Solid contains particles that move slightly in a fixed position.
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The molecules or particles in a solid have a fixed position and cannot move around freely. The particles of a solid have the least amount of energy as compared to liquid and gas. Therefore, their movement is restricted to only a certain degree which gives a solid its distinct shape. They vibrate in place but do not move past one another, which is why the shape of the solid remains constant unless an external force is applied.
A solid can be crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline solids have a defined regular repeating pattern of atoms or molecules whereas amorphous solids do not have any fixed pattern of atoms. Examples of solids include ice, iron, wood, and plastic.
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Ammonium phosphate ((NH
4
)
3
PO
4
) is an important ingredient in many fertilizers. It can be made by reacting phosphoric acid (H
3
PO)
4
) with ammonia (NH
3
What mass of ammonium phosphate is produced by the reaction of 2.83 g of phosphoric acid? Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
The mass of ammonium phosphate produced by the reaction of 2.83 g of phosphoric acid is 13 g (approximate to 3 significant digits).
Given mass of phosphoric acid is 2.83 g.
(NH₄)₃PO₄ can be made by reacting H₃PO₄ with NH₃.
The balanced equation for the given reaction is shown below:
H₃PO₄(aq) + 3NH₃(aq) → (NH₄)₃PO₄(aq)
Phosphoric acid reacts with ammonia to give ammonium phosphate, (NH₄)₃PO₄.
By looking at the balanced equation we can see that:
1 mol of H₃PO₄ reacts with 3 mol of NH₃ to give 1 mol of (NH₄)₃PO₄.
The molar mass of H₃PO₄ is 98 g/mol.
The number of moles of H₃PO₄ can be calculated as follows:
[tex]$$\text{Number of moles of H}_3\text{PO}_4=\frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}$$[/tex]
[tex]$$=\frac{2.83\;g}{98\;g/mol}$$[/tex]
Number of moles of H3PO4= 0.0289 mol
As per the balanced equation, 1 mol of H₃PO₄ reacts with 1/3 mol of (NH₄)₃PO₄.
The number of moles of (NH₄)₃PO₄ produced can be calculated as follows:
[tex]$$\text{Number of moles of }(NH_4)_3\text{PO}_4=\frac{\text{Number of moles of } H_3\text{PO}_4}{1/3}$$[/tex]
[tex]$$= 3 × 0.0289\text{ mol}$$[/tex]
Number of moles of (NH₄)₃PO₄= 0.087 mol
The molar mass of (NH₄)₃PO₄ is 149.087 g/mol.
The mass of (NH₄)₃PO₄ produced can be calculated as follows:
[tex]$$\text{Mass of }(NH_4)_3\text{PO}_4 =\text{Number of moles}×\text{Molar mass}$$[/tex]
[tex]$$= 0.087\;mol × 149.087\;g/mol$$[/tex]Mass of (NH₄)₃PO₄ produced = 12.98 g ≈ 13 g
Therefore, the mass of ammonium phosphate produced by the reaction of 2.83 g of phosphoric acid is 13 g (approximate to 3 significant digits).
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Silver ions can be precipitated from aqueous solutions by the addition of aqueous chloride:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Silver chloride is virtually insoluble in water so that the reaction appears to go to completion. How much, in mL, of a 7.93 % sodium chloride solution must be added to 24.01 mL of a 3.27 % silver nitrate solution to completely precipitate the silver?
71.33 mL (24.01 mL + 58.1 mL) of a 7.93% sodium chloride solution should be added to the 24.01 mL of a 3.27% silver nitrate solution.
The given balanced chemical equation shows that one mole of silver nitrate (AgNO3) reacts with one mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) to form one mole of silver chloride (AgCl) and one mole of sodium nitrate (NaNO3). The equation implies a 1:1 mole ratio between AgNO3 and NaCl.
To calculate the amount of NaCl required, we need to determine the moles of AgNO3 present in the 24.01 mL solution of 3.27% silver nitrate. First, we convert the volume of the solution to grams using the density of the solution. Assuming the density of the solution is 1 g/mL, the mass of the solution is 24.01 g.
Next, we calculate the mass of AgNO3 in the solution by multiplying the mass of the solution by the concentration of silver nitrate (3.27% = 3.27 g/100 mL). This gives us 0.7857 g of AgNO3.
Since the molar mass of AgNO3 is 169.87 g/mol, we can calculate the moles of AgNO3 by dividing the mass by the molar mass: 0.7857 g / 169.87 g/mol = 0.00462 mol.
According to the balanced equation, the moles of AgNO3 and NaCl should be equal. Therefore, we need approximately 0.00462 mol of NaCl.
Now, we can determine the volume of the 7.93% sodium chloride solution needed to provide 0.00462 mol of NaCl. The concentration of 7.93% means there are 7.93 g of NaCl per 100 mL of solution. We can set up a proportion:
(0.00462 mol NaCl / 1) = (x mL NaCl solution / 100 mL solution)
Solving for x, we find that x ≈ 0.0581 mL. However, since the question asks for the volume in mL, we need to multiply this value by 1000 to get 58.1 mL.
Therefore, to completely precipitate the silver, approximately 71.33 mL (24.01 mL + 58.1 mL) of a 7.93% sodium chloride solution should be added to the 24.01 mL of a 3.27% silver nitrate solution.
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1.In the electrolysis of molten LiBr, which product forms at the anode? 1. Li(l) 2. Br2(g) 3. H2(g) 4. O2(g)
2.In the electrolysis of molten FeI3, which product forms at the anode? 1. Fe(l) 2. O2(g) 3. H2(g) 4. I2(g)
3.Hydrogen can be prepared by suitable electrolysis of aqueous calcium salts 1. True 2. False
4.Hydrogen can be prepared by suitable electrolysis of aqueous silver salts 1. False 2. True
5.What product(s) forms at the cathode in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of NaCl? 1. O2 and H+ 2. Na 3. Cl2 4. H2 and OH-
[tex]Br_2[/tex](g) (option 2) is the byproduct created at the anode during the electrolysis of molten LiBr. [tex]I_2[/tex](g) (option 4) is the end result of the electrolysis of molten[tex]FeI_3[/tex] at the anode. True.
