For a CM/GC building project, a type of contract that would be best suited would be a Cost Plus contract.
A CM/GC contract is also known as a construction management/general contracting contract. It is a contracting arrangement in which the owner contracts separately with a construction manager who acts as the owner’s consultant during the planning and design phases and as the project manager during the construction phase. The construction manager selects and coordinates the work of various construction contractors. Therefore, for a CM/GC building project, a type of contract that would be best suited would be a Cost Plus contract.
Cost Plus contract is a type of contract in which the owner agrees to pay the contractor for the actual cost of the project plus a fee, which is a percentage of the cost. This percentage is known as the contractor's fee. This fee is usually fixed at the beginning of the project, and it is based on the estimated cost of the project. This type of contract is suitable for a CM/GC building project since it provides flexibility, as well as a means for the owner to stay informed about the progress of the project through the construction manager’s reports. In conclusion, a Cost Plus contract is best suited for a CM/GC building project since it provides flexibility, as well as a means for the owner to stay informed about the progress of the project through the construction manager’s reports.
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Learning curves question
A Swiss watch making company wishes to determine the minimum
price it should charge a customer for a special order of watches.
The customer has requested a quotation for 10 wa
In this problem, the learning curve would help in determining the minimum price that should be charged by a Swiss watch making company for a special order of 10 watches.
A learning curve is a graphical representation of the rate at which an individual or organization learns a task. It is used to determine how well someone is improving in learning something new or perfecting a skill.Usually, in a learning curve, the cost per unit decreases as the production of units increases. In other words, the learning curve concept states that as the number of units produced increases, the cost of production per unit decreases.
So, the Swiss watch making company can use the learning curve to determine the minimum price that should be charged for the special order of 10 watches.The data to draw a learning curve is the cost of producing the first unit and the number of units produced.
From this data, the company will be able to estimate the average cost per unit for any future production. Once the average cost per unit is calculated, the company can then add an appropriate profit margin to determine the minimum price that should be charged for the special order of watches.
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Impact of transactions involving bonds on statement of cash flows.
In the following list, select each item as operating, investing, financing, or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows.
Proceeds from issuance of bonds payable ____.
Interest expense ____.
Redemption of bonds payable at maturity ____.
The impact of transactions involving bonds on statement of cash flows is as follows:- Proceeds from issuance of bonds payable: Financing activity Interest expense: Operating activity Redemption of bonds payable at maturity: Financing activity.
Cash flows are classified into three activities in the statement of cash flows. These activities are operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Operating activities comprise those that create revenues or expenses. Investing activities encompass those that entail acquiring or disposing of long-term assets. Financing activities consist of issuing or buying back bonds, stocks, or other financial instruments.
Bonds are long-term debt securities that are sold to investors by businesses, governments, and other organizations in order to raise funds. When you buy a bond, you're essentially lending money to the bond issuer. The bond issuer promises to pay you back your original investment plus a predetermined interest rate when the bond matures.Impact of transactions involving bonds on statement of cash flows proceeds from the issuance of bonds payable refers to the cash obtained by a business when it issues bonds. This transaction represents a financing activity and is reported on the statement of cash flows in the financing activities section. Interest expense is the cost incurred by a business when it borrows money. Interest expense is an operating activity and is reported in the operating activities section of the statement of cash flows. The redemption of bonds payable at maturity refers to the repayment of bonds at the end of their term. This transaction is a financing activity and is reported on the statement of cash flows in the financing activities section.
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. For those recommending that IKEA continue to source carpets in India, would you suggest that she: a) continue IKEA's own monitoring and control processes or sign-u p to Rugmark? b) continue to focus only on eliminating the use of child labor in IKE A's supply chain or engage in broader action to address the root causes of child labor as Save the Children is urging.
5. How appropriate were the various actions as IKEA management took in response to the crisis of 1995?
6. What is your evaluation of the IWAY policies and practices that have redefined IKEA’s relationship with its suppliers? What benefits do you see? What concerns do you have?
7. What does the recent audit of Venkat Industries tell us about the effectiveness of IKEA's overall approach to dealing with the problem of child labor in its supply chain?
8. What should Marianne Barner recommend to Kaisa Mattson in dealing with Venkat Industries' recent audit result?
9. What long-term changes in IKEA's philosophy, policies, and practices should she recommend to Anders Dahlvig?
5- The actions taken by IKEA's management in response to the crisis of 1995 were appropriate in the following ways: The company performed an internal investigation to determine the causes of the problem and developed a corrective action plan to prevent the occurrence of similar incidents in the future. IKEA made a public apology and developed a code of conduct to guide its suppliers' practices.IKEA established the IWAY program, which included a set of minimum requirements for suppliers to adhere to if they wanted to work with IKEA.
6- The IWAY policies and practices that redefined IKEA's relationship with its suppliers have the following benefits: Improved working conditions for suppliers' employeesTransparency in the supply chain increases efficiency in the supply chain reduces costs for IKEAConcerns that can arise include the following: Increased auditing costs for suppliers. Reduced margins for suppliers reduced flexibility for suppliers to operate in countries with different cultural norms
7. The audit of Venkat Industries reveals that IKEA's overall approach to dealing with the issue of child labor in its supply chain has been effective to some extent. However, there are still some weaknesses in the program that need to be addressed. The audit found that Venkat Industries was not in compliance with IWAY requirements and that children were being used to make IKEA products.
8. Marianne Barner should recommend to Kaisa Mattson that Venkat Industries be terminated as a supplier. IKEA's child labor program should be strengthened, and more resources should be devoted to the program to ensure that suppliers comply with the company's standards.
9. The following long-term changes in IKEA's philosophy, policies, and practices should be recommended to Anders Dahlvig: Increase the transparency of the supply chain so that stakeholders can monitor the company's practices more closely. Reduce the complexity of the supply chain to make it easier for suppliers to comply with IWAY requirements. Develop a more proactive approach to dealing with the issue of child labor and other social issues in the countries where the company operates.
