.06 or 6%.
The municipal bond would need to pay 6% interest on an after-tax basis to be equivalent to a corporate bond that pays 6% interest before taxes.This is the ANSWER. EXPLANATIONThe current yield of a bond is calculated by dividing the annual interest payment by the current market price of the bond and expressing the result as a percentage. The formula is as follows:Current yield = (Annual interest payment) / (Current market price of bond) x 100The annual interest payment on a 7.5% bond with a $1,000 face value would be $75 (7.5% of $1,000).To find the current yield, you would divide $75 by the current market price of the bond ($1,057) and multiply by 100:Current yield = ($75 / $1,057) x 100 = 7.09%The current yield of the bond is 7.09%.
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If reserves increase by $12 billion, what is the difference in the resulting change in checkable deposits when the required reserve ratio is 10 percent compared to when it is 8 percent? a $24 billion b. $30 billion C. SIS billion d. S2.4 billion
The deposit multiplier is the amount by which an increase in bank reserves is multiplied to generate the total change in bank deposits. It's calculated using the formula: Deposit multiplier = 1 / Reserve requirement ratio. To begin, we must first determine the deposit multiplier.
Given the required reserve ratio is 10%, the deposit multiplier is: Deposit multiplier = 1 / Reserve requirement ratio= 1 / 0.1= 10We can now use this multiplier to determine the change in deposits resulting from an increase in reserves of $12 billion: Change in deposits = Deposit multiplier x Change in reserves= 10 x $12 billion= $120 billion When the required reserve ratio is 8%, the deposit multiplier is: Deposit multiplier = 1 / Reserve requirement ratio= 1 / 0.08= 12.5
Using this multiplier, we can determine the change in deposits resulting from an increase in reserves of $12 billion: Change in deposits = Deposit multiplier x Change in reserves= 12.5 x $12 billion= $150 billion The difference between the resulting changes in checkable deposits is: Difference = Change in deposits with 8% required reserve ratio - Change in deposits with 10% required reserve ratio= $150 billion - $120 billion= $30 billion Therefore, the correct option is b) $30 billion.
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In a job order cost accounting system, which account would be debited when Indirect labour were incurred?
O Manufacturing overhead control
O Materials control
O Work in process control
O Finished goods control
In a job order cost accounting system, the account that would be debited when indirect labor costs are incurred is the Manufacturing Overhead Control account.
Indirect labor costs refer to the wages or salaries paid to employees who are not directly involved in the production of specific job orders. These employees typically support the production process indirectly, such as supervisors, maintenance personnel, quality control inspectors, or janitorial staff.
Since indirect labor costs are not directly attributable to specific job orders, they are considered part of manufacturing overhead. Manufacturing overhead includes all indirect costs incurred in the manufacturing process, such as indirect materials, indirect labor, factory rent, utilities, and depreciation of manufacturing equipment.
To capture the indirect labor costs, the company would debit the Manufacturing Overhead Control account. This account serves as a temporary holding account for all manufacturing overhead costs incurred during a specific period.
Later, these accumulated manufacturing overhead costs will be allocated or applied to specific job orders based on a predetermined overhead rate, typically using a cost driver such as direct labor hours or machine hours. This allocation process helps assign a portion of the indirect labor costs to each job order, thereby accurately determining the total cost of producing each job.
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Why do the unpleasant images on the cigarrtte packets do not
deter us from smoking
Cigarette packs come with warning labels and graphic images that indicate the potential health effects that may arise from smoking. While these images and warnings may deter some individuals from smoking, the unpleasant images on cigarette packets do not deter us from smoking.
Why do the unpleasant images on cigarette packets do not deter us from smoking?Smoking is an addictive habit, and it can be difficult to quit once it becomes a regular habit. Furthermore, the images on cigarette packets are not personalized, so individuals may not see themselves in the images.The images on cigarette packs are also not visible all the time.
Smokers are often accustomed to seeing these images and may have become desensitized to them. Additionally, some individuals may not believe that smoking is as harmful as it is made out to be. They may believe that the warnings are exaggerated, or they may believe that the benefits of smoking outweigh the potential risks.Smokers may also develop a mental health condition that causes them to smoke, such as depression or anxiety. Quitting smoking may be difficult for individuals with these conditions because smoking may be a coping mechanism or a way to deal with their symptoms.Finally, smoking is often associated with socializing and group activities, and some individuals may feel pressure to smoke in order to fit in with their peers. In conclusion, there are many reasons why the unpleasant images on cigarette packets may not deter us from smoking.
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What will happen in 2022?
O a national referendum for a constitutional amendment.
O most incumbents will likely lose
O a presidential election
O all U.S. Senate seats will be contested
) mid-term elec
It is difficult to predict exactly what will happen in 2022, but there are a number of significant events that are likely to take place.
One of the most important events in 2022 will be the mid-term elections, which will take place in November. All 435 seats in the House of Representatives will be up for election, as well as one third of the seats in the U.S. Senate.
In addition to the mid-term elections, there are a number of other significant events that may take place in 2022. For example, there may be a national referendum for a constitutional amendment, which could have major implications for the future of the country. There may also be a presidential election in 2022, although this is less certain, as presidential elections are typically held every four years. Overall, 2022 is likely to be an important year for American politics, with significant elections and potential constitutional changes on the horizon. Regardless of the specific outcomes of these events, they are likely to have a major impact on the future of the United States and its political landscape.
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Bob lives two periods: today and tomorrow. His preference is represented by the following utility function: U(C₁, C₂) = C₁ C₂7 where c, is today's consumption level and c₂ is tomorrow's consumption level. Suppose Bob's income today is y₁= $200 and his income tomorrow is Sy21 = 150. Interest rate is denoted by r. i) Write down Bob's utility maximization problem (including the budget set). ii) Determine Bob's optimal consumption bundle (ci, c) as a function of r.
