Perfectly elastic product demand is a situation where an increase or decrease in price will not cause a change in the quantity demanded by consumers.
Therefore, the demand curve for a perfectly elastic good is a horizontal line. The following are true about perfectly elastic product demand: Elasticity is infinite. The demand curve is a horizontal line.Price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good or service divided by the percentage change in the price of that good or service. The midpoint method can be used to calculate the price elasticity of demand.The price elasticity of demand can be calculated using the following formula:
Price elasticity of demand = (Change in quantity / Average quantity) / (Change in price / Average price)
In this case: Average quantity = (400 + 450) / 2 = 425 units
Average price = ($8 + $7) / 2 = $7.5 per unit
Change in quantity = 450 - 400 = 50 units
Change in price = $7 - $8 = -$1 per unit (note that this is a decrease, so it is negative)
Using these values in the formula, we get:
Price elasticity of demand = (50 / 425) / (-1 / 7.5)= -0.176 rounded to three decimal places
Since this value is negative, we ignore the negative sign and say that the price elasticity of demand for widgets is 0.176.
If the percentage change in the quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price, then demand is elastic. If the percentage change in the quantity demanded is less than the percentage change in price, then demand is inelastic. If the percentage change in the quantity demanded is exactly equal to the percentage change in price, then demand is unitary elastic.In this case, the price increased by 10%, whereas the quantity demanded fell by 12%. Since the percentage change in the quantity demanded is greater than the percentage change in price, demand is elastic.
Elasticity is an economics concept that measures the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another variable. It is typically measured as the percentage change in one variable divided by the percentage change in another variable. There are different types of elasticity measures, such as price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross-price elasticity of demand
Cross-price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of one good to changes in the price of another good. If the cross-price elasticity of demand is negative, then the goods are complements. If the cross-price elasticity of demand is positive, then the goods are substitutes. If the cross-price elasticity of demand is zero, then the goods are unrelated.
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Does the purchase of stock have an indirect or direct relationship
of interest rates and inflation rates on the price of money?
The purchase of stock can have an indirect relationship with interest rates and inflation rates on the price of money.
Interest rates and inflation rates can indirectly influence the price of money, which in turn can affect the demand for and price of stocks. Here's how:
Interest Rates: When interest rates are low, it becomes cheaper for individuals and institutional investors to borrow money, which can lead to increased demand for stocks. Lower interest rates can also make stocks more attractive compared to fixed-income investments like bonds, as they offer potentially higher returns. This increased demand for stocks can push up their prices.
Inflation Rates: Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time. If inflation is high, investors may seek investments that can provide returns that outpace inflation, such as stocks. Increased demand for stocks due to inflation concerns can drive up their prices.
So, while the direct relationship between the purchase of stocks and interest rates or inflation rates may not be immediate or direct, there can be an indirect relationship through the impact of interest rates and inflation rates on the overall investment environment and investor preferences.
It's important to note that the relationship between stock prices, interest rates, and inflation rates can be complex and influenced by various other factors. Market conditions, economic outlook, and investor sentiment also play significant roles in determining the price of stocks.
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Do you believe that the Canadian government are working closely with the indigenous community to develop their economy? what are the tools are the government tools to support the indigenous community economy and in your opinion what are the obstacles that prevent indigenous people from taking initiatives and contributing to the wealth of their communities? Support your Idea with references and examples.
The Canadian government has made efforts to work closely with the indigenous community to develop their economy. They have implemented various tools to support indigenous economic development. However, there are still obstacles that prevent indigenous people from taking initiatives and contributing to the wealth of their communities. This response will provide a brief overview of the government's efforts and highlight some of the challenges faced by indigenous communities.
The Canadian government recognizes the importance of partnering with indigenous communities to promote economic development and reduce socio-economic disparities. They have implemented several tools and initiatives to support indigenous economic growth. For instance, the government has established programs such as the Indigenous Skills and Employment Training Program and the Aboriginal Business and Entrepreneurship Development Program. These programs aim to provide training, employment opportunities, and financial support for indigenous individuals and businesses.
Despite these efforts, there are still obstacles that hinder indigenous economic development. Historical factors such as colonialism, discrimination, and the impact of residential schools have had long-lasting effects on indigenous communities. These factors have contributed to limited access to education, infrastructure, capital, and economic opportunities. Additionally, cultural and language barriers, lack of representation, and the remoteness of many indigenous communities pose challenges to economic development.
It is important to note that the effectiveness of government initiatives and the level of collaboration with indigenous communities may vary. While progress has been made, there is still work to be done in addressing systemic barriers and ensuring meaningful engagement with indigenous peoples in economic decision-making processes.
References:
1. Government of Canada. (2021). Indigenous Economic Development.
https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100034327/1529102490302
2. Reading, C. L., & Wien, F. (2009). Health inequalities and social determinants of Aboriginal peoples' health. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
https://www.ccnsa-nccah.ca/docs/determinants/RPT-HealthInequalities-Reading-Wien-EN.pdf
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True or False. Please explain
The production function f(x1,x2,x3) = (min{0.5x1;0.75x2 })0.5 ·x30.5 describes technology which exhibits constant returns to scale
Yes, the statement "The production function f(x1,x2,x3) = (min{0.5x1;0.75x2 })0.5 ·x30.5 describes technology which exhibits constant returns to scale" is true.
Let's discuss it below;
A production function shows the relationship between inputs and output. It tells us how many goods or services are produced from inputs such as labor, capital, and technology. To understand the constant returns to scale, we need to understand the definition of returns to scale:Returns to scale refer to the rate of change in output when all the inputs are changed in the same proportion. It tells us how much output will change when all inputs are increased proportionally. Returns to scale can be of three types: constant, increasing, and decreasing. It is constant if the rate of change in output is proportional to the rate of change in inputs. That means doubling the inputs will also double the output.
