Conjugated equine estrogens (cees) in hormone replacement therapy bind to nuclear receptors in estrogen-sensitive tissues to replace low hormone levels during menopause.
What is Conjugated equine estrogens (cees)?CEE is a natural formulation of extracts obtained from the urine of pregnant mares. The product's monogram states that it contains only 10 estrogens, consisting of the classical estrogens estrone and his 17 β-estradiol, as well as a unique group of ring-B unsaturated estrogens such as equirin and equilenin.
Side Effects of Conjugated Estrogen:
Stomach upsetNausea/vomitingBlottingBreast tendernessHeadacheWeight changeIf any of these effects persist or worsen, do not hesitate to tell your doctor or pharmacist right away. If a tablet is in your stool, tell your doctor right away.
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Which disease is the global top infectious disease killer, characterized by increasing number of incidents, can have acute and chronic form, affecting mainly lungs?.
The most lethal infectious disease in the world, tuberculosis (TB) is marked by an increasing number of cases, comes in both acute and chronic forms, and primarily affects the lungs.
What exactly is tuberculosis (TB)?When a person with TB coughs or sneezes, the germs that cause TB are transmitted.
The majority of people who carry the bacteria that cause tuberculosis don't exhibit any symptoms. When symptoms do show up, they typically include a cough (which can occasionally have a bloody tint), weight loss, nocturnal sweats, and fever.
For people who don't have symptoms, treatment isn't always necessary. Patients with active symptoms will require a lengthy course of treatment comprising numerous antibiotics.
What are the causes of TB?Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes tuberculosis (TB). Not every person who contracts the TB germs gets ill.
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What are the 5 steps of translation in order?.
In the cytoplasmic "pool" of amino acids, tRNAs bind to free amino acids.The ribosome receives the particular amino acid carried by tRNA.
Based on complementary pairing of a triplet code (anticodon) with a triplet code (codon) of the mRNA, the tRNA "delivers" its amino acid in translation phase.
An enzyme creates a peptide link by "hooking" the final amino acid in the chain to the one before it. Each tRNA carries its associated amino acid into the protein chain and adds it to the translation phase growing chain.
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by increasing heart rate, raising blood pressure, and irritating the heart, smoking can trigger an irregular heartbeat known as .
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) is a heart rhythm disorder that can cause blood clots in the heart because it is an irregular and frequently highly rapid heartbeat. A-fib raises the danger of heart problems such heart failure and stroke.
"Heart failure" is characterised by a rapid, erratic heartbeat.
Heart failure is the condition in which the heart is unable to sufficiently pump blood through the body to treat its problems. Breathlessness, extreme fatigue, and leg edoema are common symptoms and adverse effects.
A number of scientific experiments have demonstrated that as physical stress increases, calcium release also increases, boosting cardiac contractions to help the heart pump more forcefully against rising blood pressure.
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Help me please!! I’ll give points!!
Evelyn says she weighs 100 Ibs. On the moon .
Charles says Evelyn weighs 100 Ibs. On the earth and 16 Ibs. On the moon (identify who is correct and explain the reasoning ) [blank] is correct because…
Answer:
Charles would be right.
Explanation:
On the Moon a person would weigh six times less than they do on Earth. This is because the Moon has one sixth the gravity of Earth.
May I have Brainliest please? My next rank will be the highest one: A GENIUS! Please help me on this journey to become top of the ranks! I only need 14 more brainliest to become a genius! I would really appreciate it, and it would make my day! Thank you so much, and have a wonderful rest of your day!
Answer:
Charles is right because you weigh 16.5 percent of your weight on the moon as on earth so she evelyn will weigh around 16 lbs
Hopes this helps
Part A: Determining relationships between alleles
You decide to conduct a genetic analysis of these mutant lines by crossing each with a pure-breeding wild-type line. The numbers in the F2 indicate the number of progeny in each phenotypic class.
Part B: Crossing the forked and pale mutants
You continue your genetic analysis by crossing the forked and pale mutant lines with each other. The leaves of the F1 are light green (intermediate between pale and wild-type leaves) and forked. The F2 has six phenotypic classes:
You designate the forked mutant allele as F (wild type = f+ ) and the pale mutant allele as p (wild type = P).
Part C: Crossing the forked and twist mutants
You continue your analysis by crossing the forked and twist lines. Your results are as follows:
Part D - Assigning genotypes for codominant alleles
You decide to designate the twist allele as FT to distinguish it from the forked allele F.
The twist allele as FT to distinguish it from the forked allele F will be the mutant allele is dominant to its corresponding wild-type allele forked or the mutant allele is dominant to its corresponding wild-type allele pale.
