The nuclei of prokaryotes are not membrane-enclosed. As a result, transcription, translation, and mRNA degradation can all take place at the same time.
The simultaneous occurrence of numerous transcription and translation activities on the same DNA template can quickly increase the intracellular level of a bacterial protein.
Prokaryotic transcription frequently involves many genes and results in polycistronic mRNAs that designate multiple proteins.
In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase is recruited by a promoter sequence on the DNA template that consists of two consensus sequences. A pace of 40 nucleotides per second is used in the elongation process to create mRNA in the 5′ to 3′ direction.
The mRNA is released at termination, which can happen either when rho proteins engage or when an mRNA hairpin forms.
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Heartworm Disease in Dogs
Where does the majority of nematode growth happen?
A )pulomnary artery
B) pulmonary vein
C) heart
D )lungs
One line of research that initially appeared promising, but has since faded, was to study learning in decapitated ____.
a)
fish
b)
rats
c)
monkeys
d)
cockroaches
Studying learning in decapitated rats was one area of research that once seemed promising but has since lost its luster. The right response in this case is option B.
An experimental strategy used to comprehend the brain principles underpinning learning and memory involved studying learning in decapitated rats. The goal was to find out if learning could take place without a functioning brain.
Rats were trained using a variety of learning paradigms, such as operant conditioning or classical conditioning, after having their heads removed.
Although this line of research initially generated some interest and garnered some preliminary results, it was eventually discredited as it became clear that many of the findings were based on experimental artifacts and technical limitations. As a result, the study of learning in decapitated rats faded from prominence and has not been widely used in modern neuroscience research.
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Compare the growth of a normal cell with and without growth factors?
Explain how each of the following gasses has contributed to the greenhouse effect:
carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs)
Answer:
The correct option is a, carbon dioxide.
Explanation:
The carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. The carbon dioxide gas occupies approx 60% of the total greenhouse gases. The main sources which add the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are the combustion of fossil fuels, production of minerals product such as cement and chemical reactions.
All other greenhouse gases such as methane (20%), nitrous oxide (6%), chlorofluorocarbons (14%) also contribute to the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (e) is also a significant contributor to the greenhouse effect, but humans are not directly responsible for emitting this gas in atmosphere.
The nervous system has three overlapping functions. Which of the following represents a logical sequence of these three functions?
The nervous system has three overlapping functions based on the sensory input, integration, and motor output.
The numerous sensory receptors that keep track of changes occurring both inside and outside the body provide sensory input. Sensory input refers to the totality of the data that these receptors have gathered. The nervous system analyses sensory data, processes it, and determines the best course of action.
Motor output is the result of the nervous system activating effector organs like muscles and glands.
At a more integrative level, the nervous system's main job is to regulate and transmit information throughout the body. It accomplishes this by using sensory receptors to gather data from the surroundings.When a response is triggered, the nervous system sends messages to muscles or glands via motor output to start the response.
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Natural or Manipulated experiment? The feeding behavior of fish in streams that receive acidic runoff from strip mines is compared to the feeding behavior of fish in unaffected streams.
The feeding behavior of fish in streams that receive acidic runoff from strip mines is compared to the feeding behavior of fish in unaffected streams is a natural experiment.
Natural experiments are the experiments in which the changes in parameters are guided by natural activities without any human intervention and the conditions are such that they lie in the scope of laboratory experimentation. There will be subsequent changes in the feeding behavior of the fishes when it is in natural freshwater or in water with acidic runoff. This is because of the evolutionary changes or adaptations which the species undergo in order to maintain their population. However the parameters such as rate of oxygen transfer, BOD, population change etc. are determined by human experimenting on the data and observing the pattern for a specific duration of time. Thus, such experiments are called as natural experiments as no anthropogenic element is used to manipulate the observations.
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An example of ______ is the speciation of Darwin's finches through the accumulation of many small, distinct traits. Possible Answers: convergent evolution.
An example of convergent evolution is the speciation of Darwin's finches through the accumulation of many small, distinct traits.
Darwin's finches are a classic example of convergent evolution where species evolved similar adaptations to the same environment but from different ancestral species. They developed similar beak shapes and sizes to feed on different food sources, but the development of these adaptations occurred independently from one another.
Convergent evolution refers to the process where two or more organisms independently evolve similar adaptations or traits to perform similar functions in response to similar environmental pressures, despite not having a recent common ancestor.
An example of this is the case of Darwin's finches, where multiple species of birds that lived on different islands in the Galápagos evolved similar beak shapes and sizes over time to fill different ecological niches, despite being distantly related to each other.
