Thymine is the structural component that is found in DNA but not in RNA.
Four structural components are found in both DNA and RNA. Three of these components adenine, guanine, cytosine are same in both, but the fourth component is different for both. DNA has thymine but RNA does not. While RNA has uracil but DNA lack it.
DNA has adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine as the 4 structural components. And RNA has adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil as the 4 structural components.
Hence, in place of thymine, uracil is present in RNA. Thus, thymine is the structural component that is found in DNA but not in RNA.
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the process of finding the location of genes and functional (e.g., regulatory) sequences and their functions within a genome sequence is called .
Annotation is the process of determining the location and function of genes and functional (e.g., regulatory) sequences within a genome sequence.
What is called annotation?Annotating is beneficial for a variety of reasons, depending on the type of text being read. Annotating a text for academic or professional purposes allows you to return to specific points for review. This could be because a specific passage section is unclear and needs to be clarified, or it could be because that section provides a starting point for analysis or research. It is much easier to return to a specific part of a text by keeping track of one's thoughts and questions while reading rather than attempting to remember a thought or question after the entire text has been read through.
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marcie and dylan are having difficulty trying to conceive. their physician indicated that the reason for their difficulty is dylan's low sperm count. what may be causing his low sperm count?
Dylan's spending too much time in a hot tub, may be the reason for low sperm count.
In anisogamous modes of sexual reproduction, the male reproductive cell, or gamete, is called the sperm. Red algae and some fungi generate spermatia, which are immobile sperm cells, whereas animals create spermatozoa, which are flagellated, motile sperm cells.
Low sperm count can hamper reproduction, and it is attributed to many factors including hot water baths, tight underpants, etc.
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What is the purpose of including a pcr reaction with no added dna? isn’t this just a waste of expensive enzyme when we know that without the template, you will not get any pcr products?.
PCR reaction without a DNA template represents a negative control for your PCR reaction.
A negative control helps to rule out any false positive results during amplification. For instance consider the following cases:
1. If your reagents such as primers, buffer, taq polymerase have a got contaminated with genetic material other than the template DNA of your interest, there is a fair chance of those templates getting amplified in certain regions. These are known as non-specific amplifications. Thus negative control ensures your reagents are free from any contaminating DNA material.
2. Primers may from ' dimers' if they are not designed correctly. The co-implementary regions in forward and reverse primers may pair to again give a non- specific band. Usually primer dimers are less than 100kb. However, in certain crucial cases where the amplicons are also of similar size, the results will be wrongly interpreted.
Thus, it is very important to always have a PCR reaction having all the reagents except the DNA template.
What do you mean by PCR reaction?
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was originally developed in 1983 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 for his pioneering work.
PCR is a common tool used in medical and biological research labs. It is used in the early stages of processing DNA for sequencing?, for detecting the presence or absence of a gene to help identify pathogens? during infection, and when generating forensic DNA profiles from tiny samples of DNA.
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TRUE/FALSE. week 12 case study lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydroyzing triglycerides this is important for digestion and pormoting absorption of fats inth e intesetines
True. Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing triglycerides. This is important for digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines.
Lipase is a type of enzyme that breaks down fats, such as triglycerides, into glycerol and fatty acids. This process is essential for the proper digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines.
The breakdown of triglycerides begins with lipase. Lipase is produced by the pancreas and is secreted into the small intestine. Once it is secreted, it binds to the triglyceride molecules, breaking them down into glycerol and fatty acids. The glycerol and fatty acids are then absorbed into the bloodstream, where they can be used as energy or stored for future use
In conclusion, the statement that lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids by hydrolyzing triglycerides is true. This is important for digestion and promoting absorption of fats in the intestines. Without the presence of lipase, fats would not be able to be broken down and properly absorbed. Therefore, it is essential for lipase to be present in order for the proper digestion and absorption of fats in the intestines.
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microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) use a similar process and proteins to regulate gene expression. Which of the following is more commonly associated with the miRNA pathway?A. The protein Drosha is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
B. The protein AGO is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
C. The protein complex RISC is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
D. In animals, the miRNA pathway usually leads to mRNA degradation, and in the siRNA pathway, the mRNA is not degraded.
E. The protein Dicer is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
The protein Drosha is found in the miRNA pathway but not the siRNA pathway.
