"Opposite thumbs in humans" is an occurrence of a generic attribute.
Explain about the generalized trait?A trait is a feature that is genetically determined in science. Some characteristics include green eyes or just being shorter than average.
A characteristic is a significant aspect of someone's personality and appearance in more generic usage.Generalization enables the student to use the lessons they've learned in class and put them into practise in their everyday surroundings. Generalization can be defined as the transfer of knowledge from specific parameters to so much broader ones, to put it simply.It is considered that a study has strong generalizability if its findings may be applied broadly to a wide range of individuals or circumstances. If the outcomes are only applicable to a very small population or a very particular circumstance.Thus, "Opposite thumbs in humans" is an occurrence of a generic attribute.
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I NEED THIS RIGHT NOW PLEASE
Lactic acid production increased in virus affected cells. ATP production decreased in virus affected cells.
Why are viruses so exhausting?
The immune system releases cytokines during viral infection, which induce inflammation and many of the typical signs of viral infection (eg, tiredness, aches and pains, malaise)
Although you may be progressively feeling better, it can take up to a year or longer for people to recover totally from post-viral fatigue. Another virus that triggers glycolysis is the non-enveloped double stranded DNA virus adenovirus. Non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells infected with adenovirus 5 produced more lactic acid and consumed more glucose, while using less oxygen.
Percentage increase in lactic acid production will be (0.7-0.4)/0.7 i.e. 0.42 percentage increase.
ATP production decreased by (0.7-0.5)/0.7 i.e. 0.285 percentage.
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the inferior, conical end is called the __________. it projects slightly anteroinferiorly toward the left side of the body.
Apex. The fifth intercostal space is the location of the apex, which is the heart's most inferior, anterior, and lateral component while it is in situ. The left ventricle shapes it.
Both atria, but primarily the left, make up the base of the heart, or the posterior region. Due to the twisting of the heart during development, which causes the left atrium and ventricle to lay posteriorly, the right atrium and ventricle make up the majority of the anterior portion of the heart.
Just inside the second costal space on the left side is the superior section of the heart, which is mostly made up of the left atrium.
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Is the disaccharide made from a glucose linked to a fructose ?
Yes, a disaccharide made from a glucose linked to a fructose is called sucrose. Sucrose is a common table sugar that is found naturally in many fruits and vegetables.
It is a non-reducing disaccharide, meaning it does not react with certain chemical reagents that typically react with reducing sugars. The chemical bond between glucose and fructose in sucrose is called a glycosidic bond, and it is formed through a dehydration reaction that links the anomeric carbon of glucose to the hydroxyl group of fructose. When sucrose is broken down, it is hydrolyzed by the enzyme sucrase, which cleaves the glycosidic bond and produces glucose and fructose. Sucrose is a disaccharide, which means that it is made up of two monosaccharide units - glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose are both simple sugars that belong to the group of carbohydrates. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar, and it is the primary source of energy for many living organisms. Fructose is also a six-carbon sugar, but it has a slightly different chemical structure than glucose, which gives it different physical and chemical properties. Sucrose is formed by a condensation reaction between glucose and fructose, in which a molecule of water is eliminated, and a glycosidic bond is formed between the anomeric carbon of glucose and the hydroxyl group of fructose.
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what is the tough, outermost membrane of the meninges?
The dura mater, the meninges' strong, outermost membrane, is referred to in the query we have.
What function does a membrane serve?Therefore, the cell membrane serves two purposes: first, as a barrier retaining the components of cells in there and undesired substances out, and second, as a gate permitting the passage transport of essential nutrients in to cell and the removal of wastes from the cell.
A membrane simple is what?A membranes is a soft, thin layer of substance. Two items are separated by a membrane. A membrane in biology can refer to either a cell's membranes or a tissue membrane. Cell membranes are much smaller than tissue membranes, which are bigger.
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biology chapter 33 ground coffee is made from the seeds of several plants belonging to the genus coffea. what does the chemical caffeine do in the plant?
In the plant, caffeine acts as a natural pesticide by paralyzing and killing insects that attempt to feed on the plant.