Unfortunately, the equations are not solvable analytically, and the optimal consumption bundle (ci, c) as a function of r would require numerical methods or additional information to determine.
i) Bob's utility maximization problem can be expressed as follows:
Maximize U(c₁, c₂) = c₁c₂^7
Subject to the budget constraint: c₁ + (1 + r)c₂ = y₁ + (1 + r)y₂
c₁ = today's consumption level
c₂ = tomorrow's consumption level
y₁ = income today
y₂ = income tomorrow
r = interest rate
ii) To determine Bob's optimal consumption bundle as a function of r, we need to solve the utility maximization problem. Using Lagrange multipliers, the problem can be written as:
Maximize U(c₁, c₂) = c₁c₂^7
Subject to the constraint: c₁ + (1 + r)c₂ = y₁ + (1 + r)y₂
The Lagrangian function is:
L(c₁, c₂, λ) = c₁c₂^7 + λ[(y₁ + (1 + r)y₂) - (c₁ + (1 + r)c₂)]
Taking the partial derivatives and setting them equal to zero:
∂L/∂c₁ = c₂^7 - λ = 0
∂L/∂c₂ = 7c₁c₂^6 - λ(1 + r) = 0
∂L/∂λ = y₁ + (1 + r)y₂ - c₁ - (1 + r)c₂ = 0
From the first equation, we have:
c₂^7 = λ
Substituting this into the second equation, we get:
7c₁c₂^6 = λ(1 + r)
Combining the third equation with the above expression, we have:
y₁ + (1 + r)y₂ = c₁ + (1 + r)c₂
Now we can solve these equations simultaneously to find the optimal consumption bundle.
Given y₁ = $200, y₂ = $150, and the utility function U(c₁, c₂) = c₁c₂^7, we can substitute the values into the equations to solve for c₁ and c₂.
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ABC Corporation issues a $100, 20-year bond paying the market rate of 10%. Coupons are semiannual. The bond will sell for par since it pays the market rate, but flotation costs amount to $5 per bond. What is the pre-tax and after-tax cost of debt for ABC Corporation? tfollo consisting of the following sto
The
after-tax
cost of debt for ABC
Corporation
is 7%.
To calculate the pre-tax cost of debt for ABC Corporation, we need to consider the
yield
to maturity
(YTM) of the bond. The YTM represents the total return an investor expects to receive from a bond, including both coupon payments and capital gains/losses at maturity.
Given that the bond pays the market rate of 10% and sells for par value ($100), the YTM is equal to the market rate of 10%. Therefore, the pre-tax cost of debt for ABC Corporation is 10%.
To calculate the after-tax cost of debt, we need to consider the tax rate. Let's assume a
tax rate
of 30%.
The after-tax cost of debt is calculated by multiplying the pre-tax cost of
debt
by the complement of the tax rate (1 - tax rate).
After-tax cost of debt = Pre-tax cost of debt * (1 - Tax rate)
After-tax cost of debt = 10% * (1 - 30%)
After-tax cost of debt = 10% * 70%
After-tax cost of debt = 7%
Therefore, the after-tax cost of debt for ABC Corporation is 7%.
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INSTRUCTION: Critically answer the case study questions given.
Pharmacy Prescription Process
Consider the following process at a pharmacy overseas:
Customers drop off their prescriptions either in the drive-through counter or in the front counter of the pharmacy. When dropping their prescription, a technician asks the customer for a pick-up time and puts the prescription in a box labelled with the hour of the pick-up time. Every hour, one of the pharmacy technicians picks up the prescriptions due to be filled in the current hour. The technician then enters the details of each prescription (e.g. doctor’s details, patient details and medication details) into the pharmacy system. As soon as the details of the prescriptions are entered, the pharmacy then performs an automated check called Drug Utilization Review (DUR). This check is meant to determine if the prescription contains any drugs that may be incompatible with other drugs that had been dispensed to the same customer in the past, or drugs that may be inappropriate to the customer. Any alarms raised during the automated DUR are reviewed by a pharmacist who performs a more thorough check. In some cases, the pharmacist even has to call the doctor who issued the prescription in order to confirm it. After the DUR, the system performs an insurance check in order to determine whether the customer’s insurance policy will pay for part or for the whole cost of the drugs. In most cases, the output of this check is that the insurance company would pay for a certain percentage of the costs, while the customer has to pay for the remaining part (also called the co-payment). Once the prescription passes the insurance check, it is assigned to a technician who collects the drugs from the shelves and puts them in a bag with the prescription stapled to it. After the technician has filled a given prescription, the bag is passed to the pharmacist who double-checks that the prescription has been filled correctly. After this quality check, the pharmacist seals the bag and puts it in the pick-up area. When a customer arrives to pick up a prescription, a technician retrieves the prescription and asks the customer for payment in case the drugs in the prescription are not (fully) covered by the customer’s insurance
Question 1
Draw an as-is diagram for the above process (30marks)
The as-is diagram for the pharmacy prescription process involves customers dropping off their prescriptions, technician entering prescription details, automated Drug Utilization Review (DUR) check, pharmacist review, insurance check, prescription filling by a technician, pharmacist quality check, and customer payment upon pick-up.
The as-is diagram of the pharmacy prescription process begins with customers dropping off their prescriptions at either the drive-through counter or the front counter of the pharmacy. A technician interacts with the customer, collects the prescription, and assigns a pick-up time. The prescription is then placed in a box labeled with the designated hour of pick-up. Every hour, a pharmacy technician retrieves the prescriptions due for filling in the current hour. The technician enters the prescription details, including doctor's information, patient details, and medication details, into the pharmacy system. After this step, an automated Drug Utilization Review (DUR) check is conducted to ensure the compatibility and appropriateness of the prescribed medication. If any alarms are raised during the DUR check, a pharmacist reviews the prescriptions in more detail and may contact the prescribing doctor for confirmation. Following the DUR check, an insurance check is performed to determine the coverage provided by the customer's insurance policy. The output of the insurance check determines the percentage of drug costs covered by the insurance, with the remaining portion requiring payment from the customer as a co-payment.