What is miRNA pathway?Together, the available data suggest that miRNAs and siRNAs work with a group of effector proteins to regulate gene expression by impairing translation and hastening mRNA decay, and that each of these regulatory processes is subject to a variety of different mechanisms.
While siRNAs and miRNAs are both short duplex RNA molecules that target messenger RNA (mRNA) to silence genes at the post-transcriptional level, they differ in their modes of action and clinical uses.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are endogenously encoded and can prevent the translation of mRNAs with partially complementary target sequences. They are produced by processing short RNA hairpins.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. many body systems work together for proper functioning of the body and to maintain internal homeostasis. the works to break down food eaten before exercising. the takes in the nutrients obtained from the food. the body sweats as a mechanism to cool off, because the is working to flush out toxins.
The digestive system works to break down food eaten before exercising, the circulatory system takes in the nutrients obtained from the food, and the excretory system of the body sweats as a mechanism to cool off, because the is working to flush out toxins.
What are the body systems in the human body?The body systems in the human body are a group of organs that work together to play a given role within the body such as the circulatory siyemt composed of the heart and blood vessels.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the body systems in the human body work to play out different functions.
Complete question:
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. many body systems work together for proper functioning of the body and to maintain internal homeostasis.
The (circulatory, digestive, excretory) works to break down food eaten before exercising. The (circulatory, digestive, excretory) takes in the nutrients obtained from the food. The body sweats as a mechanism to cool off, because the (circulatory, digestive, excretory) is working to flush out toxins.
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In your own words, describe why animals are eukaryotic organisms, and why we say their cells are advanced and specialized.
Eukaryotic organisms are said to have advanced cells because they contain membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic organisms
Eukaryotes are organisms with nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic organisms include all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as the majority of algae. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular in nature.
Example of eukaryotes are:
Animals,Plants,Fungi, andProtists.These organisms are said to be advanced and specialized because of the presence of membrane bound organelles which helps them to maintain a stable internal environment.
Are humans eukaryotes?
Eukaryotic cells have these characteristics (cytoskeleton, organelles surrounded by cytoplasm, and nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope). Eukaryotic cells are human cells.
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How does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?.
To create haploid cells, the pairs of homologous chromosomes are split in half, and this division, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes, is random.
An organism receives one homologous chromosome from each of its two parents; they are similar but not identical. Meiosis I of gamete formation, when homologous pairs line up in random orientations at the centre of the cell as they prepare to separate, provides the physical foundation for the law of independent assortment. Because the orientation of each pair is random, we can obtain gametes with various combinations of "mom" and "dad" homologues (and consequently, the alleles on those homologues).
Hence, random movement of chromosome provide way for independent assortment.
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In human beings, ability to curl the tongue into a u- shaped trough is a heritable trait. "curlers" always have at least one curler parent, but "noncurlers" may occur in families where one or both parents are curlers. Using c and c to symbolize this trait, what is the genotype of a noncurler?.
Genotype cc describes a noncurler. Being a "curler" might be linked to a dominant allele, in this case, "C," if curlers always have at least one other curler parent.
Therefore, the trait of "noncurler" can be recessive. If both parents are heterozygous (Cc), a noncurler has a 25% chance of having either one or both curling parents, which is consistent with a recessive inheritance. Additionally, there is a 50% chance that ob will be a "noncurler" if one parent is homozygous for c and the other is heterozygous for c (Cc x cc).
What does the term "recessive inheritance" mean?
Using autosomal recessive inheritance, a genetic disorder or trait can be passed from parent to offspring.
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Taryn is thinking about a belief-laden statement, and Myra is thinking about a belief-neutral statement. Taryn's _____ is activated, and Myra's _____ shows activity.
temporal lobe; parietal lobe
Taryn is thinking about a belief-laden statement, and Myra is thinking about a belief-neutral statement. Taryn`s temporal lobe is activated, and Myra's parietal lobe shows activity.
Which are the lobes of the brain?Each cerebral hemisphere has a temporal lobe, as well as the frontal, occipital and parietal lobes. This critical structure helps process sensory inputs such as pain and auditory stimuli. It also helps with understanding language, retaining visual memory, and processing and remembering emotions.The frontal lobe (main lobe) is considered the control center of our emotions. They play a central role in our personality and behavior. It is also involved in attention and motor control. The frontal lobe manages skills known as executive actions.How do you distinguishes temporal lobe from parietal lobes?The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information such as pressure, touch, and pain. The temporal lobe is responsible for the interpretation of sounds and language. The occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing. So, this is a summary of the differences between the parieto-occipital and temporal lobes.To learn more about brain lobes visit:
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What is the main message in Orwell's Animal Farm?.
Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian Revolution. The main message of the book is that revolution often leads to a change in power, but the new leaders are often no better than the old ones. The book also promotes equality and democracy, and criticizes totalitarianism.
Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegorical tale that speaks to the human condition. The story centers on a group of animals who live in a farm known as Animal Farm. The animals are forced to follow the orders of the leader, Napoleon, and live in a state of constant fear. However, the animals are eventually able to overthrow Napoleon and return to their own way of life. The main message in Orwell's Animal Farm is that humans are not truly free unless they are able to live in a state of harmony with nature.
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What is an example of a physical contaminant?.
The most common examples of physical contamination are metal, glass, plastic, rubber, wood, stone and bone.
Physical contamination occurs when a physical object enters food during some stage of the production or preparation process. Physical objects in food can pose a choking hazard and often introduce chemical contaminants as well.
Physical contaminants are also known as physical hazards or foreign objects. Examples are shrew teeth in harvested products and wire pieces in meat products. Glass shards, metal shards, bone shards, and pits can all cause serious damage if ingested.
Chemical pollutants are chemicals that are toxic to plants and animals in waterways. The term "chemical contamination" is used to refer to situations where chemicals are present where they shouldn't be or are present in higher than normal concentrations.
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Is Ophelia pregnant in Hamlet?.
People can stage Hamlet like that, but there is no indication in the script that Ophelia is pregnant. The best evidence that she is pregnant with Hamlet is the song she sings at the end.
Had Hamlet's Ophelia a sex?To her father and her brothers, Ophelia had not sex and a vessel of morality destined to be a faithful wife and faithful mother. To Hamlet, she is a sexual object, a depraved deception lover
Who should Ophelia marry?She was a young noblewoman from Denmark, the daughter of Polonius, the sister of Laertes, and a potential wife of Prince Hamlet, whose actions plunged her into a state of insanity and eventually drowned. It arrives. Along with Queen Gertrude, Ophelia is one of the two female characters in the original play.
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what did griffit observe when he injected a mixturew of heat-killed, desease casuing bacteria and live harmless bacteria into mice
In his subsequent experiment, Griffith combined live, non-lethal bacteria from the R strain with heat-killed S-strain bacteria and administered the resulting mixture to laboratory mice. Many of the infected mice perished from pneumonia.
What did Griffith's study reveal about DNA?Griffith came to the conclusion that S strain bacteria had changed R strain bacteria based on his observation. The S strain bacteria were heat-killed, but the R strain gained a "transforming principle" from them that rendered them virulent.
What was established by the Griffith experiment?The first experiment to demonstrate that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation was Griffith's experiment, which Frederick Griffith reported on in 1928.
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when a given trait is the result of multigene action, one of the genes may mask the expression of one or all other genes. this phenomenon is termed
When a given trait is the result of multigene action, one of the genes may mask the expression of one or all other genes. this phenomenon is termed as epistasis.
One gene may mask the expression of one or more other genes in a phenomenon called epistasis. Epistasis occurs when the phenotype of a particular gene is determined by the presence or absence of one or more other genes. For example, the gene for black hair color may be epistatic to the gene for brown hair color. This means that the black hair color gene masks the expression of the brown hair color gene, and that a person with two black hair color genes will have black hair, regardless of whether they have one or two brown hair color genes.
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sickle-cell anemia is a disease whose phenotype includes not only anemia, but also damage to many different organs. all phenotypes, however, can be traced to a single gene. this is an example of :
The above case is an example of Pleiotropy.
What do you mean by Sickle Cell Anemia?
Sickle Cell Anemia is a group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.An inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells and can block blood flow causing pain.Infections, pain, and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease.Treatments include medications, blood transfusions, and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.Pleiotropy occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traitsTo know more about Sickle Cell Anemia from the given link
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What is evolutionary in biology essay?.
Evolutionary biology is the study of how characteristics of groups of organisms evolve through successive generations.
The process of evolution is a complex one in which traits are passed down from one generation to the next, changing the characteristics of living things over many generations. On that idea, many scientists concur. For hundreds of years, people have worked to develop this theory and make it plausible and credible. Some evolutionists contend that the only sources for anti-evolutionists are either religious doctrines or flimsy scientific evidence. Many scientists agree with the second law of thermodynamics, which asserts that "...everything that is ordered tends to become disorganized over time." Any physical system that is left unattended will degrade or lose its internal organization and energy.
