Option (d) All of the above. Innovation entails use of new or old knowledge to convert or transform the organizational processes or to create a commercially products with services.
Some of the reassets are aggressive information ,new thoughts or new technology, etc. It additionally contain the use of current know-how in new combinations. It facilitates in assembly new needs from rising markets. Lego has been converting the substances of its well-known bricks to biodegradable oil-primarily based totally plastics.
The first electric powered cars delivered withinside the car's marketplace had been additionally an innovation, and new batteries with longer stages that hold popping out also are an instance of innovation. Innovation is a technique via way of means of which a domain, a product, or a carrier is renewed and taken updated via way of means of making use of new strategies, introducing new techniques, or organising a hit thoughts to create new price. The advent of price is a defining feature of innovation.
Learn more about innovation visit: brainly.com/question/19969274
#SPJ4
Correct Question:
Which of the following statements about innovation is true?
a. Innovation involves using new knowledge to transform organizational processes or create commercially viable products and services.
b. Innovation occurs when new combinations of ideas and information bring about positive change
c. Sources of new knowledge include latest technology, results of experiments, creative insights and competitive
d. All of the above are true.
liking of novel stimuli (stimuli that the subjects had never encountered before) increased as exposure to those stimuli increased. in the field of psychology, this phenomenon is often referred to as the effect.
This phenomenon is often referred to as the Mere exposure effect
What is Mere exposure effect?
Our propensity to form preferences for things only because we are familiar with them is known as the mere exposure effect. It also goes by the name of the familiarity principle for this reason.
The mere exposure effect is the observation that people tend to like things more the more frequently they have been exposed to them in the past.Researchers have shown that the simple exposure effect happens even if individuals are not cognizant of having previously seen the object.There are several ideas as to why the mere exposure effect occurs, but two of them are that having previously seen something reduces our sense of uncertainty and that previously observed items are simpler to comprehend.Learn more about mere exposure effect from the link below
https://brainly.com/question/7369098
#SPJ4
Is formalist and structuralist the same?.
The formalist and structuralist are not same they are two different thing. Formalist means analyses and structuralist means assumption.
The essential tenet of structuralism is that all text has a fundamental, universal structure. Formalism investigates a text's internal organization without focusing on its external elements, such authorship.
Structuralism is a method or approach that looks at different facets of human civilization in relation to a larger structure or system. The literary theory of structuralism is based on the notion that all literary works have fundamental, universal structures, and that general conclusions about the subject work and the systems from which it emerges can be drawn by connecting these underlying patterns.
Formalist is a school of literary theory and literary criticism that places a strong emphasis on the organization of a work. To evaluate and understand a book, this method concentrates on its core elements. It focuses on the work's style, form, genre, and topic rather than external elements like authorship, culture, and societal influence.
To know more about formalist please refer: https://brainly.com/question/29546776
#SPJ4
Can the US produce its own oil?.
Yes, the United States produces enough oil to satisfy its own requirements. The main reason oil production isn't rising is that Wall Street investors and American energy companies are unsure that prices will remain high.
U.S. oil firms choose to utilize their billions in earnings to pay dividends to their CEOs and affluent shareholders instead of investing in new oil production, which is the basic explanation for why output hasn't increased. In addition to the coastal waters of the United States, 32 states also produce crude oil. Five states accounted for over 71% of the nation's total crude oil production in 2021. In 2021, offshore wells in the federally controlled waters of the Gulf of Mexico generated around 15.2% of the nation's crude oil. The main reason oil output isn't rising is that Wall Street investors and American energy companies are unsure that prices will remain high enough for them to profit from drilling several new wells. But many experts concur that building the pipeline wouldn't have stopped the rise in gas prices in the United States to a record level. They explained that the increase in oil production caused by expanding the Keystone would have been "almost negligible," at less than 1%. With a production of more than 4 billion barrels of crude oil in 2021, the United States continued to be the world's top producer of both oil and gas.