Once the prescription passes the insurance check, a technician is assigned to gather the prescribed drugs from the shelves and assemble them in a bag, which is then stapled to the prescription. The bag is then passed to a pharmacist for a double-check to ensure that the prescription has been filled accurately. After this quality assurance process, the pharmacist seals the bag and places it in the pick-up area. When a customer arrives to collect their prescription, a technician retrieves the bag and requests payment from the customer if the drugs are not fully covered by insurance. The as-is diagram illustrates the sequential steps and interactions involved in the pharmacy prescription process, providing an overview of the workflow and highlighting the roles of various personnel in ensuring accurate and efficient prescription fulfillment.
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Every research article that is published in an academic journal is required to include a short abstract. This abstract tells the busy reader what the article is about—the thesis that it defends and the arguments that it uses for its defense. It also tries to entice the reader to dedicate their time and effort to reading the article. To do this, it has to show how strong the paper's arguments are. After all, ambiguous, fluffy summaries of the article won't convince any reader that the article is worth their time and effort.
In this assignment, you'll write a 300-word abstract for any one of the three papers that you are assigned to read in Week 6- The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis. I'll evaluate them in the way that a journal editor would evaluate them, so write them as though you would be submitting them to a journal.
The assigned task is to write a 300-word abstract for the paper "The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action" by Bowles and Gintis, presenting its thesis and arguments persuasively.
In this assignment, the objective is to write a 300-word abstract for the paper "The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action" by Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis. The abstract should effectively summarize the paper's thesis, arguments, and their strength to entice readers to dedicate their time and effort to reading the full article. As the abstract will be evaluated as if it were being submitted to a journal, it is important to provide a concise and compelling overview of the paper.
The abstract should clearly state the main thesis of the paper, which likely explores the evolutionary foundations of collective action. It should highlight the key arguments and evidence presented by Bowles and Gintis, demonstrating the strength and validity of their claims. To convince readers of the article's worthiness, the abstract should avoid ambiguity and employ clear and persuasive language.
Writing an effective abstract requires capturing the essence of the paper while emphasizing its importance and contribution to the field. It should pique the reader's curiosity, provide a concise overview of the paper's content, and showcase the paper's strong arguments. By adhering to the guidelines of a journal editor, the abstract can effectively communicate the value and significance of the paper "The Evolutionary Basis of Collective Action."
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Effective signals a. convey useful information from informed parties to uninformed parties. impose little or no cost on the signaler. b. cannot be conveyed accurately when there is an information asymmetry. c. raise the quantity sold but reduce the price sellers receive.
The correct answer is option A, effective signals convey useful information from informed parties to uninformed parties while imposing little or no cost on the signaler.
a. Effective signals convey useful information from informed parties to uninformed parties while imposing little or no cost on the signaler.
This means that the signal carries valuable information that helps the uninformed parties make better decisions, and the act of sending the signal does not significantly burden the party providing the information.
b. Option b is incorrect. Effective signals can be conveyed accurately even in the presence of information asymmetry. In fact, one of the main purposes of signals is to bridge the information gap between informed and uninformed parties.
Signals can help reduce information asymmetry by providing valuable information to those who lack it.
c. Option c is incorrect. Effective signals can actually have the opposite effect on the quantity sold and the price received by sellers.
If the signal carries positive information about the quality or value of a product, it can increase the demand for that product, leading to higher quantities sold. This increased demand may also enable sellers to charge higher prices, thereby increasing the price received.
Effective signals are valuable means of communication that transmit useful information from informed parties to uninformed parties while imposing little or no cost on the signaler.
They help bridge information gaps, can be conveyed accurately even in the presence of information asymmetry, and can potentially increase both the quantity sold and the price received by sellers.
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The Art League is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting the arts within the community. There are two programs conducted by the Art League: (1) exhibition and sales of members’ art (referred to as Exhibition) and (2) Community Art Education. Activities of the Art League are conducted by a part-time administrator, a part-time secretary-bookkeeper, and several part-time volunteers. The volunteers greet visitors, monitor the security of the exhibit hall, and handle the sales of art to the public. Art on exhibit is considered the property of the member artists, not the Art League.
The purpose of The Art League is to promote the arts within the community through exhibitions, sales of members' art, and community art education programs.
What is the purpose of The Art League as a not-for-profit organization?Art League is a not-for-profit organization that aims to promote the arts within the community.
It operates two programs: the Exhibition program, which involves the display and sale of art created by its members, and the Community Art Education program.
The organization is run by a part-time administrator, a part-time secretary-bookkeeper, and several part-time volunteers. The volunteers play a crucial role in welcoming visitors, ensuring the security of the exhibit hall, and facilitating the sales of art to the public.
It is important to note that the artwork displayed in the exhibit hall belongs to the member artists and not the Art League itself.
This distinction highlights the organization's commitment to supporting and showcasing the creative works of its members while fostering art education and community engagement.
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ZXY Company is a food product company. ZXY is considering expanding to two new products and a second production facility. The food products are staples with steady demands. The proposed expansion will require an investment of $7,000,000 for equipment with an assumed ten-year life, after which all equipment and other assets can be sold for an estimated $1,000,000. They will be renting the facility. ZXY requires a 12 percent return on investments. You have been asked to recommend whether or not to make the investment using the NPV method. With explanation.
To determine whether or not ZXY Company should make the proposed investment using the Net Present Value (NPV) method.
We need to calculate the NPV of the project and compare it to the required 12 percent return on investment.
Estimate Cash Flows: We need to estimate the cash flows associated with the project. In this case, ZXY is considering two new products and a second production facility. We'll assume that the cash flows are generated over a ten-year period. Since the products are staples with steady demand, we'll assume a constant cash flow throughout the years. Let's assume the annual cash flow from the project is $1,000,000.