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Following the outbreak of war in Ukraine, many multinational enterprises closed their Russian operations and removed their staff from Russian territories. A few days later, Russia expropriated these businesses. With reference to the material covered in this subject on International Finance, explain in detail, in your own words, expropriation and why it is a major concern for multinational enterprises. In providing your explanation you are requirred to include explanations of: a) What a MNE must satisfy to open a subsidiary in a foreign country over licensing and outsourcing b) The 5 entry structures that MNEs consider when entering a new country c) The political risks faced by MNEs and how these risks may be mitigated d) How MNEs may finance their foreign subsidiaries e) How host nation governments prefer MNEs to finance their foreign subsidiaries
Expropriation is when a foreign investment is seized by a host government without proper compensation to the company. This is a major concern for multinational enterprises because it exposes the company to financial risk, which may cause financial instability.
Also, expropriation can lead to reputation risks, which can damage the image of the company. MNEs must satisfy specific requirements to establish a subsidiary in a foreign country. They must comply with the legal and regulatory environment of the host country.
The requirements include registering the company with the relevant regulatory bodies, obtaining licenses and permits, and complying with tax and accounting regulations. There are five entry structures MNEs can consider when entering a new country. These include wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, licensing, franchising, and strategic alliances.
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The Eastpointe Cafe's average lunch sells for $21, while its variable costs per lunch average $8.00. It plans to advertise a Monday lunch special for $11. The special would cost Eastpointe $7.75 per meal. An advertisment in the local TV to promote the special would cost Eastpointe $300.*around to 2 decimal for percentage*around to whole number for lunchWhat are the cafe's contribution margin (CM)( ) and contribution margin ratio (CMR) to being with? ( )%What are the CM( ) and CMR( ) % based strictly on the lunch special-related price and cost? (around to 2 decimal (eg. 11.12)How many lunch covers must be sold to cover the promotion of the lunchon special?( )
Big Ben Hotel has one hundred rooms to sell to customers, but the paid occupancy is only 80%. The marginal cost for each room is fifiten dollar, The rack rate for the average room at Big Ben hotel is eighty dollar.Calculate the daily room revenue?( ) $ Calculate the daily room contribution margin?( ) $Calculate the equivalent room occupancy if the room rate is discounted 10%?（ ）% (around to 2 decimal)
For Eastpointe Cafe, the contribution margin (CM) is $13 per lunch, and the contribution margin ratio (CMR) is 61.9%. Based strictly on the lunch special-related price and cost, the CM is $3.25 per lunch, and the CMR is 29.5%. At Big Ben Hotel, the daily room revenue is $6,400, and the daily room contribution margin is $4,000. If the room rate is discounted by 10%, the equivalent room occupancy would be 88.89%.
For Eastpointe Cafe, the contribution margin (CM) is calculated by subtracting the variable cost per lunch ($8.00) from the average lunch selling price ($21.00), resulting in $13.00 per lunch. The contribution margin ratio (CMR) is determined by dividing the CM ($13.00) by the average lunch selling price ($21.00), which gives us 61.9%. When considering the lunch special-related price and cost, the CM is calculated by subtracting the variable cost of the lunch special ($7.75) from the lunch special price ($11.00), resulting in $3.25 per lunch. The CMR is determined by dividing the CM ($3.25) by the lunch special price ($11.00), which gives us 29.5%. To cover the promotion of the lunch special, Eastpointe Cafe needs to consider the additional cost of the advertisement ($300) divided by the CM per lunch ($3.25), which equals approximately 92 lunch covers. At Big Ben Hotel, the daily room revenue is calculated by multiplying the number of rooms (100) by the paid occupancy rate (80%) and the rack rate for an average room ($80), resulting in $6,400. The daily room contribution margin is determined by subtracting the marginal cost per room ($15) from the rack rate per room ($80), and then multiplying it by the paid occupancy rate (80%), resulting in $4,000. If the room rate is discounted by 10%, we need to calculate the equivalent room occupancy to maintain the same revenue. By dividing the rack rate ($80) by 90% (100% - 10%), we get $88.89, which represents the equivalent room occupancy.
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As operations manager, you are concerned about being able to meet sales requirements in the coming months. You have just been given the following production report: Units produced Houre per machine Number of machines JANUARY 2,140 302 3 Average productivity FEBRUARY 1,640 182 5 MARCH 2,640 377 4 APRIL 2,840 Find the average of the monthly productivity figures (units per machine hour). Note: Do not round intermediate calculations units por machine hour 303 5 nd your answer to 2 decimal places.
The productivity for the months of January, February, March, and April were given. The task is to find the average productivity rate of the company using the productivity rates of the mentioned months. The productivity rate will be in units per machine hour.
In order to calculate the productivity rate, we need to divide the number of units produced by the product of the number of hours per machine and the number of machines. We can use the given data to calculate the productivity rates for each month as follows:January: (2,140 units)/(3 machines x 302 hours per machine) = 2.36 units per machine hourFebruary: (1,640 units)/(5 machines x 182 hours per machine) = 1.79 units per machine hourMarch: (2,640 units)/(4 machines x 377 hours per machine) = 1.75 units per machine hourApril: (2,840 units)/(4 machines x 305 hours per machine) = 2.33 units per machine hourTo find the average productivity rate, we can sum up the productivity rates of all months and divide by the total number of months: Average productivity rate = (2.36 + 1.79 + 1.75 + 2.33)/4= 1.81 units per machine hourTherefore, the average monthly productivity rate of the company is 1.81 units per machine hour.
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is Fitts and posner theory a formal or informal way of
learning?
Fitts and Posner theory is a formal way of learning. Fitts and Posner’s theory emphasizes the importance of three stages of learning motor skills, including cognitive, associative, and autonomous.