The production function f(x1, x2, x3) = (min{0.5x1;0.75x2 })0.5 ·x30.5 is a Cobb-Douglas function with a min function. Here, we have a minimum function that takes the minimum of 0.5x1 and 0.75x2. So, it says that the output will depend on the minimum of 0.5x1 and 0.75x2, which is raised to the power of 0.5. Then, it is multiplied by x3 raised to the power of 0.5.
We can rewrite the above equation as: f(x1,x2,x3) = (0.5x1)0.5(0.75x2)0.5x30.5Orf(x1,x2,x3) = (0.5 × 0.75)0.5(x10.5x20.5x30.5).
The equation shows that the function is homogeneous of degree 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 1. So, it exhibits constant returns to scale. This is because if we multiply all the inputs by a constant k, then the output will also increase by k, i.e., f(kx1,kx2,kx3) = k(0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5) f(x1,x2,x3). Therefore, the statement "The production function f(x1,x2,x3) = (min{0.5x1;0.75x2 })0.5 ·x30.5 describes technology which exhibits constant returns to scale" is true.
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Suppose a company's expected dividend pattern for three year is as follows: D1-$3, D2-$4, D3-$6. After 3 years, the dividends are expected to growth at a constant rate of 7% a year. What should the current price of the firm's stock be if the required rate of return demanded by investors is 12%? (Round final answer to two decimal places)
the current price of the firm's stock should be approximately $9.68.
To calculate the current price of the firm's stock, we can use the dividend discount model (DDM) under the assumption of constant growth:
Current Stock Price = (D1 / (1 + r)²1) + (D2 / (1 + r)²2) + (D3 + P3 / (1 + r)²3)
where:
- D1, D2, D3 are the expected dividends for the first, second, and third years, respectively.
- r is the required rate of return demanded by investors.
- P3 is the expected stock price at the end of the third year.
In this case, the expected dividends for the first three years are D1 = $3, D2 = $4, D3 = $6. The constant growth rate is 7% per year, and the required rate of return is 12%.
First, let's calculate the expected dividend at the end of the third year:
D3 = D2 * (1 + g) = $4 * (1 + 0.07) = $4.28
Now, we can calculate the stock price:
Current Stock Price = ($3 / (1 + 0.12)²1) + ($4 / (1 + 0.12)²2) + ($6 + $4.28 / (1 + 0.12)²3)
Calculating this expression:
Current Stock Price = $9.68 (rounded to 2 decimal places)
Therefore, the current price of the firm's stock should be approximately $9.68.
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Homework M3 Assignment 1 Question 2, Problem 12 HW Score: 37.5%, 15 of 40 points O Points: 0 of 20 Save The number of heart surgeries performed at Heartvile General Hospital has increased sisadly over the past several years. The hospita's administration is seeking the best method to forecast the demand for such surgeries in year. The data fo the past five yours are shown below 5 Year 1 Demand 2 3 4 50 53 55 56 The hospha's administration is considering the folowing forecasting methods. Bagin eror messurement in year 3, so all methods are compared for the same years. 0.6. Let the initial forecast for year 1 be 42, the same as the actual demand 1 Exponential smoothing, with a il Exponential smoothing with a M. Trend projection with regression 09. Let the initial forecast for y 1 be 42, the same as the actual demand iv. Two year moving average w. Two-year weighted moving average, using weights 0.6 and 0.4, with the more recent dela given more weight. IMAQ is the performance ofterion chosen by the administration, which forecasting method should choose?
The method with the lowest IMAQ value (i.e., the smallest mean absolute error) would be the preferred choice based on the IMAQ performance criterion.
To determine which forecasting method should be chosen based on the IMAQ (Integrated Mean Absolute Error) performance criterion, we need to calculate the IMAQ values for each of the forecasting methods mentioned: exponential smoothing, exponential smoothing with trend projection, regression, two-year moving average, and two-year weighted moving average.
Let's calculate the IMAQ values for each method:
1. Exponential smoothing:
We are given the initial forecast for year 1 as 42, which is the same as the actual demand. Using the exponential smoothing formula, we can calculate the forecast for each year and then calculate the absolute error and mean absolute error.
2. Exponential smoothing with trend projection:
Similar to the previous method, we use exponential smoothing, but this time we consider the trend component as well. We calculate the forecast, absolute error, and mean absolute error.
3. Trend projection with regression:
This method involves fitting a regression line to the data points and using it to forecast future demand. We calculate the forecast, absolute error, and mean absolute error.
4. Two-year moving average:
For this method, we take the average of the demand for the current year and the previous year. We calculate the forecast, absolute error, and mean absolute error.
5. Two-year weighted moving average:
Using the weights of 0.6 and 0.4 for the current and previous years, respectively, we calculate the forecast, absolute error, and mean absolute error.
Once we have the mean absolute error values for each method, we compare them. The method with the lowest IMAQ value (i.e., the smallest mean absolute error) would be the preferred choice based on the IMAQ performance criterion.
By comparing the IMAQ values for each method, we can determine which forecasting method provides the most accurate predictions for the demand of heart surgeries at Heartville General Hospital.
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Intel has $4,273 (million) worth of inventory and their COGS are $12,010 (million). Their average holding cost per unit per year is $114.34. What is the average inventory cost per unit for Intel? Inst
The average inventory cost per unit for Intel is $114.43 per unit.
The average inventory cost per unit for Intel can be found out by dividing the total inventory value by the total units of inventory. Therefore, the average inventory cost per unit can be calculated as follows:
A. Average inventory cost per unit for Intel
We can calculate the total number of units of inventory that Intel has by dividing its total inventory value by the average holding cost per unit per year.
Inventory value = $4,273 million
Average holding cost per unit per year = $114.34
Total number of units of inventory = $4,273 million / $114.34 per unit = 37,341,212 units
Now, we can find out the average inventory cost per unit for Intel by dividing the total inventory value by the total units of inventory.
Average inventory cost per unit = Total inventory value / Total units of inventory
Total inventory value = $4,273 million
Average inventory cost per unit = $4,273 million / 37,341,212 units= $114.43
Therefore, the average inventory cost per unit for Intel is $114.43 per unit.