In the chemical process of electrolysis, a substance is broken down into its individual elements or ions. It involves causing chemical processes to take place at the electrodes by passing an electric current through an electrolyte, often a liquid or solution containing ions. Anode and cathode are the terms used to describe the electrodes linked to the positive and negative terminals of a power source, respectively.
1) [tex]Br_2[/tex](g) (option 2) is the byproduct created at the anode during the electrolysis of molten LiBr.
2) [tex]I_2[/tex](g) (option 4) is the end result of the electrolysis of molten[tex]FeI_3[/tex] at the anode.
3) True. Through the proper electrolysis of aqueous calcium salts, hydrogen can be produced.
4)False. The appropriate electrolysis of aqueous silver salts cannot produce hydrogen.
5) [tex]H_2[/tex] and [tex]OH^-[/tex] are the product(s) generated at the cathode during the electrolysis of a NaCl aqueous solution (option 4).
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A 17.05 gram sample of an organic compound containing C,H and O is analyzed by combustion analysis and 21.63 grams of CO
2
and 5.905 grams of H
2
O are produced. In a separate experiment, the molar mass is found to be 104.1 g/mol. Determine the empirical formula and the molecular formula of the organic compound. (Enter the elements in the order C,H,O.) Empirical formula: Molecular formula:
The empirical formula of the organic compound is CH2O, and the molecular formula is approximately C3H6O3.
To determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of the organic compound, we need to follow these steps:
Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of CO2 and H2O produced.
Step 2: Calculate the moles of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in the compound.
Step 3: Determine the empirical formula.
Step 4: Calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula.
Step 5: Determine the molecular formula.
Let's begin with the calculations:
Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of CO2 and H2O produced.
Molar mass of CO2 (carbon dioxide) = 12.01 g/mol (carbon) + 2 * 16.00 g/mol (oxygen) = 44.01 g/mol
Molar mass of H2O (water) = 2 * 1.01 g/mol (hydrogen) + 16.00 g/mol (oxygen) = 18.02 g/mol
Moles of CO2 = Mass of CO2 / Molar mass of CO2
= 21.63 g / 44.01 g/mol
= 0.4917 mol
Moles of H2O = Mass of H2O / Molar mass of H2O
= 5.905 g / 18.02 g/mol
= 0.3271 mol
Step 2: Calculate the moles of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in the compound.
From the balanced combustion equation, we know that 1 mole of CO2 is produced per mole of carbon (C) in the compound, and 2 moles of H2O are produced per mole of hydrogen (H) in the compound.
Moles of C = Moles of CO2 = 0.4917 mol
Moles of H = 2 * Moles of H2O = 2 * 0.3271 mol = 0.6542 mol
Step 3: Determine the empirical formula.
To determine the empirical formula, we need to find the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present in the compound.
Divide the moles of each element by the smallest number of moles (moles of C in this case):
Empirical formula: CH2O
Step 4: Calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula.
Molar mass of CH2O = 12.01 g/mol (carbon) + 2 * 1.01 g/mol (hydrogen) + 16.00 g/mol (oxygen) = 30.03 g/mol
Step 5: Determine the molecular formula.
To determine the molecular formula, we need to know the molar mass of the compound. The given molar mass is 104.1 g/mol.
Molar mass of the empirical formula = 30.03 g/mol
Molar mass ratio = Molar mass of the compound / Molar mass of the empirical formula
= 104.1 g/mol / 30.03 g/mol
≈ 3.47
The molecular formula is the empirical formula multiplied by the molar mass ratio:
Molecular formula = (CH2O) * 3.47 ≈ C3H6O3
Therefore, the empirical formula of the organic compound is CH2O, and the molecular formula is approximately C3H6O3.
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Give the % concentration of:
a) 2 N H2SO4
b) 0.5 M H3PO4
c) 0.01 N NaOH
d) Solution containing 10 meq/10ml of Ca(OH)2.
e) Solution containing 0.5 moles/deciliter Na2CO3.
The % concentration of 0.5 M H3PO4 solution is 0.01 N NaOH, the % concentration of the solution containing 0.5 moles/deciliter Na2CO3 is 5.3%.
A solution's concentration is the measure of the amount of solute per unit volume or weight of solvent. There are different methods for expressing a solution's concentration, including molarity, normality, percentage concentration, molality, and mole fraction, among others.
a) 2 N H2SO4:The concentration of the 2 N H2SO4 solution is expressed in normality (N), which is the number of equivalents per litre of the solution. In this case, 2 N H2SO4 means that the solution contains 2 equivalents of H2SO4 per litre of the solution.
So, the % concentration of 2 N H2SO4 solution = 0.5 x 98 / 2 = 24.5%.b) 0.5 M H3PO4:
The concentration of 0.5 M H3PO4 solution is expressed in molarity (M), which is the number of moles of solute per litre of the solution. In this case, 0.5 M H3PO4 means that the solution contains 0.5 moles of H3PO4 per litre of the solution.
So, the % concentration of 0.5 M H3PO4 solution = 0.5 x 98 / 1.58 = 31.65%.c) 0.01 N NaOH:
The concentration of 0.01 N NaOH solution is expressed in normality (N), which is the number of equivalents per litre of the solution. In this case, 0.01 N NaOH means that the solution contains 0.01 equivalents of NaOH per litre of the solution.
So, the % concentration of 0.01 N NaOH solution = 0.4%.d)
Solution containing 10 meq/10ml of Ca(OH)2:
The concentration of the solution containing 10 meq/10ml of Ca(OH)2 is expressed in milliequivalents (meq), which is the amount of solute that can donate or accept one equivalent of an ion.
In this case, 10 meq/10ml of Ca(OH)2 means that the solution contains 10 milliequivalents of Ca(OH)2 in 10 millilitres of the solution.So, the % concentration of the solution containing 10 meq/10ml of Ca(OH)2 = 2 x 74.1 / 10 = 14.82%.e) Solution containing 0.5 moles/deciliter Na2CO3:
The concentration of the solution containing 0.5 moles/deciliter Na2CO3 is expressed in molarity (M), which is the number of moles of solute per litre of the solution. In this case, 0.5 moles/deciliter Na2CO3 means that the solution contains 0.5 moles of Na2CO3 per litre of the solution.
