How would you describe the environment a pathogen would encounter in the small intestine?
The environment that a pathogen would encounter in the small intestine would be harsh and unfavorable for its existence.
The small intestine has a harsh environment for microbial life on account of short transit time, the influx of digestive enzymes as well as bile and intermittent food substrate delivery.
The intestinal microbiota is the collective term used to describe the large and diverse microbial community that inhabits the intestine.
An important benefit provided by the intestinal microbiota to the host intestine is the protection from colonization by exogenous pathogens (a phenomenon nowadays termed as colonization resistance) and from overgrowth of indigenous pathobionts i.e. potential pathogenic symbionts of the microbiota.
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Cattle egret follow herds of cattle and feed on both the insects stirred by the movement of the cattle and the biting insects that irritate the cattle. this is an example of:______.
Commensalism relationship is shown between cattle egret and cattle.
Usually cattle egrets follow herds of large hoofed mammals such as cattle, buffalo. They eat the insects that have been stirred up by the buffalo as they move. This relationship is commensalism, because the birds benefit but the ungulate is neither harmed nor helped.
The cattle egret and grazing cattle in a close association is a classic example of commensalism. It is a common sight in rural areas where one can see ticks hovering over the cattle. They feed on cattle's blood and hence are harmful to them as they can transmit several diseases. The cattle egret and grazing cattle in a close association is a classic example of commensalism. It is a common sight in rural areas where one can see ticks hovering over the cattle. They feed on cattle's blood and hence are harmful to them as they can transmit several diseases.
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The capacity of stress to ________ would predispose an organism to develop an infectious illness.
The capacity of stress to inhibit immune system would predispose an organism to develop an infectious illness.
How stress and immunity related?
Stress and the immune system have a dynamic relationship. Stress may lead to a reduction in the amount of the body's natural killer cells, or lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that aid in the fight against infection. The lower your lymphocyte count, the more vulnerable you are to viruses and infections, including those that cause the common cold and cold sores.Learn more about the stress on immune system with the help of the given link:
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What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?
The difference between the sexes in body composition such as male have proportionately more muscular mass , more bone mass and less percentage off body fat as compare to the female.
The reproductive system is to produce and deliver sperm into female reproductive system. The men and female both have same set of genes and the only physical difference in their genetic make up is sex chromosomes.
The biological differences is sex , which is indicate the sex of a baby. Both are differentiated as female and male, Female have two ovaries and produce eggs also they typically have XX chromosomes and other side male have testes and produce sperm, who have XY chromosomes.
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Were all ascospores of the same color _____________________ if not, how did the colors become mixed.
No, all ascospores are not of the same color.
It is produces in black spores and has a mutant variety that is tan colored.
The wild type (+), which creates a dark spore, is the one that is most frequently observed in nature.
Which alleles in Sordaria result in the color black in their spores?Melanin formation is the cause of the color black. Several genes contribute to the creation of black color, however the two most prevalent ones are the tan spore gene and the gray spore gene. One gene determines the color of the spores.Why do we split the events of the Sordaria cross over by two? Each crossover results in the production of two spores that are identical to the parents' spores and two additional spores. As only half of the spores in each ascus result from crossing across, you must divide the number of asci counted by two to get the number of crossovers.To learn more about ascospores visit:
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What is the bean-shaped organ that removes waste products from the blood and helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body?
A pair of bean-shaped organs called the kidneys filter blood and secrete urine. They eliminate wastes, regulate the body's fluid balance, and maintain the proper electrolyte levels.
Your blood is filtered by two bean-shaped organs called kidneys. The most intricate and important component of the urinary system is the kidney. About 200 quarts of fluid, or enough to fill a large bathtub, are filtered by the kidneys each day.
The fluids and electrolytes in your body (mostly water) are balanced by your kidneys as well. Salt and potassium are two examples of the important minerals known as electrolytes.
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What do the terrestrial planets have in common? Choose all that apply:
Select one or more:
a.
Low in Density
b.
High in Mass
c.
Low in Mass
d.