Learn more about United States oil here:
brainly.com/question/16243461
#SPJ4
finlay gives a monkey a choice between two blocks of wood, one rough and the other smooth. If theanimal selects the rough block, it receives a raisin; if it picks the smooth one, it receives nothing.When the animal regularly picks the rough block, Harriet gives the animal a choice between the roughblock of wood and a new block of wood that is even rougher than the first. You predict that themonkey will _______.pick the new, very rough block
As the animal regularly picked up rough blocks, Harriet gave the animal a choice between raw wood and a new block that was even coarser than the first. You predict that the monkey will choose the new block very roughly.
These activities include foraging, finding refuge, exploring, making nests, and chewing for many animals. Many animals in the wild employ wood and bark to fulfill these activities, preserving their physical and mental well-being.
Trees are employed as sources of nutrition, shelter, and breeding grounds. Numerous animals also utilize trees as places to rest, build nests, and as vantage points from which to hunt or catch prey. Animals can benefit from delectable fruits and foraging possibilities when the trees reach maturity.
To learn more about wood
https://brainly.com/question/194531
#SPJ4
Asa teacher in a heterogeneous class, Mrs. Reed needs to be prepared to makemodifications for which of the following groups of students?
a. studentsworking below grade level
b. students working above
c. studentswho are academically or physically challenged
d. studentswith limited English skills
e. all the above
Asa teacher in a heterogeneous class, Mrs. Reed needs to be prepared to make modifications for all the above groups of students. The correct option is E.
What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous classrooms?Homogeneous ability grouping is thus defined as organizing students with the same ability in the same group, whereas heterogeneous ability grouping is defined as organizing students with different abilities in the same group.
Heterogeneous classes have different types of learners in them, and there are obvious differences in their knowledge of English. We can also do so in literature. You may come across the term "mixed-ability class." The homogeneous class is the inverse of heterogeneous.
Thus, the ideal selection is option E.
Learn more about heterogeneous classrooms here:
https://brainly.com/question/11670385
#SPJ1
why did papachristos and wildeman believe that chicago had worse violent crime levels than cities like new york and l.a. ?
Papachristos and Wildeman believe that Chicago had worse violent crime levels than cities like New York and l.a. because violent crime involvement spreads from close contact within one community.
Crime is defined as conduct that violates federal, state, or local laws and is punishable by law. There are also three types of crimes: felonies, misdemeanors, and violations. Depending on the nature and circumstances of the crime, each carries a different penalty.
The social root causes of crime include inequality, a lack of power-sharing, a lack of support for families and neighborhoods, a real or perceived inability to access services, a lack of community leadership, a low value placed on children and individual well-being, and excessive television use as a form of recreation.
To know more about Crime, click here
https://brainly.com/question/9997722
#SPJ4
According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen, what are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages if...
The parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages if the conflict between the parents would increase post divorce period.
Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen conducted a research on the parents who are staying in conflicting marriage situations. Parents usually stay in conflicting marriage situations for a long period of time for the sake of many reasons. These reasons occur because parents are torn between the thoughts of separation as they have to look at all the aspects. They have to look whether both side parents are happy or not and whether there won't be any conflicting situations post divorce period. They also have to look after the perspectives of their children. This is the very important aspect as usually the children suffer most due to these situations and there is a mental stress on the children. Parents have to look into all these aspects so they decide to stay rather than getting divorced.
Learn more about conflicting marriages at:
brainly.com/question/14042748
#SPJ4
Expressive individualism has been particularly strong for the past few decades, buttressed by ________ that has urged people to search for self-fulfillment above all.
A. an increase in voluntary work
B. a humanistic psychology
C. a structural sociology
D. a community organization
B. a humanistic psychology
Expressive individualism has been particularly strong for the past few decades, buttressed by a humanistic psychology that has urged people to search for self-fulfillment above all.
In its broadest sense, individualism is best defined as a social, moral, and political theory that favors individual subjectivity over collective domination by emphasizing individual moral values. Simply put, individualism can be defined as the idea that the most important qualities are freedom of thought and independence rather than shared effort and responsibility. Individualism simply means a social theory that supports individual freedom of action.
Note that an individualist culture is a civilization defined by individual freedom. Individualist societies are typically self-centered and autonomous. It also suggests that individualism is a cornerstone of American culture and a very prominent aspect of American ideals. In such a society everyone has freedom.
