Which of the following involves an intrusion of REM sleep while you are awake? narcolepsy sleep apnea somnambulism night terrors

If an individual has sickle cell disease and no one else in their immediate family has it, there are a few possible explanations:

Genetic Mutation: Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for producing hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. It is possible that the individual had a spontaneous mutation in this gene, leading to sickle cell disease, even if it is not present in their immediate family.

Ancestral Inheritance: Sickle cell disease is more prevalent in certain populations, particularly those with African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or Indian ancestry. If the individual has distant ancestors from these regions, it is possible that they inherited the disease-causing gene from them, even if it skipped several generations in their immediate family.

Unrecognized Carriers: Although sickle cell disease may not be present in the immediate family, it is possible that some family members may be carriers of the sickle cell trait. Carriers do not have the disease but can pass the gene to their children. If both parents are carriers, there is a chance that their child may have sickle cell disease.

It is important to consult with a medical professional and undergo genetic testing to determine the specific cause and inheritance pattern in individual cases of sickle cell disease.

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The concept you are referring to is known as the competitive exclusion principle, which states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in the same habitat for a long period of time.

This is because one species will eventually outcompete the other for resources and eventually exclude it from the community. The competitive exclusion principle is a fundamental concept in ecology and is often used to explain patterns of species diversity and distribution in ecosystems.

The concept that two species cannot successfully co-exist in identical niche space is termed "competitive exclusion principle." To explain this principle, it states that when two species compete for the same resources in an identical niche, one species will eventually outcompete the other, leading to the elimination of the less successful species. This principle helps maintain biodiversity by preventing species from having overlapping niches in an ecosystem.

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If a man discovers a fungus attacking the roots of flowers in his garden and uses a broad-spectrum fungicide to kill the pests, he may risk harming beneficial organisms, disrupting the soil ecosystem.

Because it includes both inorganic and organic components, water, gases, and a variety of flora and fauna, the soil ecosystem is complex and diverse. The residual recalcitrant crop wastes of crop plants, trees, and woody plants are dumped into the soil following cropping.

Soils are an imperative part of environments in light of the fact that: most of plants fill in soil. Nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients for plants are determined by the soil. The climate and topography of the soil can influence how much water is available to plants.

There are two types of materials that make up soil: biotic (living and once-living things like plants and insects) and abiotic (nonliving things like minerals, water, and air). Soil contains air, water, and minerals as well as plant and creature matter, both living and dead.

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It is false that the number of whales was more likely estimated by sampling than by mark-recapture.

When it is impracticable to count every person in a population, the Mark-Recapture approach is employed to estimate its size. The main plan is to seize a small number of people, mark them with a non-lethal mark, and then let them go back into the general population. You capture a different small group later and count how many of them have marks. You have a greater chance of recapturing marked people in a small group than in a large one.

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Answer:

False.

Explanation:

Hope this helps!

In a situation where a 53-year-old diabetic patient complains of chest pain, nausea, and exhibits sinus tachycardia with vital signs of blood pressure 94/40, pulse 124, and respiratory rate 22, it is important to consider the possibility of a cardiac event or acute coronary syndrome.

The initial step would be to treat this patient as if they were experiencing a myocardial infarction (heart attack) until further evaluation can be performed. The recommended first step in this case would be to administer aspirin to the patient. Aspirin acts as an antiplatelet agent and can help prevent further clot formation in case the chest pain is due to a cardiac event. The standard dose for aspirin in this situation is 160-325 mg, preferably chewed and swallowed. However, it's crucial to note that I am an AI language model and cannot provide medical advice. This response should not replace professional medical judgment. It is important to consult a healthcare professional or call emergency services immediately in such situations to receive appropriate care and guidance.

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The structure that is located in the axial skeleton and lined with mucus membrane is A. Sinus.

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the sinuses are cavities within the skull lined with mucus membrane. The mandible, sternum, and hyoid bone are also part of the axial skeleton, but they are not lined with mucus membrane.

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There are several factors that contribute to the activation of naive T cells. One of the key factors is the presentation of antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). When APCs encounter a pathogen, they engulf and process the pathogen's proteins and then present small pieces of these proteins (called peptides) on their cell surface, bound to molecules called major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

Naive T cells, which express receptors (called T cell receptors) that can recognize specific peptides presented by MHC molecules, scan the surface of APCs for the presence of peptides that match their receptors. If a naive T cell recognizes a peptide-MHC complex that matches its receptor, it becomes activated and undergoes clonal expansion, giving rise to a population of effector T cells that can target the pathogen.