Smaller Radius
e.
Larger Radius
f.
High in Density
Answer: b. High in Mass, e. Larger Radius, f. High in Density
Explanation:
The terrestrial planets are all composed of solid materials such as rock or silicate contain metals throughout their crusts and all possess a solid surface. Another similarity is that all travel around the sun in a oval or elliptic orbit and at various eccentricities.
.
Which of the following is NOT a step in risk management?
A. risk assessment
B. risk reduction strategy
C. risk identification
D. refusing to reduce the risk regardless of the outcome
Answer:
D
Explanation:
reducing risk is the one of the best approach to risk management
When randomly selecting an adult, a denotes the event of selecting someone with blue eyes. What do and represent?.
P(A) represents the probability of selecting an adult with blue eyes.
P(Ā) represents the probability of selecting an adult who does not have blue eyes.
What is probability?Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur. Many events are impossible to predict with absolute certainty. We can only predict the chance of an event occurring, i.e., how likely it is to occur, using it. Probability can range from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating an impossible event and 1 indicating a certain event. The probability of all events in a sample space equals one.
[tex]Probability of event to happen P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes/Total Number of outcomes[/tex]
There are three major types of probabilities:
Theoretical ProbabilityExperimental ProbabilityAxiomatic ProbabilityWhat is Theoretical Probability?It is based on the possible chances of something to happen. The theoretical probability is mainly based on the reasoning behind probability. For example, if a coin is tossed, the theoretical probability of getting a head will be ½.
What are Complementary Events?The possibility that there will be only two outcomes, stating whether or not an event will occur. Examples of complementary events include a person coming or not coming to your house, getting a job or not getting a job, and so on. Essentially, the complement of an event occurring in the exact opposite probability that it will not occur. Here are some more examples:
Today will either rain or not rain.The student will either pass or fail the exam.You either win or you don't.Learn more about probability distribution:
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The correct answer is P(A) represents the probability that the adult selected has blue eyes.
P(Aˉ) represents the probability that the adult selected does not have blue eyes.
What is Probability?
The ratio of favorable outcomes to all possible outcomes of an event is known as the probability.
P(A) denotes the probability of an event A; in this case, it is given that A is the event of selecting someone with blue eyes.
P(Aˉ) denotes the probability that A does not occur. It signifies that the adult chosen in this instance won't have blue eyes.
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The correct question is:-
When randomly selecting an adult, A denotes the event of selecting someone with blue eyes. What do P(A) and P(Aˉ) represent?
Oh no! The FBI kidnapped Mike and put him in an fMRI machine to track whether he was lying or not. According to Dr. Barrett, what are possible ways Mike could conceal his lying?
Answer choices:
Shake his head in the scanner
Place pillows in between him and the scanner headpiece
Fall asleep
He's screwed because with enough training in a mock scanner, the fMRI is sure to work
The correct answer is he's screwed because with enough training in a mock scanner, the fMRI is sure to work.
The FBI kidnapped Mike and put him in an fMRI machine to track whether he was lying or not. FBI detects lies from the flow of blood. when he is lying, his brain put more efforts and more flow of blood.
fMRI detects lies according to brain activation patterns. Its brain activation patterns shoed different from the person who is innocent.
The flow of blood in activated areas helps in tracking lies using an fMRI machine. So, during the lie detection areas highlighted if a person lies.
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When an individual's immune system responds to an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities, this is called:______.
When an individual's immune system responds to an appropriate antigenic stimulus during the course of daily activities, this is called: "naturally acquired active immunity."
What is immune system?A vast network of organ, white blood cell, protein (antibodies), and chemicals make up your immune system.
Together, these components of your body's defense system guard you against external intruders (bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungus) that can lead to illness, disease, and infection.