Calculate Present Value: To calculate the present value of the cash flows, we need to discount them using the required rate of return. In this case, the required rate of return is 12 percent. We'll use the formula: PV = CF / (1 + r)^n, where PV is the present value, CF is the cash flow, r is the discount rate, and n is the year.
PV = $1,000,000 / (1 + 0.12)^1 + $1,000,000 / (1 + 0.12)^2 + ... + $1,000,000 / (1 + 0.12)^10
Calculate Net Present Value: The NPV is calculated by subtracting the initial investment from the present value of the cash flows.
NPV = PV - Initial Investment, In this case, the initial investment is $7,000,000.
Evaluate the NPV: If the NPV is positive, it means that the project is expected to generate more cash flows than the initial investment and meets the required return. If the NPV is negative, it means that the project is not expected to meet the required return.
If the NPV is greater than zero, it is advisable to make the investment. If the NPV is less than zero, it is not advisable to make the investment.
Now, let's calculate the NPV:
PV = $1,000,000 / (1 + 0.12)^1 + $1,000,000 / (1 + 0.12)^2 + ... + $1,000,000 / (1 + 0.12)^10
PV = $1,000,000 / 1.12^1 + $1,000,000 / 1.12^2 + ... + $1,000,000 / 1.12^10
PV = $1,000,000 / 1.12 + $1,000,000 / 1.2544 + ... + $1,000,000 / 1.967151
PV ≈ $1,000,000 + $796,812 + ... + $504,772
PV ≈ $7,359,773, NPV = PV - Initial Investment
NPV = $7,359,773 - $7,000,000
NPV ≈ $359,773
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eEgg is considering the purchase of a new distributed network computer system to help handle its warehouse inventories. The system costs $55,000 to purchase and install and $35,000 to operate each year. The system is estimated to be useful for 4 years. Management expects the new system to reduce the cost of managing inventories by $63,500 per year. The firm’s cost of capital (discount rate) is 12%.
Required:
1. What is the net present value (NPV) of the proposed investment under each of the following independent situations? (Use the appropriate present value factors from Appendix C, TABLE 1 and Appendix C, TABLE 2.)
1a. The firm is not yet profitable and therefore pays no income taxes.
1b. The firm is in the 27% income tax bracket and uses straight-line (SLN) depreciation with no salvage value. Assume MACRS rules do not apply.
1c. The firm is in the 27% income tax bracket and uses double-declining-balance (DDB) depreciation with no salvage value. Given a four-year life, the DDB depreciation rate is 50% (i.e., 2 × 25%). In year four, record depreciation expense as the net book value (NBV) of the asset at the start of the year.
2. What is the internal rate of return (IRR) of the proposed investment for situations in requirement 1, parts (a) through (c)? Use the IRR builit-in function in Excel to compute the IRR.
The net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) are calculated for the proposed investment in a new distributed network computer system by EEgg. Three independent situations are considered: (a) the firm pays no income taxes, (b) the firm is in the 27% income tax bracket and uses straight-line depreciation, and (c) the firm is in the 27% income tax bracket and uses double-declining-balance depreciation. The appropriate present value factors from Appendix C, TABLE 1 and Appendix C, TABLE 2 are used in the calculations.
In situation 1a where the firm pays no income taxes, the net present value (NPV) can be calculated by discounting the net cash flows of $63,500 per year for four years at the firm's cost of capital (discount rate) of 12%. The initial investment of $55,000 is not included in the net cash flows since it is already accounted for in the present value calculations. The NPV is determined by subtracting the initial investment from the present value of the net cash flows. In situations 1b and 1c where the firm is in the 27% income tax bracket, depreciation expense is considered for tax purposes. In situation 1b, straight-line depreciation is used, and in situation 1c, double-declining-balance depreciation is used. The depreciation expense is deducted from the net cash flows before calculating the NPV. The tax savings resulting from the depreciation expense are also included in the net cash flows. The NPV is calculated by discounting the net cash flows, including the tax savings, at the firm's cost of capital.
To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for each situation, the cash flows are discounted at various discount rates until the present value of the cash flows equals the initial investment. This discount rate represents the IRR, which indicates the rate of return at which the investment breaks even. The IRR can be computed using Excel's built-in function. By analyzing the NPV and IRR of the proposed investment under different situations, EEgg can evaluate the financial feasibility and attractiveness of the investment. A positive NPV and a higher IRR would indicate that the investment is favorable and may be considered.
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Monetary policy, administered by the RBA, is concerned with
control over interest rates and the amount of money in circulation
and is used to:
RBA uses monetary policies to achieve certain economic objectives and maintain stability within the economy.
Monetary policy, administered by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), is concerned with controlling interest rates and the amount of money in circulation.
The RBA's primary tool for implementing monetary policy is the cash rate, which influences short-term interest rates and the cost of borrowing for households and businesses.
The RBA adjusts the cash rate to influence borrowing costs and, consequently, spending and investment decisions.
When the economy is growing strongly and inflationary pressures are rising, the RBA may raise interest rates to reduce borrowing and spending, which helps to curb inflation.
On the other hand, if the economy is sluggish or facing a downturn, the RBA may lower interest rates to stimulate borrowing and spending, encouraging economic activity and employment.
The RBA also controls the amount of money in circulation through open market operations, which involve buying and selling government securities.
When the RBA buys government securities, it injects money into the economy, increasing the money supply and stimulating economic activity.
Conversely, when the RBA sells government securities, it withdraws money from the economy, reducing the money supply and dampening inflationary pressures.
In conclusion, monetary policy administered by the RBA focuses on controlling interest rates and the amount of money in circulation.
By adjusting the cash rate and conducting open market operations, the RBA aims to achieve its objectives of maintaining price stability, promoting full employment, and fostering economic growth.
These measures play a crucial role in influencing borrowing costs, spending patterns, and overall economic conditions in Australia.