In addition to antigen presentation, other factors that can contribute to the activation of naive T cells include co-stimulation and cytokines. Co-stimulation involves interactions between receptors on T cells and molecules expressed on the surface of APCs, which provide a second signal that is required for full activation of the T cell. Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by cells in response to infection or inflammation, and can stimulate T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. Together, these factors work to activate and mobilize the immune system to respond to infectious agents and other threats.

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There are 300 species in community a and 5000 species in community b, you can say that community B has higher species richness compared to community A.

Species richness refers to the total number of different species present in a given area or community. In this case, community B has a higher number of species (5000) compared to community A (300).

Therefore, community B can be considered to have greater species richness. Species richness is a measure of biodiversity and indicates the variety and abundance of species in a particular habitat.

Having a higher number of species suggests a more diverse and ecologically complex community, which can have important implications for ecosystem stability and functioning.

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Out of the various surfaces, the one with the highest albedo for visible solar radiation is fresh snow.

1. Albedo refers to the reflectivity of a surface, meaning the percentage of sunlight it reflects back into space.
2. Different surfaces have different albedo values, with darker surfaces absorbing more light and having lower albedo, and lighter surfaces reflecting more light and having higher albedo.
3. Fresh snow is the surface with the highest albedo because it is light-colored and has a crystalline structure, reflecting a significant amount of visible solar radiation.

The surface with the highest albedo for visible solar radiation is fresh snow due to its light color and crystalline structure, which allows it to reflect a large percentage of sunlight.

Fresh snow has the highest albedo for visible solar radiation, making it the most reflective surface among the various options.

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The sarcoplasmic reticulum is responsible for storing and releasing calcium ions during muscle contraction.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells. It plays a critical role in muscle contraction by storing and releasing calcium ions. When an action potential reaches the muscle cell, it triggers the release of calcium ions from the SR into the cytoplasm.

The calcium ions then bind to the protein complex known as troponin, which allows the muscle fibers to slide past each other and contract. Once the contraction is complete, the calcium ions are pumped back into the SR by a calcium ATPase pump.

This process ensures that the SR is always ready to release calcium ions when the muscle needs to contract again. Dysfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum can lead to muscle diseases such as malignant hyperthermia and central core disease.

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False. Lymphatic capillaries do have permeability to some degree. A long answer to explain this is that lymphatic capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells that have gaps between them called intercellular clefts.

These clefts allow for the entry of interstitial fluid, proteins, and other molecules into the lymphatic capillaries. However, the permeability of lymphatic capillaries is selective, as larger molecules such as cells and debris are excluded. Additionally, the permeability of lymphatic capillaries can be increased in response to inflammation or injury, allowing for the entry of immune cells and other molecules necessary for the healing process.

Lymphatic capillaries are actually highly permeable. They have overlapping endothelial cells that function like one-way valves, allowing interstitial fluid, proteins, and other substances to enter the lymphatic system while preventing their backflow. This permeability is essential for the proper functioning of the lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance and immune surveillance in the body.

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Option. A) 85 decibels. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), prolonged exposure to noise levels of 85 decibels or higher can cause permanent hearing damage.

This is why it's important to protect your ears from loud noises, whether it's wearing earplugs or limiting your exposure to loud sounds. It's also worth noting that the higher the decibel level, the less time it takes for permanent hearing damage to occur. For example, exposure to 100 decibels can cause permanent damage after just 15 minutes, while exposure to 140 decibels can cause immediate hearing loss. Permanent damage to the ears can begin after an eight-hour exposure to 85 decibels (option A).

Prolonged exposure to noise at this level can cause noise-induced hearing loss over time. It is essential to protect your ears by reducing exposure to loud noises and using ear protection when necessary. Remember, maintaining good hearing health is crucial for overall well-being.

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Assuming light receptor A are rods and light receptor B are cones, rods are sensitive to all types of light while cones are sensitive to colored light.

An impulse takes 0.000627 seconds to travel the length of the optic nerve.

Rods are light receptors that are more sensitive to low levels of light and are responsible for vision in dim light conditions, such as night vision.

Cones, on the other hand,  are light receptors responsible for color vision and are more sensitive to bright light conditions.

Therefore, the roles of light receptor cells B and A could differ in terms of their sensitivity to light, their involvement in color vision, and their distribution within the retina.

