In the early as well as late stages of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved.
In both the early and late stages of atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a significant role. The extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap that VSMCs generate to protect the early atherosclerotic lesion's "necrotic" core covers the lesion when they invade it from the media. One significant step in the development of vascular lesions is smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC).
Up until now, there hasn't been any concrete proof that mitogens play a part in the formation of arterial lesions, despite the widespread idea that growth factors play a role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In reaction to vascular damage, during atherogenesis, and during smooth muscle cell migration. It has been discovered that migration activates a large number of proximal signals and signal transduction pathways.
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what is the main fate of pyruvate in skeletal muscle when oxygen is limited, such in the first minute of high intensity exercise? what is the purpose of this reaction in muscle during exercise? what happens to the product of this reaction in the body?
NAD+ is produced during the production of lactate, and it can be recycled during glycolysis.
Intensity and an example are what?According to the dictionary, intensity is the characteristic of being extremely powerful, concentrated, or difficult, or the strength or difficulty level of anything. Being able to run at your full speed for miles on end is an example of intensity. The speed at which a treadmill is going is an illustration of intensity. noun.
What is light intensity?The pace at which light disperses over a surface of a specific region some distances from a source is referred to as intensity. The intensity changes depending on the source's power and distance from it.
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what is another term for the cellular response that results in the delay of division of cells in the cell cycle?
Mitotic delay is another name for the cellular reaction that causes a delay in cell division during the cell cycle. Microtubule poisons that cause a mitotic delay also activate DNA damage signalling, which has an impact on subsequent cell cycle progression and apoptosis.
The term "mitotic catastrophe" refers to a mechanism of postponed mitosis-related cell death, a series of circumstances resulting from cells entering mitosis prematurely or inappropriately, which can be brought on by chemical or physical stresses. Mitotic catastrophe, which is seen in cells lacking functional apoptotic pathways, is unrelated to programmed cell death. It has been noticed after ionising radiation-induced delayed DNA damage. Other factors that can cause it include substances that affect the integrity of microtubule spindles, some anticancer medications, and mitotic failure brought on by faulty cell cycle checkpoints. When there are errors in the division of the genetic material between daughter cells, this mechanism can go into action. The main cause of reproductive cell death in cancer cells exposed to ionising radiation is mitotic catastrophe. Many cells die after an aberrant mitosis brought on by a mitotic catastrophe, however not all do. Following subsequent attempts at cell division, cells that do not immediately die are likely to produce aneuploid cells, which increases the risk of oncogenesis. Using meiotic cell division pathways, a tiny portion of these aneuploid cells produced by mitotic catastrophe may later undergo reductive division to decrease DNA ploidy.
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What is the main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A. A psychiatrist can write prescriptions, but a psychologist cannot.
B. A psychiatrist does not complete a medical degree, but a psychologist does.
C. A psychiatrist works with children and adolescents as clients, and a psychologist works with adults and the elderly as clients.
D. A psychiatrist can only work at a college teaching, and a psychologist can only work at a hospital providing therapy.
The main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychiatrist can write prescriptions for the patients, but a psychologist cannot. So, the correct answer will be option (a).
The major and most reasonable difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is their educational background. A psychiatrist is certified as a medical doctor while a psychologist does not hold the title of a doctor. Although they study and research on the same topic of mental health, they just have different approaches to the topic. A psychiatrist has the freedom of prescribing medications for the patients but a psychologist prefers to focus on the patient's recovery through therapy.
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why is phosphorylation/dephosphorylation a prominent switch mechanism (compared to allosteric binding)?
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is a prominent switch mechanism (compared to allosteric binding) because It is a rapid mechanism to switch on/off, and universally (targeting Tyr, Ser, Thr residues).
An event that occurs primarily on a protein surface, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are significant posttranslational changes of natural proteins. These biological mechanisms are crucial for intracellular signal transduction cascades and enzymatic activity switching. It is essential to select fluorogenic probes with high binding affinity to phosphorylated peptides and proteins if you want to be able to see these activities in real time.
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during , dna serves as a template to assemble a strand of rna. a. transcription b. translation c. dna transfer d. transcriptional modifications e. replication
During Transcription, DNA serves as a template to assemble a strand of RNA
What is DNA and DNA template?
Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (C) are the four chemical bases that make up the code that stores the information in DNA.The sample of DNA that contains the desired sequence is known as a DNA template.What is transcription?
