Water molecules surround solute molecules. Option B
What is the solvation by water?The principle of "like dissolves like" states that non-polar chemicals are soluble in non-polar solvents and polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents.
Water can only dissolve other polar solutes since it is a polar solvent; it cannot dissolve non-polar solutes.
The polar molecules that surround the polar solutes when they are dissolved in water are separated when they do so because of the high dielectric constant of water.
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Missing parts;
Which statement accurately describes part of the dissolving process of a polar solute in water?
Solute molecules repel water molecules.
Water molecules surround solute molecules.
Water molecules are strongly attracted to nonpolar substances.
Solute molecules remain concentrated in one part of the solvent.
now suppose that for whatever reason co2 levels in the blood become lower than normal. draw what the teeter totter would look like with less co2 in the blood.
The teeter totter analogy can help us understand the balance of gases in the bloodstream. When there is a decrease in CO₂ levels in the blood, it can cause the teeter totter to shift in the opposite direction. This means that the pH of the blood becomes more alkaline, as there are fewer acidic molecules present.
The body maintains a delicate balance of gases in the bloodstream, with the respiratory system playing a key role in regulating CO₂ levels. If CO₂ levels become too low, it can cause respiratory alkalosis, a condition where the blood becomes too alkaline. This can be caused by hyperventilation, as excessive breathing can cause too much CO₂ to be expelled from the body.
In terms of the teeter totter analogy, a decrease in CO₂ levels would mean that there are fewer weights on the acid side, causing it to rise. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, tingling sensations, and muscle spasms.
It's important to note that low CO₂ levels can also be caused by underlying medical conditions, such as metabolic disorders or lung disease. If you are experiencing symptoms of respiratory alkalosis, it's important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.
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Answer all questions
1. The activation energy for the reaction is 80 KJ
2. The letter that represents the activation energy is E
3. The change in energy for the reaction is 20 KJ
4. The reaction is endothermic
5. The activation energy after the reaction was catalyzed is 50 KJ
6. The letter that represents the activation energy after the reaction was catalyzed is B
1. How do i determine the activaition energy?We can obtain the activation energy for the reaction as follow:
Energy of reactant = 0 KJPeak energy = 80 KJActivation energy = ?Activation energy = Peak energy - Energy of reactant
Activation energy = 80 - 0
Activation energy = 80 KJ
2. How do i know which letter represents activation energy?The letter which represent the activation energy is letter E
3. How do i determine the change in energy?The change in energy can be obtain as follow:
Energy of reactant = 0 KJEnergy of product = 20 KJChange in energy = ?Change in energy = Energy of product - energy of reactant
Change in energy = 20 - 0
Change in energy = 20 KJ
4. How do i know if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic?The change in energy obtained above is positive (i.e 20 KJ).
Thus, we can conclude that the reaction is endothermic reaction.
5. How do i determine the activaition energy after the catalyst is added?We can obtain the activation energy after the catalyst is added as follow:
Energy of reactant = 0 KJPeak energy = 50 KJActivation energy for catalyzed reaction = ?Activation energy = Peak energy - Energy of reactant
Activation energy = 50 - 0
Activation energy for catalyzed reaction = 50 KJ
6. How do i know which letter represents activation energy after the catalyst is added?The letter which represent the activation energy after the catalyst is added is letter B
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calculate the pressure exerted by 2.50 moles of co2 confined in a volume of 5.00 l at 450 k. compare the pressure with that predicted by the ideal gas equation'
To calculate the pressure exerted by 2.50 moles of CO2 confined in a volume of 5.00 L at 450 K, we can use the ideal gas equation:
PV = nRT
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.
First, we need to calculate the value of R. We can use the following equation:
R = PV/nT
where P, V, n, and T are the values given in the problem.
R = (P)(5.00 L)/(2.50 moles)(450 K)
R = 0.074 L atm/mol K
Now, we can rearrange the ideal gas equation to solve for P:
P = nRT/V
P = (2.50 moles)(0.074 L atm/mol K)(450 K)/5.00 L
P = 8.425 atm
Therefore, the pressure exerted by 2.50 moles of CO2 confined in a volume of 5.00 L at 450 K is 8.425 atm.
To compare this pressure with that predicted by the ideal gas equation, we can use the following equation:
P = (n/V)kT
where k is the Boltzmann constant.