So, the % concentration of the solution containing 0.5 moles/deciliter Na2CO3 = 0.5 x 106 / 10 = 5.3%.
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. It is important to know the concentration of a solution because it affects the properties of the solution and how it will react with other substances.
There are different methods of expressing the concentration of a solution, including molarity, normality, percentage concentration, molality, and mole fraction. Each method is appropriate for different types of solutions, depending on the nature of the solute and solvent.
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A neutron has (select all that apply)
Group of answer choices
A charge of +1
A charge of 0
A mass of 0 AMU
A mass of 1 AMU
A charge of -1
A neutron does not have a charge of +1, -1, or 0. The correct statement is that a neutron has a charge of 0. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
A neutron is a subatomic particle that is present in the nucleus of an atom along with protons. Protons carry a positive charge, while electrons carry a negative charge. Neutrons, on the other hand, are electrically neutral, meaning they have no charge. This is why they are called neutrons.
Regarding the mass of a neutron, it is approximately equal to 1 atomic mass unit (AMU). An AMU is a unit used to express the mass of subatomic particles. Neutrons and protons have a mass of around 1 AMU each, while electrons have a much smaller mass (about 0.0005 AMU).
To summarize, a neutron has a charge of 0 and a mass of approximately 1 AMU. It plays a crucial role in determining the stability and properties of atomic nuclei, as it helps bind protons together through the strong nuclear force, counteracting their mutual electrostatic repulsion. Thus, option B is correct.
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For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 13 h duration at 832∘C will raise the carbon concentration to 0.54wt% at a point 3.9 mm from the surface. Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 5.9 mm position for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature of 1030∘C. Assume that D₀ is 4.9×10⁻⁵ m²/s and Q is 119 kJ/mol.
i ..... h
Therefore, the time necessary to achieve the same carbon concentration of 0.54wt% at a distance of 5.9 mm from the surface for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature of 1030°C is about 507 hours (or 21 days).
To calculate the time necessary to achieve the same carbon concentration of 0.54wt% at a 5.9 mm position for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature of 1030°C, we can use Fick's second law of diffusion.
According to Fick's second law of diffusion, the change in concentration with time at a distance x from the surface can be given by:
[tex]$$\frac{\partial C}{\partial t}=\frac{D}{x^2}\frac{\partial}{\partial x}(x^2\frac{\partial C}{\partial x})$$[/tex]
Where C is the concentration of carbon, D is the diffusion coefficient, x is the distance from the surface, and t is the time of carburizing.
The equation can be simplified for one-dimensional diffusion (i.e., diffusion in one direction) and for constant diffusion coefficient D as follows:
[tex]$$C-C_0=erfc(\frac{x}{2\sqrt{Dt}})$$[/tex]
where C0 is the initial carbon concentration, erfc is the complementary error function, and t is the time.
To estimate the time necessary to achieve the same carbon concentration at a 5.9 mm position, we can use the following steps:1. Calculate the diffusion coefficient (D) for the given temperature of 1030°C. The diffusion coefficient is given by the Arrhenius equation as follows:
D=D₀exp(-Q/RT)
Where D₀ is the pre-exponential factor, Q is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Plugging in the values given:
D₀ = 4.9×10⁻⁵ m²/sQ = 119 kJ/mol
R = 8.314 J/mol K (universal gas constant)
T = 1030 + 273 = 1303 K
D = 4.9×10⁻⁵ exp(-119×10³/(8.314×1303)) = 4.09×10⁻⁶ m²/s2.
Use the simplified equation of Fick's second law to find the time necessary for the carbon concentration to reach 0.54wt% at a distance of 5.9 mm from the surface:
0.54-0.00=erfc(5.9/(2√(4.09×10⁻⁶t)))
erfc(5.9/(2√(4.09×10⁻⁶t))) = 0.54
erfc⁻¹(0.54) = 2.043√(4.09×10⁻⁶t) = 5.9/(2×2.043) = 1.44
t = (1.44)²/(4.09×10⁻⁶) = 507 h
Therefore, the time necessary to achieve the same carbon concentration of 0.54wt% at a distance of 5.9 mm from the surface for an identical steel and at a carburizing temperature of 1030°C is about 507 hours (or 21 days).
The answer is approximately 507 hours.
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Lquild hexane (CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
CH
3
) will react with gaseous oxygen (O
2
) to produce gaseous carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and gaseous water (H
2
O). Suppose 2.6 g of hexane is mixed with 5.849 of oxygen. Calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide that could be produced by the chemical reaction, Round your answer to 3 significant digits.
We need to determine the limiting reagent and the stoichiometric ratio between the reactants. The maximum mass of carbon dioxide that could be produced by the chemical reaction is approximately 7.955 grams (rounded to three significant digits).
To calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) that could be produced by the chemical reaction between hexane (C6H14) and oxygen (O2), we need to determine the limiting reagent and the stoichiometric ratio between the reactants.
First, we need to find the limiting reagent by comparing the number of moles of each reactant.
Molar mass of hexane (C6H14) = 6 * 12.01 g/mol (carbon) + 14 * 1.01 g/mol (hydrogen) = 86.18 g/mol
Molar mass of oxygen (O2) = 2 * 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g/mol
Moles of hexane = 2.6 g / 86.18 g/mol ≈ 0.0301 moles
Moles of oxygen = 5.849 g / 32.00 g/mol ≈ 0.1828 moles
From the balanced equation: C6H14 + 19/2 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 7 H2O, we can see that the stoichiometric ratio between hexane and carbon dioxide is 1:6.
Since the number of moles of hexane (0.0301 moles) is less than 1/6 times the number of moles of oxygen (0.1828 moles), hexane is the limiting reagent.
To determine the maximum mass of carbon dioxide produced, we use the stoichiometric ratio between hexane and carbon dioxide.
Moles of carbon dioxide produced = Moles of hexane * 6
= 0.0301 moles * 6
= 0.1806 moles
Mass of carbon dioxide produced = Moles of carbon dioxide produced * Molar mass of CO2
= 0.1806 moles * 44.01 g/mol
≈ 7.955 g
Therefore, the maximum mass of carbon dioxide that could be produced by the chemical reaction is approximately 7.955 grams (rounded to three significant digits).