The features of properly working immune system are-
When your immune response is in optimal condition: Your immune system can distinguish between your own cells and chemicals that are external to your body when it is functioning properly. It energises, mobilizes, engages in combat with, and eradicates potentially harmful foreign invader microbes. After you've been exposed to pathogens, your immune system picks them up. Your body produces antibodies to defend you against certain particular pathogens. The process of receiving a vaccine is an illustration of this idea.To know more about main function of the immune system, here
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Does the youth service project or
civis organisation help the community
Answer:
ya the youth service project or
the youth service project or civis organisation help the community
Hen the body responds by dilating superficial vessels in the skin, blood comes toward the surface of the skin. this allows ________.
When the body responds by dilating superficial vessels in the skin, blood comes toward the surface of the skin. This allows the release of heat to allow cooling.
The sweat glands start to produce more perspiration when the body temperature rises, as it does during physical activity on a hot day.The body is cooled via heat loss caused by sweat evaporation from the skin's surface.The skin's blood vessels dilate and expand, either releasing or trapping heat. Our skin contains roughly 3 million sweat glands, and when they grow, blood flow increases and heat is given to it.The dermal blood arteries nourish the skin and assist in controlling body temperature. The blood vessels enlarge (dilate) in response to heat, allowing a lot of blood to flow close to the skin's surface where the heat can be dissipated. blood vessels narrow (constrict), the cold retaining the body's heat.learn more about skin's blood vessels here: https://brainly.com/question/6235443
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Two species cooperating to help each other is known as ____________.
A. Leguminism
B. Commensalism
C. Parasitism
D. Mutualism
Answer:
Mutualism
Explanation:
Mutualism is when two species work together to benefit each other. Like there are certain species of bird that sit on rhinos and eat pests/bugs on them, this benefits the bird cuz it gets food and it benefits rhino cuz it does not get bugged (pun intended)
Maintain population numbers close to the habitat carrying capacity are called _______ species
Animal species that exhibit long gestation periods, give birth to relatively large offspring, and maintain population numbers close to the habitat carrying capacity are called K-selected species.
In nature, a given habitat contains sufficient resources such as food, water, etc. to support a maximum possible number of biological species, beyond which no further growth is possible. It is termed as nature's carrying capacity for that species in the habitat.
MacArthur and Wilson proposed that there are two life-history strategies i.e. K-selected and r-selected. K-selected species exhibit a proportionately stable population that gives rise to a low number of offspring which tend to be very large. For example the African elephant is included among K-selected species.
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Drag each tile to the correct location. classify the events according to the gas they primarily contribute to the atmosphere. cattle digest food. animals perform respiration. forest fires burn. plants perform photosynthesis.
Cattle digest food - methane and carbon dioxide
Animals perform respiration - carbon dioxide
Forest fires burn - carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane
Plants perform photosynthesis = oxygen
Events and the gas they contributeCattles are able to digest cellulose, fibers, and their likes through the activities of certain bacteria. The process happens through the enteric fermentation of these materials. Thus, carbon dioxide is produced as well as methane.
During respiration, carbohydrates in the form of glucose are broken down to extract the lock-up energy for biological processes. In addition to water, carbon dioxide is also produced as a by-product.
Burning forests leads to the emission of gases like methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
During photosynthesis, inorganic materials are used to synthesize carbohydrates with the by-product being oxygen gas.
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Events according to the gas they primarily contributed to the atmosphere:
Oxygen - Plants perform photosynthesis
Methane - Cattle digest food
Carbon dioxide - Forest fires burn / Animals perform respiration
abit late, but glad I helped <3<3<3:D
What are the 4 ways or mechanisms by which a planet or moon can gain an atmosphere?
Four processes—outgassing, evaporation, sublimation, and surface ejection—can help a planet or moon to gain an atmosphere.
1) Outgassing: The release of a gas that has been dissolved, trapped, frozen, or absorbed in a substance is known as outgassing.
The outgassing that took place as the smaller, inner planets cooled down is likely how they acquired their atmospheres (volcanoes).
2) Evaporation : The process of converting anything from a liquid or solid state to vapors is called evaporation (like fog, mist, or steam).
So upon evaporation, water converts into gas and that's how moon gain an atmosphere by evaporation.
3) Sublimation : Converting a solid directly into a gas without first going through a liquid phase.