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Suppose that the market for porcelain lupines in Freedonia is perfectly competitive and initially in a long run equilibrium. Porcelain lupines are normal goods in Freedonia and are produced with a computer aided technology. Porcelain lupines and ceramic roses are substitutes while porcelain lupines and glass vases are complements. Suppose that a government report shows that people who possess ceramic roses are 72.74 % more likely to suffer from erectile dysfunction. Describe with the use of diagrams the effects of this report upon the market for porcelain lupines in the short run and in the long run
The short-run is a transitional phase where the producers have the time to adjust to the changes in the market conditions, while the long run is the phase where the market achieves equilibrium again.Suppose that the market for porcelain lupines in Freedonia is initially in long run equilibrium.
Porcelain lupines are normal goods in Freedonia and are produced with a computer-aided technology. Porcelain lupines and ceramic roses are substitutes while porcelain lupines and glass vases are complements. Suppose that a government report shows that people who possess ceramic roses are 72.74 % more likely to suffer from erectile dysfunction.
The government report is not related to the market of porcelain lupines. However, the report showing people with ceramic roses are more likely to have erectile dysfunction will lead to a decrease in the demand for ceramic roses. Since porcelain lupines are substitutes for ceramic roses, the demand for porcelain lupines will increase.
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Explain what is meant by equity in taxation from the ideal tax policy design perspective. b) Briefly discuss equity under the following headings: i. Horizontal equity versus vertical equity; Benefits principle versus ability to pay principle; iii. Income taxes versus Product taxes. c) Establish a clear link between equity and public expenditure. a) Page 2 of 3 Question Four The X Revenue Authority collected US$ 2148 million at the end of 2009 broken down as follows: Company Tax $301; Excise Duty $304 million; windfall tax $28; Import VAT $587 million; Pay As You Earn (PAYE) $562; Export Duties $42 million; Mineral Royalty $53 million; Domestic VAT $ - 96 million; Import Duties $267 million; and Withholding Tax $100 million. Compute how much the Authority collected in: i) Direct Taxes ii) Indirect Taxes b) It is often argued that direct taxes are better than indirect taxes. Briefly explain this argument.
a) The X Revenue Authority collected a total of US$ 2148 million at the end of 2009.b) The argument favouring direct taxes over indirect taxes is based on the principles of equity and fairness.
a) The X Revenue Authority collected a total of US$ 2148 million at the end of 2009. To determine how much was collected in direct taxes and indirect taxes, we need to identify the relevant categories. Direct taxes typically include Company Tax, Pay As You Earn (PAYE), and Withholding Tax. Indirect taxes usually comprise Excise Duty, Import VAT, Export Duties, Domestic VAT, Import Duties, and Windfall Tax. By summing up the amounts in these respective categories, we can compute the total collected under direct taxes and indirect taxes.
i) Direct Taxes: $301 million + $562 million + $100 million = $963 million
ii) Indirect Taxes: $304 million + $587 million + $42 million + (-$96 million) + $267 million + $28 million + $53 million = $1,185 million
b) The argument favouring direct taxes over indirect taxes is based on the principles of equity and fairness. Direct taxes, such as income taxes, have the potential to adhere more closely to the ability to pay principle. This principle suggests that individuals with higher incomes should bear a larger tax burden. Direct taxes allow for a progressive tax system, where tax rates increase as income rises, promoting greater equity. In contrast, indirect taxes, like consumption or product taxes, tend to have a regressive impact. They apply uniformly to all individuals regardless of their income levels, resulting in a relatively higher burden on lower-income individuals. This undermines the horizontal equity principle, which advocates for equal treatment of equals. Therefore, direct taxes are often considered preferable from an equity standpoint.
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An industry consists of five firms with sales of $30, $10, $20, $5 and $35. Calculate the 4-firm concentration ratio, C4, and indicate the result as a percentage (do not include the % symbol).
An industry consists of five firms with sales of $30, $10, $20, $5 and $35. The 4-firm concentration ratio is given by the sum of the sales of the top four firms divided by the total industry sales.
the concentration ratio measures the extent to which a market or an industry is dominated by a few firms or players. It is an essential tool in determining the level of market competition. The concentration ratio is usually expressed in percentage terms.The four-firm concentration ratio (C4) is a widely used measure of market concentration. It indicates the market share of the top four firms in an industry.
The C4 ratio ranges from 0% to 100%. The closer the ratio is to 100%, the higher the level of market concentration.In this problem, we are given the sales of five firms. We need to calculate the 4-firm concentration ratio. The first step is to add up the total sales of all firms. The total sales of all five firms are $100. . Finally, we divide the 4-firm sales by the total industry sales and multiply by 100 to get the C4 ratio.
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Question D Taking the Aghion and Tirole (1997) model as a starting point, this question requires you to develop your own economic model of decision making.
1. First, identify a tradeoff between decentralisation (or delegation) and centralisation. 2. Develop an economic model that captures these tradeoffs. 3. Solve the model and provide some economic intuition for the results. 4. Relate the predictions of your model to the current literature on the optimal allocation of decision-making rights in the literature Background reading for Question D Aghion, P. and J. Tirole 1997, ‘Formal and real authority in organizations’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 1-29. M. Colombo and M. Delmastro 2008, The Economics of Organizational Design: Theoretical Insights and Empirical Evidence, Palgrave MacMillan, Hampshire UK, Chapter 2.
The model shows that the degree of delegation x is dependent on the marginal benefits and costs of delegation, as well as the benefits of centralization.
The first step is to identify a tradeoff between centralization and decentralization. The tradeoff between centralization and decentralization is that, in general, centralization can offer more control and coordination, but at the expense of information that can be acquired and processed by subordinates.In contrast, decentralization is associated with more accurate information, but the issue of coordination can be challenging.