P = (2.50 moles/5.00 L)(1.38 x 10^-23 J/K)(450 K)/101,325 Pa
P = 7.775 x 10^-2 atm
As we can see, the pressure predicted by the ideal gas equation is much lower than the actual pressure calculated above. This is because, at high pressures and low volumes, real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior due to intermolecular forces and the finite size of gas molecules.
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For the following error, select the answer that correctly describes how it will affect the value of the final temperature of the water/solution in the calorimeter:
One aluminum rod is not totally submerged in the calorimeter after it was transferred from the hot water.
The aluminum rod that is not totally submerged in the calorimeter after being transferred from hot water will have a negligible effect on the final temperature of the water/solution in the calorimeter. This is because aluminum has a high thermal conductivity and will quickly transfer any heat it contains to the water/solution in the calorimeter, regardless of whether it is fully submerged or not.
However, if the amount of aluminum not submerged is significant and the experiment is sensitive, it could introduce a slight error in the temperature measurement, but this is unlikely to be significant. It is important to note that any variation in temperature due to the aluminum rod not being submerged will be minimal and will not affect the overall validity of the experiment. Therefore, it is recommended to ensure that the aluminum rod is fully submerged for consistency and accuracy in the experiment, but if it is not, it is unlikely to have a significant impact on the final temperature measurement. Hi! When an aluminum rod is not fully submerged in the calorimeter after being transferred from hot water, it will affect the final temperature of the water/solution in the calorimeter. Since the entire rod isn't in contact with the solution, less heat will be transferred from the aluminum to the solution. As a result, the final temperature of the solution will be lower than if the rod were fully submerged, leading to inaccuracies in the calculated heat exchange. To obtain accurate results, ensure the aluminum rod is fully submerged during the experiment.
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The energy of Bohr orbits in a H atom varies as
n (the orbit number).
n2.
1/n.
1/n2.
n/(6.02 x 1023).
The energy of Bohr orbits in a hydrogen atom varies as 1/n², where n is the orbit number or principal quantum number. As the orbit number (n) increases, the energy of the orbit becomes less negative, but at a decreasing rate due to the inverse square relationship.
To understand why this is the case, let's go through a brief explanation of Bohr's model and its relation to energy:
1. Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting a proton in discrete energy levels or orbits, represented by the principal quantum number n.
2. These energy levels are quantized, meaning the electron can only exist in specific energy states and not in between. As n increases, the energy level increases, and the electron is farther away from the nucleus.
3. The energy of each Bohr orbit is given by the formula: E = -13.6 eV/n². Here, E represents the energy of the orbit, eV is electron-volts (a unit of energy), and n is the principal quantum number. The negative sign indicates that the energy is negative, which means that the electron is bound to the nucleus.
4. From the formula, it is evident that as n increases, the energy of the orbit becomes less negative (i.e., it increases). However, the relationship between the energy and n is an inverse square one (1/n²). This means that as n increases, the increase in energy becomes smaller and smaller.
In summary, the energy of Bohr orbits in a hydrogen atom varies as 1/n².
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where do the bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne come from the bubbles are simply air bubbles resulting from the brewing process
The bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne primarily consist of carbon dioxide produced during the brewing process. The pressure change when opening a bottle or pouring the beverage allows the dissolved CO₂ to come out of the solution and form bubbles, contributing to the effervescence and mouthfeel of these popular drinks.
Bubbles in a glass of beer or champagne are an interesting phenomenon and can be explained by considering the brewing process and the physical properties of these beverages.
During the brewing process, yeast ferments sugar present in the mixture, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas as byproducts. In beer, this CO₂ is primarily responsible for the characteristic bubbles, while in champagne, secondary fermentation in the bottle generates additional CO₂. Once the beverage is bottled and sealed, CO₂ gas dissolves in the liquid under pressure.
When you pour a glass of beer or champagne, or open a bottle, the pressure decreases, allowing the dissolved CO₂ to come out of the solution and form bubbles. These bubbles are not simply air, but primarily consist of carbon dioxide produced during fermentation.
Nucleation sites, such as imperfections in the glass, dust particles, or even the tiny fibers of a cloth used to clean the glass, facilitate bubble formation by providing a surface for the CO₂ to attach and create bubbles. As these bubbles rise to the surface, they also capture other gases present in the liquid, such as nitrogen or oxygen.