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one mechanism for the biological evolution of today's gray wolf is a process through which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce than competitors. this nonrandom mechanism works only if exist in the population. or random error during dna replication, is another evolutionary mechanism that affects the gray wolf's evolution. random errors may result in beneficial, neutral, or harmful phenotypes in individuals. today's gray wolf has evolved over time, as expected because of the complexity of its genetic material and its reliance on sexual reproduction.
Yes, that is correct. The mechanisms you described, natural selection and genetic drift, are two of the main mechanisms of biological evolution that have shaped the evolution of the gray wolf.
Natural selection favors organisms with advantageous traits, while genetic drift, or random fluctuations in the frequency of alleles, can lead to changes in the frequency of genetic traits in a population. These mechanisms, along with mutation, have contributed to the genetic diversity and evolution of the gray wolf over time. The combined effect of natural selection and genetic drift has allowed today's gray wolf to evolve over time.
Its complexity of its genetic material and reliance on sexual reproduction has allowed it to benefit from both of these evolutionary mechanisms and become more adapted to its environment. The biological evolution of today's gray wolf is a complex process that is made up of multiple mechanisms that contribute to its survival. One mechanism for the biological evolution of the gray wolf is natural selection.
Natural selection is a nonrandom process whereby organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce than competitors. This nonrandom mechanism works by allowing selective pressures to act on the population, leading to changes in the gene pool over time. For example, if a population of gray wolves is living in an area where the environment is harsh, those individuals that possess traits that help them survive and reproduce in this environment are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. As a result, the average phenotype of the population will become more adapted to the environment over time.
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Adjacent amino acids are linked together by the formation of a peptide bond between which of the following? An amine group and a carboxyl group
Answer:
Adjacent amino acids are linked together by the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.
Adjacent amino acids are linked together by the formation of a peptide bond between an amine group and a carboxyl group.
A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the amine group (-NH₂) of one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid. This condensation reaction, also known as dehydration synthesis, involves the removal of a water molecule (H₂O) as the bond forms.
The amine group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide bond (-CONH-) between the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen atom. This linkage forms the backbone of a protein chain, with the repeating sequence of amine and carboxyl groups in each amino acid.
By forming peptide bonds, the amino acids are connected in a linear fashion, creating a polypeptide chain. This chain can fold into complex three-dimensional structures, ultimately forming functional proteins in the cell.
Options A (an R group and a carboxyl group), B (two R groups), and D (two amine groups) are incorrect. While the R group, or side chain, of an amino acid contributes to the diversity and properties of different amino acids, it is not directly involved in the formation of a peptide bond. Peptide bonds specifically form between the amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids.
Understanding the formation of peptide bonds is crucial for understanding protein synthesis, the structure-function relationship of proteins, and the overall complexity of biological systems.
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The complete question is:
Adjacent amino acids are linked together by the formation of a peptide bond between which of the following?
A. An R group and a carboxyl group
B. Two R groups
C. An amine group and a carboxyl group
D. Two amine groups
Which of the following definitions make the most sense for the step of the scientific method:
Ask questions, make a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusions, communicate results.
What is the greatest way to describe the scientific method?The scientific method is the process of determining facts objectively via testing and experimentation. Generating an observation, developing a hypothesis, making a prediction, executing an experiment, and lastly interpreting the findings are the fundamental steps.) A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question based on an observation. A scientific theory is defined as an explanation that is backed by a considerable quantity of experimental data.
The ability to “falsifiable” a scientific theory or hypothesis is a significant feature. This implies that there must be some experiment or potential finding that might disprove the idea. For example, Einstein’s theory of Relativity predicted the outcomes of experiments.
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an example of a tree with an excurrent growth habit is a . group of answer choices
Answer:
An example of a tree with an excurrent growth habit is a pine tree.
From which of the following body sites has microbial DNA been detected, but microbes have not been definitively observed?
brain, blood. Internal organs like the blood, brain, muscle, etc. of a healthy animal are typically free of germs.
Skin and mucous membranes, which are surface tissues, are continuously in contact with environmental organisms and are therefore easily colonised by different microbial species. Millions of these bacteria, which are also referred to as microorganisms, reside in the human body. All parts of the human body that are exposed to the environment have normal flora (the lungs are the only exception), yet a healthy person's interior organs and bodily fluids are thought to be sterile. Small bronchi and alveoli in the lower respiratory tract are often sterile because bacteria-sized particles cannot easily enter them.
