crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
Linked genes move along at the same anaphase.
Genes that are near to one another on the same chromosome are linked and move through meiosis together. As a result, related genes do not assort separately.
The genes are positioned near together if the recombination frequency is low; however, if it is high, the genes are spread out.
Every trait is inherited independently of every other trait, according to Gregor Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
The genes independently assort if they are situated on various chromosomes.
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The evolution of Drug-Resistance HIV. Within a few weeks of treatment with drug X, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of X-resistant HIV. Explain how this rapid evolution of drug resistance is an example of natural selection.
Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance either by obtaining specific resistance genes from these other bacteria or by developing mutations that change the biological targets of antibiotics.
What does mutation entail?a deviation from the typical DNA sequence at a certain gene locus. Although the phrase is frequently associated with negativity, mutations (including polymorphisms) may affect cell activity in ways that are negative, positive, or neutral.
What are the four mutation types?Gametes experience germline mutations. Other bodily cells can develop somatic mutations. Mutations that modify the chromosome's structure are called chromosomal changes. A single nucleotide is altered by point mutations.
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for each of the following pedigrees, determine: i) the most likely mode of inheritance (recessive or dominant, x-linked, y-linked or autosomal) ii) the genotype of the individual marked with a star assume that individuals marrying into the family do not have the defective allele. explain your reasoning. clearly define any symbols that you use.
The most likely mode of inheritance is x-linked inheritance as only the mother is affected.
The genotype of the individual marked with a star is XDXd.
When analyzing a family, autosomal dominant inheritance can be recognized by the vertical transmission of the trait—from parent to child.
There's a subtlety in overwhelming inheritance—formally a characteristic is called autosomal dominant as it were when the phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the homozygous variant.
It isn't as a rule conceivable to run the show out of an autosomal legacy to affirm X-linkage. In any case, certain designs unequivocally recommend X-linkage.
This is often because all male siblings would acquire the latent allele from their mother (and be XY) whereas all female descendants would acquire the overwhelming allele from their father (and be XDXd).
For illustration, a family where a male parent without the characteristic (XDY) and a female parent communicating the characteristic (XdXd) with 100% male expression and 0% female expression infers X-linkage.
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Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:
For each of the following pedigrees, determine i) the most likely mode of inheritance (recessive or dominant, x-linked, y-linked, or autosomal) ii) the genotype of the individual marked with a star assume that individuals marrying into the family do not have the defective allele. explain your reasoning. clearly define any symbols that you use.
when the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects?
Adrenaline is produced in the medulla by the adrenal glands as well as by some neurons in the central nervous system. During a stressful situation, adrenaline is quickly released into the bloodstream, sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.
The adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, regulates the hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The adrenal medulla secretes two main hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions. Adrenaline is produced by your adrenal glands and released into your bloodstream. Adrenaline, a hormone produced by your adrenal glands, serves a purpose. It assists you in dealing with dangerous situations by causing temporary changes in your body. As part of the process, your heart rate and breathing rate increase.
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A mineral is able to scratch your fingernail but not glass. We can conclude:
Group of answer choices
the mineral is harder than your fingernail but softer than the glass
the mineral will exhibit cleavage
the mineral was once an igneous rock and is therefore hardened lava
the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than the glass
Answer:
the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than glass
Explanation:
i think that's the answer
which neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells? multiple select question. gaba acetylcholine glycine norepinephrine glutamate
The neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
A molecule that, when a nerve impulse arrives, is released at the end of a nerve fiber. This chemical then diffuses across the synapse or junction, causing the impulse to be transferred to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure is called neurotransmitter.
Depending on the type of receptors present, some neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and norepinephrine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. When several synapses in close proximity are triggered at once or receive input from several presynaptic cells, spatial summation occurs.
Thus, because of receptors these can cause excitatory as well as inhibitory responses by summation of impulses.
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which type of nissl stain requires a fluorescent microscope (a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results)
Neurotrace a type of NISSL stain requires a fluorescent microscope as a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results.
A common histology technique for identifying neurons in the brain and spinal cord is Nissl staining. The Nissl substance, a marker for the physiological status of the neuron, redistributes inside the cell body in injured or regenerating neurons. It is made up of ribosomal RNA coupled with the rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal perikarya and dendrites. NeuroTrace 640/660 deep-red fluorescent Nissl stain is more sensitive than conventional histology dyes like toluidine blue or cresyl violet and is selective for the Nissl material that is distinctive of neurons.
A popular technique for examining the anatomy and pathophysiology of neural tissue is Nissl staining. The characteristic staining of the neuronal perikarya is either absent or has a very weak signal after standard immunocytochemistry, leaving only the nucleus of the neurons to be labeled.