Learn more about individualism on:
https://brainly.com/question/18405002
#SPJ4
reba, a fitness enthusiast, tries to work out either at the gym or at home every day. she has a personal trainer and tries never to miss her training sessions. she also engages in fitness discussions with her colleagues and friends. this scenario best exemplifies .
This scenario is a best example of Environmental Influence in Psychology.
What is Environmental Influence?There is speculation that environmental factors can affect behaviour both directly and indirectly. The indirect causal mechanism illustrates how cognitions that are specific to a behaviour play a mediating role in the influence of the environment on behaviour. The environment has an impact on people's motivation and conduct. For instance, employees will be more likely to leave another item in the hallway if the hallway is dirty and cluttered with unnecessary hospital equipment than if it is clean and has enough storage. A person's capacity to manage stress may be impacted by socioeconomic, racial and ethnic, and relational issues collectively referred to as social environmental factors. Not having a robust social support system is a prime example.
To learn more about Environmental Influence click,
https://brainly.com/question/503225
#SPJ4
an infant in a visual perception experiment is shown a computerized screen 8 inches from her face that repeats the same visual pattern of wavy line stimuli. how will the infant most likely respond?
The infant in the visual perception experiment will look at it less and less over time.
What is visual perception as a phenomenon?The capacity to comprehend our environment through the light that enters our eyes is known as visual perception. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which are only viewed visually, have drawn particular attention to the visual perception of colors, patterns, and structures.
What does experimental psychology mean by perception?The sensory experience of the world, which includes how a person recognizes and interprets sensory data, can be described as perception in psychology. This also refers to how a person reacts to such stimuli. Vision, touch, sound, smell, taste, and proprioception are all part of perception.
To know more about visual perception, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29355135
#SPJ4
What does the play-within-a-play symbolize in Hamlet?.
Since the "play within the play" is a reenactment of the original murder, the symbolism is unmistakable and clear-cut.
What does Hamlet represent as a play?The murder of Claudius's father and the potential murder of his uncle are both depicted in this play inside a play, which not only helps Hamlet determine Claudius's guilt but also gives him the inspiration to exact his own retribution.
What lesson from Hamlet should Shakespeare lovers remember the most?Shakespeare's Hamlet carries a complex message about vengeance. Hamlet felt it was his moral duty to avenge the death of his father. Shakespeare reminds us that these decisions are typically followed with the death of a significant number of innocent lives and are therefore plagued with bad outcomes.
To know more about Hamlet visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16411119
#SPJ4
What is an approved method for thawing product in water?.
Thawing food in running water at 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21 degrees Celsius) or lower. The water flow rate must be sufficient to wash food particles into the overflow drain.
What is an acceptable way of thawing food?It's better to plan ahead and thaw frozen food in the refrigerator, where it will stay at a safe, steady temperature — 40 °F or lower. Food can be safely thawed in three ways: in the refrigerator, in cold water, or in the microwave. The following are the three authorized methods for safely thawing frozen foods: Within the refrigerator- (This is the slowest and safest method.) -Refrigerate frozen meals until they are thawed. Under running cold water In the microwave or as part of the cooking process. Countertop defrosting is not an acceptable method of defrosting meat.
To know more about food visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14603791
#SPJ4
most recent foragers had band organizations. what does this fact tell us about the political organization of our ancestors?
Most recent foragers had band organizations. This concludes about the political organization of our ancestors It does not tell us much, because modern foragers live in marginal environments and, therefore, may not represent the ancestral pattern.
Foraging societies having formal social and class structures isn't among its qualities. Consequently kind of society contain individuals which make due through normally happening assets and they likewise share social and social attributes. Foraging societies acts a nomads and have not many individual belongings yet need formal social and class structures. Hence, It does not tell us much, because modern foragers live in marginal environments and, therefore, may not represent the ancestral pattern.
Learn more about Foragers, https://brainly.com/question/20240474
#SPJ4
a child hears from parents and teachers that she is very smart. what would happen based on the mechanism of the self?
According to the looking glass self theory the child becomes very confident and stop trying hard in school.