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chemistry questions and answers
each statement below describes the "r" chain of amino acids. fill in the appropriate amino acids for each statement (three letter codes are fine). blanks may require more than one answer. a. these amino acids have "r" groups are great nucleophiles b. these amino acids have " r " groups that are charged at a ph of 1.0 c. these amino acids have aromatic "r"
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Question: Each Statement Below Describes The "R" Chain Of Amino Acids. Fill In The Appropriate Amino Acids For Each Statement (Three Letter Codes Are Fine). Blanks May Require More Than One Answer. A. These Amino Acids Have "R" Groups Are Great Nucleophiles B. These Amino Acids Have " R " Groups That Are Charged At A PH Of 1.0 C. These Amino Acids Have Aromatic "R"

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Answer : (a) Arginine, lysine, histidine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and tyrosine are great nuc…
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Each statement below describes the "R" chain of amino acids. Fill in the appropriate amino acids for each statement (three letter codes are fine). Blanks may require more than one answer. a. These amino acids have "R" groups are great nucleophiles b. These amino acids have " R " groups that are charged at a pH of 1.0 c. These amino acids have aromatic "R" groups d. These amino acids have " R " groups that are negatively charge at pH=6.0 Consider the amino acid alanine. Estimate the extent of ionization for the carboxy group (−COO%− COOH) with the at pH 5. Additionally, estimate the extent of ionization for the amine (−−NH2/−NH3+) at pH 8. Show how you determined your values below.
Approximately 13.5% of the amine group is protonated at pH 8.
a. Amino acids with "R" groups that are great nucleophiles:
Cysteine (Cys)
Histidine (His)
Serine (Ser)
Threonine (Thr)
Tyrosine (Tyr)
b. Amino acids with "R" groups that are charged at a pH of 1.0:
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Glutamic acid (Glu)
c. Amino acids with aromatic "R" groups:
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Tyrosine (Tyr)
d. Amino acids with "R" groups that are negatively charged at pH = 6.0:
Aspartic acid (Asp)
Glutamic acid (Glu)
Now, let's estimate the extent of ionization for the carboxy group (-COO-/COOH) and the amine group (-NH2/-NH3+) of the amino acid alanine at pH 5 and pH 8, respectively.
For the carboxy group (-COOH):
At low pH, the carboxylic acid group is protonated (-COOH), and as the pH increases, it becomes deprotonated (-COO-).
To estimate the extent of ionization, we need to consider the pKa value of the carboxylic acid group, which is approximately 2.34 for alanine. The extent of ionization can be estimated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
At pH 5, the pH is higher than the pKa, so the carboxy group is mostly deprotonated (ionized). We can estimate the extent of ionization by assuming that [A-] is much greater than [HA]:
[A-]/[HA] ≈ [A-] = 10^(pH - pKa)
[A-] = 10^(5 - 2.34)
Using logarithmic calculations, we find that [A-] ≈ 0.464. Therefore, approximately 46.4% of the carboxy group is deprotonated at pH 5.
For the amine group (-NH2/-NH3+):
At low pH, the amine group is protonated (-NH3+), and as the pH increases, it becomes deprotonated (-NH2).
To estimate the extent of ionization, we again consider the pKa value, which is approximately 9.69 for alanine. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
At pH 8, the pH is lower than the pKa, so the amine group is mostly protonated (non-ionized). Again, assuming that [A-] is much greater than [HA]:
[A-]/[HA] ≈ [HA] = 10^(pH - pKa)
[HA] = 10^(8 - 9.69)
Using logarithmic calculations, we find that [HA] ≈ 0.135. Therefore, approximately 13.5% of the amine group is protonated at pH 8.
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To make aspirin, salicylic acid and acetic anhydride are combined. Acetic anhydride is a liquid which means, during the lab, you measure its volume and have to calculate its mass. Acetic anhydride has a molar mass of 102.09 g/mol and a density of 1.08 g/mL. How many moles are in 2.4 mL of acetic anhydride?
There are approximately 0.0254 moles of acetic anhydride in 2.4 mL of acetic anhydride.
To calculate the number of moles in 2.4 mL of acetic anhydride, we need to convert the volume to mass and then to moles using the molar mass.
Volume of acetic anhydride = 2.4 mL
Density of acetic anhydride = 1.08 g/mL
Molar mass of acetic anhydride = 102.09 g/mol
First, we convert the volume to mass using the density:
Mass of acetic anhydride = Volume × Density
= 2.4 mL × 1.08 g/mL
= 2.592 g
Next, we convert the mass to moles using the molar mass:
Number of moles = Mass / Molar mass
= 2.592 g / 102.09 g/mol
≈ 0.0254 mol
Therefore, there are approximately 0.0254 moles of acetic anhydride in 2.4 mL of acetic anhydride.
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Draw all possible Cis and Trans isomers of Cis and Trans 1,2-demethyl Cyclohexane. Give approximate Free Energy of each isomer.
There are four possible isomers of 1,2-demethyl cyclohexane, including two cis isomers and two trans isomers.
1,2-demethyl cyclohexane has methyl group removed from the cyclohexane ring, leaving two adjacent carbon atoms with a hydrogen atom on each. The two isomers can be either cis or trans depending on the relative orientation of the hydrogen atoms on the two carbon atoms.
The two cis isomers have the hydrogen atoms on the same side of the ring, while the two trans isomers have the hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the ring. The four possible isomers are:
cis-1,2-demethyl cyclohexane (both hydrogen atoms on the same side)
- trans-1,2-demethyl cyclohexane (both hydrogen atoms on opposite sides)
- cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (both methyl groups on the same side)
- trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (both methyl groups on opposite sides)
The free energy of each isomer will depend on its specific molecular structure and the surrounding environment. Without additional information, it is not possible to provide approximate free energy values for each isomer.
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why does steam cause more severe burns than boiling water
Steam causes more severe burns than boiling water because steam has more heat energy. When water is boiled, it transforms into steam, and it needs to release its energy, which is stored in the form of heat. Due to the high temperature, steam transfers a large amount of heat energy to the human body.