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paranasal sinuses a. lighten the skull b. act as resonance chambers for sound c. produces mucus d. all of the above
paranasal sinuses are paired and symmetrical, air-filled cavities situated around the nasal cavity. the correct option is (D).
They are found in three bones of the neurocranium (braincase), the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone all of the above. The function of the paranasal sinuses is to protect the organism Which is done mostly by humidifying the air which is inhaled and facilitating the immune response of the respiratory system.
Also, the sinuses are generally air-filled spaces that decrease the weight of the head and impact the resonance of the human voice.
The nares and anterior portion of the nasal cavities are generally lined with the mucous membranes and it contains sebaceous glands and hair follicles, this serve to prevent the passage of large debris ( dirt) through the nasal cavity.
Types - Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal cells (sinuses)
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoidal sinuses
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which pre-mrna processing step is important for initiating translation? group of answer choices poly-a tail rna editing splicing 7-methylguanosine cap
The translation must start after the processing of the pre-7-methylguanosine mRNA's cap.
From yeast to mammals, the 7-methylguanosine cap is necessary for mRNA translation and cell viability. Additionally, it facilitates other RNA processing events such as splicing, poly(A) tail addition, and nuclear export in addition to playing a part in transcription elongation, mRNA stability, and degradation.
The addition of stabilizing and signaling components to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, as well as the elimination of intermediate sequences that do not specify the proper amino acids, are the three most crucial steps in pre-mRNA processing. The mRNA transcript can occasionally be "edited" after it has been transcribed.
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in this question and your wider MYP knowledge, discuss and evaluate the possible implications of using light technology (Lasik).
In your answer, you should include:
-An evaluation on using light technology (Lasik)
-Economical impacts of introducing Lasik
-Social impacts of using Lasik
-A concluding recommendation based on the arguments you have discussed
It may give you some peace of mind to know that complications from LASIK are extremely unlikely to result in major, permanent vision loss. Thus, option D is correct.
What are the implications of using light technology (Lasik)?If you are considering the treatment but are concerned that anything might go wrong. Additionally, laser re-treatment can be used to fix a variety of issues.
Loss of vision as a result of complications is extremely uncommon. However, some LASIK side effects, notably dry eyes and transient vision issues like glare, are very typical.
Few people think these are long-term issues because they typically go away within a few weeks or months.
Therefore, A concluding recommendation based on the arguments you have discussed.
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ecologists, and archaeologists, interested in biodiversity and animal populations, often refer to species richness in particular environments. species richness refers to
Species richness (S) is the number of species within a defined region. It's merely a numerical characteristic of an ecosystem. The species richness of a region is obtained through sampling or via a census.
Because a region is defined by the observer, species richness has been further categorized into three components to account for changes in spatial scale. They are Alpha diversity, Beta diversity and Gamma diversity.
One important thing to keep in mind is the difference between species richness and species diversity. Several factors affect small-scale species richness, including geographic factors such as the regional species pool, dispersal distance and ease of dispersal, biological factors such as competition, facilitation, and predation as well as environmental factors such as resource availability etc.
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Help me with this I keep getting it wrong apparently
Answer: Hello!
Explanation: The reason photosynthesis is beneficial towards people is because the process produces oxygen to breath. Hence A is correct.
Finn, tenth grade straight A student.
Have a great day!
Answer:
i think its Provide oxygen to breathe and provides carbon dioxide to do respiration with and im not sure if its either provides energy for food or provides ATP energy for our cells
Explanation:
sorry if i got this wrong
you are observing a population of sea urchins experiencing logistic growth. what is the carrying capacity (k)?
A typical echinoderm boat is 20 to 30 feet long and can carry 2,000 to 6,000 pounds.
In logistic growth, a population's rate of per capita growth declines because it approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's finite resources ( K).
What about sea urchins?You may suffer major health effects if your injury is severe or if you do not properly treat it. Echinoderm stings can result in tissue necrosis, death, paralysis, and respiratory failure. Skin cells that do not receive enough oxygen or blood perish and cause tissue necrosis. Echinoderm stings hurt right away. They often create puncture wounds on the skin, which if not treated immediately can quickly become infections. The sting site may swell and switch crimson. If the skin is penetrated (which happens frequently), the puncture site is usually bruised and appears blue-black. Echinoderm or uni because it is more generally known by its Japanese name, are often eaten in a variety of ways, including as a savoury complement to pasta dishes and as a part of a sushi feast. The buttery flavour and (pleasantly) slimy texture of uni, however, are best experienced fresh from the shell. Echinoderm has a little saltiness without being too salty. Once they are fresh, they ought to have a sweet, saltwater flavor and taste of iron and zinc. Uni features a strong mineral and seaweed flavor and ought to have a creamy texture. Older ones taste quite harsh and have a slimy texture on the tongue.Learn more about sea urchins here:
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continental spreading centers include the_ in the us and the_ in africa
Answer:
the answer is b
Explanation:
describe the mechanisms that ensure parental and daughter duplexes have identical DNA sequences
The mechanism that ensures parental and daughter duplexes have identical DNA sequences is the replication process. It occurs before cell division and provides each daughter cell with the same chromosomic set as the parental cell.