Assuming T is the twisted allele and t+ is the wild-type allele. Now, the F1 generation of all twisted progeny is produced by crossing the pure line of twist (TT) with the wild type (t+t+). Only twisted being dominant to wild-type alleles makes it possible. The F1 genotype will therefore be Tt+.
Now, the F1 generation results from a cross between the pure line of pale (pp) and wild type (PP) producing an intermediate phenotype. Consequently, if two F1 are crossed, the expected ratio in the F2 will be 1:2:1 for the pale: intermediate: wild type phenotype.
Pale, intermediate green and wild-type phenotypes will have pp, Pp, and PP genotypes, as we previously deduced from Punnett square analysis.
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Which of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication are found at the replication fork in all three types of cells (bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic)? Choose all that apply.
Clamp loader
Primase
Polymerases
Helicase
Sliding clamp
At the replication fork of all three types of organisms—bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic—are clamp loader, primase, helicase, polymerases, and sliding clamp. These enzymes are necessary for the replication of DNA.
What particular enzyme from the list below is present at the replication fork?At the replication fork, an enzyme called helicase denatures (separates) DNA by severing the hydrogen bonds that connect base pairs, allowing DNA polymerase and other replication proteins to bind to single-strand DNA.
Which four different enzymes are necessary for DNA replication?Other enzymes, including as DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase, are necessary for DNA replication in addition to DNA polymerase.
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What happen when the body cringe to omething very corny and cringey, like a embarraing video. Can it be harmful to cringe too much in any way ?
It is the discomfort, inferiority, embarrassment, rejection, and disapproval we experience in our own skin when witnessing an act that we find repugnant, reprehensible, or pathetic on the part of another person.
Why is it that everything makes me cringe?Cringe, according to developmental psychologist Phillipe Rochat, is an innate empathetic reaction of either scorn or compassion. One cannot cringe without having experienced the discomfort of an embarrassing situation, which is a requirement for an empathy reaction.
The cringe: How do you handle it?You could do the following if you're cringing and criticizing yourself: resisting the want to recall the embarrassing situation. to divert your attention from the memories, engage in something else. telling yourself that what happened wasn't so bad or that nobody cares, so there's no reason for you to feel bad.
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a retrotransposon known as line1 is about 1000 base pairs (bp) in length and is present in the human genome in about 516,000 copies. approximately what percentage of the human genome is accounted for by this transposon? 0.0017% 0.17% 1.70% 17% 0.0017%
About 17% of the human genome is accounted for by this transposon.
What is transposon?Transposable elements are nucleic acid sequences of DNA that can change their position within the genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations, altering the genetic identity and genome size of a cell. Transpositions often result in duplication of the same genetic material. Transposons are mutagens. They can mutate in different ways.
When a transposon inserts itself into a functional gene, it can damage it. Insertions into exons, introns, or even DNA flanking genes (which may contain promoters and enhancers) can disrupt or alter gene activity.
Three types of transposons those have been identified are:
Class II transposonsMiniature inverted transposons (MITE or class III transposons)Retrotransposons (class I transposons)To know more about transposon, visit:
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Help 40 pionts!!!
20. What is so important about subduction of tectonic plates?
*
1 point
Earth's crust is melted and destroyed here
Earth's new crust is created here
Earth's mountains are formed here
Earth's crust becomes a mid-ocean ridge here
17. Where might we find the oldest rock on Earth?
*
1 point
the center of continents, called cratons
the center of the ocean floor
the lowest mountain on Earth
pushed under a tectonic plate
21. Based on plate movement over a Hot Spot, which of of the Hawaiian Islands below would be the oldest?
Loihi
Hawaii
Maui
Oahu
Kauai
22. In 1915 the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core. The fossil record supports and gives credibility to the theories of continental drift and plate tectonics.Why was the continental drift theory rejected at the time of its proposal?
*
1 point
It did not explain the mechanism causing the formation of continents.
It did not explain the mechanism behind the existence of continents.
It did not explain the mechanism behind the discovery of continents.
It did not explain the mechanism causing the movement of continents.
Question 20:
B - Earth's mountains are formed here.
Question 17:
A- The center of the continents, called cratons
Question 21:
E - Kauai
Question 22:
D - It did not explain the mechanism causing the movement of continents.
Crossing an individual who is homozygous dominant for a trait with an individual whose genotype is unknown will most likely produce which set of offspring?.
They produce at least one dominant allele.