In the Aghion and Tirole (1997) model, the tension between delegation and centralization can be captured. The trade-off can be represented as the degree to which management delegates authority to subordinates or retains it in its hands. The degree of delegation can be represented by x, and the degree of centralization by (1-x).
The model can be formalized by using the following utility functions:U(x) = (1-x) [p(x)-c] - f(x) where, p(x) is the probability of a high outcome, c is the cost, and f(x) is the cost of delegation. On the other hand, the utility function of the subordinates can be represented as follows:
U(x) = x [p(x)-c] - g(x) where g(x) is the cost of working.
Using the first-order conditions, we can derive the following solution:
x = (p'(x))/(p'(x)+g'(x)+f'(x))
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Saved Determine Net Income, if a corporation had total assets of $600,000 and total equity of $225,000 at the beginning of the year, and assets increased by $150,000 and liabilities increased by $60,000, and no other transactions occurred except a dividend payment of $45,000 and revenues and expenses. a) $45,000 b) $105,000 c) $135,000 d) $90,000
The net income of the corporation is $465,000. The correct answer is: d) $90,000.
The net income of the corporation can be calculated with the help of the following equation:
Net Income = Total Revenue – Total Expenses
Where Total Revenue is the sum of all revenue earned during the year, and Total Expenses are the sum of all expenses incurred during the year. The net income for the given case can be calculated as follows:
Given,
Total assets at the beginning of the year = $600,000
Total equity at the beginning of the year = $225,000
Assets increased by = $150,000
Liabilities increased by = $60,000
Dividend payment = $45,000
We can see that there were no revenues and expenses given in the question. So, we cannot calculate the net income with the help of the above formula. We need to first calculate the total assets and the total liabilities of the corporation at the end of the year.
Total assets at the end of the year = Total assets at the beginning of the year + Assets increased total assets at the end of the year
= $600,000 + $150,000
= $750,000
Total liabilities at the end of the year = Total equity at the beginning of the year + Liabilities increased total liabilities at the end of the year
= $225,000 + $60,000
= $285,000
Now we can calculate the net income as follows: Net Income = Total assets at the end of the year – Total liabilities at the end of the year
Net Income = $750,000 – $ 285,000
Net Income = $465,000
Therefore, the net income of the corporation is $465,000. Answer: d) $90,000.
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Current Position Analysis The following items are reported on a company's balance sheet: Cash $730,800 Marketable securities 570,900 Accounts receivable (net) 566,700 Inventory 415,200 Accounts payable 692,000 Determine (a) the current ratio and (b) the quick ratio. Round to one decimal place. a. Current ratio b. Quick ratio
The company's current ratio is 2.2 and the quick ratio is 1.4. The current ratio measures the ability of the company to meet its short-term liabilities. The quick ratio measures the ability of the company to pay off its current liabilities using assets that can be quickly converted into cash.
(a) Current Ratio: Current ratio is used to measure a company's ability to pay its short-term debts with its short-term assets. The current ratio is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. It is represented as Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities.
Given,
Cash = $730,800
Marketable securities = $570,900
Accounts receivable (net) = $566,700
Inventory = $415,200
Therefore, Current assets = $2,283,600 ($730,800 + $570,900 + $566,700 + $415,200)
Accounts payable = $692,000
Therefore, Current liabilities = $692,000
Using the formula,
Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities
= $2,283,600 / $692,000
= 2.2 (rounded to one decimal place)
Therefore, the current ratio of the company is 2.2.
(b) Quick Ratio: Quick ratio is also known as the acid test ratio. It is a measure of the ability of a company to pay off its current liabilities using assets that can be quickly converted into cash. Quick ratio is calculated by dividing quick assets by current liabilities.
Quick assets are current assets that can be quickly converted into cash. Quick assets include cash, marketable securities, and accounts receivable.
Quick ratio = Quick assets / Current liabilities
Given,
Cash = $730,800
Marketable securities = $570,900
Accounts receivable (net) = $566,700
Quick assets = $1,868,400 ($730,800 + $570,900 + $566,700)
Accounts payable = $692,000
Using the formula,
Quick ratio = Quick assets / Current liabilities
= $1,868,400 / $692,000
= 1.4 (rounded to one decimal place)
Therefore, the quick ratio of the company is 1.4.
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Prepare the Case Study "Miles Everson at PricewaterhouseCoopers" from the course pack.
Focus on the following questions, and prepare their answers in form of an internal memo (max. 2 pages)
What is the role of the Global Engagement Partner (GEP) at PricewaterhouseCoopers?
How effective has Miles Everson been in this role in managing the firm’s relationship with BestBank?
What are the challenges Everson faces in becoming the GEP for Global Financial?
What recommendations do you have for him?
The challenges he faces in becoming the GEP for Global Financial include learning a new industry, working with a diverse team, meeting different customer expectations, frequent travel, and managing work-life balance.
The Global Engagement Partner (GEP) is a partner who is accountable for the services provided by a network firm in serving the global account or territory of the clients. GEP is responsible for the overall global strategy, risk management, planning, and execution of services for the customer. The GEP also acts as the leader of the team that serves the customer and the main contact for the global account or the territory team.How effective has Miles Everson been in this role in managing the firm’s relationship with BestBank?Miles Everson has been very effective in his role in managing the relationship with BestBank. Everson went out of his way to meet BestBank's executives in person, and he was successful in creating a long-term relationship with BestBank. Miles made sure that his team at PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) provided exceptional service to BestBank. As a result, BestBank awarded PwC a long-term audit contract.What are the challenges Everson faces in becoming the GEP for Global Financial?Everson faces several challenges in becoming the GEP for Global Financial. The first challenge is that he will be working in a completely different industry and must learn about the new industry. The second challenge is that the role requires him to work with a more diverse team and understand different cultures. Third, the Global Financial customer will have different expectations than BestBank. Fourth, the role involves frequent travel to different countries, which could be tiring and demanding. Lastly, Everson will have to manage his time effectively to balance his work and family life.What recommendations do you have for him?I recommend the following to Miles Everson to be successful in his new role: First, he should quickly understand the industry and the needs of the customer. Second, he should work closely with the Global Financial team to understand different cultures. Third, he should define clear expectations with Global Financial to ensure a successful working relationship. Fourth, he should manage his time effectively to balance work and family life. Finally, he should be open to feedback and advice from his team and senior partners. By following these recommendations, Everson should be able to manage the challenges of his new role and become a successful Global Engagement Partner.