Caffeine is a normally happening alkaloid and an optional metabolite in the plants having a place with the sort Coffea. The caffeine content in the plant goes about as a characteristic pesticide that assists with safeguarding the plant against herbivores and bugs. At the point when bugs feed on the plant, the caffeine goes about as an impediment by obstructing the sensory system of the bug, causing loss of motion and at last demise.
Strangely, various types of Coffea plants produce various degrees of caffeine, and it is accepted that the caffeine content in the plant has developed as a reaction to the determination strain of explicit herbivores and bugs in the plant's current circumstance.
Notwithstanding its pesticidal capability, caffeine additionally can upgrade the plant's own metabolic cycles, like photosynthesis, by going about as an allosteric modulator of specific compounds. This might assist the plant with creating more energy and develop all the more proficiently.
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in a cross between aabbccdd and aabbccdd, what proportion of the offspring would be expected to be a b c d ? (a means aa or aa.)
The proportion of offspring with a genotype ABCD is 3/8.
The type of cross given involves the inheritance of four genes simultaneously. In such cross, we can find the proportions by multiplying each gene seperately. Thus, performing the crosses we would get:
AA × Aa: AA, AA, Aa, Aa
Bb × Bb: BB, bb, Bb, bb
Cc × cc: Cc, cc, Cc, cc
DD × dd: Dd, Dd, Dd, Dd.
Now, we are asked the probability of Aa or Aa. Now, finding the probabilities seperately:
Aa: 2/4, Bb: 1/4, Cc: 2/4, and Dd: 4/4
According to the laws of inheritance given by Mendel, we know that the genes segregate independently without the influence of others. Thus, from the above crosses, we can say that in a cross between AABbCcDD and AaBbccdd, the proportion of the offspring expected to be AaBbCcDd is 3/8.
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Complete question is:
In a cross between AABbCcDD and AaBbccdd, what proportion of the offspring would be
expected to be A_B_C_D_? (A_ means AA or Aa.)
a.) 3/16
b.) 3/256
c.) 3/32
d.) 3/4
e.) 3/8
how does domain eukarya different from the domains bacteria and archaea?
Answer:
Explanation:
The three domains of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - are defined based on differences in cell structure, genetic makeup, and biochemistry.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They have a simple cell structure, and their genetic material is contained within a single, circular chromosome located in the cytoplasm.
Archaea are also single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, but their cell structure and biochemistry are distinct from bacteria. For example, their cell walls are made of different materials, and they are able to survive in extreme environments such as hot springs and salt lakes.
Eukarya, on the other hand, are characterized by cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This domain includes all organisms with cells that have a complex structure, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Eukaryotic cells have a more complex organization and division of labor compared to bacteria and archaea. Additionally, the genetic material of eukaryotes is contained within a nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane.
Overall, the differences between the three domains of life reflect the distinct evolutionary paths that these organisms have taken and the adaptations they have made to survive in their environments.
3. According to the Law of Superposition, in undisturbed, horizontal, sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom. Each higher layer is younger than the rocks below it. Why is it important that the rock layers be undisturbed? SC.7.E.6.3
A. If the rock layers are disturbed, the absolute age of the rocks will change
B. If the rock layers are disturbed, certain layers may be missing or relocated
C. If the rock layers are disturbed, the Law of Superposition is proven wrong
Please explain why you chose this
Answer: law of superposition, a major principle of stratigraphy stating that within a sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence. On occasion, however, deformation may have caused the rocks of the crust to tilt, perhaps to the point of overturning them. Moreover, if erosion has blurred the record by removing substantial portions of the deformed sedimentary rock, it may not be at all clear which edge of a given layer is the original top and which is the original bottom.
law of superposition, a major principle of stratigraphy stating that within a sequence of layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence.
Aseptic technique means that that you perform the preparation of media or the transfer.....a. of living microbesb. uniformly and consistentlyc. without introducing contaminationd. only with pathogense. under completely sterile conditions
Aseptic technique means that that you perform the preparation of media or the transfer c. without introducing contamination.
In order to prevent hazardous bacteria from contaminating sterile materials and surfaces, a series of processes known as aseptic technique is employed in microbiology, cell culture, and medical treatments. Maintaining a sterile environment is essential because contamination can compromise the reliability of research findings or result in an infection during medical treatments.
Maintaining a clean, contaminant-free environment and preventing the entrance of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microbes into the sterile field are the fundamental objectives of aseptic technique.