The process by which people or child build their sense of self on how they think others perceive them is known as the "looking-glass self." People judge their own worth, values, and behaviour by the opinions of others, using social interaction as a kind of "mirror" in this process. The three "main aspects" of the looking-glass self that Cooley identified are the imagination of how we appear to the other person, the idea of how he or she would judge how we appear, and some type of self-feeling, such as pride or shame. Although the ability to build a self is present from birth, this self must be socially built, meaning that its components depend on interpersonal relationships. Charles Horton Cooley's idea of the "looking glass self" holds that as we internalise other people's responses, our sense of self grows.
A child hears from parents and teachers that she is very smart. What would happen to the self-concept of the child based on the looking glass self theory?
Learn more about looking glass self theory here:
https://brainly.com/question/11080018F
#SPJ4
why is it illegal for a person living in winston salem, north carolina to be burried west of the missisipi
It is illegal for a person living in Winston Salem, north Carolina to be buried west of the Mississippi because s/he is still alive. It's riddle.
It's a riddle. A riddle is a type of puzzle that expects remembered to settle. It frequently requires thinking in capricious ways in view of given limitations; here and there it likewise includes horizontal reasoning. Rationale riddles and questions are explicit kinds of entertaining puzzles.
Have fun solving riddles, learn more about them, https://brainly.com/question/983306
#SPJ4
the shift to digital media has most hurt – , which have shifted to – as a major source of revenue.
The shift to digital media has most hurt newspapers and magazines, which have shifted to online subscriptions as a major source of revenue.
What is digital media?
Any communication medium that uses different encoded machine-readable data formats is referred to as digital media. On a digital electronics device, digital media may be produced, viewed, shared, altered, listened to, and archived. Text, images, music, and video are just a few of the different media forms that may be shared thanks to digital media.
Additionally, it facilitates virtual interactions and gatherings of individuals, replacing many interpersonal connections and responsibilities. It has not only added a new dimension to our way of life but has also facilitated communication and increased accessibility on a global scale.
Learn more about digital media, here:
https://brainly.com/question/12472029
#SPJ1
which of the folllowing litter quality attributes is associated with higher paptability among most decomposers?
High lignin content litter quality attributes is associated with higher paptability among most decomposers.
Lignin is one of the principal additives of plant mobileular wall and it is a herbal phenolic polymer with excessive molecular weight, complicated composition and structure.
The impact of lignin at the bioavailability of different mobileular wall additives is notion to be in large part a bodily restriction, with lignin molecules lowering the floor region to be had to enzymatic penetration and activity.
Lignins are mainly vital withinside the formation of mobileular walls, particularly in timber and bark, due to the fact they lend tension and do now no longer rot easily.
To learn more about lignin, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/16829500
#SPJ4
What is a responsibility that comes with voting?.
Voting is a democratic process and has the utmost importance in a democracy. Voting takes the power directly into the hands of the citizens to choose their representatives. This should be a conscious effort on the part of a voter. Hence the voters should be aware of the responsibilities which come along with voting.
The responsibilities that come along with voting are:
To familiarize oneself with the candidates and their political standings.To make a clear conceptual understanding of the rules and regulations the candidate must follow and check if the candidate abides by the same.To familiarise one's self with the voting machines and the election procedure of the country.To make sure the election goes smoothly and without the influence of other decision-makers other than the individual themselves.To learn more about voting and the responsibilities of voting:
https://brainly.com/question/1086518
https://brainly.com/question/12347414
According to the concept of bounded rationality, managers make decisions ________.
According to the concept of bounded rationality, managers make decisionsrationally but are limited by their ability to process information.
Bounded rationality is a human selection-making process in which we strive to satisfice, in place of optimize. In different phrases, we seek a decision so that it will beat the manner in which every decision is made with some limitations.
So, what might be a rational desire these days may want to make much less sense the next day when we get extra records. The COVID-19 vaccine and the 'anti-vax' movement is a great instance of Bounded Rationality in paintings.
Excellent enough, as opposed to the best rationality, is the idea that as humans we usually choose the most suitable selection when it's miles made in our own self-interest. via evaluation, bounded rationality says that we can't do so as we are restrained by using three key factors: Cognitive boundaries, Imperfect information, and Time Constraints.
Learn more about Bounded rationality here:
https://brainly.com/question/14892026
#SPJ4
What are the 4 types of local government?.