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Complete the following neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. Do not include the states of matter in the equation, and do not write coefficients of "1. ". H_2 CO_3+. KOH----->
The neutralization reaction between an acid and base is given as,
"H₂CO₃ + KOH → K₂CO₃ + H₂O"
Generally a neutralization reaction is usually described as a chemical reaction which involves reaction of an acid and a base and they react quantitatively together in order to form a salt and water as by-products. Basically in a neutralization reaction, a combination of H⁺ ions and OH⁻ ions is present which effectively forms water.
So, the products formed from neutralization reactions are salt and water. Generally the pH of the salt and water solution is always neutral (pH =7).
Hence, the neutralization reaction is given as,
"H₂CO₃ + KOH → K₂CO₃ + H₂O"
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Rank the compounds in each of the following groups in order of increasing acidity or basicity, as indicated, and explain the order you assign.
(a) acidity: HCl, HBr, HI
(b) basicity: H2O, OH−, H−, Cl−
(c) basicity: Mg(OH)2, Si(OH)4, ClO3(OH) (Hint: Formula could also be written as HClO4.)
(d) acidity: HF, H2O, NH3, CH4
(a) Acidity: HCl > HBr > HI. The order of acidity of HCl, HBr, and HI is determined by their relative strengths. HCl is the strongest acid in the group, followed by HBr and then HI.
HCl has the greatest number of hydrogens, which allows it to donate more protons and thus produce more acidic solutions. HBr and HI both have fewer hydrogens, making them weaker acids than HCl.
(b) Basicity: H2O > OH− > H− > Cl−
The order of basicity of H2O, OH−, H−, and Cl− is determined by the relative strengths of the conjugate acids of the bases. H2O has the strongest conjugate acid, and therefore is the strongest base in the group.
OH− is the next strongest base, followed by H− and then Cl−. The conjugate acid of Cl− is the strongest of the acids, making it the weakest base of the group.
(c) Basicity: Mg(OH)2 > Si(OH)4 > ClO3(OH) (HClO4)
The order of basicity of Mg(OH)2, Si(OH)4, and ClO3(OH) (HClO4) is determined by their relative strengths. Mg(OH)2 has the strongest conjugate acid, and is thus the strongest base in the group.
Si(OH)4 is the next strongest base, followed by ClO3(OH). The conjugate acid of ClO3(OH) is the strongest of the acids, making it the weakest base of the group.
(d) Acidity: HF > H2O > NH3 > CH4
The order of acidity of HF, H2O, NH3, and CH4 is determined by their relative strengths. HF is the strongest acid in the group, followed by H2O and then NH3. CH4 is the weakest acid in the group.
HF has the greatest number of hydrogens, which allows it to donate more protons and thus produce more acidic solutions. H2O and NH3 both have fewer hydrogens, making them weaker acids than HF. CH4 has no hydrogens, making it the weakest acid of the group.
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PART OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION:
One method to reduce IR drops through the electrolyte
A) monthly checkups
B) place a reference electrode near the structure
C) galanavic anodes
D) change different types of reference electrodes frequently
The best method to reduce IR drops through the electrolyte is by using galvanic anodes. IR drops refer to the potential drop that occurs within the electrolyte solution due to its resistance.
This drop can significantly affect the performance of the structure, leading to corrosion and reduced efficiency. Galvanic anodes work by generating an electrical current that counteracts the potential drop and prevents corrosion. The anodes are made of a metal with a more negative potential than the metal they are protecting, which results in the anode corroding instead of the structure. This type of protection is commonly used in cathodic protection systems, which are designed to mitigate the effects of corrosion. Other methods such as monthly checkups or changing reference electrodes frequently do not address the root cause of the IR drops and may not provide adequate protection. Therefore, galvanic anodes are the most effective solution for reducing IR drops through the electrolyte.
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 Which characteristic of magma determine its explosiveness?
A color
B. amount.
C. temperature
D. silica content
The characteristic of magma that determines its explosiveness is its silica content. The correct option is D.
Silica, also known as silicon dioxide (SiO2), is a major component of magma. Magma with high silica content is more viscous and sticky, which means that it resists flow and can trap gas bubbles.
As magma rises to the surface and pressure decreases, the gas bubbles expand and can cause the magma to erupt explosively.