All individuals involved in the procedure put on the proper personal protective equipment and the work environment is cleansed and disinfected.
Sterilization: To sanitize the tools and materials used, a variety of techniques, including chemical sterilization, autoclaving.
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Mass spectrometry:
X-ray diffraction:
Both techniques:
protein may be denatured
small amounts of protein are sufficient
can detect a covalent modification to a protein
requires a large amount of protein
analysis requires information about the protein-coding gene or genes protein sample must be pure
protein must be conformationally stable
Protein denatures in both techniques, and analysis calls for knowledge of the genes encoding proteins. More samples are required for mass spectrometry than for X-ray diffraction.
Which is the primary purpose of a gene?Hereditary material is passed down through generations via genes. They regulate the body's morphology and biochemistry. Variations result from the shuffle of genes during human reproduction.
Where are genes found?The roughly 37 trillion cells that make up our body have genes in every single one amongst them. To further understand what a gene is, let's take a closer look at one of the cells. Every cell in an organisms has a basement, and each nucleus houses chromatin, which are DNA-based polymers that house genes.
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calculate the purification of the target protein when there is a 30% decrease in activity and a 55% decrease in total protein after centrifugation.
The purification of the target protein when there is a 30% decrease in activity and a 55% decrease in total protein after centrifugation is 1.6-fold.
Total activity is the total number of enzyme activity units (U) recovered at each step (and present in samples from that step). Proteins are lost at various steps and are also denatured during manipulation, so they are usually depleted during purification. The goal of any protein purification process is to obtain a highly pure, stable and active protein for subsequent experiments. The exact nature of the downstream application will dictate the level of purity that must be achieved, compatible buffer/storage conditions, and required quality control testing.
To extract protein from cells containing protein, the cells must be separated using centrifugation. Centrifugation with varied densities of medium, in particular, can aid in the separation of proteins produced in specific cells. Generally, the first step after forming a crude extract is simple filtration or centrifugation to remove bulky material. Centrifugation is the process of using a centrifuge to sediment a mixture using centrifugal force.
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electrons flow from water through an electron transport chain to nadp during the light reactions of photosynthesis. what is the role of water in this process?
The role of water in the light reactions of photosynthesis is to act as an electron donor.
During light reactions, photons of light are absorbed by photosystem II, which energizes electrons in the reaction center.
These energized electrons are then passed down an electron transport chain, where they release energy that is used to create a proton gradient across a membrane.
In order to replace the electrons that are lost from photosystem II, water molecules are split by an enzyme called the oxygen-evolving complex. This process, known as photolysis, releases electrons, protons, and oxygen gas.
The electrons that are released from water are then used to replace the ones that were lost from photosystem II, allowing the electron transport chain to continue.
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URGENT What happens in osmoregulation when there’s too much water and not enough sodium in your body?
Answer:
If there is too much water and not enough sodium in the body, it leads to a condition known as hyponatremia. This occurs when the concentration of sodium in the blood is too low. The body needs to maintain a balance between water and sodium, as an imbalance in this concentration can cause cells to swell or shrink, leading to potentially serious consequences.
In response to hyponatremia, the body will try to maintain a proper balance by increasing the concentration of sodium in the blood. This is achieved through the release of hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone, which regulate the amount of water and sodium in the body. ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, while aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions.
Explanation:
If left untreated, hyponatremia can lead to serious health problems such as seizures, coma, and even death. It is important to maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance by consuming enough fluids and electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, in the diet.
tell me if you kinda confuse
ALLEN
Answer:
hyponatremia
Explanation:
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The story of the finches and the tale of the African elephant both demonstrate how species can evolve and adapt to changes in their environment.
The finches on the Galapagos Islands are a classic example of natural selection and adaptation. Observed by Charles Darwin during his travels, the finches on the islands displayed a range of beak sizes and shapes, each adapted to a specific food source. Over time, genetic mutations occurred that allowed some finches to develop longer or shorter beaks, better suited for cracking open hard seeds or reaching nectar from flowers. This adaptation helped the finches to access a wider range of food sources and to survive in changing environmental conditions. The change in the ecosystem that drove the evolving of the species was primarily driven by changes in food availability, as the plants on the islands varied in the types and hardness of their seeds.