Municipalities.
Local Government Areas.
Local Service Districts in Rural Communities (RC) (LSD)
What five local governments are there?The municipal government structure is also outlined in the charter. Historically, there have been five types of municipal government: council-manager, mayor-council, commission, town meeting, and representative town meeting.
What sort of municipal government exist?There are typically two tiers of local government: counties, also known as boroughs in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana, and municipalities, often known as cities and towns. Townships are created within several states' counties.
What are the four roles that local government plays?A variety of essential services for residents and companies in certain areas are handled by local government. There are well-known ones like social services, education, housing, planning, and waste collection among them, as well as less well-known ones like pest treatment, business support, licensing, and registrar services.
To Know more about mayor-council,
https://brainly.com/question/28115122
#SPJ4
which physical capacity begins to decline after youth in human beings?the lungsthe musclesthe skeletonthe heart
The lungs begins to decline after youth in human beings.
By the time you are 20 to 25 years old, your lungs are fully developed. It's typical for lung function to gradually decline with ageing after the age of 35. As you age, this may make breathing a little more challenging. As you age, your body goes through a number of natural changes that could result in a reduction in lung capacity.
The diaphragm, for example, can become weaker. Your airways may become a little bit smaller as a result of the suppleness of the lung tissue that assists keep them open deteriorating. Additionally, the bones in your rib cage may shift and shrink, which reduces the space available for your lungs to expand.
Know more about lung here
https://brainly.com/question/18932342
#SPJ4
globally speaking, __________ women throughout the world experience some form of violent victimization during their lives.
Globally speaking, 1 in 3 women throughout the world experience some form of violent victimization during their lives.
What is violent victimization?Victimization is characterized as being subjected to two or more types of violence or to more severe instances of any one type. Here, a person exposes the victim to violent behavior.
Throughout the world, One in three women is experiencing violent behavior caused by husbands due to lack of coordination, arising conflicts as well as utilization of alcohol which disturbs their ability to think positively.
Learn more about violent victimization, here:
https://brainly.com/question/14298417
#SPJ1
while andrew jackson's defeat of the british at new orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that
While Andrew Jackson's defeat of the British at new Orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that negotiators had signed a peace agreement in Ghent two weeks earlier.
At the conclusion of the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans took place. That conflict with Britain put an end to problems that persisted after the American Revolution. Even after signing a peace pact with Britain, the Battle of New Orleans was still waged.
When the British came in the region, Major General Andrew Jackson was in New Orleans getting ready to defend the city. The British took control of a plantation near New Orleans on December 23. The British suffered perhaps their worst setback when several of their officers were murdered.
To know more about Andrew Jackson here
https://brainly.com/question/10740571
#SPJ4
discuss the reasons supporting and criticizing the process of waiver of a juvenile to an adult court
There is always a chance for the juvenile to re-offend if not waivered to adult court, but at the same time, it does have a serious impact on the child's mind.
A judicial waiver is a process of transferring the case of a Juvenile to an adult court. As now the case will be in the adult court’s jurisdiction, a child will be ripped off of all the protections that the juvenile court was providing them.
This has been a hot topic of debate recently, various pros and cons are put forward by people;
Some arguments in support of the waiver are:
a child who has committed an adult offence must have a mindset of an adult, and hence should be treated as an adult, or else there is always a chance to re-offend, if not treated properly.If not waivered, this can set an example as an easy way out. Promoting the crimes by children, indirectly.Under an adult court, A knowledgeable attorney can assist in protecting your rights and ensuring the best outcome.But, this is not so simple, understanding a child's mindset, and whether they have the adult mindset or not, is a very delicate matter.Some arguments against waiver are:
If treated in a harsh manner under court, this may impact the child's psychology and may create difficulty for them in the future, leading them towards serious crimes.Juveniles lack the maturity, competence, and age to understand the nature of their actions and their effects.Besides this, penalties which are put on for adults are very severe for any child to bear.To know more about Adult Court click here:
https://brainly.com/question/2342468
#SPJ4
magnitude and extent of arsenic and thallium concentrations in ground water and sediments at the charleston naval complex, north charleston, south carolina, 1994-99
Magnitude and extent of arsenic and thallium concentrations in ground water and sediments at the Charleston naval complex, north Charleston, south carolina, 1994-99 U.S. Geological Survey.