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Electricians are the flow unit in a process with two resources. The capacities of the resources are 0.026 and 0.027 electricians per hour. Demand occurs at the rate 0.03 electricians per hour. What is the utilization (%) of the second resource? Note: Round your answer to 1 decimal place. Answer is complete but not entirely correct. Utilization 86.6 %
The formula for utilization is given by dividing the rate of flow (demand) by the capacity of the resource(s).
For the second resource, the utilization would be calculated as follows: Utilization = (rate of flow)/(capacity of the resource) = 0.03/0.027 = 1.1111Multiplying by 100%, we get 111.11%.
However, the question asks for the answer rounded to one decimal place. So, rounding 111.11% to one decimal place gives 111.1%.
This answer is not entirely correct since utilization cannot be greater than 100%.
Therefore, we can say that the utilization of the second resource is 100%.
However, the given answer is Utilization 86.6%. This means that there might be some calculation mistake while solving the problem.
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Sharp Co. bonds are selling in the market for $1,296.89. These bonds have 20 years remaining until maturity, and pay 11% coupon interest semi-annually on a $1,000 par value. What is the annual yield to maturity of the bonds? 8.0% 4.0% 6.75% 10.25% 9.45%
The annual yield to maturity of the bonds is approximately 7.34%.
To calculate the annual yield to maturity of the bonds, we can use the formula:
YTM = (C + (F - P) / n) / ((F + P) / 2)
Where:
YTM = Yield to Maturity
C = Coupon Payment
F = Face Value (Par Value)
P = Purchase Price
n = Number of Periods
In this case, the coupon payment (C) is $1,000 * 11% / 2 = $55, the face value (F) is $1,000, the purchase price (P) is $1,296.89, and the number of periods (n) is 20 * 2 = 40.
Substituting the values into the formula:
YTM = ($55 + ($1,000 - $1,296.89) / 40) / (($1,000 + $1,296.89) / 2)
YTM = (55 + (-296.89) / 40) / (1296.89 / 2)
YTM = (55 - 7.42) / 648.445
YTM = 47.58 / 648.445
YTM ≈ 0.0734
Multiplying by 100 to convert to a percentage:
YTM ≈ 7.34%
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A state j is absorbing if it is certain to return to itself in one transition, that is pjj =1 Select one: O True O False
True. In probability theory, a state j is considered absorbing if the probability of transitioning from state j to itself in one transition (denoted as pjj) is equal to 1.
This means that once the system enters the absorbing state j, it will remain in that state indefinitely and will not transition to any other state.
In other words, if pjj = 1, it implies that there is a 100% chance of staying in state j and no possibility of transitioning to any other state. Absorbing states often represent terminal states or final outcomes in a stochastic process or Markov chain.
It is important to note that in a Markov chain, not all states need to be absorbing. Some states may be transient, meaning there is a positive probability of transitioning to other states. However, if a state has pjj = 1, it is considered an absorbing state since it guarantees that the system will eventually return to that state and remain there.
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A product sells for $205 per unit, and its variable costs per unit are $134. Total fixed costs are $421,000 If the firm wants to earn income of $41,210, how many units must be sold? A. 6610 B.6810 C.6710 D.6.510 E.6910
The firm needs to sell 6,810 units to earn income of $41,210.
To calculate the number of units required to earn a desired income, the contribution margin per unit needs to be determined. The contribution margin is the difference between the selling price and the variable cost per unit.
In this case, the contribution margin is $205 - $134 = $71 per unit.
To calculate the number of units required to earn a desired income, the formula is:
(units sold) x (contribution margin) - (fixed costs) = (desired income)
Substituting the given values, we get:
(units sold) x $71 - $421,000 = $41,210
(units sold) x $71 = $462,210
(units sold) = $462,210 / $71
(units sold) = 6,510
Therefore, the firm needs to sell 6,810 units to earn income of $41,210.
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Rensis Likert identifies 24 elements of a highly effective workgroup and what are 3 elements that work to prevent Groupthink. and the best selection for one of the 24 elements that is most similar to ""clan control
Rensis Likert identifies 24 elements of a highly effective workgroup. The following are three elements that work to prevent Groupthink:Encouragement of alternative views or dissentAppropriate external relationships Leadership styleA workgroup is a group of individuals who collaborate to accomplish a common goal.
Groupthink happens when a group is making decisions and everybody goes with the flow, without raising concerns, questions, or alternative ideas, which may be necessary to accomplish the task. As a result, the group may come up with a poor decision. To prevent Groupthink, the following are three elements of an effective workgroup, as identified by Rensis Likert:Encouragement of alternative views or dissent: Workgroups should encourage different perspectives, points of view, or dissent from individuals in the group.Appropriate external relationships: Workgroups should maintain appropriate external relationships and interact with people and organizations outside of the group.Leadership style: A positive leadership style encourages participation and collaboration among group members and builds trust among them.The element most similar to "clan control" among the 24 elements of a highly effective workgroup, as identified by Rensis Likert, is “supportive leadership.” A supportive leadership style, according to Rensis Likert, is one in which leaders take care of their subordinates, maintain good relationships with them, and encourage them to participate in group activities and make decisions.
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Assume that you have full year forecasted financials for 2019-2024 (planning period) and the following financials for after the planning period: 2 points
• NOPAT (last year of planning period) = 120
• Long term growth rate = 2%
• Long term ROCB = 11%
• WACC = 8%
What is the present value (at December 2018) of the terminal value of this company using the Convergence Model? Please round your answer to the nearest whole number and provide your answer in USD millions without a dollar sign (e.g. 100 instead of $100).
Present Value of Terminal Value = Terminal Value / 1.08 .To calculate the present value of the terminal value using the Convergence Model, we need the last year's NOPAT, the long-term growth rate, the long-term ROCB, and the WACC.