In the case of the African elephant, the species has also evolved in response to changes in the environment. Over millions of years, elephants have developed larger ears, tusks, and trunks, which are adaptations that have helped the species to cope with changing temperatures and to find food and water. For example, larger ears help to dissipate heat and cool the body, while tusks and trunks are useful for breaking through tough vegetation and reaching food sources that would otherwise be inaccessible. The change in the ecosystem that drove the evolving of the species was driven by a variety of factors, including changes in climate and food availability, as well as the competition for resources from other species.
In both cases, the stories of the finches and the African elephant demonstrate how species can evolve and adapt to changing environmental conditions, allowing them to survive and thrive in their habitats.
the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. what is the age of a fossil containing 1/32 the amount of carbon-14 of living organisms?
The age of the fossil containing 1/32 the amount of carbon-14 of living organisms is approximately 17,290 years.
The age of a fossil can be calculated using the following formula:
t = (ln(Nf/No) / (-0.693)) * t1/2
where:
t = age of the fossil
Nf = amount of carbon-14 remaining in the fossil
No = amount of carbon-14 in a living organism (or a modern sample)
t1/2 = half-life of carbon-14
ln = natural logarithm
In this case, we are given that the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years, and that the fossil contains 1/32 the amount of carbon-14 of living organisms. We can assume that the amount of carbon-14 in a living organism is 1 (or 100% of the initial amount). Therefore, the amount of carbon-14 in the fossil is 1/32 (or 3.125% of the initial amount).
Substituting these values into the formula, we get
t = (ln(0.03125) / (-0.693)) * 5730
t = 17,290 years
Therefore, the age of the fossil containing 1/32 the amount of carbon-14 of living organisms is approximately 17,290 years.
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when it is said that the cell membrane has a difference in electrical charge between its inside and the outside, this means the membrane is .
When it is said that the cell membrane has a difference in electrical charge between its inside and the outside, this means the membrane is Polarized.
The cell membrane is said to be polarized because there is a potential difference across the cell membrane. When the membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized. When the membrane potential becomes more positive than the resting potential, the cell membrane is said to be depolarized.
When the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.
The resting membrane potential is determined by the uneven distribution of ions (charged particles) between the inside and outside of the cell and the differential permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.
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5. The diagram below represents an incomplete section of a DNA molecule. The boxes represent unidentified bases.
When the boxes are filled in, the total number of bases represented by the letter A (both inside and outside the boxes) will be
a. 4
b. 2
c. 1
d. 3
Answer:
Explanation:
There will be a total number of 3 bases that are represented by letter A. Adenine pairs with thymine and there are two thymine bases, which are paired to two adenine bases. There is an additional adenine base on the outside and accounts for the three adenine bases inside and outside.
Because we know that DNA has complementary strands, what is
the complementary strand for DNA if one strand is:
3' ATGGGCAACGTCAT 5'
Answer:
TACCCGTTGCAGTA
Explanation:
A > T
T > A
C > G
G > C
Which equation best represents photosynthesis in plants?
d. The molecular formula for photosynthesis is C6H12O6 + 6O2: 6CO2 + 6H2O.
Phototrophs transform chemical energy into light through a process called photosynthesis, which is then used to power cellular processes. Inside the form of sugars, that are made from carbon dioxide and water, the oxidative phosphorylation is kept in reserve. Commonly used notation for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2. This indicates that the reagents, six carbon dioxide molecules & six molecules of water, are transformed into a sugar molecule or six oxygen molecules, the products, by light energy being absorbed via chlorophyll (implied by the arrow). Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen —> cellular respiration is a straightforward word equation that may be used to explain the process of photosynthesis: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O in photosynthesis.
(Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
a. 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2
b. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
c. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
d. 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O
e. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O)
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what carries the genetic code used to make proteins?
The messenger RNA or mRNA carries the genetic code used to make proteins.
In general , the messenger RNA (mRNA), are the molecule present in the cells that carries information or codes from the DNA inside the nucleus to help in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm .Hence , mRNA carries the information or codes from DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Also an enzyme known as RNA polymerase are uses for DNA as a template to generate a pre-mRNA transcript. These pre-mRNA gets developed to form a mature mRNA molecule which can translate into the protein molecule that are encoded by the parent gene.