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is a process through which DNA molecules are duplicated. It occurs during the S phase of the interphase, before cell division.
In the interphase the cell duplicates its content, so every daughter cell gets the same material. Hence, DNA must be replicated, so daughter cells have a complete chromosomic set.
DNI replication is semi-conservative because each new molecule carries an original DNI strand and a new one. The old existing strands are used to synthesize the new complementary strand.
To separate the original strands, helicase enzymes must act in the replication origin to break hydrogen bonds and separate the strands.
While the strands unroll, the topoisomerase enzyme releases tension.
Other proteins are also needed to join the strains and keep them separated.
Once the molecule is opened, there is a region named replication forks. DNA polymerase pairs new nucleotides with the corresponding nucleotide of the original strand.
DNA strands are antiparallel, and replication occurs only in 5'-3' direction. One of the strands is continuously replicated, while the other strain grows in short Okazaki fragments.
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lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? a) they contain t lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. b) they are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. c) they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not. d) they cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. e) they occur throughout the body except in the head.
Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in following way:
e) that they occur throughout the body except in head.
How does lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues?Lymphatic organs occur throughout the body except in the head. They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule but lymphatic tissues are not. They also have T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not.
Lymphatic system contains the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system is an organ system that is part of the immune system and complementary to the circulatory system.
Lymphoid tissues are organized structures that support immune responses and bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissues and the sites of lymphocyte development.
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what variables can affect the taste of soda
There are two major factors that affect the quality of fountain soda. First, the quality of the water mixed with CO2 will alter the taste. Second, the percentage mix of syrup to water/CO2 will affect the flavor. The mix varies in each geographical region.
Temperature, humidity, light and atmospheric pressure are
Answer:
Abiotic components of nature
Explanation:
Aboutic means those who cant breathe or move or are not alive
Individual bones within the spinal column are called:
A) Vertebrae
B) Ganglia
Answer:
The answer is A) Vertebrae
Ganglia is incorrect because they are clusters of nerve cell bodies
once threads form, they stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets. this meshwork is called a .
Fibrin stick to the exposed surface of damaged blood vessels creating a meshwork.
The fibrin, an insoluble protein that is created in reaction to bleeding and serves as the main component of the blood clot, is caught in a meshwork that is formed when they adhere to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels.
It is made of fibrinogen, a soluble protein produced by the liver and present in blood plasma, which is a stiff protein material that is structured in long fibrous chains.
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the genetic material of the human immunodeficiency virus is rna. in hiv-infected human cells, the rna can be copied into a dna molecule by a process known as
The RNA can be copied into a DNA molecule by a process known as Reverse transcription.
Reverse transcription is DNA dependent RNA polymerase, and it is considered the imitated enzyme of retroviruses. reverse transcriptase function to utilize only the single-stranded RNA to synthesize viral DNA.
As the name suggest it reverses the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA in place of DNA to RNA that is most common case in transcription. As reverse transcriptase is important process in some retroviruses, like HIV-1. As this process requires to counter many antiretroviral therapeutics drugs .
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please help me im giving 15 points
Answer: Polymer
Explanation: It is made of alkenes joining together to form long complex compounds. The process is called polymerization.
nuclieotide that is substituted for thymine in an rna molecule
Explanation:
uracil.
uracil is present in RNA instead of thymine.
antibodies: question 8 options: require haptens to function make up part of the primary immune system are made from t cells are made from plasma cells none of the above
Happens are not necessary for antibodies to work. To work, it needs an antigen. They are created by T and B cells rather than T cells.
From where do happens originate?Urushiol, a reactive Quinone-type chemical, gets oxidised in the skin cells after being ingested from a poison ivy plant, where it subsequently interacts with skin proteins to form happen adducts.
Do happens cause T cells to respond?Low molecular weight substances that are unable to start an immune response on their own are referred to as happens. However, these tiny molecular weight substances can provide an antigenic determinant that can cause T-cell activation when they are covalently attached to circulating proteins.