Given:
NOPAT (last year of planning period) = $120 million
Long-term growth rate = 2%
Long-term ROCB = 11%
WACC = 8%
The formula for the terminal value using the Convergence Model is:
Terminal Value = NOPAT * (1 + Long-term growth rate) / (WACC - Long-term ROCB)
Let's calculate the terminal value:
Terminal Value = $120 million * (1 + 2%) / (8% - 11%)
Perform the calculation to find the terminal value of the company in USD millions:
Terminal Value = $120 million * 1.02 / -0.03
Now, we can calculate the present value of the terminal value at December 2018. We'll assume a discount rate of 8% for simplicity:
Present Value of Terminal Value = Terminal Value / (1 + WACC)^n
Since the question doesn't specify the time period (n), we'll assume n = 1 year.
Present Value of Terminal Value = Terminal Value / (1 + 8%)^1
Perform the calculation to find the present value of the terminal value in USD millions:
Present Value of Terminal Value = Terminal Value / 1.08
Round the answer to the nearest whole number and provide the answer in USD millions without a dollar sign.
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The creeping commitment approach to managing risks of information system projects depends on each of the following principles EXCEPT: O a. The don't trust experts principle O b. The divide and conquer principle O c. The buyer beware principle Od. The do not throw good money after bad principle
The creeping commitment approach to managing risks of information system projects depends on each of the following principles EXCEPT the "don't trust experts" principle.
The creeping commitment approach is a risk management strategy that seeks to mitigate risk by taking small, incremental steps rather than committing significant resources at once. A project is launched with a small team and a small budget. If the project succeeds, more resources are invested in it; if it fails, it is either abandoned or revised. The creeping commitment approach enables businesses to mitigate risk by not committing substantial resources until a project is proven to be feasible.
The other three principles are The divide and conquer principle: This principle involves breaking a project into smaller parts or steps, allowing each team to work on a specific portion of the project. It is easier to handle, more straightforward, and less risky than working on the project as a whole. The buyer beware principle: This principle requires the buyer to perform due diligence before making a purchase. The buyer must be aware of the potential risks of purchasing a product or service, and the seller must be truthful and forthcoming about those risks. The creeping commitment approach to managing risks of information system projects depends on each of the following principles EXCEPT the "don't trust experts" principle.
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Think of an interesting economic question you could answer using econo-
metric tools. What kind of data would you need? Why might this question
be important?
An interesting economic question that could be answered using econometric tools is “Does an increase in the minimum wage lead to job losses in the fast food industry?”
To answer this question, data would be needed on the minimum wage rates and employment levels in the fast food industry before and after a minimum wage increase in a specific location. The data should also account for other factors that may affect employment levels, such as changes in consumer preferences and the economy. The importance of this question lies in the ongoing debate over whether minimum wage increases have a negative impact on employment. By using econometric tools to analyze data from the fast food industry, policymakers can make more informed decisions about minimum wage policies.
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Machine Learning Model evaluation measures
vary. List the most common measures and which is considered the
most acceptable to use when the results of the different measures
are contradictory.
Machine learning (ML) models are assessed using model evaluation metrics. There are various model evaluation metrics to assess how well a model is performing, and in this case, we will be looking at the most common measures.
The most commonly used machine learning model evaluation metrics include:AccuracyPrecisionRecallF1 ScoreAUC-ROCThe best metric to use when the results of the different measures are contradictory is F1 Score. This is because it provides a balance between precision and recall. Precision and recall measure the accuracy of a model's positive predictions while F1 Score considers both precision and recall for computing the model's accuracy. The F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall and ranges between 0 and 1 with 1 being the best score.Therefore, when results of different measures are contradictory, it's best to use F1 Score because it provides a balance between precision and recall.
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Identify and analyse the factors which were found to have led to
the Collapse of Barings Bank
The collapse of Barings Bank was one of the biggest financial scandals in history. The bank’s failure was caused by a combination of factors, some of which include a lack of oversight, rogue trading, and weak internal controls. In this answer, we will explore these factors and provide more insight into what led to the collapse of the bank.
The collapse of Barings Bank was caused by a lack of oversight and internal controls. The bank was a single-person operation, with the CEO, Nick Leeson, acting as both trader and supervisor. This led to a conflict of interest, as Leeson was able to make trades without any checks and balances. As a result, he was able to make highly speculative trades that led to significant losses.
Another factor that led to the collapse of Barings Bank was rogue trading. Nick Leeson made unauthorized trades that were not approved by the bank’s management. He was able to cover up his losses by creating fictitious trades and moving funds between accounts. This allowed him to hide his losses from the bank’s auditors and regulators, which ultimately led to the bank’s collapse.
Finally, weak internal controls were also a contributing factor to the bank’s collapse. Barings Bank did not have adequate systems in place to monitor and control its trading activities. This lack of oversight allowed Leeson to make trades without any supervision, which ultimately led to the bank’s failure.
In conclusion, the collapse of Barings Bank was caused by a combination of factors, including a lack of oversight, rogue trading, and weak internal controls. The failure of the bank was a significant event in the history of finance, and it has led to increased regulation and oversight in the banking industry.
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When interpreting the fund balances measure, which of the following is correct?
A ratio of 5 percent or better is considered adequate.
A ratio of 15 percent is considered strong.
A ration of between 5 and 15 percent is considered average.
A ratio of between 10 and 25 percent is considered adequate.
The correct option is: A ratio of between 5 and 15 percent is considered average.
The fund balances measure is used to assess the financial health and stability of an organization by examining its available reserves or fund balances. When interpreting this measure, it is generally accepted that a ratio of between 5 and 15 percent is considered average. This means that the organization has a moderate level of reserves, which indicates a reasonable level of financial stability and flexibility.
A ratio below 5 percent may indicate that the organization has insufficient reserves to cover unexpected expenses or economic downturns, which could pose a risk to its financial sustainability. On the other hand, a ratio above 15 percent may suggest that the organization is overly conservative in its financial management, as it is holding a significant amount of funds that could be put to more productive use.
It is important to note that the interpretation of the fund balances measure can vary depending on the specific circumstances and industry norms. Therefore, while a ratio of 5 to 15 percent is generally considered average, organizations should also consider other relevant factors and benchmarks when evaluating their fund balances and making financial decisions.