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA. Other segments of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs.
Therefore, during Transcription DNA serves as a template to assemble a strand of DNA
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Does bread have reducing sugars?
If yes, why did my benedict test result in negative?
Answer:
Sucrose contains two sugars (fructose and glucose) joined by their glyosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde, or the fructose to α-hydroxy-ketone form. Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar, which does not react with Benedict's reagent.
Explanation:
Answer all please I need it asap
1. A(n) _____________________ transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
3. In the __________________________, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the _________________________, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. True / False: Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs.
6. True / False: Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis.
1. A(n) electron-carrier molecule transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. The equation for photosynthesis is given below as follows:
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy ----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂3. In the light-independent reaction, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the light-dependent reaction, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs is False.
6. Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis is True
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules using the energy of sunlight.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
light stage or light-dependent reactiondark stage or light-independent reactionOrganisms that produce their own foods are called autotrophs whereas organisms that depend on already-made food are heterotrophs.
Autotrophs have chloroplasts in their cells whereas heterotrophs lack chloroplasts in their cells.
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what are the possible phenotypes of the children if the mother has type o blood and the father has type ab blood? (use the punnett square to verify your answer.)
The possible phenotypes of the children if the mother has type o blood and the father has type ab blood are A, B, and AB.
An O mother can pass only one O alleles to her son or daughter. An AB father can pass the A or B allele to a son or daughter. This couple may have an A or B child. A parent of O and a parent of AB can only have children of A or B.
At the end of this answer, I have added a table showing all possible blood group combinations for two parents and their children's possible blood groups. Exceptions to these rules are very rare. In fact, an AB parent may have her O child. But it is by no means common. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that it is extremely rare. Usually, AB parents and A parents can only have A or B children.
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human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body? multiple choice mouth and stomach mouth and small intestine small and large intestines stomach and small intestine
Protein digestion starts at stomach and mainly proteins are digested in the small intestine which has all the enzymes.
Amino acids are used to make dietary proteins. Protein from food can be used by the body for energy, muscular building, or integration into substances containing nitrogen. Protein is first broken down into smaller peptides in the stomach by an enzyme called pepsin, and then it is further broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic and intestinal lining enzymes. These peptides are subsequently converted into dipeptides and tripeptides, which can pass through the lining of the intestine. Any of these processes that are changed or aberrant might lead to disorders of protein digestion.
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1. What is fluid? What states of matter are considered fluids?
2. What role does blood have in the human body?
3. In what way(s) can fluids be harmful to society or the environment?
4. Describe 3 examples (s) in which fluids can help a machine operator.
5. List 3 of the fluids in our bodies that are important for our survival.
Please don't copy and paste
Answer:
1. Fluids are substances such as liquid and gas that can easily flow and have random molecular motion.
2. Blood transports oxygen to many parts of our bodies. It also takes carbon dioxide to the lungs, kidneys, or other filters to be removed from our bodies.
3. When a fluid is contaminated, it may cause serious damage to the environment. For example, if an organism consumes polluted water, it could get very sick and possibly die.
4. Fluids such as water can be used to cut metal by being sprayed at a high speed. Gasoline is used to run all kinds of machines. Water can also be used to clean and cool down machines.
5. Blood, sweat, and urine are all important fluids in our bodies and are created by our bodies.
Explanation:
Really hope this helps you!
explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and evolution, distinguishing between somatic and germ-line cells (gametes).
Meiosis is a process that takes place while gametes develop and results in cells with half the usual amount of chromosomes.
By preventing reduction division, meiosis prevents an increase in the number of chromosomes.
Any cell in a multicellular organism that is not a germ-line cell is referred to as a somatic cell. Gametes, or germ-line cells, are haploid reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). During fertilization, combine to create a zygote.
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which diagnostic test or procedure refers to a laboratory test in which a colony of microorganisms are grown to determine the type of organism and which antibiotic will destroy that organism?
A blood culture diagnostic test or procedure is a laboratory test that involves growing a colony of microorganisms to determine the type of organism.
A blood culture is a laboratory test that detects microorganism and other germs in a blood sample.If your blood culture test results are "positive," it usually means you have bacteria or yeast in your blood. "Negative" indicates that they are not present. The majority of bacteria can be seen in the culture after 2 to 3 days. However, some types can take 10 days or longer to appear. It can take up to 30 days for fungus to appear in the culture. A blood culture is a test that looks for germs in the blood.