(b) Time = Distance / Speed

distance is 47 mm or 0.047 meters

speed = 75 meters per second

Time = 0.047 meters / 75 meters per second

Time ≈ 0.000627 seconds

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The term that includes all the others is vascular plant.(option.c)

Vascular plants are characterized by having specialized tissues for conducting water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.

This includes both angiosperms and gymnosperms, which are two types of seed plants. Seed plants, in turn, are a subset of vascular plants and have evolved the ability to produce seeds as a means of reproduction.

Ferns, on the other hand, are a type of non-seed vascular plant and rely on spores for reproduction. Therefore, while all the other terms are related to vascular plants, vascular plant is the only term that encompasses all of them.

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The immediate spin phase of an indirect antiglobulin test (antibody screen and antibody identification) is used to detect clinically significant cold antibodies. Therefore, the correct answer is (b) Clinically significant cold antibodies.

A Coombs test, also known as antiglobulin test (AGT), is either of two blood tests used in immunohematology. They are the direct and indirect Coombs tests. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are stuck to the surface of the red blood cells. Since these antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells, a person can be anemic and this test can help clarify the condition. The indirect Coombs detects antibodies that are floating freely in the blood. These antibodies could act against certain red blood cells and the test can be done to diagnose reactions to a blood transfusion.

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When you finish an experiment, it is necessary to disinfect all microbes, including nonhazardous ones, before disposal. The given statement is true because this is important to prevent the spread of any potential contamination or disease.

Disinfection can be done using a variety of methods, such as autoclaving, chemical disinfection, or irradiation. Autoclaving is the most commonly used method, which involves subjecting the microbes to high temperature and pressure. Chemical disinfection involves the use of disinfectant solutions or agents, such as bleach or alcohol, to kill the microbes.

Irradiation involves exposing the microbes to ultraviolet or gamma radiation to destroy them. Regardless of the method used, it is important to follow proper disposal procedures and regulations, as well as to wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) during the disinfection process. So therefore the given statement is true because disinfect all microbes important to prevent the spread of any potential contamination or disease.

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Rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: Over the past century, concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have risen to levels that are higher than at any other time in at least the past 800,000 years. These gases trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping back into space, which leads to an overall increase in global temperatures.

2. Observed changes in temperature and climate patterns: Scientists have documented a wide range of changes in the Earth's climate that are consistent with the effects of global warming. These include rising temperatures, melting glaciers and ice caps, sea level rise, and changes in precipitation patterns. Many of these changes are also occurring at a faster rate than would be expected if they were solely the result of natural variability in the climate.

Taken together, these two pieces of evidence provide a strong case that human activity is contributing to global warming and its associated impacts. While there is always some uncertainty in scientific research, the weight of evidence from multiple lines of inquiry supports the conclusion that we need to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming.

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Airway obstructions may occur due to all of the reasons mentioned except A) burns.

Airway obstructions are a severe threat to life.

The lack of oxygen can quickly lead to brain damage or even death if the obstruction is not removed quickly.

Airway obstructions are typically caused by foreign objects that have entered the respiratory system, but there are many other causes.

An airway obstruction can be caused by anything that hinders the airflow into and out of the lungs and prevents the exchange of gases.

Obstructions to the airway are a significant risk, and some of the most common causes are as follows:Inhaling foreign objects like food particles, toys, and balloons can cause choking.

Infections such as croup, laryngitis, epiglottitis, or bronchitis can cause inflammation and swelling, which can narrow or block the airway.

The tongue can obstruct the airway if a person has lost consciousness, is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or if the tongue is enlarged due to infection or trauma.

Facial trauma, such as fractures or dislocations, can result in swelling or damage to the structures surrounding the airway, leading to airway obstruction.

Burns to the airway, such as from inhaling hot smoke, steam, or chemical fumes, can cause swelling, scarring, and tissue damage that can obstruct the airway.

According to the question, all the options except one can cause airway obstructions.

Therefore, the correct option is Option A) Burns, which does not lead to airway obstruction.

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In quantitative genetics, a phenotypic trait value can be expressed as the sum of genetic and environmental components.

The phenotypic trait value represents the observable or measurable characteristics of an organism, such as height, weight, or blood pressure. These traits are influenced by both genetic factors inherited from parents and environmental factors.

The genetic component of a phenotypic trait refers to the contribution of genetic variations or alleles that an individual carries. These genetic variations can come from both parents and can have additive, dominant, or interactive effects on the phenotype. The genetic component is often represented by the term "breeding value" and is estimated based on the resemblance between relatives, such as heritability or genetic correlation.