It takes a significant amount of energy to convert water to steam, and the energy is released in the form of heat. Steam is much hotter than boiling water at the same temperature. The temperature of boiling water is 100°C, while the temperature of steam is around 212°F. The difference in temperature is because of the amount of heat energy present in steam. The higher heat energy means that steam can cause more severe burns than boiling water. Steam can cause second-degree burns in just one second, while boiling water takes about four seconds to cause the same injury. Steam not only transfers heat energy to the skin faster but also penetrates deeper into the skin due to its gaseous state. Steam also sticks to the skin for longer than boiling water, which further increases the amount of heat energy absorbed by the skin.
In summary, steam causes more severe burns than boiling water because it has more heat energy, a higher temperature, and penetrates deeper into the skin due to its gaseous state.
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Given the following data for the hydrate M
(NO
3
)
3
×XH
2
O, where M is a metal with the atomic mass 35.30 g/mol, Mass of Crucible and Lid 34.1378 Mass of Crucible, Lid and Hydrate 39.7559 Mass of Crucible, Lid and Anhydrous Salt (3rd Heating) 37.0935 How many molecules of water are in one formula unit of the hydrate? In other words what is the value of X ? X should be a whole number, so choose the percentage of water for the hydrate that is closest to the percentage of water calculated for this experiment. HINT: X is between 6 and 18. Your Answer:
Mass of Crucible and Lid 34.1378 Mass of Crucible, Lid and Hydrate 39.7559 Mass of Crucible, Lid and Anhydrous Salt (3rd Heating) 37.0935Molar mass of M(NO3)3= 3(14.007+15.999) + 35.30
= 291.30 g/mol
Find the mass of hydrated salt= 39.7559 - 34.1378
= 5.6181 g
Find the mass of anhydrous salt= 37.0935 - 34.1378
= 2.9557 gFind the mass of water
= 5.6181 g - 2.9557 g
= 2.6624 gNow, calculate the number of moles of the salt and water:Number of moles of the salt
= 2.9557 g / 291.30 g/mol
= 0.010144 mol
Number of moles of water= 2.6624 g / 18.015 g/mol
= 0.1478 molDivide both by the smallest number of moles:
Number of moles of the salt= 0.010144 mol / 0.010144 mol
= 1Number of moles of water
= 0.1478 mol / 0.010144 mol
= 14.56 ≈ 15So, the formula for the hydrate is M(NO3)3·15H2O.Thus, the value of X in the hydrate is 15. There are 15 molecules of water in one formula unit of the hydrate.
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20g of Orange fruits was blended with water to prepare 100 cm' of juice. If the result
of an lodometric titration of the juice indicates that the concentration of Ascorbic acid is
15260 mg/L, what will be the mass of Ascorbic acid in lg of the Orange?
The mass of ascorbic acid in the orange is 3.05 g.
To calculate the mass of ascorbic acid in the orange, we need to use the concentration of ascorbic acid in the juice and the volume of the juice.
Given that the concentration of ascorbic acid is 15260 mg/L and the volume of the juice is 100 cm³, we can convert the volume to liters by dividing it by 1000: 100 cm³ ÷ 1000 = 0.1 L.
Next, we multiply the concentration by the volume to obtain the total mass of ascorbic acid in the juice: 15260 mg/L × 0.1 L = 1526 mg.
Since the question asks for the mass of ascorbic acid in grams, we divide the result by 1000: 1526 mg ÷ 1000 = 1.526 g.
Therefore, the mass of ascorbic acid in the orange is 1.526 g.
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The rote constant of a certain reaction is konown to obcy the Arrtiersus equation, and to have an activation energy E
δ
=50.0 blanol, if the rate constant of this reaction is 37.M
−1
⋅S
−1
at. 78.0
∘
C, what will the rate constant be at 12.0
∘
C ? Round your answer to 2 sagnificant digts.
the rate constant at 12.0°C, we can use the Arrhenius equation:
Given:E = 50.0 kJ/mol,T1 = 78.0°C = 78.0 + 273.15 K,T2 = 12.0°C = 12.0 + 273.15 K
First, let's convert the activation energy from kJ/mol to J/mol:
E = 50.0 kJ/mol * 1000 J/1 kJ = 50000 J/mol Given that k1 = 37 M^-1 * s^-1, we can substitute the value of k1
Calculating this value, we find:k2 = 4.59 x 10^-12 M^-1 * s^-1Therefore, the rate constant at 12.0°C is approximately 4.59 x 10^-12 M^-1 * s^-1.
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The rate constant at 12.0°C is approximately [tex]5.38 M^-1 * s^-1[/tex]
The Arrhenius equation relates the rate constant of a reaction to its activation energy and temperature. It is given by k = A * exp(-Ea/RT), where k is the rate constant, A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
In this question, we are given that the rate constant at 78.0°C is [tex]37 M^-1 * s^-1.[/tex] We need to find the rate constant at 12.0°C.
To solve this, we need to convert the temperatures to Kelvin. Adding 273 to 78.0 gives us 351 K, and adding 273 to 12.0 gives us 285 K.
Now we can use the Arrhenius equation to find the rate constant at 12.0°C. We know the rate constant at 78.0°C, so we can rearrange the equation to solve for A: k1/k2 = exp((Ea/R)(1/T2 - 1/T1)). Plugging in the values, we have:
37 M^-1 * s^-1 / k2 = exp((50.0 kJ/mol) / (8.314 J/mol * K) * (1/285 K - 1/351 K))
Now we can solve for k2 by rearranging the equation:
k2 = 37 M^-1 * s^-1 / exp((50.0 kJ/mol) / (8.314 J/mol * K) * (1/285 K - 1/351 K))
Evaluating this expression, we find that the rate constant at 12.0°C is approximately 5.38 M^-1 * s^-1.
Therefore, the rate constant at 12.0°C is approximately [tex]5.38 M^-1 * s^-[/tex]1.
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(NH₄)₂SO₄ has a van't Hoff factor of i = 2.31. What is the concentration of particles in a 1.251 M solution of (NH₄)₂SO₄?