The cognitive stage focuses on acquiring an understanding of a skill, while the associative stage focuses on perfecting that skill through repetition. The autonomous stage occurs when the skill becomes automatic, and it can be performed without conscious thought.Fitts and Posner theory is formal because it focuses on the stages involved in learning a specific skill, and it is backed up by empirical evidence. The theory has been tested and proven to be effective in teaching motor skills. It is a systematic and structured approach to learning and has been used in various fields, including sports, music, and education.In conclusion, Fitts and Posner theory is a formal way of learning as it follows a structured and systematic approach to learning motor skills. The theory emphasizes the importance of different stages of learning and has been tested and proven effective in teaching various skills.
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Elasticity of demand
1. Explain the topic
2. Explain why it can be challenging
1. Elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price or other determinants of demand. It measures the degree to which the quantity demanded of a product or service changes in response to a change in its price.
Elasticity of demand is typically calculated as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. A high elasticity of demand indicates that consumers are highly responsive to price changes, resulting in a relatively large change in quantity demanded. On the other hand, a low elasticity of demand suggests that consumers are less responsive to price changes, leading to a relatively small change in quantity demanded.
2. Elasticity of demand can be challenging for several reasons:
a) Data availability: Calculating elasticity of demand requires accurate and reliable data on both price and quantity demanded. Obtaining this data can be challenging, especially for businesses that do not have access to comprehensive sales data or face difficulties in tracking consumer behavior.
b) Assumptions and simplifications: Elasticity of demand calculations often rely on certain assumptions and simplifications, such as assuming that other factors affecting demand remain constant (ceteris paribus). In reality, demand is influenced by numerous factors, including consumer preferences, income levels, advertising, and the availability of substitutes. Capturing the true complexity of these factors and their interactions can be difficult.
c) Interpretation and application: Elasticity values are not always straightforward to interpret. Depending on the context, different elasticity values may have different implications for businesses. For example, a highly elastic demand may suggest that a small price change can result in a large change in quantity demanded, but it may also indicate a high level of price competition and limited pricing power for the business. Understanding the practical implications of elasticity values requires careful analysis and consideration of the specific market dynamics.
d) Determinants of demand elasticity: Elasticity of demand can vary depending on the product or service in question and the characteristics of the market. Some products, such as essential goods or products with limited substitutes, tend to have inelastic demand, making it challenging for businesses to use price changes to significantly impact quantity demanded. Additionally, the availability of substitutes, income levels, and consumer preferences can all influence the elasticity of demand, further complicating the analysis.
In summary, while elasticity of demand provides valuable insights into consumer responsiveness to price changes, its calculation and interpretation can be challenging due to data limitations, assumptions, complexities in market dynamics, and varying determinants of elasticity.
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1 ot Perusall discussions and annotations. To Do Re-read the Wilmont-DroneTech case study You will need to create three annotations. Create two annotations that provide facts (such as definitions, explanations, data, etc. directly from the reading and relate to the term project assignments). For example, look for information on the key stakeholders, the scope of the project, deliverables, the WBS. These can be good facts to note in annotations Create one annotation that adds an insight (connect to another idea in the course, something you see in your workplace or work experience, another student's comments, etc.) or asks a question.
The given task is about creating three annotations in the Wilmont-DroneTech case study. Two annotations should be about facts and the third one should include an insight or ask a question.
Here are the steps to create annotations:Step 1: Re-read the Wilmont-DroneTech case study thoroughly and identify key stakeholders, scope of the project, deliverables, and the WBS. It will help you to create annotations based on the facts that are directly related to the project assignments.
Step 2: Create two annotations that provide facts. Here is an example of the fact annotation: Fact Annotation 1:Key stakeholders: The key stakeholders in this project are Wilmont and the DroneTech team who are responsible for developing and testing a new drone technology for commercial purposes. Fact Annotation 2:Deliverables: The deliverables of this project include the development of a new drone technology, testing it for reliability and safety, and creating a comprehensive report on the findings.
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what do marketers call groups of people with similar wants and needs?
Marketers call groups of people with similar wants and needs "market segments." In marketing, understanding the diverse needs and preferences of consumers is crucial for effective targeting and communication.
Market segmentation is the process of dividing a larger market into distinct groups or segments based on similar characteristics, wants, and needs. These segments allow marketers to tailor their marketing strategies and offerings to better meet the specific requirements of each group.
Market segments can be defined by various factors such as demographics (age, gender, income), psychographics (lifestyle, values, attitudes), behavior (purchasing habits, usage patterns), or geographic location. By identifying and analyzing these segments, marketers gain insights into the specific desires, motivations, and preferences of different groups of consumers.
Segmentation enables marketers to develop targeted marketing campaigns, create relevant products or services, determine pricing strategies, and choose appropriate distribution channels.
By addressing the unique needs and desires of specific market segments, marketers can increase the effectiveness of their marketing efforts, improve customer satisfaction, and achieve higher levels of success in reaching their target audience.
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Develop at least Five Quality Standards and or Requirements related to meeting the Stakeholder expectations. ( please do not copy ideas from any previous answer)
To meet stakeholder expectations, five quality standards and requirements can be implemented:
1) Clear communication channels: Establishing clear and open lines of communication between stakeholders and project teams is essential for meeting expectations. This includes regular updates, feedback mechanisms, and accessible channels for sharing information.
2) Timely and accurate information delivery: Stakeholders expect to receive accurate and up-to-date information about the project's progress. Providing timely updates, key milestones, and addressing any concerns promptly helps maintain stakeholder satisfaction.
3) Transparent decision-making processes: Transparent decision-making builds trust and credibility with stakeholders. Clearly communicating the decision-making criteria, involving relevant stakeholders, and providing rationale behind decisions enhances transparency and ensures stakeholder buy-in.
4) Effective conflict resolution mechanisms: Conflicts can arise between stakeholders with different interests and perspectives. Implementing effective conflict resolution mechanisms, such as mediation or arbitration, helps address disagreements and find mutually acceptable solutions.