Hence, evolutionary biology track flow of genetic information for evolution.
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Many aspects of the angiosperm life cycle make flowering plants particularly well-suited to life on land. In fact, angiosperms are the most diverse and widespread of all plants.
Which six of the following statements reflect angiosperm adaptations to life on land?
In angiosperms, a gametophyte protects a dependent sporophyte from desiccation.
Flowers attract animal pollinators carrying pollen from other plants of the same species.
Fruits aid in the dispersal of seeds by wind or by animals that carry or eat the fruits.
In many angiosperms, the male gametophyte contained in a pollen grain can be transported many miles away by wind or animal pollinators.
Floral parts of the sporophyte protect the reduced female gametophyte from drying out and from UV radiation.
Fertilization in angiosperms is dependent on the presence of water.
Spores contain a supply of stored food, enabling the embryo to remain dormant until conditions are suitable for germination.
Seeds protect and nourish plant embryos, and fruits protect the seeds.
Seeds enable plant embryos to be dispersed long distances from the parent plant via wind or animals.
Flowers attract animal pollinators carrying pollen from other plants of the same species
Fruits aid in the dispersal of seeds by wind or by animals that carry or eat the fruits.
In many angiosperms, the male gametophyte contained in a pollen grain can be transported many miles away by wind or animal pollinators.
Floral parts of the sporophyte protect the reduced female gametophyte from drying out and from UV radiation.
Seeds protect and nourish plant embryos, and fruits protect the seeds.
Seeds enable plant embryos to be dispersed long distances from the parent plant via wind or animals
These are the six true statements:
1. Through animals or the wind, seeds enable plant embryos to spread over great distances from the parent plant.
2. The male gametophyte contained in a pollen grain can travel many miles by animal or wind in different angiosperms.
3. Animals or wind that eat or carry fruits aid in the dispersal of seeds.
4. The fruits shield the seeds, and the seeds feed and shield the developing plant life.
5. The reduced female gametophyte is protected from UV rays and extinction by the floral components of the sporophyte.
6. Animal pollinators that carry pollen from related plants are fascinated by flowers.
What makes the angiosperm life cycle special?Angiosperms are the only organisms that can undergo double fertilization; the megasporangium, which is sheltered inside the ovary of the carpel, is covered by two layers of integuments and the ovary wall.
The other claims that were made are untrue. The angiosperms do not produce spores; however, the developing embryo-filled seed is produced after fertilization. The seeds contain cotyledons that display food substance that has been stored. Abiotic and biotic agents work together to spread the seeds.
As opposed to pteridophytes and bryophytes, which cannot complete their life cycles without water, angiosperm fertilisation is not dependent on water. In angiosperms, the sporophyte, which protects the female gametophyte, is the main plant body.
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If a hair i located and ha a diameter of 110 micron and the medulla ha a diameter of 27 micron what i the medullary index
If a hair is located and ha a diameter of 110 micron and the medulla ha a diameter of 27 micron what is the medullary index is 0.490.
Recall that the medullary index of hair is calculated via way of means of locating the ratio of the medulla's diameter to the whole hair's diameter:
Medullary Index = whole hair's width / whole hair’s width medulla’s width.From our records, the width of the hair is a 110 microns and the width of the medulla is 27 microns.We then plug in our records into the medullary index components and decrease to lowest terms:= 27 / 110= 13.5 / 55 =0.490 We then divide to get the medullary index: approx 0.490.Recall that the medullary index for human beings is third or much less at the same time as the medullary index for animals is 0.50 or greater.Read more about hair:
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. as you are driving down the i-5 to disneyland, you see a cow grazing in a pasture. describe the cow's ecosystem. include a minimum of five biotic and abiotic elements. make sure to list which is abiotic and which is biotic.
The ecosystem of the car includes all the components that ensure the survival of the cow.
The ecosystem of the cow consists of the following biotic and abiotic elements:
Biotic elements - insects, grasses, ticks, crane birds, parasitesAbiotic elements - water, sunlight, temperature, humidity, soil.What is an ecosystem?An ecosystem is a system that consists of living things and non-living things and their interactions with one another.
The living part of an ecosystem is called the biotic components whereas the non-living components are called the abiotic components.