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explain how the genetic information that is stored in DNA becomes a protein that can be used by the cell?
Answer:
First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA. Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.
In transcription, the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages. During translation, these messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are 'read' to make specific proteins.
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Answer:
Explanation:
The process of converting genetic information stored in DNA into functional proteins that can be used by cells is known as gene expression. This process is composed of several steps:
Transcription: The first step in gene expression is the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA. This is accomplished through the process of transcription, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase reads the DNA code and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Splicing: Before the mRNA molecule is transported out of the nucleus, it may undergo a process called splicing. This process involves the removal of non-coding sequences of the mRNA molecule, leaving only the coding sequence, called exons.
Translation: After the mRNA molecule has been processed and is in the cytoplasm, it is translated into a protein by ribosomes. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons (groups of three nucleotides) in the mRNA molecule and uses this information to assemble a chain of amino acids. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a functional protein.
Post-translational modification: Once the protein is produced, it may undergo further modification, such as folding into its final 3D shape or modification by the addition of chemical groups. These modifications are important for the proper functioning of the protein.
In summary, gene expression is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, processed, and then translated into functional proteins in the cytoplasm. These proteins carry out the functions that are essential for the survival and functioning of cells.
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton? a. long bone b. sesamoid bone c. short bone d. flat bone.
The most numerous type of bone in the skeleton is the short bone.
Short bones are small, cube-like bones that are found in the wrist and ankle joints.They provide stability and flexibility to the joint and are important for everyday activities.Short bones are most numerous in the skeleton, making up over a quarter of all bones in the human body. Short bones are small and cube-like, and they provide stability and support to the skeleton. They are found mainly in the wrists, ankles, and feet, but also in the vertebral column and in the hands and feet. Short bones provide protection and cushioning to the other bones in the body, helping to absorb shocks and reduce wear and tear. They also help to maintain posture and movement.
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You are presented with several single-celled organisms, including one thought to belong to the kingdom Fungi. What unique feature helps you identify the fungus?
Unique feature that can help identify a fungus is the presence of chitin in its cell walls.
Chitin is a complex carbohydrate that is also found in the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans. Unlike other single-celled organisms, fungi have cell walls that are made up of chitin, glucans, and other complex polysaccharides. This feature provides the cells of fungi with structural support and protection. Therefore, the presence of chitin in the cell wall of a single-celled organism would suggest that it is likely a member of the kingdom Fungi. Other features that can help identify fungi include their mode of nutrition (heterotrophic, typically by absorption) and reproductive structures (such as spores and fruiting bodies).
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Which structures of a euglena work together to keep it alive?
O A. Organ systems
O B. Tissues
O C. Specialized cells
O D. Organelles
Answer
D. Organelles
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in a cell, is the genetic information of the cell, and rna plays a role in the production of .
The genetic information in a cell is stored in the DNA, RNA plays a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis by transcribing the genetic information from the DNA and transporting it to the ribosomes for translation into proteins.
In a cell, the genetic information is stored in the DNA, which is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells or in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells. The DNA contains the instructions for the synthesis of all the proteins and other molecules that the cell needs to function and grow.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) plays a crucial role in the production of proteins. The process of protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA is synthesized from the DNA template in the nucleus, and then the RNA is transported to the cytoplasm, where it is used as a template for protein synthesis during translation.
In transcription, an RNA molecule is synthesized that is complementary to a segment of DNA. This RNA molecule is called messenger RNA (mRNA) and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes use the information in the mRNA to synthesize proteins by linking amino acids together in the correct order. This process is called translation.
Other types of RNA also play important roles in protein synthesis. For example, transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a structural component of the ribosome itself.
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A plantwide overhead rate based on direct labor hours is ______ appropriate.
A plantwide overhead rate based on direct labor hours is sometimes appropriate
The department allocation method is an allocation method that has a separate cost pool for each department, which has its own overhead allocation rate or set of rates. o The choice of whether to use a plantwide rate or departmental rates depends on the products and the production process. The cost object of the plantwide overhead rate method is: The unit of product. From an ABC perspective, what causes costs to be incurred? A company estimates that overhead costs for the next year will be $9,234,000 for indirect labor and $156,800 for factory utilities. The plantwide overhead rate is a single overhead rate that a company uses to allocate all of its manufacturing overhead costs to products or cost objects. It is most commonly used in smaller entities with simple cost structures.