Magma with low silica content, on the other hand, is less viscous and flows more easily, allowing gas bubbles to escape before they can build up enough pressure to cause an explosive eruption.
Therefore, the higher the silica content in magma, the more explosive the eruption is likely to be, the correct option is D.
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Select the statement that correctly describes the stereochemical outcome of an SN2 reaction and its causeThere is inversion of stereochemistry, which implies backside attack by the nucleophile.- The larger the anion, the less suppressed the nucleophilicity due to solvation.- The smaller the anion, the more solvated the ion by ion-dipole forces.
There is an inversion of stereochemistry, which implies a back-side attack of the nucleophile as in SN₂ reaction the nucleophile attacks opposite from the side of the leaving group.
SN2 (Substitution Nucleophilic Bimolecular) reactions occur when a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbon atom and substitutes a leaving group. In SN₂ reactions, the nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group, which causes the stereochemistry at the reaction center to invert.
The size of the anion can affect the nucleophilicity due to solvation, with larger anions being less suppressed by solvation.
Additionally, smaller anions may be more solvated by ion-dipole forces.
However, these factors do not directly influence the stereochemical outcome of the SN₂ reaction.
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Using the difference between the total volume of sodium hydroxide solution required to reach the second equivalence point and the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required to reach the first equivalence point, calculate the percent weight (g) by volume (mL), %(w/v), of phosphoric acid in the assigned cola.
The percent weight by volume of phosphoric acid in the assigned cola is 0.263% (w/v).
To calculate the percent weight by volume of phosphoric acid in the assigned cola, need to follow these steps:
Determine the molecular weight of phosphoric acid, which is H₃PO₄ The atomic weights are: H=1, P=31, O=16. Therefore, the molecular weight of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] is:
MW(H₃PO₄) = 3 x MW(H) + MW(P) + 4 x MW(O)
= 3 x 1 + 31 + 4 x 16
= 98 g/mol
Calculate the amount of phosphoric acid in the cola sample used in the titration. Let's assume used 25 mL of the cola sample for the titration, and found that it required 35 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution to reach the second equivalence point, and 15 mL to reach the first equivalence point. The difference between these volumes is:
35 mL - 15 mL = 20 mL
This means that 20 mL of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution reacted with the phosphoric acid in the cola sample.
From the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide, know that 1 mole of H₃PO₄ reacts with 3 moles of NaOH. Therefore, the amount of H₃PO₄ in the cola sample is:
(20 mL x 0.1 mol/L) / 3 = 0.67 mmol
And the mass of [tex]H_3PO_4[/tex] in the cola sample is:
0.67 mmol x 98 g/mol = 65.66 mg
Calculate the weight by volume percent of phosphoric acid in the cola sample. Since used 25 mL of the cola sample for the titration, the weight by volume percent of phosphoric acid is:
(65.66 mg / 25 mL) x 100% = 0.263% (w/v)
Therefore, the percent weight by volume of phosphoric acid in the assigned cola is 0.263% (w/v).
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Vinegars can be 5-20% acetic acid solutions and has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. If a person takes 30 mL of vinegar a day and the molarity of the vinegar is 0. 84 M, then how many grams of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) will be consumed?
The person consuming 30 mL of 0.84 M vinegar will consume 1.51 grams of acetic acid ([tex]HC_2H_3O_2[/tex]) per day.
The molecular weight of acetic acid is 60.05 g/mol.
30 mL = 0.03 L
Now we can use the formula:
moles = molarity × volume
moles of [tex]HC_2H_3O_2[/tex] = 0.84 M × 0.03 L = 0.0252 moles
Finally, we can use the formula:
grams = moles × molecular weight
grams of [tex]HC_2H_3O_2[/tex]= 0.0252 moles × 60.05 g/mol = 1.51 g
Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is a fundamental concept in chemistry that refers to the mass of a molecule. It is defined as the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule. The unit of molecular weight is atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da).
The molecular weight of a compound is crucial in various chemical applications, such as determining the stoichiometry of chemical reactions, calculating the amount of substance required to achieve a certain concentration, and predicting the physical properties of a substance. Additionally, it is a necessary parameter in the determination of the molar mass, which is the mass of one mole of a substance.