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which of the following is true about pepsin? select one: a. most pepsin is released directly from chief cells b. pepsin is most active at high ph c. pepsin accelerate protein digestion d. pepsin accelerates fat digestion
The true statement about pepsin is: (d) pepsin accelerates fat digestion.
Pepsin is the digestive enzyme. It has the precursor called pepsinogen which is released from the chief cells. The site of action of the enzyme is the stomach that has an acidic environment. The pepsin enzyme is involved in the digestion of fats.
Digestion is the process of ingesting food in the form of large macromolecules into smaller soluble molecules. In this, the large carbohydrates, proteins and fats are broken down. For this a complete digestive system is present inside the body with several organs, enzymes and hormones involved.
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Study the illustration.
Which statement best describes the genetic material that is being separated in the illustration?
Answer:
Homologous chromatids
Homologous pair: two chromosmes, each inherited from a different parent, and identical in appearance and length.
Chromatids: two halves of a chromosome that have been replicated during cell division.
the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?
Your adrenal gland, which is also reached by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, releases the chemicals noradrenaline and adrenaline (epinephrine) (norepinephrine). Your blood carries these hormones to every region of your body. They once again enter your eyes, heart, airways, skin's blood vessels, and adrenal gland.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by chromaffin cells, which are adrenal medulla cells.
Two neurotransmitters known as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are called hormones, are members of the catecholamine chemical class. They act as hormones, affecting various physiological systems and energizing the central nervous system. Nerve cells in the brainstem region and a region close to the spinal cord produce norepinephrine. The sympathetic nervous system, which is a component of your body's immediate "fight-or-flight" response to danger, produces norepinephrine.
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which of the following is not the name for a major class of receptors? group of answer choices channel-linked receptors voltage-gated receptors enzyme-linked receptors g-protein coupled receptors intracellular receptors
The name which does not belong to the group of major classes of receptors is: voltage-gated receptors.
Receptors are the molecules present on the cell membrane or inside any cell that receive any signal by binding to another substance called ligand. They further transmit the signal to accomplish some target inside the cell. The receptors act as molecular switches that can turn the signaling on or off.
Voltage-gated are the channels present on the cell membrane and not receptors. The function of ligand gated channels is to mediate the transport of ions through them. They act depending upon the membrane potential of the cell.
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in the telomere, the 3'-end is single-stranded with a 14-16 base overhang. there are two reasons for the 3'-end being longer than the 5'-end. the first is that the g-t strand (3'-end) is extended by the telomerase enzyme. what is the second reason?
The 3'-end is single-stranded with a 14-16 base overhang. there are two reasons for the 3'-end being longer than the 5'-end. the first is that the g-t strand (3'-end) is extended by the telomerase enzyme. the second reason is the C-A strand (5'-end) is enzymatically degraded.
A telomere is the region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome.
They protect the chromosome ends from DNA degradation, recombination, and DNA end fusions
The overhang in telomere is due to incomplete end replication.
They gets shorten during replication to avoid gene deletions.
the daughter chromosomes lose the 3′ overhang which was present in the parent and therefore, in the absence of telomerase this will accordingly result in the telomere shortening
if telomere are long, the cellular machinery result in a bit of telomere becoming looped off each time cells replicate DNA and divide,
as telomere shorten, chromosome themselves become vulnerable to damage and cell dies
therefore, shortening of telomere is necessary.
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explain what biological process are occurring for the specific changes in co2 observed (for both light and dark conditions). elaborate on this by including an explanation for the reactants and products (internal processes)?
The biological process responsible for the precise changes in CO2 that have been seen is photosynthesis (for both light and dark conditions). Carbon dioxide and water are the reactants of photosynthesis, and light energy transforms them into glucose and oxygen (the products).
Plants ingest water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis from the soil and atmosphere. In contrast to carbon dioxide, which is reduced within the plant cell and gains electrons, water is oxidized within the partition of the plant. Due to this, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen, respectively. Once the oxygen has been returned to the atmosphere, the plant stores energy within glucose molecules.
Accordingly, we can conclude that the biological process is responsible for the specific changes in CO2 that have been observed in photosynthesis. The reactants, carbon dioxide and water, are changed into glucose and oxygen by light energy during photosynthesis.