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What distinguishes life from non-life is the ability of living things to capture, store, and transmit energy, as well as reproduce. True or False
These processes are absent in non-living things, distinguishing living things from them.
__ is the appearance of visible red lines that develop when microbes and inflammatory products are carried away from an infected area by the lymphatic system.
The answer to the given question will be: Lymphangitis
During a microbial infection, Lymphangitis is the appearance of visible red lines that develop when microbes and inflammatory products are carried away from an infected area by the lymphatic system
Lymphangitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the lymph vessels. It is typically caused by an infection, such as a bacterial infection, that spreads through the lymph vessels. The most common symptoms of lymphangitis include redness and swelling of the affected limb, as well as pain and warmth in the affected area. In severe cases, fever, chills, and fatigue may also occur.
Lymphangitis is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection, such as streptococcus or staphylococcus, which enters the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or insect bite. It can also occur as a complication of other infections, such as cellulitis or a skin abscess.
Treatment for lymphangitis typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and reduce inflammation. In some cases, if the infection is not treated promptly or if the person has a weakened immune system, the infection can spread to the lymph nodes and cause lymphadenitis, an inflammation of the lymph nodes. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have lymphangitis, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications.
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Please answer these questions :(
17% of babies are born to mothers who do not smoke and have a low birth rate. 65% of babies are born to mothers who do not smoke and do not have a low birth rate.
How does smoking during pregnancy affect the birth rate?Smoking mothers are more likely to have their babies delivered early. One of the main causes of sickness, incapacity, and death in babies is preterm delivery.
Every fifth baby born to a pregnant woman who smoked had a low birth weight.
Nicotine probably has a significant impact. Nicotine reduces uteroplacental circulation, which results in less weight gain for the mother and adverse fetal outcomes include small for gestational age, low birth weight, short stature, and poor brain development.
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exocytosis is a means by which cell release substances to the outside. this process requires the cell to expend energy in the form of ______.typically the secretion is packages into ______ which fuse with the ______ membrane prior to release.a:ATPb:vesiclesc: plasma
Exocytosis is a means by which cell release substances to the outside. this process requires the cell to expend energy in the form of ATP .typically the secretion is packages into vesicle which fuse with the plasma membrane prior to release
Exocytosis is the system with the aid of using which cells pass substances from inside the cell into the extracellular fluid. Exocytosis takes place while a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, permitting its contents to be launched out of doors the cell. Exocytosis is described because the shipping and fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane and the extracellular space. There are 3 exocytosis pathways that supply vesicles to the plasma membrane. exocytosis is a sort of lively shipping that calls for using energy, consisting of ATP, to move molecules out of the cell. Intracellular vesicles primed for endocytosis make use of motor proteins and a cytoskeletal community to move its contents to the cellular surface for export.
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What is one biotic component of a wetland biome?
humidity
rainfall
reptiles
tides
Answer:
reptiles
Explanation:
they’re the only living things there
each hemisphere of the brain is subdivided into four regions, which are called . multiple choice question. sections the cortex lobes regions
Each hemisphere of the human brain is subdivided into four separate regions which are known as the lobes.
The brain is divided into two hemispheres. The right hemisphere happens to control the muscles which are present on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere of the brain controls the muscles that are present on the right hand side of the body.
Each hemisphere of the human brain is subdivided into four different regions with the help of distinct fissures which are known as the lobes. The four lobes in each hemisphere are named as the frontal, parietal, occipital, as well as the temporal lobe.
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Write a system of linear inequalities that defines the shaded region shown.
Select one:
O a. y> 5 and y < 2
O b. x + 3y <5 and -x+y<0
O c. x>5 and x < 2
O d. y>x-3 and y < 5
Answer:
The correct answer is d. y>x-3 and y < 5
The shaded region can be defined by two inequalities:
y>x-3 represents the line y = x-3, which is the upper boundary of the shaded region and lies above it.
y < 5 represents the line y = 5, which is the lower boundary of the shaded region and lies below it.