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PART OF WRITTEN EXAMINATION:
The reduction reaction that occurs in an electrochemical reaction:
I Occurs at the anode
II occurs at the cathode
III involves the loss of electrons
IV involves the gain of electrons
A) I only
B) II only
C) I and III only
D) II and IV only
The reduction reaction that occurs in an electrochemical reaction involves the gain of electrons and occurs at the cathode. Therefore, the correct answer is option D, II and IV only.
The reduction reaction in an electrochemical reaction involves the gain of electrons, which means that option IV is correct. The reduction reaction occurs at the cathode, where the positively charged ions are attracted to the negatively charged electrode and gain electrons. At the same time, oxidation occurs at the anode, where the negatively charged ions are attracted to the positively charged electrode and lose electrons. Therefore, option II is also correct. Options I and III are incorrect because reduction does not occur at the anode and it involves the gain, not the loss of electrons.
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When preparing a dilute solution from a more concentrated one, be sure to carry out the necessary calculations _____ getting started with any glassware. Use a _________ to transfer an aliquot of the concentrated solution into a clean, dry volumetric flask. Add a small amount of solvent, swirl the flask, then fill to the _________. Mix the solution and label the flask
When preparing a dilute solution from a more concentrated one, be sure to carry out the necessary calculations before getting started with any glassware. This is important to ensure that the resulting solution has the desired concentration and accuracy.
Use a pipette to transfer an aliquot (a measured portion) of the concentrated solution into a clean, dry volumetric flask. The pipette should be chosen based on the amount of solution needed, and should be calibrated to ensure accuracy.
Add a small amount of solvent (the diluent) to the flask, and swirl it gently to dissolve the solute (the substance being dissolved). Then, fill the flask to the calibration mark with solvent, using a dropper or funnel to avoid spillage.
Mix the solution thoroughly by swirling or inverting the flask, being careful not to introduce any air bubbles. Label the flask with the identity and concentration of the solution, and any other relevant information such as the date and preparer's name.
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What type of air pollution causes loss of chlorophyll in plants?
a. PAN
b. Sulfur dioxide
c. Industries processing hazardous wastes
d. High motor vehicle traffic
The correct answer to the question is b. Sulfur dioxide. Air pollution, particularly sulfur dioxide, can cause significant damage to plant life by interfering with their chlorophyll production.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment that is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce food. Sulfur dioxide and other pollutants can block sunlight, reduce water availability, and damage the delicate structures that produce chlorophyll in leaves. The damage caused by air pollution can result in stunted growth, yellowing leaves, reduced yield, and in extreme cases, death of the plant. To reduce the impact of air pollution on plant life, it is important to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants from industries and vehicles, and to promote the use of clean energy sources. Additionally, planting more trees and other vegetation can help to absorb some of the pollutants and improve air quality in urban areas.
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In terms of electrons why is CuBr considered ionic
CuBr - copper bromide is considered ionic because it consists of positively charged copper ions(Cu₊) and negatively charged bromide ions(Br-) which held together through electrostatic forces of attraction
Copper and Bromide are both non - metals but they typically form covalent compounds, the larger difference in electronegativity between copper and bromine results in an unequal sharing of electrons, which leads to formation of ion and ionic nature of CuBr
In CuBr, copper loses copper loses one electron to form Cu₊ while bromine gains one electron to form Br-
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which process is expected to have an increase in entropy? view available hint(s)for part a which process is expected to have an increase in entropy? formation of liquid water from hydrogen and oxygen gas. decomposition of n2o4 gas to no2 gas precipitation of baso4 from mixing solutions of bacl2 and na2so4 iron rusting
The process that is expected to have an increase in entropy is the decomposition of N₂O₄ gas to NO₂ gas (Option B).
The decomposition of a gas into two different gases results in an increase in the number of particles and therefore an increase in disorder or entropy. The formation of liquid water from hydrogen and oxygen gas and the precipitation of BaSO₄ from mixing solutions of BaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ are both examples of processes that result in a decrease in entropy as the particles become more ordered. Iron rusting can also be considered an increase in entropy as the solid metal turns into a mixture of solid and liquid particles.
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Reducing agent such as active metals and some metal hyrides
- Are not corrosive since they are reducing, not oxidizing, agents
- Are unreactive except in the present of moderately strong oxidizing agents Incorrect
- Often produce hydroxide and flammable H2
- Generally do not react with water
The correct statement about reducing agents such as active metals and some metal hydrides is: They often produce hydroxide and flammable H2 when reacting with water. Therefore the correct option is option C.