5) Continuous improvement initiatives: Stakeholders appreciate organizations that prioritize continuous improvement. By actively seeking feedback, conducting regular evaluations, and implementing necessary changes, organizations demonstrate their commitment to meeting stakeholder expectations and enhancing overall project quality.
Implementing these quality standards and requirements can help organizations align with stakeholder expectations, foster positive relationships, and ensure the success of projects.
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Five quality standards and requirements related to meeting stakeholder expectations could include: 1. Timeliness 2. Responsiveness 3. Transparency 4. Quality Assurance 5. Ethical Conduct.
1. Timeliness: Delivering products or services within the agreed-upon timeframe demonstrates a commitment to meeting stakeholder expectations. Timeliness ensures that stakeholders receive what they need when they need it, enhancing their satisfaction and trust in the organization.
2. Responsiveness: Being responsive to stakeholder inquiries, concerns, and feedback is crucial. Promptly addressing stakeholder needs and providing timely and accurate information demonstrates a commitment to their satisfaction and shows that their voices are heard and valued.
3. Transparency: Transparency is vital for building trust and meeting stakeholder expectations. Openly sharing information, such as financial reports, performance metrics, and decision-making processes, allows stakeholders to have a clear understanding of the organization's operations and fosters confidence in its practices.
4. Quality Assurance: Implementing robust quality assurance processes ensures that products or services meet or exceed stakeholder expectations. This includes monitoring and improving product/service quality, conducting regular audits, and implementing quality control measures to identify and address any deviations or issues promptly.
5. Ethical Conduct: Operating with high ethical standards is essential for meeting stakeholder expectations. Demonstrating integrity, fairness, and accountability in all interactions and business practices ensures that stakeholders have confidence in the organization's actions and decisions.
These five quality standards and requirements contribute to meeting stakeholder expectations by focusing on aspects such as timeliness, responsiveness, transparency, quality assurance, and ethical conduct. By adhering to these standards, organizations can enhance stakeholder satisfaction, trust, and long-term relationships.
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a morbid fear of disease 2. one who loves foreign things or places 3. the act of worshiping fire 4. impairment of the ability to write 5. unwholesome sexual attraction to animals 6. the study of the origins of the gods 7. use of the same letters to represent sounds (as in tough and dough). 8. giving birth to more than one offspring at a time 9. lacking color 10. liking to be with others; enjoying crowds
Here are the answers to the given questions:
1. A morbid fear of disease - There are various terms for the fear of diseases, which include pathophobia, germophobia, bacillophobia, and nosocomephobia.
2. One who loves foreign things or places - A person who loves foreign things or places is called a xenophile.
3. The act of worshiping fire - The act of worshiping fire is known as pyrolatry.
4. Impairment of the ability to write - Dysgraphia is the impairment of the ability to write
.5. Unwholesome sexual attraction to animals - Zoophilia is an unwholesome sexual attraction to animals.
6. The study of the origins of the gods - The study of the origins of the gods is called Theogony.
7. Use of the same letters to represent sounds (as in tough and dough) - Homophones are the use of the same letters to represent sounds.
8. Giving birth to more than one offspring at a time - Giving birth to more than one offspring at a time is called multiple births.
9. Lacking color - The term that describes the lacking of color is Achromatic.
10. Liking to be with others; enjoying crowds - The term that describes liking to be with others and enjoying crowds is Sociable or gregarious.
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Craig inherited property from his uncle's estate. The property had a fair market value of 60,000 on the date of his uncle's death. His uncle's basis in the property was 20,000. The fair market value six months after date of death was 50,000. The executor elected to use the alternate date for valuing the estate. What is Craig's basis in the property?
Group of answer choices
50,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
In this scenario, Craig inherited the property from his uncle's estate. The executor elected to use the alternate date for valuing the estate, which means the property's value is determined six months after the date of death.
To calculate Craig's basis in the property, we need to consider the fair market value of the property at the alternate valuation date. The fair market value six months after the date of death was $50,000. Since the property's value at the alternate valuation date is lower than the fair market value at the date of death, Craig's basis in the property will be the fair market value at the alternate valuation date.
Therefore, Craig's basis in the property is $50,000.
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QUESTION 3
(a) [What is a commodity?
(b) Explain how commodities may act as a hedge against inflation.
(c) (i) Explain how a hedger may trade in futures contracts.
(c) (ii) [ Explain how a speculator may trade in futures contracts.
(d) In lectures, we discussed the formula for pricing a futures contract as follows:
Pc = po Pc ∗ (1 + ) + o o − oc
(d) (i) Explain what it means for a futures market to be in backwardation or
contango. Explain how the formula above can explain how a futures market could be in
backwardation or contango.
(d) (ii) Suppose that the current spot price of corn is $720 per bushel. The one
year risk-free rate is 6% per annum. The futures price for delivery of one bushel of corn
in one year’s time is $792 per bushel. Assume that net costs (storage costs minus
convenience yield) are $15 per bushel (over the next one year).
Is the futures contract correctly priced? If not, what is the theoretically correct price for the
futures contract and how could you take advantage of any mispricing?
(d) (iii) Suppose that a Managed Futures Fund takes a fully collateralized long
futures position in nearby soybean futures contracts at a quoted futures price of 870.0 (US
cents/bushel). The spot price at this time is 876.0 US cents/bushel. Three months later,
the entire futures position is rolled forward when the near-term futures price is 890.0 and
the farther-term futures price is 887.0. During the three-month period between the time
that the initial long position was taken and the rolling of the contract, the collateral earned
an annualized rate of 1.00%.
What is the rate of return to the fund over this 3-month period?
A speculator, on the other hand, does not have a need for the commodity; instead, they hope to profit from price changes in the commodity.