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some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions. multiple select question. hydrogen ions calcium ions sodium ions glucose lactate amino acids filtered plasma proteins
The substances that satisfy the requirement are Glucose , amino acids and sodium ions
Water makes up 95 percent of human urine. The remaining components include minor amounts of urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, and phosphate, as well as other ions and molecules.
The substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+ etc., in the filtrate
are reabsorbed actively
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duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. its victims are almost invariably boys, who usually die before the age of 20. why is this disorder almost never seen in girls?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is almost never seen in girls because girls hаve two X chromosomes аnd hence need two copies of the аffected gene to cаuse the disorder.
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is а X-linked recessive disorder. The аssociаted genes аre locаted on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. Since boys аre hemizygous for chromosome (hаve only one X chromosome), one copy of the аffected gene in eаch cell is sufficient to cаuse the disorder. GIrls hаve two X chromosomes аnd hence need two copies of the аffected gene to cаuse the disorder. Girls heterozygous for this trаit be normаl but serve аs а cаrrier of the diseаse. Since the frequency of girls with two аltered copies of this gene, boys аre аffected by this disorder much more frequently thаn girls. Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is never pаssed from fаther to sons becаuse fаthers cаnnot pаss X-linked trаits to their sons. Thus, Duchenne musculаr dystrophy is а sex-linked diseаse, not аn аutosomаl trаit which is pаssed to both sexes with equаl frequency.
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how were terrestrial environments occupied by vascular plants and animals, including tetrapods during middle paleozoic
Terrestrial animals' adaptations include body weight, protection, and humidity. Vascular plants thrive because they can transfer water, nutrients, and seeds more effectively.
The Age of Fishes corresponds to the middle Paleozoic.
True roots consisting of vascular tissues have emerged in vascular plants. Rhizoids can absorb less water and minerals from the soil than roots can. All terrestrial plants share four main adaptations: a sporangium where spores are made, a gametangium where haploid cells are produced, and apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots.
Tetrapod species developed seven or more vertebrae, which increased neck movement, as they continued to evolve on land. Early tetrapods' shoulders and pelvis grew and developed, enabling them to carry loads on land. Different skeleton and muscle adaptations that allow for proper support and movement on land.
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can the biological species concept be applied to organisms that reproduce both asexually and sexually
The concept of biological species does not apply to asexual organisms.
The concept is dependent on interbreeding on diverse species , the concept cannot be applied on asexual organism because their reproduction takes place as a result of mutation in their DNA.
Biological species concept defines a species as members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not dependent on similarity or appearance. Their appearance are useful in identifying species, but it does not define species. On the other hand A single biological species concept based on gene flow is applicable to all cellular form of life .
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how do ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and visible light harm microorganisms? how do microorganisms protect themselves against damage from uv and visible light?
Microorganism protect themselves against harmful UV light and visible light by using Iron minerals around themselves.
The iron minerals have unique properties in that they block damaging UV radiation while yet allowing organisms to utilise the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. UV rays kill cells by damaging their DNA. Two molecules of thymine, one of the bases that makes up DNA, react when exposed to light. The thymine dimer that results is extremely stable. The cell cannot perform its usual tasks if cellular processes are interfered as a result of an inadequate repair or unrepaired damage of thymine dimer.
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Microorganisms use the iron minerals in their surroundings to shield them from damaging UV and visible light.
In the presence of sunshine, some bacteria that require light may consume dissolved iron and perform photosynthesis. However, they did not emit oxygen throughout the process, unlike modern green plants. Rust and other iron minerals are waste products of the process. Because the iron minerals absorb the damaging UV radiation, organisms may still utilize the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. Compared to today's seas, the quantity of iron needed to create the minerals was far higher.
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The process of removal of wastes produced in the cells of the living organisms is called
Answer:
Excertion
Explanation:
The process of removal of waste produced in the cells of living organism is called excretion.
Answer:
excretion
Explanation:
When the cells in the living organisms perform various cellular functions, different wastes are produced. The filtration and removal of these cellular wastes from the body
A person who is homozygous for type a blood and a person who is homozygous for type b blood will have offspring with type ab blood. What relationship exists between the a and b alleles?.
The association that exists between the a and b alleles is called codominance. A genetic phenomenon known as codominance occurs when two alleles are expressed to the same degree by an organism.
What does a biological organism mean?Living things with the capacity for reproduction, growth, and homeostasis are referred to as biological organisms. Taxonomy divides species into specific groupings, such as unicellular microorganisms like protists, bacteria, and archaea, or multicellular organisms like animals, plants, and fungus.
What two categories do organisms fall under?Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two primary categories of organisms. This differentiation is based on the type of cells that make up the organism. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have a very basic structure that is indicative of their primitive nature.
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