A substance that contributes electrons to another chemical species, reducing it, is known as a reducing agent. Strong reducing agents include several metal hydrides as well as active metals including sodium, potassium, and calcium. These reducing substances have the ability to form hydroxide ions (OH-) and hydrogen gas (H2) when they come into contact with water.
Therefore, reducing agents like active metals and some metal hydrides are not inert and can react with water to form hydroxide and combustible H2. To avoid mishaps, it is crucial to handle these reducing agents carefully and take the necessary safety measures. Therefore the correct option is option C.
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7. What is the difference between 0.50mol HCI and 0.50M HCI?
Explanation:
0.5 mol HCl represents the amount of HCl in moles and 0.50 M HCl represents that there are 0.5 mol HCl per 1 L solution.
A student dissolved only 40 grams of NaCI in 80 grams of water that is at 90°C. To make this a saturated solution, the student must add to the solution
1) 10 g of NaCI
3) 10 g of H20
2) 20 g of NaCI
4) 20 g of H20
Solubility is a measure of the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure.
Given information,
Amount of known solute (NaCl) = 40 grams
Amount of known solvent = 80 grams
Let the amount of unknown solute be x
We know that,
Amount of known solute/Amount of known solvent = Amount of unknown solute/Amount of unknown solvent
40/80 = x/100
As solubility is expressed in 100 grams.
x = 40 × 100/80
x = 50 grams
Thus, the solubility of NaCl is 50/100 grams of water. The solution already contains 40 grams of NaCl. It requires only adding 10 grams of NaCl to make the solution saturated. Hence, option A is correct.
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enter your answer in the provided box. in a titration of hno3, you add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to 50.00 ml of acid in a flask. you quickly add 20.00 ml of 0.225 m naoh but overshoot the end point, and the solution turns deep pink. instead of starting over, you add 30.00 ml of the acid, and the solution turns colorless. then, it takes 5.03 ml of the naoh to reach the end point. what is the concentration of the hno3 solution? m
The concentration of the HNO3 solution is 5.63 x 10^-2 M.
How can we calculate the concentration of HNO3?First, we need to find the number of moles of NaOH used in the titration:
0.225 M x 0.020 L = 0.0045 moles of NaOH
Since NaOH and HNO3 react in a 1:1 molar ratio, this means that there were also 0.0045 moles of HNO3 present in the original solution.
When 30.00 mL of the HNO3 solution is added to the mixture, the total volume becomes:
50.00 mL + 30.00 mL = 80.00 mL
Therefore, the concentration of the HNO3 solution can be calculated as follows:
0.0045 moles / 0.080 L = 0.05625 M or 5.63 x 10^-2 M
Therefore, the concentration of the HNO3 solution is 5.63 x 10^-2 M.
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The IDHL is an OEL that uses what time frame as the criterion for escape?
2 minutes
5 minutes
15 minutes
30 minutes
The time frame used as the criterion for escape is 30 minutes, which means that workers must be able to escape from the hazardous area within 30 minutes without suffering any life-threatening or irreversible health effects.
The IDHL (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) is an occupational exposure limit (OEL) that specifies the maximum concentration of a hazardous substance in the air that can cause irreversible health effects or death within a specified time frame. The time frame used as the criterion for escape is 30 minutes, which means that workers must be able to escape from the hazardous area within 30 minutes without suffering any life-threatening or irreversible health effects.
Therefore, it is crucial for employers to have emergency response plans, including evacuation procedures, in place to ensure the safety of workers in case of exposure to IDHL substances.
The IDHL (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) is an OEL (Occupational Exposure Limit) that uses a specific time frame as the criterion for escape. Out of the given options, the correct time frame for the IDHL is 30 minutes. This means that exposure to a hazardous substance at the IDHL concentration should not be longer than 30 minutes to prevent immediate danger to life or health.
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In terms of bonding, explain why ethanol and water are miscible, yet carbon tetrachloride and water are immiscible?