A commodity is a physical substance that has inherent value. Commodities can act as a hedge against inflation in the following ways: First, commodity prices are influenced by inflation, and they rise as inflation increases. As a result, investors may use commodities to hedge against inflation since they anticipate commodity prices to increase. Second, if inflation causes interest rates to rise, it may make it more expensive to borrow money to buy commodities. When this happens, there is less demand for these commodities, and their prices may drop. Third, as the value of money declines, it becomes less expensive to purchase goods, and thus people consume more. As a result, there is more demand for commodities. Investors can use commodities as a hedge against inflation since they anticipate that commodity prices will rise in the future. As a result, they enter into futures contracts to lock in a price for the commodity they require, eliminating the risk of price fluctuations. They may either purchase futures contracts or go short to sell futures contracts. A speculator, on the other hand, does not have a need for the commodity; instead, they hope to profit from price changes in the commodity. They may either purchase futures contracts or go short to sell futures contracts.
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Globalization provides numerous advantages to businesses and consumers around the world. At the same time, some critics believe that globalization is harming various aspects of life and commerce. De-globalization would induce a significant qualitative shift in strategies, structures, and behaviours observable in international business (IB) (Witt, 2019). Analyse Week 3 reading, Witt (2019), and discuss: How do the shifts between globalization and deglobalization affect the Australian SMEs’ internationalisation in the next five years? (5 Marks) How does the COVID-19 pandemic change the future of globalization for an Australian vegan SME? (5 Marks) Reference Witt, M. A. (2019). De-globalization: Theories, predictions, and opportunities for international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 50 (7), 1053-1077.
The shifts between globalization and deglobalization can have significant implications for Australian SMEs' internationalization over next five years. COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new dynamics that can reshape the future of globalization for Australian vegan SMEs.
The shifts between globalization and deglobalization can impact Australian SMEs' internationalization in the next five years in several ways. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated certain aspects deglobalization & introduced new dynamics for Australian vegan SMEs. The pandemic highlighted vulnerabilities in global supply chains, leading to calls for more localized production and reduced reliance on international sources. For Australian vegan SMEs, the future of globalization may involve a greater emphasis on local sourcing, shorter supply chains, and building resilience. They may need to explore opportunities in domestic markets, focus on e-commerce and digital platforms, and adapt their marketing and distribution strategies to cater to changing consumer preferences and behaviors.
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A search committee is formed to find a new software engineer.There are 96 applicants who applied for the position. 1)how many ways are there to select a subset of 13 for a short list? 2) If 6 of the 13 on the short list are selected for an interview, how many ways are there to pick the set of people who are interviewed?(You can assume that the short list is already decided) 3 Based on the interview,the committee will rank the top 2 candidates and submit the list to their boss who will make the final decision.(You can assume that the interviewees are already decided. How many ways are there to select the list from the 6 interviewees?
To select a subset of 13 applicants for a shortlist out of the 96 applicants, we can use the combination formula.
The number of ways to select a subset of 13 from a set of 96 can be calculated as:
C(96, 13) = 96! / (13! * (96 - 13)!) = 1,224,449,618,745
Therefore, there are 1,224,449,618,745 ways to select a subset of 13 applicants for the shortlist.
If 6 out of the 13 shortlisted applicants are to be selected for an interview, we can again use the combination formula. The number of ways to pick the set of people who are interviewed can be calculated as:
C(13, 6) = 13! / (6! * (13 - 6)!) = 1716
Therefore, there are 1716 ways to pick the set of people who will be interviewed from the shortlist.
After the interviews, the committee will rank the top 2 candidates to be submitted to their boss. Since the interviewees are already decided and the order matters for ranking, we can use the permutation formula. The number of ways to select the list from the 6 interviewees is:
P(6, 2) = 6! / (6 - 2)! = 30
Therefore, there are 30 ways to select the list of top 2 candidates from the 6 interviewees.
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3 Consider a market of second-hand cars with 1000 units. The quality v of these cars is distributed between 0 and 3000. The distribution of vis such that the number of cars whose quality is lower than v is v/3. The owner of each second-hand car knows its quality, but the potential buyers don't. The latter are risk-neutral and they value a car at its expected quality. Each car owner may choose to hire an independent third party (expert) for a fee of 300 to inspect its car. If so, quality is perfectly reveal and the owner can sell its car for the value of its true quality. (a) Determine the market price for the second-hand cars assuming that none of the existing units are inspected. (b) Suppose that cars with quality or higher are inspected, while those below x are not. Derive the market price of the non-inspected second-hand units as a function of the quality threshold x. (c) Derive the value of x that leaves the owner of the corresponding unit indifferent between inspecting or not its car. Determine the number of cars which are not inspected in equilibrium and their market price.
(a) The market price for the second-hand cars, assuming none of the existing units are inspected, is 1500.
(b) The market price of the non-inspected second-hand units is given by (1000 - x/3) * (x/6).
(c) To find the value of x that leaves the owner indifferent between inspecting or not inspecting the car, we need to solve the equation: (1000 - x/3) * (x/6) - (1000 - x/3) * (x/6 - 300/3000) = 300. The number of cars not inspected in equilibrium is x/3, and their market price is (1000 - x/3) * (x/6).
(a) The market price for the second-hand cars, assuming none of the existing units are inspected, can be determined by considering the expected quality of the cars.
Given that the number of cars whose quality is lower than v is v/3, we can calculate the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the quality v.
CDF(v) = v/3000
To find the market price, we need to determine the quality level at which half of the cars have a lower quality and half have a higher quality. This can be calculated using the inverse of the cumulative distribution function (CDF).
0.5 = v/3000
v = 1500
Therefore, the market price for the second-hand cars, assuming none of the existing units are inspected, is determined by the expected quality level of 1500.
(b) If cars with quality v or higher are inspected, while those below x are not, the market price of the non-inspected second-hand units will depend on the quality threshold x.