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PS The equity section of CFAS Company revealed the following information on December 31, 2022: Preference share capital, P100 par P5,000,000 Share premium-preference shares 2,000,000 Ordinary share capital, P50 3,200,000 Share premium ordinary shares 421,076 Subscribed ordinary share capital 800,000 Retained earnings-appropriated 250,000 Subscription receivable-ordinary shares 400,000 Retained earnings- unappropriated 3,500,000 Treasury shares-ordinary 1,000,000 How much is the contributed capital of CFAS Company as of December 31, 2022?
To calculate the contributed capital of CFAS Company as of December 31, 2022, we need to sum up the preference share capital.
ordinary share capital, share premium-preference shares, and share premium ordinary shares.
Contributed capital = Preference share capital + Ordinary share capital + Share premium-preference shares + Share premium ordinary shares
Contributed capital = P5,000,000 + P3,200,000 + P2,000,000 + P421,076
Please note that the currensymcy bol "P" indicates the currency used in the values provided.
Effective management is crucial for the success and sustainability of organizations in both the private and public sectors. Good management practices can enhance productivity, employee satisfaction, and organizational performance, while poor management can lead to inefficiency, conflict, and suboptimal outcomes.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 14 to 18.
ABC Ltd applies a straight-line depreciation method and uses a revaluation model for all assets.
Year 1:
ABC Ltd purchased a truck of $100,000 in cash at the beginning of Year 1.
The truck has a 10-year useful life and no residual value.
Year 2:
At the beginning of year 2, the truck is revalued to $99,000.
Year 3:
At the beginning of year 3, the truck is revalued to $72,000.
Year 4:
At the beginning of year 4, the truck is sold at $82,000.
1) Provide the possible journal entries for year 1, including the asset purchase and depreciation.
2) Provide the possible journal entries for year 2.
3) Provide the possible journal entries for year 3.
4) Provide the possible journal entries for year 4.
Possible journal entries for Year 1:When an asset is purchased, the journal entry passed is a debit to the asset account and credit to the cash account. The journal entry for depreciation expense is as follows:Debit Depreciation expense $10,000Credit Accumulated depreciation account $10,000To record depreciation on a truck for the year ended December 31, Year 1.
Purchase of Truck: Debit Truck account $100,000, credit Cash account $100,0002. Depreciation Expense: Debit Depreciation expense $10,000, credit Accumulated depreciation account $10,0002) Possible journal entries for Year 2:At the beginning of Year 2, the truck is revalued to $99,000. Since ABC Ltd uses the revaluation model, the value of the asset is adjusted in the books of accounts, and the journal entry is passed as follows:Debit Truck account $9,000Credit Revaluation surplus account $9,000To adjust the value of the asset to its fair value.
Revaluation surplus: Debit Truck account $9,000, credit Revaluation surplus account $9,0003) Possible journal entries for Year 3:At the beginning of Year 3, the truck is revalued to $72,000. The revaluation surplus is calculated as the difference between the net book value of the asset before revaluation and its fair value. Therefore, the journal entry is as follows:Debit Truck account $-27,000Credit Revaluation surplus account $-27,000To adjust the value of the asset to its fair value. Revaluation surplus: Debit Truck account $-27,000, credit Revaluation surplus account $-27,0004) Possible journal entries for Year 4:At the beginning of Year 4, the truck is sold at $82,000. Therefore, the journal entry passed to record the sale of the truck is as follows:Debit Cash account $82,000Debit Accumulated depreciation account $30,000Credit Truck account $100,000To record the sale of the truck.Sale of Truck: Debit Cash account $82,000, debit Accumulated depreciation account $30,000, credit Truck account $100,000.
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Identify the major managerial skills every supervisor needs. Why
are these skills important? Would you need to work on any of these
particular skills to be an effective supervisor?
The major managerial skills every supervisor needs are as follows: Technical skills, Human relations skills, Conceptual skills.
The technical skills are needed so that the supervisor has the necessary knowledge, proficiency and expertise to perform specific tasks. Human relations skills are required to handle people with different temperaments and personalities, inspire them to achieve their goals and work as a team.
Conceptual skills, on the other hand, help supervisors in planning, problem solving and decision making as they have a better understanding of the whole organization and how its different parts fit together. It is important to note that all of these skills are important for a supervisor as they are able to handle tasks effectively.
The technical skills are very important as it is critical that the supervisor knows what they are doing. Human relations skills are important because managing people requires a lot of patience and understanding, which helps to build a better work environment. Conceptual skills help the supervisor to be able to understand how the business works and helps with making better decisions.
Hence, all of these skills are important as they complement each other and the combination of these skills is what makes a supervisor effective as they are able to handle any situation that arises.
To be an effective supervisor, one should work on all three skills. However, if one is particularly weak in one of the skills, they should focus more on that skill to develop their ability to become more effective.
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3. To develop a physical database on MySQL database server, first create a database schema on the MySQL Workbench.
4. Now, develop a database by transforming the database schema created in 3. above into a physical database on the MySQL database server. Then, fill tables with data. (Note: You may need to repeat this step multiple times to produce meaningful query results with at least two rows.)
To build a physical database on MySQL, it necessitates the creation of a database schema on MySQL Workbench, which is then transformed into a physical database on the MySQL database server.