What is a homozygous dominant genotype?A homozygous dominant genotype is defined as having two dominant alleles. A trait is governed by one gene with two possible alleles, one dominant and one recessive, in Mendelian genetics. Genotypes are typically represented as letters, with the dominant allele represented by a capital letter and the recessive allele represented by a lowercase letter. A homozygous genotype is one in which both alleles are the same, and a true-breeding or purebred organism has a homozygous genotype. Both alleles are dominant in a homozygous dominant genotype.
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The division of the autonomic nervous system that is short‐lived and very localized is.
Preganglionic fibers, a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, are comparatively small and highly specialized.
What categories does the autonomic system fall under?The sympathetic and parasympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system are its two divisions. The parasympathetic system is referred to as the "rest and digest" phase, and the sympathetic system is connected to the "fight-or-flight" response. The harmony between the two systems is called homeostasis.
Sympathetic nervous system: In times of stress or danger, this system activates bodily functions that support you.
Your autonomic nervous system has a parasympathetic nervous system, which functions in opposition to your sympathetic nervous system.
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What type of mutation occurs in cystic fibrosis?.
Gene mutations occurs in cystic fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the gene that produces the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein.
In people with CF, mutations in the CFTR gene can disrupt the normal production or functioning of the CFTR protein found in the cells of the lungs and other parts of the body. Cystic fibrosis is an example of a recessive disease. That means a person must have a mutation in both copies of the CFTR gene to have CF.
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucus that can damage many of the body’s organs. The disorder’s most common signs and symptoms include progressive damage to the respiratory system and chronic digestive system problems. The features of the disorder and their severity varies among affected individuals.
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Does proliferation mean growth?.
Cell proliferation is the process that leads to an increase in cell number and is defined by the balance between cell division and cell death or cell loss through differentiation. Cell growth is synonymous in biology when it comes to cell division.
How is cell proliferation measured?In addition to total metabolic activity, cell proliferation can be measured by examining one or more specific markers within the cell. A well-known example is the BrdU incorporation assay. In this assay, cells are treated with BrdU, a thymidine analogue that is incorporated into DNA during cell proliferation.
What does proliferation mean?Proliferation is the rapid multiplication of parts or an increase in the number of something. Nuclear proliferation is the rapid increase in nuclear weapons. Biological proliferation often leads to overpopulation problems and ecological imbalances.
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Plant cells are able to produce their own food. This process happens in which structure?.
Answer:
leaf
Explanation:
absorbs sunlight and contains chlorophyll - important and key for photosynthesis. This specifically occurs in usually the palisade layer of the cell (most occurring photosynthesis)
Why does fluid leave capillaries at their arteriolar end and enter at the venular end?.
Because of the hydrostatic pressure of the blood, fluid is forced out of the arteriolar ends of the capillaries and into the interstitial spaces of the tissues. Water then returns to the venular ends of the capillaries through the process of osmosis.
What are capillaries?Capillaries are a type of blood vessel that are very thin and can be found all over your body. They deliver blood as well as nutrients and oxygen to the cells that are found in your organs and other body systems. Your capillaries are the blood vessels in your circulatory system that are the tiniest.
Because of the hydrostatic pressure of the blood, fluid is forced out of the arteriolar ends of the capillaries and into the interstitial spaces of the tissues. Water then returns to the venular ends of the capillaries through the process of osmosis.
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Why are bacteria hypothesized to be the first type of organisms on planet
earth-think what type of environment earth was 2.5 billion years ago and
the three sub groups of the Kingdom Archeabacteria and how they get
their energy and where they live.
Your answer
The earliest living things on Earth were bacteria. They first appeared in the first oceans' water three billion years ago. Only anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria existed initially. Recently, fossilized bacteria from 3 billion years ago, before the oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere, was discovered by geologists.
Bacterial species evolve swiftly because of their enormous populations, which provide numerous opportunities for mutations, as well as the ease with which they effortlessly share genetic information, even among species. A thick atmosphere first formed on Earth 500 million years ago as gases rose up from the planet's core. Water vapour, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide were all part of our planet's gaseous outer layer for a few billion years. Water vapour condensed into massive oceans throughout the course of countless ages, creating the ideal environment for the earliest forms of life.
Thus, we might draw the conclusion that geologists were the ones who uncovered the theories of fossilized bacteria from 3 billion years ago, before the Earth's atmosphere became oxygenated.
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when lichens grow on bare rock, they may eventually accumulate enough organic material around them to supply the foothold for later rooted vegetation. these early pioneering lichens can be said to do what to the later arrivals?
These early pioneering lichens can facilitate later arrivals.
What do you mean by Lichen ?
Lichens can be defined as the primary successors on barren land . They form soil by breaking rocks and provide necessary organic material for later rooted vegetation.It is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria.They live among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship. These are important as early stage primary succession organisms. They provide forage, shelter, and building materials for elk, deer, birds, and insects.Hence, they facilitate the whole later development process.