To determine the market price as a function of the quality threshold x, we need to consider the expected quality of the non-inspected units. The expected quality is the average quality of the cars below the threshold x.
The number of cars below x is x/3, and the average quality of those cars is x/6 (since the distribution is linear). Therefore, the market price of the non-inspected units can be expressed as:
Market Price = (1000 - x/3) * (x/6)
(c) To find the value of x that leaves the owner of the corresponding unit indifferent between inspecting or not inspecting its car, we need to equate the cost of inspection (300) with the expected gain from inspection.
The expected gain from inspection is the difference between the market price when the car is inspected and the market price when the car is not inspected.
Expected Gain from Inspection = Market Price (Inspected) - Market Price (Not Inspected)
Expected Gain from Inspection = (1000 - x/3) * (x/6) - (1000 - x/3) * (x/6 - 300/3000)
Setting the expected gain from inspection equal to 300 and solving for x will give us the value that leaves the owner indifferent.
(1000 - x/3) * (x/6) - (1000 - x/3) * (x/6 - 300/3000) = 300
Solving this equation will give us the value of x.
The number of cars that are not inspected in equilibrium will be equal to the number of cars below the threshold x, which is x/3.
The market price of these non-inspected cars can be calculated using the formula derived in part (b):
Market Price (Not Inspected) = (1000 - x/3) * (x/6)
(a) The market price for the second-hand cars, assuming none of the existing units are inspected, is 1500.
(b) The market price of the non-inspected second-hand units is given by (1000 - x/3) * (x/6).
(c) To find the value of x that leaves the owner indifferent between inspecting or not inspecting the car, we need to solve the equation: (1000 - x/3) * (x/6) - (1000 - x/3) * (x/6 - 300/3000) = 300. The number of cars not inspected in equilibrium is x/3, and their market price is (1000 - x/3) * (x/6).
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Q1. How a business practice or policy from a culture needs to be modified in
another culture?
•E.g. A manager from an individual country conducts meetings in a specific
way. What changes the manager should make in meeting procedures if the
manager is transferred to a collectivist country and works with local staff?
•Similar question about incentive policy, recruitment policies etc.
When a business practice or policy from one culture needs to be implemented in another culture, it is important to consider and modify certain aspects to ensure cultural compatibility and effectiveness. Modifications should be made to accommodate cultural differences and promote collaboration and harmony within the new cultural context.
In the case of conducting meetings in a collectivist culture, the manager should emphasize group participation, consensus-building, and collaboration. Meetings may need to be more inclusive, allowing everyone to have a voice and contribute to decision-making. The manager should create an environment where the collective goals and well-being of the group are prioritized over individual interests. This could involve seeking input from all team members, facilitating open discussions, and ensuring that decisions are made collectively rather than unilaterally.
Similarly, incentive policies may need to be adjusted to reflect the values and motivations of the local staff in the new culture. In collectivist cultures, where group harmony and shared success are important, team-based incentives or recognition programs that reward collective achievements may be more effective than individual performance-based incentives. Recruitment policies should also consider the cultural values and norms of the new culture, ensuring that they are inclusive, respectful, and aligned with the local expectations and preferences. Overall, modifying business practices or policies when transitioning between cultures is crucial for effective cross-cultural collaboration and success. It requires understanding and respecting the cultural nuances, values, and expectations of the new culture and making appropriate adjustments to promote cultural sensitivity, inclusivity, and harmonious working relationships.
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You are advising a young sportsperson about a contract offer. Your client, only 15 years old, wants to remain an amateur for three more years and then become a professional. One of the best teams in the world in your client’s sport has offered a contract with interesting terms. There would be no payments for three years, thus allowing continued status as an amateur. Beginning at the end of the fourth year, your client will receive $1 million a year for four years.
What is the current value of the contract offer if the discount rate is 8%?
Present value of Year 7 payment = $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁷
Current value of the contract offer = Sum of present values of all payments
To calculate the current value of the contract offer, we need to discount the future payments at the given discount rate of 8%.
Let's break down the calculations:
1. No payments for the first three years: Since there are no payments, the present value of these years would be zero.
2. Starting from the end of the fourth year, your client will receive $1 million per year for four years. To calculate the present value of these payments, we will discount each year's payment separately.
Year 4: $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁴Year 5: $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁵
Year 6: $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁶Year 7: $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁷
Now we calculate the present value for each year and sum them up:
Present value of Year 4 payment = $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁴
Present value of Year 5 payment = $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁵Present value of Year 6 payment = $1 million / (1 + 0.08)⁶
Please note that the actual values may vary based on the precise terms and conditions of the contract.
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what is the book value of the machine at the end of year 4 if abc companu purchases a machine at the beginning of the year at a cost of $24,000 the machine is depreciated using the straight line method and the machines useful like is estimated to be 5 years sith $4000 salvage value
The book value of the machine at the end of year 4 is $8,000 based on the information provided through the calculation.
The book value of the machine at the end of year 4 can be calculated as follows:
The cost of the machine is $24,000, and the salvage value of the machine is $4,000. Therefore, the depreciable cost of the machine is given by:
$24,000 - $4,000 = $20,000
The useful life of the machine is 5 years. Therefore, the depreciation expense for each year is
:$20,000 ÷ 5 years = $4,000 per year
The book value of the machine at the end of year 1, year 2, year 3, and year 4 is calculated as follows
:End of year 1: $24,000 - $4,000 = $20,000
End of year 2: $20,000 - $4,000 = $16,000
End of year 3: $16,000 - $4,000 = $12,000
End of year 4: $12,000 - $4,000 = $8,000
Therefore, the book value of the machine at the end of year 4 is $8,000.