The resulting tables are populated with relevant data. Developing a physical database on MySQL database server requires an understanding of SQL and database design principles. After creating a logical schema in MySQL Workbench, this schema is used to develop a physical database on the server. This process involves creating tables and other database objects, then inserting data into these tables. It's often a cyclical process to ensure meaningful query results, with tables being populated multiple times.
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When an auditor of financial statements has substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, the auditor most likely would express a qualified opinion if: A. The effects of the adverse financial conditions are likely to be negative.
B. Information about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern is not disclosed in the financial statements.
C. Management has no plans to reduce or delay future expenditures.
D. Negative trends and recurring operating losses appear to be irreversible.
When an auditor of financial statements has substantial doubt about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, the auditor most likely would express a qualified opinion if negative trends and recurring operating losses appear to be irreversible.
Step 1: Going concern assumptionThe auditor must assess an entity's capability to remain a going concern while planning and performing an audit of the financial statements. The going concern assumption is the basis of financial reporting.
Step 2: Substantial doubtIf the auditor has substantial doubt about the entity's capacity to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period, they must disclose this in their report.
Step 3: Qualified opinion when the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, they signal that they don't have full faith in the financial statements. The auditor is unable to make a conclusion on the financial statements' accuracy.
Step 4: Negative trends and recurring operating losses appear to be irreversibleIf the auditor detects negative trends and recurring operating losses that seem irreversible, this could cause the auditor to doubt the company's capacity to continue as a going concern. Thus, a qualified opinion is most likely to be expressed by the auditor.
In conclusion, if the auditor detects negative trends and recurring operating losses that seem irreversible, they will likely express a qualified opinion.
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The terms embodied, embedded, embrained, encultured, and encoded were used by Blackler (1995) to categorise the use of knowledge in a variety of organisations. Discuss how widespread ICT is altering the demand for each knowledge type. Around 350 words count in your own explanation. Give in text citation and reference if possible
Blackler (1995) proposed five knowledge categories: embodied, embedded, embrained, encultured, and encoded. The way in which knowledge is used varies across different organizations. The development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has had an impact on the demand for each type of knowledge. Finally, the demand for encoded knowledge has increased due to the ease of storage and retrieval of knowledge from databases.Reference:Blackler, F. (1995). Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation. Organization Studies, 16(6), 1021-1046.
Embodied knowledge is the knowledge that is acquired through physical experience. In this type of knowledge, skills and expertise are learned through practice, imitation, and observation. With the use of ICTs, this knowledge type is becoming less important in terms of demand. This is because ICTs are reducing the need for physical experience, as knowledge can be transferred electronically. Embedded knowledge is the knowledge that is embedded in organizational processes, systems, and routines. This type of knowledge is crucial to the functioning of an organization, as it is what makes the organization unique. With the widespread use of ICTs, this knowledge type is becoming even more important, as it allows for the automation of organizational processes.Embrained knowledge is the knowledge that is held by individuals. This knowledge type is becoming increasingly important as ICTs become more prevalent in the workplace. The use of ICTs requires employees to possess knowledge of computer applications and programming. Therefore, the demand for embrained knowledge is increasing in the current business environment.Encultured knowledge is the knowledge that is held by a particular culture. This type of knowledge is critical for organizations that operate in different cultures, as it helps them to understand and respect different cultural practices. With the development of ICTs, this knowledge type is becoming more important, as organizations can now communicate with people from different cultures more easily.Encoded knowledge is the knowledge that is stored in databases, documents, and manuals. This knowledge type is becoming more important in the current business environment due to the widespread use of ICTs. The use of ICTs has made it easier to store and retrieve knowledge from databases, which has increased the demand for encoded knowledge.In conclusion, the widespread use of ICTs has altered the demand for each type of knowledge. The demand for embodied knowledge has decreased due to the reduction in the need for physical experience. The demand for embedded knowledge has increased due to the automation of organizational processes. The demand for embrained knowledge has increased due to the need for employees to possess knowledge of computer applications and programming. The demand for encultured knowledge has increased due to the ease of communication with people from different cultures. Finally, the demand for encoded knowledge has increased due to the ease of storage and retrieval of knowledge from databases.Reference:Blackler, F. (1995). Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation. Organization Studies, 16(6), 1021-1046.
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Among the following production functions, which one is consistent with the US stylized fact for labor and capital shares:
a. Y = AK¹/3 L^2/3
b. Y = A x K+ B x L
c. Y = A x K x L/(K + L)
d. Y = K(1-e^-(L/K))
e. None of the above.
Y = AK¹/3 L^2/3, one is consistent with the US stylized fact for labor and capital shares. so option A is correct.
The stereotypical fact about labor and capital distributions in the United States is that they generate relatively constant amounts of government revenue over very long periods of time. This means that the labor share and the capital share must be equal regardless of the amount of capital and labor used in production.
Both the labor share and the capital share are independent of the amount of capital and labor used in production, consistent with the stylized fact Y = AK¹/3 L^2/3, A simple 2/3 is the labor share, and a simple 1/3 is the capital share.
Therefore, a. Y = AK¹/3 L^2/3 is the sole production function that is consistent with the US stylized fact for labor and capital shares.
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Brown Industries plans to decrease a $220 petty cash fund to $85. The current balance in the account includes $35 in receipts and $185 in currency. The entry to reimburse and reduce the size of the petty cash fund will include a:
Multiple Choice
debit to Cash for $100.
credit to Cash for $100.
debit to Petty Cash for $45.
debit to Petty Cash for $85.
The correct option is "debit to Petty Cash for $85".The entry to reimburse and reduce the size of the petty cash fund will include a debit to petty cash account for $85.
As well as a credit to cash account for the same amount, which means that the amount of $85 will be transferred to the cash account.Brown Industries wants to decrease a $220 petty cash fund to $85. The current balance in the account includes $35 in receipts and $185 in currency. The entry to reimburse and reduce the size of the petty cash fund will include a debit to Petty Cash for $85. This is the correct option.
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