The concentration of particles in a 1.251 M solution of (NH₄)₂SO₄ is approximately 2.897 M. The van't Hoff factor (i) represents the number of particles that a solute dissociates into in a solution.
In the case of (NH₄)₂SO₄, the van't Hoff factor is given as i = 2.31.
To calculate the concentration of particles in a solution, we multiply the van't Hoff factor by the initial molarity of the solute.
Given that the initial molarity of (NH₄)₂SO₄ is 1.251 M, we can calculate the concentration of particles as follows:
Concentration of particles = van't Hoff factor × initial molarity
Concentration of particles = 2.31 × 1.251 M
Concentration of particles ≈ 2.897 M
Therefore, the concentration of particles in a 1.251 M solution of (NH₄)₂SO₄ is approximately 2.897 M.
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Which of the following molecules has polar bonds but is a nonpolar molecule? PCl5, PCl3, NCl3, CO2
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds.
A molecule is polar if the electrons are distributed unevenly, which results in partial charges on the atoms. Whereas, a molecule is nonpolar if the electrons are distributed uniformly, and no part of the molecule has a positive or negative charge. CO₂ is a linear molecule with two identical polar bonds (C-O). Although the polar bonds make CO₂ a polar molecule, the bond polarities cancel out each other. This happens because the carbon atom is symmetrical, and the two O atoms are arranged symmetrically on opposite sides of the carbon atom.
As a result, the partial positive charges on one side of the molecule are canceled by the partial negative charges on the other side of the molecule, resulting in a net zero dipole moment. Thus, even though CO₂ has polar bonds, it is a nonpolar molecule. Among the other options, PCl₃ and NCl₃ have polar bonds as well as polar molecules, while PCl₅ has polar bonds and is polar too.
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Wet air enters a dryer at 98.5 kPa and 60oC. The partial
pressure of water vapor in the entering air is 8.7 kPa. Calculate
the kg-mol water present per 100 kg-mol dry air.
Answer:
The mass of water present per 100 kg-mol of dry air is 3.17 kg-mol.
Explanation:
Given parameters:
The partial pressure of water vapor in the entering air = 8.7 kPa
The temperature of the entering air = 60°C
The pressure of entering air = 98.5 kPa
We are to calculate the number of kg-mol of water present per 100 kg-mol dry air
Solution: The mole fraction of water vapor in the air can be calculated as:
Y = Pv / PaPv = Partial pressure of water vapor in the entering air = 8.7 kPaPa = Total pressure of entering air = 98.5 kPaY = 8.7 / 98.5Y = 0.08817
Therefore, the mole fraction of water vapor in the air is 0.08817.
The total number of moles of air present can be calculated as:nA = PA * VA / RT... (i)
where, PA = Total pressure of entering air = 98.5 kPaVA = Volume of entering air = 1 kg-mol dry air
R = Universal gas constant = 8.314 J / mol K... (ii)
T = Temperature of entering air = 60 + 273 = 333 K
T = 333 K
Substituting the given values in equation (i)
nA = 98.5 × 1000 / (8.314 × 333) = 35.89 kg-mol
Therefore, the total number of moles of air present is 35.89 kg-mol. The mass of water present per 100 kg-mol of dry air can be calculated as:
nw = nA × Y
nw = 35.89 × 0.08817
nw = 3.17 kg-mol
Therefore, the mass of water present per 100 kg-mol of dry air is 3.17 kg-mol.
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please solve Q4
4. Calculate the number of moles of carbon atoms in \( 5.00 \) grams of carbon. 5. Write the complete electron configuration for a carbon atom.
Number of moles of carbon atoms = 0.4167 mol. Electron configuration of carbon is 1s² 2s² 2p².
Given that the mass of carbon is 5.00 g.Molar mass of carbon is 12 g/mol. The number of moles of carbon can be calculated as:Number of moles of carbon = Mass of carbon/molar mass of carbon
= 5.00 g/12 g/mol
= 0.4167 mol. Number of moles of carbon atoms will be the same as number of moles of carbon because carbon is a non-metal and its atoms exist independently, so;Number of moles of carbon atoms = 0.4167 mol
Complete electron configuration of carbon is 1s² 2s² 2p².
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Use the References to access Important values if needed for this question. A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 9.74 L at 54
∘
C and 370 , torr. If the volume of the gas sampie is decreased to 6.94 L, while its temperature is decreased to −5,8
∘
C, the resulting gas pressure will be 3 item attempts remaining
the resulting gas pressure, we can use the combined gas law equation: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.
Given:P1 = 370 torr (initial pressure)V1 = 9.74 L (initial volume)T1 = 54 °C (initial temperature)We need to find:P2 (resulting pressure)V2 = 6.94 L (resulting volume)T2 = -5.8 °C (resulting temperature)P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 the resulting gas pressure, we can use the combined gas law equation: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2.
Simplifying the equation:(370 torr)(9.74 L)(-5.8 °C) = P2(6.94 L)(54°C)Solving for P2:P2 = [(370 torr)(9.74 L)(-5.8 °C)] / [(6.94 L)(54 °C)]P2 ≈ -347.5 torr (rounded to the nearest tenth)Therefore, the resulting gas pressure will be approximately -347.5 torr.
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the resulting gas pressure will be approximately 177.8 torr.
To find the resulting gas pressure, we can use the combined gas law, which states that for a given amount of gas, the ratio of pressure to volume is inversely proportional to the ratio of temperature to the Kelvin temperature.
Let's convert the temperatures to Kelvin first. 54 °C = 54 + 273.15 = 327.15 K and -5.8 °C = -5.8 + 273.15 = 267.35 K.
Now, let's calculate the initial pressure using the given values: P1 = 370 torr.
Next, we can use the combined gas law to find the final pressure:
(P1 × V1)/T1 = (P2 × V2)/T2.
Plugging in the known values:
(370 torr × 9.74 L)/327.15 K = (P2 × 6.94 L)/267.35 K.
Simplifying the equation, we can solve for P2:
P2 = (370 torr × 6.94 L × 267.35 K)/(9.74 L × 327.15 K).
Calculating this value gives us P2 ≈ 177.8 torr.
Therefore, the resulting gas pressure will be approximately 177.8 torr.