The time period value is described as “how lots of a quantity”. For instance, the value may be used for explaining the evaluation among the speeds of a vehicle and a bicycle. It also can be used to give an explanation for the gap travelled with the aid of using an item or to give an explanation for the quantity of an item in phrases of its value.
It is likewise a stunning town. North Charleston has lots to offer. Great parks and masses of true locations to eat. The mayor of my town has accomplished a lot to renovate and replace a number of locations in particular the vintage Navy base that's closed.
Learn more about quantity here:
https://brainly.com/question/1692392
#SPJ4
When the manufacturing department cut waste by 10%, the organization paid each member of the department $500 (a portion of the savings) as a part of the organization's ______ program.
gainsharing
When the manufacturing department cut waste by 10%, the organization paid each member of the department $500 (a portion of the savings) as a part of the organization's gainsharing program.
Explain the duties of manufacturing department?The manufacturing function is largely in charge of putting the production system in place and running it so that the product can be made. Along with the actual physical creation of the component, manufacturing may also involve the procurement, distribution, and installation of the component. The design department should have investigated components and taken into account the end function before establishing the specifications, which the manufacturing function should follow. However, due to a lack of information, manufacturing is unable to achieve this. The design department should specify the low-environmental-impact production environment if sustainability is one of the key components.
To know more about manufacturing visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12398063
#SPJ4
a legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as
A legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards is referred to as Environmental Justice.
What was the purpose of the Kyoto Protocol quiz?Give a global reaction that would collectively cut greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. American Kyoto protocol opponents claim that signing it would put their country at a competitive disadvantage on the world market.
Which of the following best describes how medicine expresses its social control?Because it has complete control over many aspects of medical care, medicine acts as a social control agent.
Which of the following statements about how Americans have viewed mental illness since 1950 is true?The public is now more receptive to disclosure, identification, and treatment of mental health issues.
To Know more about Environmental Justice.
https://brainly.com/question/17439391
#SPJ4
imbalances to temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations and even death may all be caused by:
Imbalances in temperature homeostasis, weight loss, a decrease in cognitive abilities, hallucinations, and even death may all be caused by sleep deprivation.
Hallucinations are false perceptions of sensory experiences. a few hallucinations are normal, which include the ones due to falling asleep or waking up. however, others may be a signal of an extra serious circumstance like schizophrenia or dementia.
The hallucinations are generally final for approximately 12 to 18 months. they could take the shape of simple, repeated patterns or complicated images of people, objects, or landscapes.
Learn more about hallucinations here https://brainly.com/question/15488118
#SPJ4
How many members did we have in the House of Representatives?.
There are currently 435 voting representatives. Non-voting members of the House include five delegates and one resident commissioner, though they can vote in committee. Representatives must be 25 years old and have lived in the United States for at least 7 years. Representatives are elected for two-year terms.
Because the House wanted a manageable number of members, Congress set the House size at 435 voting members twice. On August 8, 1911, the first such law was passed. President William H. Taft signed legislation that increased the House membership from 391 to 433.According to the Constitution, the United States House of Representatives creates and passes federal laws. The House is one of Congress' two chambers and the legislative branch of the federal government.To know more about House of Representatives refer:
https://brainly.com/question/13835416
#SPJ4
Push strategy
________ occurs when a company tries to move its products through the channel by convincing channel members to offer them.
Push marketing strategy occurs when a company tries to move its products through the channel by convincing channel members to offer them.
In straightforward terms push marketing strategy involves pushing your complete before of audiences (usually with paid advertising or promotions). Pull marketing strategy on the opposite hand suggests that implementing a technique that naturally attracts shopper interest in your complete or product (usually with relevant and fascinating content).
Push marketing strategy is beneficial for makers that are attempting to ascertain a sales channel and are seeking distributors to assist with product promotion. It creates product exposure, product demand, and shopper awareness a couple of product.
To learn more about Push marketing strategy here
brainly.com/question/23087189
#SPJ4