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Arrange the three kinds of nitrogenous wastes based on the energy required to synthesize them, beginning with the waste product that requires the least energy input.
1. ammonia
2. urea
3. uric acid
the three kinds of nitrogenous wastes based on the energy required to synthesize them are arranged; Ammonia < urea < uric acid.
Nitrogenous wastes are the nitrogen compounds that organisms use to get rid of excess nitrogen. Ammonia, urea, and uric acid are the most common nitrogenous wastes that animals excrete. Protein metabolism generates all of these nitrogenous wastes.
Ammonia is the most toxic of these nitrogenous wastes, and it is the most common but requires the least energy. Urea is more harmful than uric acid, but it is less harmful than ammonia, reducing the amount of energy required to synthesize it. Uric acid is the least harmful, a non-poisonous particle with four nitrogen molecules. This is useful for birds and reptiles that lay hard eggs because it eliminates the most nitrogen, uses the least amount of water, and is not toxic. It also takes the most energy input.
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What are the 4 types of warm-up?.
The 4 types of warm-up are
Fast-paced walking.Walking up and down stairs.Fast-paced side stepping.Jogging on the spot.Preparing physically and mentally for your chosen activity is the goal of warming up before physical action. As you warm up, your heart rate and blood flow rise, allowing more oxygen to reach your muscles. The connections between your nerves and muscles are also activated and primed during a warm-up, which increases movement efficiency. Dynamic stretching should also improve your flexibility and range of motion.
Hence, warm-up increases movement efficiency.
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Do most animals regulate temperature?.
Many animals control their body temperature by behaviour, such as huddling together for warmth or looking for light or shade.
Do you have warm or cold blood?The ability of animals to control their body temperature is their most significant adaption. Cold-blooded or warm-blooded animals are both possible. Animals with warm blood, primarily birds and mammals, must maintain a generally steady body temperature in order to avoid serious repercussions.
What kinds of animals are unable to control their body temperature?Poikilotherms, often known as cold-blooded animals, are creatures that are unable to produce their own internal heat. All organisms, excluding mammals and birds, fall under this category, including worms, fish, amphibians, and reptiles.
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The sympathetic division of the ans is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, ANS, is also called the thoracolumbar division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
What is the autonomic nervous system, ANS?The autonomic nervous system, ANS, is the branch of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary actions in the body.
The autonomic nervous system, ANS, controls normal physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sleep.
The autonomic nervous system, ANS, is made up of two divisions and they are:
Sympathetic divisionParasympathetic divisionThe sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is active under conditions of stress or perceived danger and prepares the body to respond accordingly by increasing the heart rate hence, blood pressure increases as well, increasing the respiratory rate, dilating the pupils, etc.
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after a long period of coevolution, the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known as the:
Chloroplasts is the photosynthetic bacterium consumed by the predatory cell became the cellular organelle known
The only two cell organelles that have their own DNA are chloroplasts and mitochondria. This DNA is distinct from the DNA that can be found in the cell's nucleus. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA that is capable of replication and division. Both organelles' DNA generates a large number of proteins and enzymes necessary for their operation.
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Eubacteria and archaebacteria differ in the presence of a nucleus. the makeup of their cell walls. size. the presence of a cell wall.
the makeup of their cell walls.
The makeup of their cell walls. In general, archaebacteria resemble bacteria in terms of size, shape, nutrition, and appearance. They reproduce by binary fission.
However, peptidoglycan is not found in the cell walls of archaebacteria. In addition, they vary from bacteria and eukarya in terms of the membrane lipid bonds that they have. Bacterial membrane lipids are ester-linked, whereas archaea membrane lipids have ether linkages
Eubacteria are N-acetylmuramic genuine bacteria that exhibit greater levels of organization. Archaebacteria are referred to as "living fossils" and are capable of surviving in hostile settings (very acidic, hot, and methanogenic).
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What are the important factors to be considered when storing?.
Important factors to be considered when storing are temperature, light, moisture, oxygen, container, warning, infestation and self date.
Important factors that affect food storage and to be considered when storing are-
Temperature, light, moisture, oxygen, container, warning, infestation and self date.
Proper food storage helps in many ways. It preserve the quality and nutritional value of the foods we purchase, and also helps make the most of our food dollar by preventing spoilage. Also proper food storage can help prevent foodborne illnesses like- food poisoning. Which are caused by harmful bacteria or other pathogens.
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When Mendel crossed tall plants with short plants all the offspring were tall because?.
Crosses between tall plants (TT) and short peas (tt) resulted in offspring that were all tall plants, as size was the dominant trait. Therefore, size is the dominant feature.