So the system of linear inequalities that defines the shaded region is y>x-3 and y < 5.
tamara, an african american, is born with a genetic disorder that causes her body's red blood cells to become hook-shaped instead of being disk shaped, impairing the normal oxygen-carrying capacity of the cells. the doctors explain to tamara's parents that this condition makes her resistant to malaria, however. which of the following disorders is tamara most likely suffering from? Multiple Choice Tay-Sachs disease Sickle-cell anemia Leukemia Huntington's disease
Answer:
Tamara is most likely suffering from Sickle-cell anemia.
may inaccurately classify muscular individuals as overweight 2. assesses how much body weight is composed of fat 3. assesses fat distribution
In accordance to the question given correct description on muscular individuals as overweight, fat composition and fat distribution are as follows:
1. No, the BMI does not take into account muscle mass and so may not be accurate for muscular individuals.
2. Yes, the BMI does assess how much body weight is composed of fat.
3. No, the BMI does not assess fat distribution.
The following things which needs to know in this studies are
1. Approximately 50% or more of the energy expended by the body each day - Basal Metabolism
2. The most changeable component of energy output - Physical Activity
3. Energy expended by the body to keep blood circulating - Thermic Effect of Food
4. Makes up approximately 10% of the energy expended by the body each day - Thermic Effect of Food
5. Energy required by the body when in extremely cold temperatures for an extended period of time - Adaptive thermogenesis.
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T/F : the endosymbiosis hypothesis is not supported by the fact that mitochondria lack ribosomes like prokaryotes.
The chromosome comparability of organelles (mitochondria and chloroplast) doesn't uphold the endosymbiotic hypothesis and has non-coding DNA. The answer is True.
The endosymbiotic hypothesis expresses that mitochondria and chloroplasts in the present eukaryotic cells were once isolated prokaryotic microorganisms.
Microscopic organisms, such as a prokaryote, has roundabout DNA, as do mitochondria and chloroplasts. This offers help for the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis, which expresses that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once oxygen-consuming microscopic organisms (prokaryotes) that were ingested by an enormous anaerobic microorganism (prokaryotes).
Prior researchers had attempted to test the endosymbiotic speculation, however, they didn't have the innovation that they expected to plan a genuinely fair trial of the thought — so there were essentially serious areas of strength no for the thought.
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If a carbohydrate has 12 carbon, what other elements would be present? Question 2 options: A:6 hydrogen and 6 oxygen B:12 oxygen and 24 hydrogen C:6 oxygen and 12 hydrogen D:24 oxygen and 12 hydrogen
There are 12 oxygen and 24 hydrogen atoms in carbohydrate. Option B
What is a carbohydrate?A carbohydrate is a biomolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. There are several types of carbohydrates, but the most common are sugars, starches, and fibers.
Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for the body and play a key role in metabolism. They are found in a wide variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. They can be classified into simple and complex carbohydrates.
Simple carbohydrates are composed of single sugar units and are found in fruits, sugar and syrups. Complex carbohydrates are made up of multiple sugar units and are found in whole grains, starchy vegetables and legumes.
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Which of these is not involved in the manufacture, movement, and modification of proteins?
group of answer choices O smooth er O rough er O ribosome O golgi apparatus O vesicles
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is not involved in the manufacture, movement, and modification of proteins.
Numerous metabolic processes include the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It produces steroids, phospholipids like those found in lipid bilayers, and lipids. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is overproduced in cells that emit these substances, such as cells in the testes, ovaries, and body oil glands.
The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells contains an organelle called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which is made up of a network of tiny disk-shaped tubular membrane vesicles and is involved in the synthesis but instead storage of lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids that are essential for the creation of cellular membranes.
An ER is known as Rough ER because of the distinctively rough appearance it takes on when ribosomes connect to its surface. A smooth ER, on the other hand, doesn't have organelles on its face. It has ribosomes connected.
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List in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes.
1. Hemopoietic stem cells
2. Colony-forming units
3. Erythroblasts
4. Reticulocytes
5. Erythrocytes
The stages of Erythropoiesis are Hematopoietic stem cells, Colony-forming units(CFU), Erythroblasts, Reticulocytes and Erythrocytes. option (1)
The red blood cells production begins with the hemocytoblast, found in bone marrow and is a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. Later hematopoietic gets converted into myeloid progenitor cells that form colonies. These CFUs further differentiated into erythroblasts which are generally present in bone marrow cavity.
These Erythroblasts lose their nucleus as they convert into Reticulocytes( immature red blood cells), released in peripheral circulation. Reticulocytes get converted into erythrocytes which are mature red blood cells by shedding all other present organelles. Red blood cells have an average lifespan of around 120 days.