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A medical treatment (A) is given to COVID patients admitted to a local hospital. Fortunately, 30% of patients will fully recover and can be released from hospitals. The remaining 70% patients will need to go through a second treatment (either C, 50% or D, 20%) before they will fully recover and can be released. Assume 100 patients per day are being admitted to the hospital for medical treatments. Capacity utilization for resource treating patients from A to D is calculated using 2,000 hospital beds designated for COVID treatment. The process diagram is given here for reference. 30% с 8 days 50% Admitted 7 days 2 days Released 20% D 10 days What is the average Length of Stay (LOS) for a patient, from being admitted to released? (Correct to the nearest integer) 19 days 17 days 18 days 16 days 15 days Given the average LOS of a patient and 2,000 beds available in the hospital to treat COVID patient, what is the maximum number of patients per day (on average) can the hospital admit? (Correct to the nearest integer) 111 118 133 125 105
The correct answer for the average Length of Stay (LOS) is 7 days, and the maximum number of patients per day that the hospital can admit is 286.
To calculate the average Length of Stay (LOS) for a patient, we need to consider the time spent in each treatment stage and the corresponding probabilities.
For patients who fully recover after treatment A (30%):
LOS = 8 days (time spent in treatment A)
For patients who need a second treatment (either C or D) after treatment A (70%):
LOS = (50% * 7 days) + (50% * 2 days) + (20% * 10 days) = 3.5 days + 1 day + 2 days = 6.5 days
To calculate the overall average LOS, we multiply the LOS for each group by their respective probabilities and sum them up:
Average LOS = (30% * 8 days) + (70% * 6.5 days) = 2.4 days + 4.55 days = 6.95 days
Rounding to the nearest integer, the average Length of Stay (LOS) for a patient is approximately 7 days.
Now, let's calculate the maximum number of patients per day that the hospital can admit, considering the average LOS and the available beds.
Maximum number of patients per day = Total number of beds / Average LOS
Maximum number of patients per day = 2,000 beds / 7 days ≈ 285.7
Rounding to the nearest integer, the maximum number of patients per day that the hospital can admit is approximately 286 patients.
Therefore, the correct answer for the average Length of Stay (LOS) is 7 days, and the maximum number of patients per day that the hospital can admit is 286.
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Flash Limited had the following cash flows during the reporting period: Receipts from customers $350341 Dividend paid $8152 Operating expenses paid $25515 Payments to suppliers $190520 Interest paid $2592 Income taxes paid $6472 The net cash flows from operating activities would be
To calculate the net cash flows from operating activities, we need to consider the cash inflows and cash outflows directly related to the company's core operations.
In this case, the cash inflow from operating activities is the "Receipts from customers" amount, which is $350,341.
The cash outflows from operating activities include:
"Operating expenses paid" amounting to $25,515
"Payments to suppliers" amounting to $190,520
"Interest paid" amounting to $2,592
"Income taxes paid" amounting to $6,472
To calculate the net cash flows from operating activities, we subtract the cash outflows from the cash inflow:
Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities = Cash inflow - Cash outflows
= $350,341 - ($25,515 + $190,520 + $2,592 + $6,472)
= $350,341 - $225,099
= $125,242
Therefore, the net cash flows from operating activities for Flash Limited during the reporting period is $125,242.
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Which of the following is a correct explanation of a cost driver? It is the largest single type of cost in a company. It is a fixed cost that cannot be avoided. It is a factor that causes variations in a cost. O It is an indirect cost that is essential to the operations of the business.
A cost driver is a factor that causes variations in a cost. Hence, the correct explanation of a cost driver is: It is a factor that causes variations in a cost.
A cost driver is defined as the factors or events that affect the costs of a business. It is any activity or event that incurs a cost in the production process or directly causes changes in the cost of an activity. Cost drivers are useful in identifying the sources of cost in a business and help to allocate those costs to the relevant cost objects.Cost drivers help to determine the critical cost components of a particular product or service. They assist management in making decisions on how to control costs and price products optimally to maximize profits. By tracking and analyzing cost drivers, managers can identify which activities are essential and which ones need to be reduced to improve performance.
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If possible, Hal said that he will use scaled variables because then all the "normal" statistical analyses, analyses that researchers are familiar with, are available because the mean and standard deviation can be calculated. O nominal O ordinal O interval O nominal and ordinal Question 6 1 pts Unbalanced response options for a survey question, for example, two negative responses and four positive options, could look like this --> Very Bad / Bad / Somewhat Good / Good / Very Good / Extremely Good. A set of response options like this O should work out OK O are never to be used O may make it difficult to administer the survey in person or over the telephone none of the above answer the question Question 7 1 pts To measure the researcher really needs to use multi-item scales. O the cognitive component of an attitude o the respondent's beliefs the affective component of an attitude o the conative component of an attitude O none of the above D Question 8 1 pts Which of the following is an indicator of a measure or construct's internal consistency? reliability O validity O coefficient beta sensitivity
Question 5: Hal stated that he would prefer using scaled variables because they enable the use of "normal" statistical analyses by allowing the calculation of mean and standard deviation.
Scaled variables, also referred to as interval variables, are quantitative variables that have a meaningful numerical value and a consistent interval between values. They provide a higher level of measurement than nominal or ordinal variables. Scaled variables allow for more extensive statistical analyses and provide researchers with a range of statistical techniques that they are familiar with.
One of the main advantages of using scaled variables is the ability to calculate the mean and standard deviation. These measures provide valuable information about the central tendency and variability of the data, allowing researchers to summarize and compare different groups or variables accurately. The mean is a measure of the average value, while the standard deviation indicates the spread or dispersion of the data around the mean.
Question 6: The unbalanced response options presented, such as "Very Bad / Bad / Somewhat Good / Good / Very Good / Extremely Good," may make it difficult to administer the survey in person or over the telephone.
Unbalanced response options refer to a survey design where the number of response choices varies across the different levels or categories of a question. In the provided example, there are two negative responses (Very Bad and Bad) and four positive responses (Somewhat Good, Good, Very Good, and Extremely Good), resulting in an unbalanced set of response options.