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what molecular processes are found only in retroviruses?
Only simple retroviruses, not complex retroviruses, have been found to transmit cellular genes.
It is unclear why these two viruses differ, but it may have something to do with how retroviruses acquire cellular sequences or how the viral genome is organised, which must be tolerant of foreign insertion.
Retroviruses carry changed cellular genes that give the virus a high level of tumorigenicity. The growth-regulatory genes in these viral or v-onc genes are typically altered. Protooncogenes or c-onc genes are the names given to their cellular progenitors (Bishop 1983, Varmus 1984, Cooper 1990).
Gain of function of a positive growth signal is caused by over expression or incorrect expression, which is frequently paired with mutation of an oncogene that has integrated into a viral genome.
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what is one important consequence of the structure of the lipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
The phospholipid bilayer formed by these interactions makes a good barrier between the interior and exterior of the cell. It is one important consequence of the structure of the lipid bilayer.
The lipid bilayer (also known as the phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane composed of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that surround all cells in a continuous barrier.
Almost all animals and many viruses have lipid bilayer cell membranes, as do the nuclear membrane encircling the cell nucleus and the membranes of the cell's membrane-bound organelles.
The lipid bilayer acts as a barrier, keeping ions, proteins, and other molecules where they belong and preventing them from diffusing into places where they should not be.
Even though they are only a few nanometers wide, lipid bilayers are perfect for this task since they are impervious to most water-soluble (hydrophilic) compounds.
Ions are especially impermeable to bilayers, allowing cells to control salt concentrations and pH by moving ions across their membranes via proteins known as ion pumps.
When exposed to water, phospholipids self-assemble into a two-layered sheet with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the center. This arrangement produces two "leaflets" that are each made up of a single molecular layer.
This bilayer's interior contains practically no water and is devoid of compounds that dissolve in water, such as sugars and salts. Interactions between hydrophobic molecules promote the assembly process (also called the hydrophobic effect).
An increase in interactions between hydrophobic molecules (resulting in clustering of hydrophobic areas) allows water molecules to connect more readily with one another, increasing the system's entropy. Non-covalent interactions including as van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonds are all part of this intricate process.
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A trait whose development requires the action of thousands of genes but whose variation is due to variation atonly two loci is?
a.Extranuclear
b.Digenic
c.Polygenic
d.Meristic
A trait that is influenced on two or more genes, such as height and skin tone, is referred to as a polygenic trait .
Polygenic traits are due to the actions of more than one gene and often, their interaction with the environment. These usually result in a measurable range in phenotype, such as height, eye color or skin color. These are known as multifactoral or quantitative characteristics. Polygenic inheritance results in an additive effect of the genes on a single phenotype. Genetic variety comes from three different sources: sexual reproduction, gene flow, and mutation. Simply put, a mutation is a DNA change. Although not particularly common, mutations frequently cause harm to a population. As a result, mutations are typically rejected by evolutionary processes. Euploidy (variable numbers of complete chromosomal sets) and aneuploidy are chromosome number variations (partial chromosome sets). Diploid, haploid, auto- or allopolyploid, and polytene are some of the different types of euploids, which have different numbers on complete chromosome sets. Partial chromosomal sets are present in aneuploids .
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Lysosomes are important to many eukaryotic animal cells because they contain
a. photosynthetic pigments.
b. starch molecules for energy storage.
c. their own DNA molecules.
d. cell wall materials.
e. digestive enzymes.
Many eukaryotic animal cells depend on lysosomes because they house digesting enzymes.
The purpose of lysosomes in eukaryotic cellsEvery eukaryotic cell has membrane-bound organelles called lysosomes. They are well known as terminal catabolic stations that scavenge metabolic raw resources and remove waste from cells to maintain essential biosynthetic reactions during times of starvation.
What function do lysosomes serve?Numerous cell processes involve lysosomes. They disassemble extra or damaged cell components. They could be used to get rid of invasive viruses and bacteria. Lysosomes can assist a cell in self-destruction through a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, if the damage is irreparable.
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