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Identify the products formed in this Brønsted-Lowry reaction. HSO4−+CN−⇌ acid + base acid: base: Incorrect Incorrect
The Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory is used to classify chemical compounds as either an acid or a base. This theory is used to describe a chemical reaction between hydrogen ions and a molecule to create a new molecule.
The general reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and base can be represented as follows:acid + base ⇌ base + acidIn this case, the reaction is between HSO4− and CN−. Let's look at the HSO4− molecule first. It contains a hydrogen atom, which can be donated as a proton, making it an acid. CN− contains a lone pair of electrons, which can accept the proton, making it a base.
The reaction between the two can be represented as follows:HSO4−+CN−⇌SO42−+HCN.
In this reaction, the HSO4− is the acid, and the CN− is the base. The products of the reaction are SO42− and HCN.
In the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, an acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+), while a base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+).
In the reaction between HSO4− and CN−, HSO4− donates a hydrogen ion to CN−, making it an acid, and CN− accepts the hydrogen ion from HSO4−, making it a base. Therefore, the products of the reaction are SO42− and HCN.
When HSO4− and CN− react, the products of the reaction are SO42− and HCN, according to the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory.
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Describe how to prepare 100ml of a 0.150M acetate buffer at a pH=5 from sodium acetate trihydrate and your standardized 0.200MHCl solution.
To prepare a 100 ml of a 0.150 M acetate buffer at a pH of 5 from sodium acetate trihydrate and your standardized 0.200 M HCl solution, the following procedures can be followed Calculate the amount of sodium acetate trihydrate required to prepare 100 ml of 0.15 M acetate buffer.
The molecular weight of sodium acetate trihydrate is 136.08 g/mol.The weight of sodium acetate trihydrate required can be calculated as follows:0.15 M = (weight of sodium acetate trihydrate / volume of solution in litres)Weight of sodium acetate trihydrate = 0.15 × 0.1 × 136.08 = 2.042 g (to 3 significant figures) Dissolve 2.042 g of sodium acetate trihydrate in 80 ml of distilled water and stir until the salt is completely dissolved. Use a volumetric flask for measuring the volume.
Adjust the pH of the solution to 5 using a pH meter. If the pH is too low, add a few drops of 0.2 M HCl to lower the pH. If the pH is too high, add a few drops of 0.2 M NaOH to raise the pH. Check the pH after each addition and adjust accordingly.Step 4: Bring the total volume of the solution to 100 ml by adding distilled water and mix well. The solution is now ready and can be used as an acetate buffer at pH 5.
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Each ""20-mg"" capsule of Prozac contains 22.5 mg of fluoxetine HCL (m.w. 345.63) equivalent to 20 mg of fluoxetine base. Calculate the molecular weight of the fluoxetine base. Round your answer to the HUNDRETHS decimal place.
The given formula is incorrect for determining the molecular weight of fluoxetine base. The molecular weight of fluoxetine base is approximately 309.17 g/mol.
The molecular weight of fluoxetine base can be calculated by subtracting the molar mass of the hydrochloride (HCl) portion from the molar mass of fluoxetine HCl.
Given:
Molar mass of fluoxetine HCl (MW) = 345.63 g/mol
Amount of fluoxetine base = 20 mg
To calculate the molecular weight of fluoxetine base, we need to subtract the molar mass of the HCl portion from the molar mass of fluoxetine HCl:
Molecular weight of fluoxetine base = MW - Molar mass of HCl
The molar mass of HCl is approximately 36.46 g/mol.
Molecular weight of fluoxetine base = 345.63 g/mol - 36.46 g/mol
= 309.17 g/mol
Therefore, the molecular weight of fluoxetine base is approximately 309.17 g/mol.
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When a student mixed two soluble ionic compounds, sodium phosphate and potassium oxalate in water, what will the chemical name of the precipitate? 2Na
3
PO
4
(aq)+K
2
C
2
O
4
(aq)→? Potassium(il) phosphate Sodium(II) oxalate Sodium oxalate There will be no precipiate formed. Potassium phosphate
The chemical name of the precipitate formed when sodium phosphate and potassium oxalate are mixed in water is potassium phosphate. Potassium phosphate is a chemical compound with the molecular formula K3PO4. It is an odorless, white, or colorless crystalline salt that is soluble in water.
The chemical name of the precipitate formed when sodium phosphate and potassium oxalate are mixed in water is potassium phosphate. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3K2C2O4(aq) → 6NaC2O4(aq) + 2K3PO4(aq)
The reaction involves the exchange of ions, resulting in the formation of potassium phosphate (K3PO4) as the precipitate. Therefore, the correct answer is Potassium phosphate.
Potassium phosphate is commonly used as a food additive, fertilizer, and in the production of medicines and other chemical compounds. As a food additive, it is used as a buffering agent, emulsifier, and thickening agent in many processed foods. In medicine, it is used as a source of phosphates and potassium in intravenous fluids for patients who cannot take these nutrients orally.
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Calculate the enthalpy of reaction for the decomposition of nitrogen triiodide atstandard conditions given ΔfHº (NI3) = +154.4 kJ/mol.
The enthalpy change for the decomposition of nitrogen triiodide at standard conditions is +217.2 kJ/mol.
The enthalpy change is the difference between the enthalpy of the products and the enthalpy of the reactants, both measured in the same standard conditions.
The decomposition of nitrogen triiodide at standard conditions is given as: N2I4 (g) ⟶ 2NI3 (g) ∆H = ?
We know that ΔfHº (NI3) = +154.4 kJ/mol.
Since the reaction as given is not balanced, we must first balance the equation.
The balanced equation is: N2I4 (g) ⟶ 2NI3 (g) + I2 (g)
The enthalpy change is equal to the enthalpy of formation of the products minus the enthalpy of formation of the reactants: = [2ΔfHº (NI3) + ΔfHº (I2)] - ΔfHº (N2I4)
Substitute the values from the table:
ΔH = [2 × (+154.4 kJ/mol) + 62.4 kJ/mol] - 205.2 kJ/mol= +217.2 kJ/mol
Therefore, the enthalpy change for the decomposition of nitrogen triiodide at standard conditions is +217.2 kJ/mol.