The environmental component of a phenotypic trait refers to the influence of external factors that affect the trait expression. These factors can include nutrition, climate, social interactions, and other non-genetic influences. The environmental component is often represented by the term "environmental variance" and is estimated based on the differences observed among individuals raised in different environments.

The expression of a phenotypic trait value is described using the following equation:

Phenotypic Trait Value = Genetic Component + Environmental Component

This equation acknowledges that the observed phenotype is the result of the combined effects of both genetic and environmental factors. It recognizes that individuals with the same genetic makeup can have different trait values due to varying environmental conditions, and individuals with different genetic makeup can have similar trait values if exposed to similar environments.

Understanding the contributions of genetic and environmental components to phenotypic variation is crucial in quantitative genetics to estimate heritability, genetic correlations, and other parameters that help in studying the inheritance and evolution of complex traits.

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True. Prolactin is a hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain. This hormone is responsible for initiating and maintaining milk production in the breasts.

When a woman gives birth, the levels of prolactin in her body increase, which signals the breast tissue to start producing milk. This process is essential for providing nourishment to the newborn baby. Prolactin levels remain high as long as the baby continues to nurse, which helps to maintain a steady milk supply. However, if the baby stops nursing, prolactin levels will eventually decrease, which signals the breast tissue to stop producing milk. Overall, prolactin plays a crucial role in breastfeeding and is necessary for the healthy development of newborns.

This hormone is essential for lactation, which allows mothers to provide nourishment to their infants. During pregnancy, prolactin levels increase, preparing the mammary glands for milk production. After childbirth, prolactin helps initiate lactation and maintains milk production as long as the baby continues to breastfeed.

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A major recent growth area for income and employment on reservations has been the development of tribal enterprises and casinos.

In recent years, the development of tribal enterprises and casinos has emerged as a significant growth area for income and employment on reservations. Many Native American tribes have established and operated casinos and other related businesses on their reservations as a means of generating revenue and creating employment opportunities.

Tribal enterprises, including casinos, hotels, restaurants, and entertainment venues, have provided tribes with a source of income that can be used for various purposes, such as infrastructure development, healthcare, education, and social programs. These enterprises often attract visitors from both local and non-local communities, leading to increased tourism and economic activity in the region.

By diversifying their economic activities and utilizing their sovereignty rights, tribes have been able to leverage their resources and create jobs for tribal members and surrounding communities. The growth of tribal enterprises and casinos has provided a pathway for economic self-sufficiency and has had a positive impact on income and employment on reservations.

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The mature anther differs from the immature one with pollen tetrads in terms of the presence of mature pollen grains and the absence of tetrads.

In the immature anther, the pollen mother cells undergo meiosis, resulting in the formation of pollen tetrads. A tetrad is a group of four haploid cells that are genetically identical. These cells eventually develop into mature pollen grains. At this stage, the anther is not yet ready for pollen release.

In contrast, the mature anther is characterized by the presence of fully developed pollen grains that are ready for release. The tetrads have undergone further development, and each cell within the tetrad has been divided into a separate pollen grain. The pollen grains are now individual, independent structures that contain the male gametes necessary for fertilization.

To summarize, the main difference between the mature and immature anther with pollen tetrads lies in the stage of pollen development. The immature anther contains pollen tetrads, while the mature anther contains fully developed, individual pollen grains that are ready for dispersal and fertilization.

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The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to the permeability and surface area of the glomerular capillaries, as well as the net filtration pressure.

The filtration of the plasma per unit of time is known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is directly related to the:

1. Permeability of the glomerular capillaries: Higher permeability allows more plasma to be filtered, resulting in a higher GFR.
2. Surface area of the glomerular capillaries: A larger surface area facilitates more filtration, increasing the GFR.
3. Net filtration pressure: This is the difference between the forces promoting filtration (glomerular hydrostatic pressure) and those opposing filtration (osmotic pressure of plasma proteins and capsular hydrostatic pressure). A higher net filtration pressure leads to a higher GFR.

In summary, the glomerular filtration rate is directly related to the permeability and surface area of the glomerular capillaries, as well as the net filtration pressure.

These factors work together to determine the rate at which plasma is filtered through the glomerulus, ultimately affecting  and overall health.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Without a specific list of mutations or chromosomal rearrangements provided, I am unable to determine the exact number of mutations or rearrangements that would lead to excessive cell growth when the cell is heterozygous for the mutation. Additionally, the specific effects of each mutation or rearrangement can vary, and some may not necessarily result in excessive cell growth.