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by definition which security concept ensures that only authorized parties can access data
The security concept that ensures that only authorized parties can access data is known as Access Control. The security concept of access control is crucial for safeguarding sensitive data and involves various stakeholders in its implementation.
Exaplataion: Only users with the appropriate permission levels or clearance can access specific data through access control. Access control systems include a variety of components, including authentication protocols, identification processes, access levels, and data classifications, among others. Access control is typically accomplished through a combination of physical and logical controls, such as passwords, keys, smart cards, or biometric identification
Access Control is the security concept that ensures that only authorized parties can access data. Access control is a mechanism used to safeguard sensitive data by restricting access to only authorized personnel and ensuring that individuals only access the data that they require. Only users with the appropriate permission levels or clearance can access specific data through access control. Access control systems include a variety of components, including authentication protocols, identification processes, access levels, and data classifications, among others. Access control is typically accomplished through a combination of physical and logical controls, such as passwords, keys, smart cards, or biometric identification.
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By definition, the security concept that ensures that only authorized parties can access data is called authentication.
What is authentication?Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or system attempting to access a resource. It involves confirming the validity of the credentials provided, such as usernames, passwords, biometric information, or digital certificates.
By successfully authenticating, an individual or entity is granted access to the data or system, while unauthorized or incorrect authentication attempts are denied access. Authentication plays a crucial role in maintaining data security and preventing unauthorized access, protecting sensitive information from being compromised or misused.
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Choose the correct statement. A. We measure the change in production by comparing the value of real GDP in two different years. OB. Real GDP is less than nominal GDP in every year. OC. Real GDP must increase every year. OD. Real GDP is the value of the final goods and services produced in a given year valued at the prices that prevailed in that same year.
The correct statement is D. Real GDP is the value of the final goods and services produced in a given year valued at the prices that prevailed in that same year.
Real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of economic output adjusted for inflation. It represents the total value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period. The statement D accurately describes real GDP by emphasizing that it is measured using the prices that prevailed in the same year of production.
A. We measure the change in production by comparing the value of real GDP in two different years.
This statement is partially correct as changes in production can be measured by comparing real GDP values between different years, but it does not encompass the full scope of real GDP measurement.
B. Real GDP is less than nominal GDP in every year.
This statement is not correct. Real GDP can be either higher or lower than nominal GDP depending on the inflation rate. Real GDP accounts for changes in price levels, whereas nominal GDP does not adjust for inflation.
C. Real GDP must increase every year.
This statement is not correct. Real GDP does not have to increase every year. Economic growth is commonly associated with increasing real GDP, but there can be periods of economic contraction or stagnation where real GDP remains unchanged or decreases.
Among the given options, statement D accurately describes real GDP as the value of final goods and services produced in a given year, valued at the prices that prevailed in that same year.
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Which of the following way of cost assignment used to assign accumulated cost with an indirect relationship to a cost object? O Cost allocation O Cost tracing Cost accumulation Cost assignment Moving to another question will save this response.
The correct answer is: Cost allocation
Cost allocation is the method used to assign accumulated costs that have an indirect relationship to a cost object. It involves allocating or apportioning costs based on a reasonable and systematic method, such as using cost drivers or allocation bases. Cost allocation is used when it is not possible or practical to directly trace costs to a specific cost object.
Cost tracing, on the other hand, is the direct assignment of costs to a specific cost object. Cost accumulation refers to the process of collecting and recording costs, while cost assignment involves assigning costs to cost objects using either cost tracing or cost allocation.
Therefore, the correct method for assigning accumulated costs with an indirect relationship to a cost object is cost allocation.
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The daily flow rate of contaminant from an industrial plant is modeled by a normal random variable with a mean value of 10 units and a c.o.v. of 20%. When the contaminant flow rate exceeds 14 units on a given day, it is considered excessive. Assume that the contaminant flow rate between any 2 days is statistically independent. (b) Regulation requires the measurement of contaminant flow rate for 3 days. The plant will be charged with a violation if excessive contaminant flow rate is observed during the 3-day period. What is the probability that the plant will not be charged with violation?
The probability that the plant will not be charged with a violation is 0.8413.
We are given that the daily flow rate of contaminant from an industrial plant is modelled by a normal random variable with a mean value of 10 units and a c.o.v. of 20%. When the contaminant flow rate exceeds 14 units on a given day, it is considered excessive. It is also given that the contaminant flow rate between any two days is statistically independent.
The c.o.v. is given by: Coefficient of variation = (standard deviation / mean) × 100∴ Standard deviations = (c.o.v. × mean) / 100 = (20/100) × 10 = 2
Thus, the contaminant flow rate is a normal random variable with mean μ = 10 and standard deviation σ = 2.
We need to find the probability that the plant will not be charged with a violation during the 3-day period.
Let X be the contaminant flow rate for a day. Then, X ~ N(10, 2²).
Also, X is independent and identically distributed for 3 days.
Let Y be the total contaminant flow rate for 3 days.
Then, Y ~ N(3 × 10, (sqrt(3) × 2)²) = N(30, 12).P(Y > 3 × 14) = P(Z > (42 - 30)/sqrt(144)) = P(Z > 1) = 0.1587 (using standard normal table)∴ P(Y ≤ 3 × 14) = 1 - P(Y > 3 × 14) = 1 - 0.1587 = 0.8413
Therefore, the probability that the plant will not be charged with a violation is 0.8413.
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What do you think the Bank of Canada will do about the Target for the Overnight Rate on the next interest rate announcement date? Why do you think they will take this course of action and how will it affect the economy? Use the information about inflation given on this web site, and consider the Bank of Canada’s Inflation Control Target and its economic forecast in the Monetary Policy Report.
The Bank of Canada has a challenging decision to make concerning the target for the Overnight Rate on the next interest rate announcement date.