The ethanol dissolves in water but carbon tetrachloride will not dissolve it is because of the hydrogen bonding present in ethanol but carbon tetrachloride does not contain hydrogen bonding
The similarity of the intermolecular interactions between the molecules of the two liquids—which is defined by the kinds and strengths of the bonds present in each molecule—is what determines whether two liquids are miscible. Compared to carbon tetrachloride and water, which have different polarities and weak intermolecular interactions, ethanol and water are miscible because of shared polarity and capacity to form hydrogen bonds.
The types of intermolecular forces that exist between the molecules of the two liquids determine whether two liquids are miscible. Due to the existence of polar -OH groups, ethanol and water have similar intermolecular interactions because both molecules are polar in nature. Therefore, ethanol molecules can form.
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consider the pictured titration curve of an unknown acid with sodium hydroxide. titration curve of ph versus milliliters of sodium hydroxide up to 45 milliliters. with 0 milliliters of sodium hydroxide added, the ph is 1.6. with 10 milliliters of sodium hydroxide added, the curve is flat and the ph is 2.3. with 20 milliliters of sodium hydroxide added, the curve is steeply changing and the ph is 4.7. with 30 milliliters of sodium hydroxide added, the curve is flat and the ph is 7.2. with 40 milliliters of sodium hydroxide added, the curve is steeply changing and the ph is 9.7. what is the best description of the unknown acid?
Based on the information provided in the titration curve, we can make some educated guesses about the properties of the unknown acid being analyzed. First, we know that the initial pH of the solution is quite low - 1.6 - indicating that the acid is likely a strong acid. This is because strong acids are able to ionize completely in solution, leading to a high concentration of H+ ions and a low pH.
As sodium hydroxide is added to the solution, we can see that the pH gradually increases, suggesting that the acid is being neutralized by the base. At the 10 milliliter mark, the curve levels off and the pH only increases slightly. This indicates that the acid is nearly neutralized, and is likely a weak acid. Weak acids do not fully ionize in solution, and therefore require a higher volume of base to reach a neutral pH.
At the 20 milliliter mark, the curve becomes steeper and the pH increases more rapidly. This suggests that the neutralization reaction is proceeding more quickly, which could be indicative of a stronger acid. However, the pH at this point is still relatively low - 4.7 - which indicates that the acid is still quite acidic overall.
As more base is added, the pH increases more rapidly, and the curve becomes steeper again at the 40 milliliter mark. This suggests that the acid is being neutralized more quickly, indicating that it is becoming more and more basic. At the 45 milliliter mark, the pH has increased significantly, reaching a pH of 10.2.
Based on these observations, it is likely that the unknown acid is a weak acid with a relatively low initial pH. It is possible that it is a carboxylic acid or a phenol, both of which are weak acids commonly found in organic chemistry. Further analysis, such as melting point determination or infrared spectroscopy, could help to confirm the identity of the acid.
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the solubility of SrCO3 in water at 25C is measured to be 0.0045 g/L. Use this information to calculate K_sp for SrCO3. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
[tex]K_{sp[/tex], solubility product constant for SrCO₃ is approximately 9.3 x 10⁻¹⁰.
To find the solubility product constant ([tex]K_{sp[/tex]) for SrCO₃, we'll first need to write the balanced chemical equation and determine the molar solubility.
Balanced chemical equation: SrCO₃(s) ⇌ Sr²⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq)
From the given solubility of 0.0045 g/L, we can calculate the molar solubility. The molar mass of SrCO₃ is approximately 147.63 g/mol.
Molar solubility = (0.0045 g/L) / (147.63 g/mol) ≈ 3.05 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L
Now, let's express the equilibrium concentrations in terms of x, where x is the molar solubility of SrCO₃:
[Sr²⁺] = x = 3.05 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L
[CO₃²⁻] = x = 3.05 x 10⁻⁵ mol/L
[tex]K_{sp[/tex] is the product of the equilibrium concentrations of the ions:
[tex]K_{sp[/tex] = [Sr²⁺][CO₃²⁻] = (3.05 x 10⁻⁵)(3.05 x 10⁻⁵) ≈ 9.30 x 10⁻¹⁰
Rounded to two significant digits, [tex]K_{sp[/tex] for SrCO₃ at 25°C is approximately 9.3 x 10⁻¹⁰.
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What are the reactants?—SnO2 + 2H2 ———> Sn + 2H2O
In the given chemical reaction, the reactants are SnO_{2} (tin(IV) oxide) and H_{2} (hydrogen gas). A reactant is a substance that participates in a chemical reaction and is transformed into one or more products as a result of the reaction.