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What condition is a combination of psychological and physiological factors that causes the walls of the vagina, as well as pelvic floor muscles, to painfully spasm?.
Vaginismus is the body's automatic reaction to fear of some or all types of vaginal penetration. Each time penetration is attempted, the vaginal muscles tighten on their own. You have no control over that.
Occasionally, you can get vaginismus even if you have previously enjoyed painless penetrative sex. The prevalence of postpartum dyspareunia was 35% and decreased with increasing postpartum duration. Given the high prevalence and its impact on the quality of life of women, special attention should be paid to this frequent complaint during the puerperium.
What is the MOST common result of gender dysphoria in childhood? It disappears in adolescence or adulthood. Some people experience normal interest in sex but choose not to have sex.
Pelvic floor spasm may initially be triggered by a bladder or vaginal infection, vaginal injury (such as childbirth), pelvic surgery, endometriosis, or another inflammatory condition. The problem may also be related to a history of trauma or abuse. Often, a certain cause is unknown.
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What is the relationship between DNA and cancer?.
The genetic memory of an entity is stored in DNA. RNA moves that memory to the appropriate location. The only distinction between cancer and uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction (mitosis) is that cancer cells do not contribute to the body.
Cell division that is out of control is cancer. It involves a modification of the DNA structure that affects the typical DNA regulatory systems. Normal regulatory signals are no longer recognized by the malignant (cancerous) cells. Most typically, older people with cancer.Uncontrolled cell growth is cancer. Gene mutations can increase the pace of cell division or suppress natural mechanisms that keep the body in check, like cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. A tumor can form as a collection of malignant cells enlarges.Cancer cells are unable to copy their DNA as effectively when certain disruptive agents are present. despite being connected to the rise of genetic abnormalities.Due to the fact that the incidence of most malignancies rises with aging,2 rising more quickly starting in midlife, cancer can be regarded as an age-related disease. Age is also a substitute indicator for the intricate biological processes involved in ageing.To know more about Cancer check the below link:
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the counter current mechanism of the kidney is repsonsible for the ability of the kidney to concentrate the urine because
Countercurrent mechanism inside the kidneys is the process of the use of electricity to generate an osmotic gradient that allows you to reabsorb water from the tubular fluid and bring concentrated urine.
The counter-modern multiplier or the countercurrent mechanism is used to concentrate urine inside the kidneys by means of the nephrons of the human excretory machine.
The nephrons involved in the formation of concentrated urine make bigger all the manner from the cortex of the kidney to the medulla and are accompanied via vasa recta. Urine volume and attention is regulated thru the identical tactics that adjust blood extent.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)—produced by using the posterior pituitary gland —increases the quantity of water reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
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A student investigated the effect of root space on plant growth. The student grew two groups of plants of the same variety. Both groups received the same amount of water and sunlight and grew in the same type of soil. The plants in group a were grown in cube-shaped containers that were 3 centimeters deep. The plants in group b were grown in cube-shaped containers that were 10 centimeters deep. The table shows the student's observations week plant group a (average height, cm) plant group b (average height, cm) 1 2 3 2 3 6 3 5 8 4 7 10 5 8 14 6 10 18 what was the effect of root space on plant growth based on the student's investigation? use the data from the table to support your answer. Explain how you would know whether this effect was likely due to environmental or genetic factors.
Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
What happens in interphase?In interphase, proteins and enzymes are created first to copy the cell's DNA, which is necessary for proper cell division, and then to permit mitosis, which is the process by which cells divide.
These procedures need a lot of cellular energy and must proceed smoothly, which necessitates patience and accuracy. Once cell division begins, the majority of cellular activity are paused, allowing the cell to successfully divide into two while disregarding other tasks.
Therefore, Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
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Some people carry a mutated allele of a particular gene that makes them resistant to hiv infection and aids. Which best describes this type of mutation?.
Some people are resistant to HIV infection because they have mutated alleles of certain genes, and this is a beneficial type of mutation.
What is Mutation?A mutation is a change in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Mutations may be as a result of errors throughout cellular division or exposure to environmental DNA-negative agents. Mutations may be harmful, beneficial, or ineffective. There are 3 kinds of DNA mutations:
Base substitutionDeletionInsertionMutations can be harmful, beneficial, or ineffective. A beneficial mutation is a type of mutation that positively affects an organism. These mutations are rare but important. The benefits that beneficial mutations bring to an organism are passed on from generation to generation, increasing the chances of survival of offspring.