The presence of two identical alleles at a particular locus. A homozygous genotype can have two normal alleles or two alleles with the same variant.
You can have brown eyes whether you are homozygous (two brown eye alleles) or heterozygous (one brown allele and one blue allele). It is dominant trait. This differs from the blue-eyed allele, which is recessive. Blue eyes require two identical blue eye alleles and brown eye alleles are dominant trait.
Crossing two plants of the same species to transmit only one trait is called monohybrid crossing.
For example, a cross between large and short peas is a monohybrid cross when only the size of the parents is considered.
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the mucous sheet, produced by the endostyle traps the microscopic food particles in the water. this sheet is located in the pharynx of what animal?
The mucous sheet is produced by the endostyle and is located in the pharynx of a tunicate.
The endostyle is a ciliated structure located in the pharynx of a tunicate. Its main function is to produce a mucous sheet that traps microscopic food particles in the water. The endostyle also helps to pump water through the pharynx and aids in respiration.
This sheet traps the microscopic food particles in the water and prevents them from being swallowed. The endostyle is a thin, finger-like structure that protrudes from the side of the pharynx. It is covered with cilia, which beat rhythmically to move the mucous sheet forward. The sheet traps the food particles and carries them to the esophagus, where they are swallowed.
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in the picture above, the big w is in ocean water, while the little w is in water in a bay cut off from the ocean by the bar indicated by the pink dashed arrow. a stream flows toward the bay along the blue arrow, and coastal bluffs are indicated by the dashed yellow arrow. what probably happened here? group of answer choices the navy dammed the stream valley to keep enemy submarines from sneaking in and launching missile attacks on the secret underground base under the stream. sediment has been eroded from the land by waves crashing against the bluffs, and the sediment has been transported along the shore by longshore drift to build the bar. sediment supplied by the stream has piled up to build the bar that separates the stream from the ocean. a sinkhole opened behind the beach, and the stream slumped into the hole, leaving the bar.
Where rivers cannot support it, glaciers piled up sand and gravel, and ultimately the Cape will vanish beneath the waves.
Because they feature a strong swash and a weak backwash, constructive waves help build up coastlines. In bays with shallow water and gentle waves, sandy beaches are typically found. Where cliffs are being eroded and where there are stronger waves, pebble beaches frequently form. Later, it was changed to Good Hope to draw more travelers to the southern African coast-passing Cape Sea Route. Over time, the Cape developed into an important port and waypoint for sailors sailing from Europe to Asia.
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both the pcr and the dna sequencing reactions were performed in a thermocycler machine. how did these two kinds of reactions differ?
The difference between PCR and DNA sequencing were performed in a thermocycler machine is the main function of the process. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies oligonucleotides by adding nucleotides. Meanwhile, DNA sequencing elongates structures of the DNA. Both can be done in the same vial. We just need the ssDNA template added.
PCR uses a single oligonucleotide to multiply the same DNA strands. Using a thermocycler machine, there is a couple of series needed in a particular order:
Denaturing: separate oligonucleotide into two strands of DNA.
Annealing: nucleotides were added to each of the DNA strands.
Synthesizing: using Taq DNA polymerase, each of the DNA strands was gathered.
Repeat the cycle 20 - 40 times.
DNA sequencing is a process of elongating one strand of DNA primer using a DNA template. Nucleotides were needed in this process.
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what term applies to a microbe that can synthesize all of its cellular constituents from a simple carbon source and inorganic salts?
Microbes that can synthesis all of their cellular components from a straightforward carbon source & inorganic salts are known as autotrophs.
What are autotrophs and how do they synthesize food?
An organism that uses carbon from simple things like carbon dioxide and energy from light or inorganic chemical processes to make complex organic compounds (such carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) is known as an autotroph.
An organism that can produce its own food from simple organic materials, such as most plants and some microorganisms, requires only minerals as nutrients for growth and uses carbonate or carbon dioxide as a carbon source and simple inorganic nitrogen as a source of nitrogen. The energy needed for this process is obtained from photosynthesis.
Types of autotrophs are-
1. Photoautotrophs 2. Chemoautotrophs
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What is the meaning of chronological order?.
Chronological order is the order wherein the occasions occurred, from first to last.
Chronological order sorts according to when the event occurred. Here are a number of real-life examples arranged in chronological order: autobiography. biography.
Types of chronological order:
Chronological OrderSequential OrderConsecutive OrderWithout a strong sense of chronology of when events occurred and in what chronology, students are unable to examine the relationships between them or explain historical causal relationships. A chronology provides a mental framework for organizing historical thinking.
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