In this specific reaction, SnO_{2} and H_{2} are the starting materials that react with each other to form the products, Sn (tin) and H_{2}O (water). The reaction can be summarized as follows:
SnO_{2} + 2H_{2} → Sn + 2H_{2}O
Here, tin(IV) oxide (SnO_{2}) and hydrogen gas (H_{2}) are the reactants, and tin (Sn) and water (H_{2}O) are the products formed. The number "2" in front of H_{2}and H_{2}O indicates that two molecules of hydrogen gas and two molecules of water are involved in the reaction. This balanced equation ensures that the law of conservation of mass is obeyed, meaning the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.
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use the titration curve for the weak acid to calculate the ph of a 0.150 m solution of that weak acid.
To use the titration curve for a weak acid to calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of that acid, you would need to know the pKa value of the acid and the volume of the titrant added during the titration.
To calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of a weak acid using the titration curve, follow these steps:
1. Identify the weak acid and its corresponding Ka value (acid dissociation constant). The titration curve should provide this information or you can find it in a reference table.
2. Write the chemical equation for the dissociation of the weak acid (HA) in water:
HA + H₂O ⇌ H₃O⁺ + A⁻
3. Set up an equilibrium table (ICE table) to represent the initial concentrations, the change in concentrations, and the equilibrium concentrations of the species involved:
[HA] [H₃O⁺] [A⁻]
I: 0.150 0 0
C: -x x x
E: 0.150-x x x
4. Write the expression for the Ka using the equilibrium concentrations:
Ka = ([H₃O⁺][A⁻])/([HA])
5. Substitute the expressions from the equilibrium table into the Ka expression:
Ka = (x^2)/ (0.150-x)
6. Solve for x, which represents the [H₃O⁺] concentration at equilibrium. Since the weak acid is only slightly dissociated, you can assume that x is much smaller than 0.150, and the equation simplifies to:
Ka = (x^2)/0.150
7. Calculate the pH of the solution using the equilibrium [H₃O⁺] concentration:
pH = -log₁₀([H₃O⁺])
Following these steps will help you calculate the pH of a 0.150 M solution of a weak acid using the titration curve.
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Ionic bonds lead to the formation of _____________ , Incorrect Unavailable rather than separate, discrete molecules.
Ionic bonds lead to the formation of crystal lattices, rather than separate, discrete molecules.
Positively charged cations and negatively charged anions are produced when electrons are transported from one atom to another in an ionic bond.
Then, these ions arrange themselves into a three-dimensional array to reduce the system's potential energy. A repeating unit cell can serve as a representation of the final structure, a crystal lattice.
Instead of distinct, discrete molecules, crystal lattices are formed as a result of ionic bonding.
Strong electrostatic interactions between the ions with opposing charges hold the lattice together. Ionic chemicals do not exist as isolated molecules since the lattice permeates the entire crystal.
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a student prepares a aqueous solution of crotonic acid . calculate the fraction of crotonic acid that is in the dissociated form in his solution. express your answer as a percentage. you will probably find some useful data in the aleks data resource.
To calculate the fraction of crotonic acid that is in the dissociated form in the aqueous solution, This means that 0.36% of crotonic acid is in the dissociated form in the aqueous solution.
We need to know the dissociation constant (Ka) of crotonic acid.
According to the ALEKS data resource, the Ka value for crotonic acid is 1.3 x 10⁻⁵.
Next, we can use the equation for the dissociation of a weak acid:
Ka = [tex]\frac{[H+][A-]}{[HA]}\\[/tex]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (crotonate ions), and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid (crotonic acid).
We can assume that the concentration of crotonic acid is equal to the total concentration of the solution (since it's the only solute), and we can also assume that the concentration of hydrogen ions is negligible (since the solution is aqueous). Therefore, we can simplify the equation to:
[tex]Ka=\frac{[A-]}{[HA]} \\\\[/tex]
Rearranging this equation, we get:
[tex]\frac{[A-]}{[HA]} =Ka[/tex]
Taking the square root of both sides, we get:
[tex]\frac{[A-]}{[HA]} =\sqrt{Ka}[/tex]
Plugging in the Ka value for crotonic acid, we get:
= √1.3 x 10⁻⁵
= 0.0036
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