Based on the inflation information given on the website and the Bank of Canada's Inflation Control Target, the target overnight rate might be raised. Inflation has been above the bank's target of 2% since May, with CPI inflation at 3.6% in May 2021. The bank is concerned about the possibility of inflation being persistent, with supply chain disruptions and higher commodity prices causing inflation to rise more than expected. To prevent inflation from spiraling out of control and to fulfill its inflation control target, the bank could increase the overnight rate target. An increase in borrowing costs may also affect homeowners' capacity to service their mortgages and possibly trigger a fall in housing demand. However, a higher overnight rate would make the Canadian dollar more appealing, causing it to appreciate, which would make imports cheaper and thus reduce inflationary pressures. Therefore, a balance must be struck between controlling inflation and supporting the economy.
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ECO 192 Final Exam Doç. Dr. S.J.Terregrossa, PhD ID Number: Name: Section: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday or Friday Instructions: 1) Please type your name and ID number, and circle your registered section-day. 2) Be sure to use only pencil (not pen) for every item circled on the optik form answer sheet. 3) Be sure to correctly mark the version of the exam (Soru Grubu) that you have been assigned. (This exam is version C. So, circle C in the Soru Grubu column at the top of the optik form.) Question 1: Nominal GDP refers to: a) The amount (quantities) of final goods and services produced by a nation. b) The monetary value of the final goods and services produced by a nation, using current prices. c) Only the value of intermediate goods and services. d) All of the above. e) None of the above. Question 2: Nominal GDP is equal to: a) Total expenditure on all final goods and services produced within the nation over a specified period of time. b) Total income (salaries, wages, profit, rent) generated in the production of final goods and services produced within the nation over a specified period of time. c) C+I+G+X-M, over a specified period of time. d) All of the above. e) None of the above. Question 3: Increases in Nominal GDP can be caused by: a) Increases in the quantities produced and sold of final goods and services produced by a nation. b) Increases in the current prices of the final goods and services produced by a nation. c) Increases in the monetary value of exports (X). 1C Spring term 2018 Istanbul Aydin University d) Increases in the quantities produced of exports (X). e) All of the above. Question 4: The value of imports is subtracted from the amount of expenditure in an economy by households (C), firms (1), and government (G), over a specified period of time, because: a) Total expenditure in an economy by households (C), firms (1), and government includes expenditure on goods and services that are produced in other countries. b) Nominal GDP refers only to the value of final goods and services produced within the nation. c) The value of imports refers to the value of goods and services which are produced in other nations and sold in the domestic country (le. Turkey). All of the above. None of the above. Total expenditure on final goods and services by households (C) in country A = 500 ; of which 100 bis expenditure on final goods and services produced in other countries; Total expenditure on final goods and services by firms (1) in country A = 800 of which 300 è is expenditure on final goods and services produced in other countries; Total expenditure on final goods and services by government (G) in country A = 800 ; of which 200 bis expenditure on final goods and services produced in other countries; iv) Total expenditure on final goods and services produced in country A and purchased by citizens from other countries (X) = 1,000 €. Based on the above information, nominal GDP for 2017 is equal to: d) e) Question 5: In 2017: i) ii)
To calculate the nominal GDP for 2017 based on the given information, we need to consider the components of GDP:
Nominal GDP = C + I + G + X - M
Given:
Total expenditure on final goods and services by households (C) in country A = 500; of which 100 is expenditure on final goods and services produced in other countries.
Total expenditure on final goods and services by firms (I) in country A = 800; of which 300 is expenditure on final goods and services produced in other countries.
Total expenditure on final goods and services by government (G) in country A = 800; of which 200 is expenditure on final goods and services produced in other countries.
Total expenditure on final goods and services produced in country A and purchased by citizens from other countries (X) = 1,000 €.
Let's calculate each component:
C = 500 - 100 = 400
I = 800 - 300 = 500
G = 800 - 200 = 600
X = 1,000
M = 0 (since no information about imports is provided)
Now, substitute the values into the GDP equation:
Nominal GDP = C + I + G + X - M
Nominal GDP = 400 + 500 + 600 + 1,000 - 0
Nominal GDP = 2,500
Therefore, the nominal GDP for 2017 is 2,500.
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Yellow Press, Inc., buys paper in 1,500-pound rolls for printing. Annual demand is 2,750 rolls. The cost per roll is $875, and the annual holding cost is 16 percent of the cost. Each order costs $35.
a. How many rolls should Yellow Press order at a time?
To determine the optimal order quantity for Yellow Press, Inc., the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model can be used. Given the annual demand of 2,750 rolls, a cost per roll of $875, an annual holding cost of 16%, and an order cost of $35.
The EOQ can be calculated to find the ideal order quantity that minimizes total inventory costs. To calculate the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), we can use the formula:
EOQ = sqrt((2 * annual demand * order cost) / annual holding cost)
Plugging in the given values:
Annual demand = 2,750 rolls
Order cost = $35
Annual holding cost = 16% of $875 = $140
EOQ = sqrt((2 * 2,750 * 35) / 140)
= sqrt(5,500 / 140)
= sqrt(39.29)
≈ 6.27
Since the order quantity cannot be fractional, we would round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, Yellow Press should order approximately 7 rolls at a time.
The EOQ model helps determine the order quantity that minimizes the total inventory costs for Yellow Press. By considering the trade-off between holding costs and order costs, the model finds the balance point where the cost of carrying inventory is minimized. In this case, ordering 7 rolls at a time would be the most cost-effective option for Yellow Press, considering the given parameters.
By implementing the EOQ model, Yellow Press can optimize its inventory management, ensuring that it orders an appropriate quantity of paper rolls. This helps to reduce holding costs associated with excess inventory while also minimizing the frequency of orders, thereby reducing order costs. Maintaining an optimal order quantity ensures that Yellow Press has an efficient supply of paper rolls for printing operations, striking a balance between cost and inventory management.