4)Surface ejection: A surface ejection is a massive discharge of plasma and magnetic field into the heliosphere from the Sun's corona.
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Plasma proteins decrease in a person with liver failure. what effect does this have on capillary filtration/absorption?
The most significant factor contributing to widespread edema brought on by decreased plasma protein production in chronic liver disease is hypoalbuminemia, which manifests in end-stage liver disease. It leads to the increase on capillary filtration/absorption .
The osmotic pressure in blood arteries is maintained in large part by plasma proteins, which are also crucial carriers of several chemicals, including hormones. Blood pressure is the main factor influencing Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is countered by Bowman's capsule fluid pressure and colloid osmotic pressure brought on by plasma proteins.
The plasma has a lower than usual colloid osmotic pressure because there are less plasma proteins present. GFR rises when there is less colloid osmotic pressure working against it.
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Which relatively rare type of neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body?
Bipolar neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body.
Typically, neurons consist of a cell body and one or more extensions. Dendrites (short extensions with ramifications) and axons are the two forms of extension (just one extension of varying length depending on the cells).
Two processes, oppositely extending from the cell body's ends, are present in bipolar cells. One is the dendrite, the other the axon. Bipolar neurons are not common. They are sensory neurons that can be found in the vestibulocochlear nerve's ganglia, olfactory epithelium, and retina.
Therefore, Bipolar neuron has two processes extending from opposite sides of the cell body.
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If the water potential of a cell is -800kpa and solute potential of the same cell is 600 kpa then the water potential of that cell at equilibrium is?
The water potential of that cell at equilibrium is -200kpa.
Solution:
given that
Water potential [tex]\psi = -800kpa[/tex]
solute potential [tex]\psi _s = 600kpa[/tex]
we need to find water potential at equilibrium [tex]\psi _ w = ?[/tex]
We know that water potential = [tex]\psi = -\psi_s + \psi_w[/tex]
-800 = -600 + [tex]\psi _w[/tex]
[tex]\psi _w[/tex] = -200kpa
What is Water Potential?The potential energy of water per unit volume in comparison to pure water under reference conditions is known as water potential. The tendency of water to migrate from one place to another due to osmosis, gravity, mechanical pressure, and matrix effects like capillary action is measured by water potential (which is caused by surface tension).Understanding and computing water movement inside plants, animals, and soil have proven to be made easier by the concept of water potential. Greek letter is frequently used to symbolize water potential, which is normally stated in terms of potential energy per unit volume.Water potential combines a number of various water movement-related potential forces that may work in parallel or in opposition to one another. Numerous possible elements may be active at once in complicated biological systems.To learn more about water potential with the given link
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What structures/ property of the heart in the heart (cardiac muscle) prevents the heart from having tetany?
What is a water backflow to the ocean from the beach usually ocurring perpendicular to the shoreline?
Rip current is a water backflow to the ocean from the beach usually occurring perpendicular to the shoreline.
What is Rip current?This type of current is commonly present in areas such as beach and usually has breaking wave.
it is also referred to a water backflow to the ocean from the beach usually occurring perpendicular to the shoreline and are usually powerful and move at a fast pace thereby making it the most appropriate choice.
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In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, _______energy electrons are taken from _______.
Answer:
In the electron-transport chain in chloroplasts, low energy electrons are taken from H20 (Water).
What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ecf) osmolality when concentrations become too high?
Vasopressin, also known as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high.
When osmolality increases, it stimulates the body to produce Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone instructs the kidneys to retain more water inside the blood vessels as a result, the urine becomes more concentrated.
Osmolality refers to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals like sodium and other electrolytes in the serum. Osmolality increases when the body is dehydrated whereas, it decreases when too much fluid in present in the blood.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin checks the amount of water reabsorbed from the nephrons. This regulates the water content of the blood which is termed as osmoregulation.
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Bacterial cells are capable of being transformed only under certain conditions. Bacteria that are in the particular physiological state to become transformed are called ________.