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What is the differences
between monomers and
polymers?
A. Monomers CAN be broken down into
polymers.
B. Polymers CAN be broken down into
monomers.
C. Polymers create monomers.
D. Monomers are larger units.
A monomer is more mobile than a polymer. Polymer A polymer is a chemical composed of many repeat units.
These repeat units can be composed of one monomer, two or more monomers or blocks of smaller polymers. Polymers normally have higher viscosities; higher boiling points and can show improved mechanical strength over monomers.
What You Need To Know About Monomers
Monomers are small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecule referred to as polymers.
Monomers are simple molecules with low molecular weight.
A monomer can have different combination units.
Monomers are small molecules in the microscopic scale which cannot be compared to the macroscopic properties of polymers, and they are chemically more reactive than polymers.
A monomer is more mobile than a polymer.
What You Need To Know About Polymers
A polymer may be natural or synthetic macromolecules comprised of repeating units of a smaller molecules (monomers).
Polymers are complex molecules with very high molecular weight.
A polymer will always have a single repeating unit.
Polymers are macroscopic molecules which are stronger than monomers and are less susceptive towards chemicals.
A polymer is less mobile than a monomer because of its larger load of combined molecules.
Answer:
A polymer is larger than a monomer.
Explanation:
what is the connection between ATP and the two other energy-carrying molecules in cellular respiration?
Answer:
6
Explanation:
Which best describes a dichotomous key?
A. Each step has two choices.
B. Each step can have any number of choices.
C. Each step describes two possible inferences.
D. Each step is based on genetic traits.
Answer:
Each step has two choices.
you have chosen to study the genetics of snapdragon flower color. true-breeding red-flowered plants crossed with true-breeding white-flowered plants generate all pink-flowered f1 offspring. when the f1 offspring are crossed, you get the following numbers of f2 offspring: 24 red, 54 pink, and 22 white. you interpret this inheritance pattern as
The pattern of genetics in snapdragon flower color is that of incomplete dominance.
When a true breeding red flowering plant (RR) crosses with a true breeding white flowering plant (RR), the resultant plant is heterozygous (Rr) and has pink flowers. One allele does not override the effects of the other, and neither characteristic predominates over the other. Because of this, the phenotypic outcome is a combination of the two phenotypes, resulting in plants with pink flowers (a third different phenotype). As a result, it is a type of intermediate inheritance.
However, no genuine blending of alleles or genetic material is visible—only blending of phenotypes. As a result, it cannot be argued that inheritance is being blended. This phenomenon is also known as intermediate dominance.
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Explain the difference between DNA replication and protein synthesis. When does each process occur? Why does each process occur? Which process happens more often? Explain your reasoning.
discuss what would happen to the rate of cellular respiration if the germinating lentils and crickets were kept in the respirometers for an extended period. you must show a critical understanding of the operations of the electron transport chain in your answer.
To fulfill the high-energy needs of a germinating seedling, cellular respiration increases as a seed emerges from dormancy and begins germinating.
Cellular respiration increases as a seed emerges from dormancy and starts to germinate in order to meet the high ATP requirements of a growing seedling. Sugars and other substances are used by seeds as a substrate for respiration during germination. Since there is a greater need for ATP during germination, the activity of the electron transport system also rises during this time.
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which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis? multiple choice mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes. double membranes are around mitochondria and chloroplasts. mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are strikingly similar to bacterial genes. mitochondria and chloroplasts can synthesize proteins. all of the above statements provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis.
Statements that provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis are mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes, double membranes are around mitochondria and chloroplasts, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are strikingly similar to bacterial genes and mitochondria and chloroplasts can synthesize proteins.
The Endosymbiotic Theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells have been as soon as cardio bacteria (prokaryote) that have been ingested via way of means of a huge anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote). This principle explains the beginning of eukaryotic cells.
The endosymbiotic speculation for the beginning of mitochondria (and chloroplasts) indicates that mitochondria are descended from specialised bacteria (possibly crimson nonsulfur bacteria) that one way or the other survived endocytosis via way of means of every other species of prokaryote or a few different cell type, and have become included into the cytoplasm.
Correct option is 5) All of the above.
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which vessel is highlighted?internal carotid artery external jugular vein vertebral artery internal jugular vein
It is an vertebral artery. The brain and spine are supplied with blood through the vertebral arteries there in neck.