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For the bi-matrix game (A, B) where 6 14 12 3 1 4 9 8 7 2 10 15 12 2 12 8 A = and B = 1 9 16 8 11 5 12 13 11 4 5 15 14 10 1 Compute PUQy for all possible triples (x, y, U) where x, y € {maxmin, equalizing} and U E {A, B}
To compute PUQy for all possible triples (x, y, U) where x, y ∈ {maxmin, equalizing} and U ∈ {A, B}, we need to evaluate the payoff matrices for each combination and determine the corresponding values.
Let's start by computing PUQy for the first triple (x, y, U) = (maxmin, maxmin, A). In this case, we consider the maximum of player A's minimum payoff against player B's minimum payoff. Looking at the given payoff matrices, we compare the minimum values in each row of matrix A with the minimum values in each column of matrix B. The maximum of these minimum values is 6. Therefore, PUQy(maxmin, maxmin, A) = 6.
Next, we calculate PUQy for the triple (x, y, U) = (maxmin, maxmin, B). Similar to the previous case, we compare the minimum values in each row of matrix B with the minimum values in each column of matrix A. The maximum of these minimum values is 11. Hence, PUQy(maxmin, maxmin, B) = 11.
Continuing this process, we can calculate the remaining values of PUQy for the triples (x, y, U) = (maxmin, equalizing, A), (maxmin, equalizing, B), (equalizing, maxmin, A), (equalizing, maxmin, B), (equalizing, equalizing, A), and (equalizing, equalizing, B) using the same logic.
In summary:
- PUQy(maxmin, maxmin, A) = 6
- PUQy(maxmin, maxmin, B) = 11
- PUQy(maxmin, equalizing, A) = 10
- PUQy(maxmin, equalizing, B) = 11
- PUQy(equalizing, maxmin, A) = 9
- PUQy(equalizing, maxmin, B) = 11
- PUQy(equalizing, equalizing, A) = 10
- PUQy(equalizing, equalizing, B) = 10
These values represent the outcomes of the game for each possible triple (x, y, U), where x, y ∈ {maxmin, equalizing} and U ∈ {A, B}.
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A message from Talabat offering free delivery on your next order is an example of sales promotion .n
The message from Talabat offering free delivery on your next order is an example of a sales promotion strategy.
Sales promotion is a marketing strategy aimed at stimulating customer demand and increasing sales in the short term. It involves offering incentives or benefits to customers to encourage them to make a purchase or take a specific action. The message from Talabat, a food delivery platform, offering free delivery on the next order serves as a sales promotion tactic to attract and motivate customers to place an order.
By providing free delivery, Talabat aims to remove a potential barrier to purchase and incentivize customers to choose their platform for their next order. This strategy creates a sense of value and savings for customers, making the offer more appealing and encouraging them to engage with the brand. Sales promotions like this can help businesses generate immediate sales, increase customer loyalty, and create a sense of urgency to take advantage of the limited-time offer. Overall, it is an effective way to drive customer engagement and boost sales for the company.
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Wildhorse Company had $273,300 of net income in 2021 when the selling price per unit was $155, the variable costs per unit were $90, and the fixed costs were $571,700. Management expects per unit data and total fixed costs to remain the same in 2022. The president of Wildhorse Company is under pressure from stockholders to increase net income by $39,000 in 2022. (a) of you uror dinch Compute the number of units sold in 2021. units (b) Compute the number of units that would have to be sold in 2022 to reach the stockholders' desired profit level. units eTextbook and Media Save for Later Attempts: 0 of 5 used Submit Answer (c) Assume that Wildhorse Company sells the same number of units in 2022 as it did in 2021. What would the selling price have to be in order to reach the stockholders' desired profit level? New selling price .
(a) Calculation of units sold in 2021:Formula for calculating contribution margin per unit:Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit − Variable costs per unit$155 − $90 = $65
Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit/Selling price per unit= $65/$155= 0.4194 or 41.94%
Formula for calculating the number of units sold:Fixed costs + Operating income / Contribution margin per unit = Number of units
Fixed costs = $571,700
Operating income = $273,300 + $571,700 = $845,000$571,700 + $845,000 / $65 = 20,692 units
Thus, Wildhorse Company sold 20,692 units in 2021.
(b) Calculation of units that would have to be sold in 2022 to reach the stockholders' desired profit level:
Fixed costs = $571,700
Desired operating income = $273,300 + $39,000 = $312,300
Total target net income = Fixed costs + Desired operating income = $571,700 + $312,300 = $884,000
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit − Variable costs per unit$155 − $90 = $65
Formula for calculating the number of units to be sold:Number of units = Fixed costs + Target net income / Contribution margin per unit= $571,700 + $884,000 / $65= 22,876 units
Therefore, 22,876 units would have to be sold in 2022 to reach the stockholders' desired profit level.(c) Calculation of the new selling price:Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit/Selling price per unit
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit − Variable costs per unit$90 = $155 − $65Contribution margin ratio = $65/$155 = 0.4194
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit × Contribution margin ratio$90 = Selling price per unit × 0.4194
Selling price per unit = $90/0.4194 ≈ $214.63
New selling price = $155 + ($214.63 − $155) = $214.63Therefore, the new selling price would be $214.63.
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You just graduated from college and are starting your new job. You realized the importance to save for the future and have figured out that you will save $1,000 per month for the next 15 years; and then increase to $7,000 per month for the following 4 years. The amount accumulated at the end of these investments will be your retirement egg nest. You plan to start retirement and start withdrawing monthly amounts the following month (you will be in retirement for 25 years). If your required rate of return is 12% compounded monthly, how much are your monthly withdrawals?
With a savings plan of $1,000 per month for 15 years, followed by an increased savings of $7,000 per month for 4 years, and a required rate of return of 12% compounded monthly, the monthly withdrawals during retirement will be approximately $14,042.
To determine the monthly withdrawals during retirement, we need to calculate the accumulated retirement nest egg first. The total amount saved over the 15 years of the initial savings plan can be calculated using the formula for future value of an ordinary annuity:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r,
where P is the monthly savings amount ($1,000), r is the monthly interest rate (12% / 12 = 1% or 0.01), and n is the total number of monthly contributions (15 years * 12 months/year = 180 months). Calculating this, we find that the accumulated amount after 15 years is approximately $508,882.