Answer:
a4treeeeeeeee
Explanation:
Underdominance tends to _____________ the number of heterozygotes over many generations
Underdominance tends to lower the number of heterozygotes over many generations.
Heterozygous having a disadvantage in reproductive success is called underdominance. This condition is also called negative overdominance.
Underdominance cannot preserve genetic variation, and one of the alleles will either be lost or spread to fixation depending on its initial frequency.
In evolution, the selection favoring heterozygotes is called overdominance while the selection favoring homozygotes is called underdominance.
An example of underdominance can be seen in an African butterfly species (Pseudacraea eurytus) which utilizes batesian mimicry to escape predation. They have two alleles to confer the appearance of local butterflies that are toxic to predators.
The butterfly with heterozygous allele shows an intermediate appearance and thus experiences increased predation than the butterfly with homozygous alleles.
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How do the integumentary, immune, lymph, and endocrine systems protect you? How are they different from the way your nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems protect you?
The integumentary, immune lymph and endocrine system protects us from infectious microorganisms which is different from the the way your nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems does.
What are the protective systems of the body?The protective systems of the body are those body system that helps protect the body against disease causing microorganisms. They include the following:
Nervous: This system helps establish a network of communication between the various cells of the body.Skeletal: This system provides support through the bones for movement.Muscle systems: This system protects the vital organs of the body by absorbing shock and reducing friction in the joints.There are other systems the protects the body which include:
The integumentary system: This serves as a protective layer for the whole body.Immune system: This is made up of immune cells that help fight foreign bodies.Lymph: This is contains lymphocytes that fights disease causing microorganisms.Endocrine system: this contains hormones that control almost all body process.Learn more about immune system here:
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Answer:
In contrast to your nervous, skeletal, and muscle systems, which protect you from infectious microorganisms, your integumentary, immune, lymphatic, and endocrine systems do so.
What qualities of a chemical reaction are affected by enzymes?
Enzyme lowers the chemical reaction's activation energy, is made up of proteins, and acts as biocatalysts. Enzymes are a part of all living things. Some compounds are created, while others are broken down by their reaction. Enzymes are produced by our bodies spontaneously. However, food and manufactured goods both contain enzymes.
An enzyme's four primary properties are;
They are very catalytic and can efficiently catalyse a chemical reaction with a slight amount. They expedite reactions while staying constant throughout. The effectiveness and function of enzymes can quickly be impacted by temperature, pH, and inhibitors. Enzymes typically catalyse only one type of substrate and have a relatively narrow range of applications.To learn more about Enzymes click here
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The origin of the frontalis muscle is the:________
a. frontal bone.
b. mandible.
c. occipital bone.
d. forehead.
e. epicranial aponeurosis.
The origin of the frontal bone is muscle is the forehead. Thus, the option D is the correct option.
What is hyoid bone?The hyoid bone has been considered as the part of the hyo-gloso-pharyngeal complex at the base of the lower jaw and at the level of the third and the fourth cervical vertebrae. The thirteen muscles has been inserted into it, the ones above are the suprahyoids that are responsible for lowering the jaw. The hyoid bone has been involved in the phonation, as well as chewing and swallowing.
Parietal bones has been paired the structure that form the roof and the side of the cranium.The parietal bones has been articulated with each other and they form suture. It articulates occipital bone posteriorly,and anteriorly with the frontal bone which form a suture called as coronal suture.
Inferiorly the parietal bone has been articulated with the sphenoid and temporal bone. Zygomatic bone has irregular shaped and the paired structure that the articulates with maxilla as well as temporal bone, sphenoid bone,and the frontal bone.
Therefore, The origin of the frontal bone is muscle is the forehead. Thus, the option D is the correct option.
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The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as:________
The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as conduction.
Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Conduction occurs more readily in solids and liquids, where the particles are closer together than in gases, where particles are further apart.
Because in conduction molecules are closely packed. When one molecule is heated, it vibrates higher than lower energized molecules or the lower temperature molecules and collide with and finally transfer some energy to them.
The rate of energy transfer by conduction is higher when there is a large temperature difference between the substances that are in contact.
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