The term vertebral describes the location of the arteries along the vertebrae, or spine bones. There are two vertebral arteries that flow through the spinal column, one on each side. A stroke occurs when the subsequent loss of brain function is irreversible (an infarction or brain attack).
A stroke can be caused by a blood clot in the vertebral or anterior artery or by a particle of plaque (embolus) breaking off and traveling downstream, blocking a portion of both the blood supply to the brain. Blood penetrates between vertebral artery layers during a dissection, resulting in decreased blood flow.
This can result in a stroke, headache and vertigo, vision difficulties, and a variety of other neurological problems. The vertebral artery carries blood to the vertebrae of the neck, the upper spinal column, and the region surrounding the exterior of the skull. It also transports blood to two critical areas of the brain: the behind fossa and or the occipital lobes.
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1. At what auxin concentration
are the stems stimulated to grow the most?
Auxin in high concentrations increases stem development while inhibiting root growth.
Why do roots grow?Under ideal circumstances, root growth happens equally well from nursery stock that has been grown in containers, fields, or as bare roots. This enables the tree to continue growing vigorously and establish itself fast. The structure of the root system is another fac tree formation tor in.
Trimming roots encourages growth?Long used in nursery tree development as well as to manage fruit tree vigor and cropping. Despite the anecdotal evidence suggesting pruning can promote root growth and can be especially helpful in reversing the effects of root circling, gardeners are frequently hesitant to cut and clip roots.
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grapefruit juice inhibits the cytochrome p450 cyp3a4 drug-metabolizing enzyme and inhibits p-glycoprotein in the intestines for days after ingestion. the nurse will teach patients that are taking a drug impacted by grapefruit juice that it can cause which problem?
When some medications are taken by a person who also consumes grapefruit juice, the drug concentration and risk of adverse effects may both increase.
The harmful substance in grapefruit does not directly interact with your medication. Instead, it binds to the CYP3A4 enzyme, which lessens the absorption of several drugs, in the digestive system. When grapefruit juice inhibits the enzyme, it is simpler for the medication to enter your bloodstream from your gut. Blood levels will rise more quickly and significantly above normal levels, and in some circumstances, these dangerously high levels may occur.
Examples of drugs that are affected by grapefruit juice are : Statins. Calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, antiplatelet medications, cylosporin and immunosuppressants, Entocort, and cytotoxic medications are all examples of statins, which are medications that decrease cholesterol.
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What is determined by genes that direct the amount of eumelanin or pheomelanin produced by
melanocytes associated with hair follicles?
The type and amount of melanin produced by melanocytes is determined by genes. Eumelanin is a dark brown to black pigment that is responsible for brown and black hair colors. Pheomelanin is a reddish-brown pigment that is responsible for red and blonde hair colors.
What are eumelanin and pheomelanin?
A dark pigment called eumelanin is the main component of black and brunette hair. The pigment eumelanin comes in two varieties (brown eumelanin and black eumelanin). Blond hair is reportedly caused by a minor amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments. The redder parts of the skin, such as the lips, are concentrated with pheomelanin, a lighter pigment that is present in red hair. People with red hair typically have fairly pale skin that burns rapidly when exposed to the sun because they are less able to produce the dark eumelanin pigment.
The amount of a pigment called melanin in hair determines hair color. People with black or brown hair have high levels of eumelanin, one kind of melanin. Red hair is caused by an excess of pheomelanin, another pigment.
Hence, eumelanin and pheomelanin are responsible for hair color.
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why do other species have such different ranges of sensitivity for both visual and auditory stimuli compared to humans?
In order to best fit their specific environmental niches, other species have evolved. Due to the fact that only noises within this frequency range can cause the cochlea in humans to be stimulated, humans have a limited range of auditory sensitivity. Because the cochlea's hair cells have varied lengths, they can pick up different sound frequencies.
The pressure fluctuations caused by vibrating molecules are known as sound waves. The three psychological aspects of sound—loudness, pitch, and timbre—are influenced by the physical properties of sound waves. The amplitude, or height, of sound waves determines how loud something is. The perceived sound volume increases with increasing amplitude.
Although different frequencies of sounds (tones) have the same sound pressure levels, the human ear does not respond to them all equally. The subjective or individual magnitude of a sound is referred to as its loudness. A sound's loudness is not inversely proportional to its sound pressure level and varies depending on the frequency.
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