However, it is worth noting that certain mutations or chromosomal rearrangements can contribute to the development of cancer or other conditions characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. In some cases, these mutations can occur in tumor suppressor genes, which normally help regulate cell growth and prevent excessive proliferation. When one copy of a tumor suppressor gene is mutated or lost (heterozygous condition), it can lead to a loss of control over cell growth and potentially contribute to tumor formation. It is important to consider that excessive cell growth can be influenced by various factors, including the specific mutation, the affected genes or pathways, and the overall genetic background and environmental context.

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The lipogenesis process takes place during the absorptive phase. The correct option is B.

Thus, after consuming a meal, the body enters the absorptive phase, sometimes referred to as the fed state. The body is actively absorbing and using nutrients from the consumed food at this stage. The process of turning surplus nutrients, such as glucose, into triglycerides (fat) for storage in adipose tissue is referred to as lipogenesis.

During the absorptive phase of  lipogenesis, when the body stores energy in the form of fat for later use, it is a crucial metabolic route. Contrarily, during the post-absorptive or fasting phase, when the body needs to access stored energy sources, glucose lysis, glucagon release from the pancreas, and gluconeogenesis normally take place.

Thus, the ideal selection is option B.

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The fuel reserve that is NOT primarily resourced from the liver is creatine phosphate. Glucose, fatty acids, and ketone bodies can all be synthesized or metabolized by the liver to provide fuel for the body. However, creatine phosphate is primarily stored in muscle tissue and is used as a quick source of energy during muscle contractions.

The primary high-energy phosphate-storage molecule in muscle is creatine phosphate. Creatine phosphate is the most common form in rested muscle; its maximum concentration is five times higher than that of ATP.

When the muscle starts to contract and needs energy, the creatine kinase transfers its phosphate back to ADP to form ATP and creatine during times of acute energy need. The enzyme creatine kinase is the catalyst for this rapid reaction; Consequently, ATP derived from creatine phosphate powers the first few seconds of muscle contraction.

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Succession is the process in which a community changes over time. It is an essential ecological process that allows ecosystems to recover and adapt to changes.

Succession refers to the gradual and predictable process of ecological change that occurs in a community after a disturbance or the creation of a new habitat. It involves the colonization of plants and animals, leading to a series of distinct stages or seral communities, ultimately resulting in a stable and mature ecosystem.

In the case of a cleared and abandoned field, the initial stages of succession usually involve the colonization of pioneer species, such as grasses, weeds, and shrubs, which are able to quickly establish themselves in the disturbed area. These early colonizers help improve soil conditions, such as nutrient availability and moisture retention, facilitating the arrival of other plant species.

Over time, as more diverse and shade-tolerant plant species establish and grow, the community progresses through intermediate stages. These stages are characterized by a continuous replacement of species, with each new community altering the environment in ways that favor the establishment of subsequent species. Eventually, if left undisturbed, the area may reach a climax community, which represents a stable and self-sustaining ecosystem dominated by a particular group of species, such as a forest.

It plays a vital role in restoring ecosystems after disturbances, promoting biodiversity, and maintaining ecological balance.

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Based on research regarding kin selection, Dorothy would likely choose to take a close family member with her to the storm cellar.

In the supporting explanation, kin selection theory suggests that individuals are more likely to help their close relatives because doing so increases the survival and reproductive success of shared genes. In the case of a life-threatening situation like a giant tornado, it is natural for individuals to prioritize the safety of their family members who share a significant portion of their genetic makeup.

Dorothy's close family members, such as her parents, siblings, or children, would likely be the ones she would choose to take with her to the storm cellar. By doing so, she would increase the chances of preserving the genetic material that she shares with her relatives, ultimately promoting the survival and well-being of her own genes in future generations.

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urea is the filtrate substances that is reabsorbed the least and will become a part of urine (option C).

As a waste product generated during protein metabolism within the liver, urea follows an excretory path via the urinary tract. While not being subject to active transport within the kidneys or readmission absorption due to its water-soluble nature means that it stays at concentrated levels within excreted fluid.

In contrast to this behavior are other filtrate substances like water, glucose or sodium which exhibit significantly higher degrees of kidney mediated reabsorption.

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Complete question: which of the filtrate substances is reabsorbed the least and will become a part of urine?

a. Glucose

b. Amino acids

c. Urea

d. Water