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how many moles are there in 120 g of glucose (c6h12o6)?
There are 0.666 moles present in 120 g of glucose that consists of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms.
The molar mass of glucose can be calculated by adding up the atomic masses of all the atoms in its chemical formula.
Carbon = 6 atoms × atomic mass of carbon = 6 × 12.01 g/mol
Hydrogen = 12 atoms × atomic mass of hydrogen = 12 × 1.01 g/mol
Oxygen = 6 atoms × atomic mass of oxygen = 6 × 16.00 g/mol
Molar mass of glucose = (6 × 12.01) + (12 × 1.01) + (6 × 16.00) g/mol
Molar mass of glucose = 72.06 + 12.12 + 96.00 g/mol
Molar mass of glucose = 180.18 g/mol
The total number of moles in glucose is:
Number of moles = Mass of substance / Molar mass
Number of moles = 120 g / 180.18 g/mol
Number of moles = 0.666 moles
Therefore, we can conclude that there are 0.666 moles present in 120 g of glucose.
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Consider the following reaction. CO (g) + Cl2 (g) --> COCl2 (g)
The mechanism is believed to be,
(1) Cl2 <--> 2Cl (fast equilibrium)
(2) Cl + CO <--> COCl (fast equilibrium)
(3) COCl + Cl2 -> COCl2 + Cl (slow)
(4) 2 Cl -> Cl2 (fast)
Assuming that the mechanism is correct, derive the rate law for this reaction
The rate law for the given reaction is determined by examining the rate-determining step, which in this case is step (3) involving the reaction between COCl and Cl[tex]_{2}[/tex] to form COCl[tex]_{2}[/tex] and Cl.
The rate of the reaction is determined by the concentration of the reactants involved in the rate-determining step. From step (3), we can see that the rate is proportional to the concentrations of COCl and Cl[tex]_{2}[/tex]. Therefore, the rate law for this reaction can be expressed as:
Rate = k[COCl][Cl[tex]_{2}[/tex]]
Where k represents the rate constant, and [COCl] and [Cl[tex]_{2}[/tex]] are the concentrations of COCl and Cl[tex]_{2}[/tex], respectively.
This rate law suggests that the reaction rate depends on the concentrations of both COCl and Cl[tex]_{2}[/tex], with their respective exponents determined by the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation. It is important to note that the rate law is determined based on the proposed mechanism and may require experimental confirmation to verify its accuracy.
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What is the chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the chlorate ion? chemical formuln: What is the chemical formola for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the carbonate ion? chemical formula:
The chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the chlorate ion is Cr(ClO₃)₃.
Chromium (III) is a cation with a charge of +3. On the other hand, the chlorate ion has a charge of -1. So, to balance the charges, three chlorate ions are required for each chromium ion. The chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the chlorate ion is Cr(ClO₃)₃.
The chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the carbonate ion is Cr₂(CO₃)₃.
Chromium (III) is a cation with a charge of +3. Carbonate ion has a charge of -2. In order to balance the charges, two chromium ions are required for every three carbonate ions. Therefore, the chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the carbonate ion is Cr₂(CO₃)₃.
Thus, the chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the chlorate ion is Cr(ClO₃)₃, whereas the chemical formula for the compound formed between chromium(III) and the carbonate ion is Cr₂(CO₃)₃.
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Assume in a chemical reaction Chemical A (100 mmole; MW 600 da) and B (20 mmole; 15,000 da) react to form AB. The reaction is carried out in water with excess A so that all of B is used up in the reaction. Dialysis is proposed to separate unreacted A from the product AB. The dialysate is 500 mL of water. The dialysate tubing (15 mL total available volume) is filled with 12 mL of the reaction solution. At a very long time (infinity) what will be the concentration of product AB in the dialysate tubing? What will be the amounts of A and AB in the dialysis tubing and in the dialysate?
ANSWER : At a very long time (infinity), the concentration of product AB in the dialysate tubing is zero.
At a very long time (infinity), the concentration of product AB in the dialysate tubing will be zero. This is because all of the product AB will have diffused out of the dialysate tubing and into the dialysate (water).
The amounts of A and AB in the dialysis will depend on the molecular weights and initial amounts of A and B.
Given that the molecular weight of A is 600 da and the initial amount is 100 mmole, the total mass of A is 100 mmole * 600 da = 60,000 da.
Given that the molecular weight of B is 15,000 da and the initial amount is 20 mmole, the total mass of B is 20 mmole * 15,000 da = 300,000 da.
Since B is completely used up in the reaction, the total mass of AB will be the sum of the masses of A and B, which is 60,000 da + 300,000 da = 360,000 da.
The amounts of A and AB in the dialysate will be zero, as all of the product AB will have diffused out of the dialysate tubing and into the dialysate.
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A 100 milligram (mg) sample of I-131 is used for a diagnostic procedure. The half-life of I-131 is 8.0 days. After 24 days have passed, how much of the I-131 remains? Assume no I-131 is lost due to metabolism or excretions.
The radioisotope iodine-131 (I-131) is used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. A 100 milligram sample of I-131 was taken for the diagnostic procedure.
The half-life of I-131 is 8.0 days. Given that the half-life of I-131 is 8.0 days and that after 24 days, we need to determine how much I-131 remains. The time elapsed is 24 days, or three half-lives. The following formula can be used to calculate the amount of radioactive substance remaining after a given number of half-lives: Amount remaining = initial amount × (1/2)number of half-lives. Substituting the values given:Amount remaining = 100 mg × (1/2)3
Amount remaining = 12.5 mg
Therefore, the amount of I-131 that remains is 12.5 mg.
After 24 days, the amount of I-131 that remains is 12.5 mg. I-131 has a half-life of 8.0 days. After 24 days, the elapsed time is three half-lives. The amount of the substance remaining is calculated using the formula Amount remaining = initial amount × (1/2)number of half-lives. The value of the initial amount is given as 100 mg. Substituting the values, we get Amount remaining = 100 mg × (1/2)3
= 12.5 mg.
Therefore, the amount of I-131 that remains after 24 days is 12.5 mg. This calculation assumes that no I-131 is lost due to metabolism or excretion.
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