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Two similar sized animal cells are placed in a 0,5% sucrose solution. Cell A enlarges for a while and then stops. Cell Benlarges and then bursts! Which of the following statements was TRUE at the beginning of the experiment? Cell B's cytoplasm was hypertonic to the 0.5% sucrose solution, while Cell As cytoplasm was hypotonic to the 0.5% sucrose solution Cell A's cytoplasm was hypertonic to the 0.5% sucrose solution, while Cell B's cytoplasm was hypotonic to the 0.5% sucrose solution Cell A's cytoplasm was hypertonic to Cell B's cytoplasm Cell B's cytoplasm was hypertonic to Cell A's cytoplasm
Cell B's cytoplasm was hypertonic to the 0.5% sucrose solution, while Cell A's cytoplasm was hypotonic to the 0.5% sucrose solution.
What is osmosis?Osmosis is a type of passive transport that occurs in cells. It refers to the movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
The membrane allows the passage of water molecules, but not of solutes (dissolved substances such as salts and sugars). This movement of water helps to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane. When the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside, water moves into the cell, causing it to swell or enlarge. This is called hypotonic osmosis.
On the other hand, when the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than outside, water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink or crenate. This is called hypertonic osmosis. Osmosis plays an important role in maintaining the balance of water and solutes within cells and helps to regulate the water content of tissues and organs in the body.
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After tissue repair is completed, factor Xll catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that, in turn, converts an inactive plasminogen into a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot.
O fibrin O plasmin O plasminogen O prothrombin O thromboplastin
Kallikrein, thusly, changes over the dormant protein plasminogen into WHAT, a fibrin-dissolving chemical that splits up the coagulation. A lack of any thickening component can close down the coagulation overflow.
Plasmin advances the development of kallikrein, a compound that catalyzes the arrangement of plasmin.
The blood platelet is a nonnucleated cell that circles in the blood in a dormant, resting structure. Endothelial cells line the mass of the vein and restrain blood from coagulating on the vessel wall under ordinary circumstances.
Kallikrein actuates factor XII on the outer layer of endothelial cells, which thusly intensifies the initiation of PK and enacts factor XI.
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What is the difference between Biotechnology and Biological techniques?
Gene transcription occurs from right to left for gene A and gene B, whereas transcription occurs from left to right for gene C, as in The diagram below. Select the answer below that has the correct template strand for each gene.
Transcription is the mRNA synthesis, a process that occurs before protein synthesis. During transcription a segment of the DNA template strand is used to build the mRNA. Option D. Gene A →Top, Gene B →Top, Gene D →Bottom.
What is transcription?
Transcription is the synthesis of the messenger RNA, mRNA. This event occurs in the nucleus and uses fragments of DNA molecules to do it.
When the DNI molecule separates into two strands to form the transcription bubble, we can identify two separate segments:
The coding strand –non-template strand- goes in direction 5' to 3',The complementary strand -template strand- grows in direction 3' to 5'.The template strand is the one that is going to be complemented by the mRNA. RNA polymerase is in charge of reading the original DNI strand for mRNA synthesis. mRNA molecule grows complementing DNA base sequences.
The template DNI strand is read in direction 3'→ 5' to build the mRNA molecule in direction 5'→ 3'.
Once mRNA synthesis is over, the molecule leaves the nucleus to start the transcription process in the cytoplasm.
In the exposed example,
Segments A and B grow from right to left, this is, from 3' to 5' of the top strand.Segment C grows from left to right, this is, from 3' to 5' of the bottom strand.The correct answer is D. Gene A →Top, Gene B →Top, Gene D →Bottom.
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This means you dissolve 2 g NaCl in enough water to make a total volume of 100 mL. Analogously, for a 9 % NaCl solution, you need g of NaCl in enough water to make a total volume of 100 mL 0.9% NaCl in H20 is also known as normal or physiological saline Explain why it is called normal/physiological: If you intend to make up 100 mL of a physiological saline solution, how much Naci do you have to weigh out? If you need 500 mL (0.5 L) of physiological saline, how much NaCl do you have to dissolve in its final water volume? Now that you have the molecular weight of Naci, can you determine what the molarity of normal or physiological saline is? Include your calculations below: Remembering back to Bio 30, can you come up with a definition of osmosis?
2 g NaCl dissolved in enough water to make 100 mL of a 0.9% NaCl solution.
It's called normal/physiological because its concentration is similar to that of human body fluids.
To make 100 mL of physiological saline, you need 0.9 g NaCl.
To make 500 mL of physiological saline, you need 4.5 g NaCl.
NaCl molecular weight is 58.44 g/mol. Molarity of 0.9% NaCl solution is 0.009 M.
Osmosis is the movement of solvent (e.g. water) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane until the concentration is equal on both sides.
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