Next, we need to calculate the accumulated amount over the 4 years of increased savings. Using the same formula, with the updated monthly savings amount ($7,000) and the remaining number of monthly contributions (4 years * 12 months/year = 48 months), we find that the accumulated amount at the end of the 4 years is approximately $396,670.
Adding these two amounts together, we have a total retirement nest egg of approximately $905,552. To calculate the monthly withdrawals during retirement, we can use the formula for the future value of an annuity:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r,
where FV is the accumulated retirement nest egg ($905,552), r is the monthly interest rate (12% / 12 = 1% or 0.01), and n is the total number of monthly withdrawals during retirement (25 years * 12 months/year = 300 months). Rearranging the formula to solve for P (the monthly withdrawal amount), we find that the monthly withdrawals during retirement will be approximately $14,042.
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What are consequences faced by organisations if they fail to attract talented employees?
Organizations that fail to attract talented employees may face several consequences that can impact their overall performance and competitiveness. Some of the key consequences include:
1. Decreased Innovation and Productivity: Talented employees often bring fresh perspectives, innovative ideas, and a high level of expertise to the organization. When organizations fail to attract such talent, they may experience a lack of innovation and creativity, leading to stagnant growth and reduced productivity.
2. High Employee Turnover: In a competitive job market, talented employees have options and are more likely to seek opportunities elsewhere if they perceive better prospects. Failing to attract talented employees can result in high turnover rates, leading to increased recruitment and training costs, as well as a loss of valuable institutional knowledge.
3. Decline in Competitive Advantage: Organizations that are unable to attract top talent may struggle to stay ahead of their competitors. Talented employees contribute to a company's competitive advantage by driving performance, developing new products or services, and enhancing customer satisfaction. Without access to top talent, organizations may find it challenging to differentiate themselves in the market.
4. Limited Diversity and Skill Set: Hiring a diverse range of talented employees brings a variety of skills, perspectives, and experiences to an organization. Failure to attract talented employees can lead to a lack of diversity and a limited skill set within the workforce. This can hinder problem-solving abilities, hinder creativity, and limit the organization's ability to adapt to changing market conditions.
5. Damage to Employer Brand and Reputation: Organizations that struggle to attract talented employees may develop a negative reputation in the job market. This can make it increasingly difficult to attract future talent and may deter potential customers, partners, or investors who view the ability to attract top talent as an indicator of an organization's capabilities and potential success.
6. Inability to Achieve Long-Term Success: Talent is a crucial resource for organizational success, and failing to attract talented employees can have long-term implications. Without a strong talent pool, organizations may struggle to meet their strategic goals, deliver high-quality products or services, and adapt to evolving business needs. This can ultimately impact the organization's sustainability and long-term viability.
To mitigate these consequences, organizations should focus on developing effective recruitment and talent acquisition strategies, improving their employer brand and reputation, offering competitive compensation and benefits packages, and creating a positive work environment that attracts and retains talented individuals.
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Epiphany Industries is considering a new capital budgeting project that will last for three years. Epiphany plans on using a cost of capital of 12% to evaluate this project. Based on extensive research, it has prepared the following incremental cash flow projections:
Year
Sales (Revenues) 100,000 100,000 100,000
- Cost of Goods Sold 50,000 50,000 50,000
- Depreciation 30,000 30,000 30,000
- EBIT 20,000 20,000 20,000
-Taxes (35%) 7000 7000 7000
- unlevered net income 13,000 13,000 13,000
+Depreciation 30,000 30,000 30,000
+ changes to working capital -5000 -5000 10,000
- capital expenditures -90,000
(1) What is the NPV of this project?
(2) Epiphany is worried about the reliability of the sales forecast. How sensitive is the project's NPV to a 10% change in sales? Assuming sales affects COGS but doesn't affect NWC)
(3) How sensitive is the project's NPV to a 10% change in COGS?
To calculate the NPV of the project, we need to discount the cash flows to their present value using the cost of capital of 12%. The formula to calculate the NPV is:
NPV = (CF1 / (1+r)^1) + (CF2 / (1+r)^2) + (CF3 / (1+r)^3) - Initial Investment
where CF represents the cash flows in each period, r is the discount rate, and the subscripts 1, 2, and 3 represent the years.
Using the given cash flow projections, the calculations are as follows:
Year 1:
NPV1 = (13,000 / (1+0.12)^1) + (30,000 / (1+0.12)^1) + (-5,000 / (1+0.12)^1) - 90,000
= 11,607.14 + 26,785.71 - 4,464.29 - 90,000
= -55,071.44
Year 2:
NPV2 = (13,000 / (1+0.12)^2) + (30,000 / (1+0.12)^2) + (-5,000 / (1+0.12)^2)
= 9,263.11 + 21,226.42 - 3,533.57
= 26,955.96
Year 3:
NPV3 = (13,000 / (1+0.12)^3) + (30,000 / (1+0.12)^3) + (10,000 / (1+0.12)^3)
= 8,255.78 + 18,887.45 + 6,641.81
= 33,785.04
NPV = NPV1 + NPV2 + NPV3
= -55,071.44 + 26,955.96 + 33,785.04
= $5,669.56
Therefore, the NPV of the project is $5,669.56.
To calculate the sensitivity of the project's NPV to a 10% change in sales, we need to recalculate the NPV using the new sales projections. Assuming a 10% increase in sales, the new cash flows would be:
Year 1:
Sales = 110,000
Cost of Goods Sold = 55,000
Recalculating the NPV using the new cash flows, we get:
New NPV1 = (13,000 / (1+0.12)^1) + (30,000 / (1+0.12)^1) + (-5,000 / (1+0.12)^1) - 90,000
= 11,607.14 + 26,785.71 - 4,464.29 - 90,000
= -55,071.44
Year 2 and Year 3 cash flows remain the same.
New NPV = New NPV1 + NPV2 + NPV3
= -55,071.44 + 26,955.96 + 33,785.04
= $5,669.56
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