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Where is the primary site of protein synthesis?.
Ribosomes are where protein synthesis happens. Two steps make up this procedure. The process by which a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that is complementary to a gene in DNA is created is called transcription.
They are in charge of the photosynthetic process in plants and algae, which fixes carbon and converts it to electricity. The genetic code transcribed in mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence by the ribosome, which is universally responsible for protein synthesis. The beginning, extension, and termination of peptide synthesis are carried out by ribosomes using cellular auxiliary proteins, soluble transfer RNAs, and metabolic energy. Although ribosomes are necessary for protein synthesis, they are also found in mitochondria and plastids, the organelles responsible for respiration and photosynthesis. A ribosome is an intercellular structure consisting of both RNA and protein that serves as the cell's location for protein synthesis. The messenger RNA sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids. These amino acid chains then develop into lengthy chains that fold to form proteins.
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the fact that south and central american indians are nearly 100% type o for the abo blood system is best explained as being the result of:
The south and central American Indians are nearly 100% type o for the abo blood system because of founder principle and genetic drift.
Founder principle is a principle in genetics where a part of population is isolated from the original population and forms a new one which has no resemblance to original.
Genetic drift is change in frequency of an existing gene variant in population with random chance.
When migrants with O blood group came into the population with other blood group the original population with other blood group may have become minority and was suppressed by this new population which begin to grow.
Natural selection can also come into act with a situation like this.
Also, it is also concluded in some paper that the main genetic pool of founding population of America can also be same which is the reason for south and central american indians being type O.
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birds are multiple choice deuterostomes and reptiles. chordates and amniotes. amniotes. reptiles. reptiles, amniotes, chordates and deuterostomes.
Birds are chordates and deuterostomes.
Birds are animals that have a backbone. Phylum chordata is a group of animals that have a backbone or vertebrates. Chordata characteristics are as foollows, has a notochord, which is a rod-shaped framework that is hard but flexible, has a single nerve cord, and has a pharyngeal slit.
Deuterostomes are an animal superphylum. They are a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subregnum Eumetazoa, and the opposite of Protostomia. Examples of animals that are grouped as deuterostomes are the Echinodermata group (one of which is a starfish), and Chordata (vertebrates). So birds include chordates and deuterostomes,
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____________ reflexes are stimulated by stretching or chemical stimulation of the myenteric plexus, which can result in peristaltic contractions.
Short reflexes are stimulated by chemical simulation of or stretching the myenteric plexus. This can result in peristaltic contractions.
Peristaltic contraction, also known as peristalsis, is a radially symmetrical relaxation and contraction of muscles that propagate in a wave down a tube in an anterograde direction. It is progression of coordinated contraction of involuntary circular muscles. It is preceded by a simultaneous relaxation of the circular muscle and contraction of the longitudinal muscle in the lining of the gut.
Peristalsic contraction is generally directed towards the anus. This sense of direction might be attributed to the polarization of the myenteric plexus. It is referred to as the myenteric reflex because of the reliance of the peristaltic reflex on the myenteric plexus.
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Based on what you know about ptc-tasting and assuming our sample is representative of the human population, do you predict that the gene is evolving under natural selection? Why or why not?
Yes, the genes are evolving under natural selection. R.A. Fisher hypothesized that the ubiquitous phenotypic alteration in PTC perception results from balanced natural selection in favor of heterozygotes.
What is Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) perception?Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste is a typical trait that has been. Therefore, variation in PTC perception may represent variation in dietary preferences over the course of human history and may be associated with modern people' vulnerability to diseases. Because tasting other bitter compounds, many of which are poisonous, is correlated with the capacity to detect PTC, this feature has genetic, epidemiologic, and evolutionary significance associated with nutrition. We looked at patterns of DNA sequence variation in the recently discovered PTC gene, which contributes up to 85% of the trait's phenotypic variance, in order to test R. A. Fisher's well-known theory that natural selection has maintained variety in PTC perception. The entire code region was examined. In a sample of 330 chromosomes drawn from African (n=62), Asian (n=138), European (n=110), and North American (n=20) populations, we examined the entire coding region of PTC (1,002 bp) using new statistical tests for natural selection that take into account the potential confounding effects of human population growth. The "taster" and "nontaster" phenotypes were represented by two intermediate-frequency haplotypes, respectively. Similar haplotype frequencies were found in Africa, Asia, and Europe.
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