Unbalanced response options can pose challenges in survey administration, particularly in person or telephone interviews. When conducting surveys in these formats, it is essential to maintain clarity and consistency in presenting response options to respondents. The inclusion of more options in the positive range compared to the negative range may introduce bias or confusion in respondents' understanding of the question and their ability to accurately select an appropriate response.
Question 7: To measure, the researcher really needs to use multi-item scales. It helps to reduce measurement error and increase the precision of data analysis and interpretation.
Multi-item scales are commonly used in research to measure complex constructs or variables that cannot be adequately captured by a single question or item. These scales involve the inclusion of multiple items or statements that assess different aspects or dimensions of the construct being measured. By using multiple items, researchers can obtain a more comprehensive and reliable assessment of the construct.
Multi-item scales allow researchers to capture the nuances, variability, and complexity of a construct by incorporating multiple indicators. This approach enhances the reliability and validity of the measurement, providing a more accurate representation of the construct under investigation.
Question 8: An indicator of a measure or construct's internal consistency is reliability. Internal consistency is an important aspect to consider when assessing the quality and reliability of a measurement instrument.
Reliability is a statistical concept that refers to the consistency and stability of measurement. It assesses the extent to which a measure or construct consistently produces the same results or scores across multiple items or occasions. In other words, reliability indicates the degree to which the measurement is free from random error. It is an important consideration in research and assessment, as a reliable measure ensures that the obtained results are consistent and dependable.
Commonly used methods to assess reliability include test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency reliability (e.g., Cronbach's alpha). Therefore, reliability is the appropriate answer as it directly relates to the internal consistency of a measure or construct.
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1. Meriton Ltd has issued bonds. The highest claims on Meriton’s
assets could be:
a. unsecured note holders.
b. the shareholders.
c. floating-charge debenture holders.
2. Vodafone Ltd has a floating
The highest claims on Meriton Ltd's assets would typically be:
a. Unsecured note holders: Unsecured note holders are creditors who have provided loans to the company without any collateral or specific claim on the company's assets. In the event of liquidation or bankruptcy, unsecured note holders would have a higher claim on the company's assets compared to other stakeholders.
b. The shareholders: Shareholders are the owners of the company and hold equity in the business. However, in the event of liquidation or bankruptcy, shareholders typically have the lowest priority in terms of claims on the company's assets. They would receive their share of the remaining assets only after all other higher-ranked claims have been satisfied.
c. Floating-charge debenture holders: Floating-charge debenture holders are creditors who have a claim on the company's assets but without a specific fixed charge on any particular asset. Their claim "floats" over the company's assets, allowing them to secure their debt against different assets at different times. In the event of liquidation or bankruptcy, floating-charge debenture holders would have a higher claim on the company's assets compared to shareholders but lower than secured debenture holders.
Please note that the specific ranking of claims can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the terms of the specific debt agreements. The above answer is a general representation of the typical hierarchy of claims on a company's assets.
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Alpha’s stockholders’ equity decreased $10,000, common stock increased $15,000, and dividends of $4,000 were declared and paid. How much was Alpha's net income or net loss?
Net income of $29,000
Net income of $11,000
Net loss of $29,000
The correct answer is not listed.
Net loss of $21,000
Given,Alpha’s stockholders’ equity decreased $10,000, common stock increased $15,000, and dividends of $4,000 were declared and paid.To calculate the net income or net loss, We use the following formula:
Net income = Total revenue - Total expenses- Dividends For calculating the total revenue or total expenses, the transaction is required. But here we only have changes in the stockholder equity and the common stock. Therefore, we can not find the exact net income or net loss.Thus, we can not determine the net income or net loss with the given information. Therefore, the correct answer is the option "The correct answer is not listed".
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You have been asked by the president of the Farr Construction Company to evaluate the proposed acquisition of a new earth mover. The mover's basic price is $220,000, and it would cost another $30,000 to modify it for special use. Assume that the mover falls into the MACRS 5-year class, it would be sold after 4 years for $60,000, and it would require an increase in net operating working capital (spare parts inventory) of $10,000. The earth mover would have no effect on revenues, but it is expected to save the firm $52,000 per year in before-tax operating costs, mainly labor. The firm's marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 25 percent and the project's cost of capital is 10 percent.
Evaluate the project using the NPV rule and the IRR rule.
To evaluate the project using the NPV rule and the IRR rule, we need to calculate the net cash flows for each year, discount them to their present value, and then apply the respective rules.
First, let's calculate the net cash flows:
Year 0:
Initial investment = -$220,000 (basic price) - $30,000 (modification cost) + $10,000 (increase in working capital) = -$240,000
Years 1-4:
Net cash flow = Savings in operating costs - Tax on savings
Net cash flow = $52,000 - ($52,000 * 0.25) = $39,000 (after-tax cash flow)
Year 5:
Net cash flow = Salvage value - Tax on salvage value
Net cash flow = $60,000 - ($60,000 - $30,000) * 0.25 = $45,000 (after-tax cash flow)
Now, let's calculate the present value of the net cash flows using the project's cost of capital of 10%:
PV (Year 0) = -$240,000 / (1 + 0.10)^0 = -$240,000
PV (Years 1-4) = $39,000 / (1 + 0.10)^1 + $39,000 / (1 + 0.10)^2 + $39,000 / (1 + 0.10)^3 + $39,000 / (1 + 0.10)^4 = $134,095.04
PV (Year 5) = $45,000 / (1 + 0.10)^5 = $28,598.74
Next, let's calculate the net present value (NPV) by summing up the present values of the net cash flows:
NPV = PV (Year 0) + PV (Years 1-4) + PV (Year 5) = -$240,000 + $134,095.04 + $28,598.74 = -$77,306.22
To evaluate the project using the IRR rule, we can use a financial calculator or spreadsheet to find the internal rate of return (IRR). The IRR is the discount rate that makes the NPV of the project equal to zero.
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, the IRR for this project is approximately 8.92%.
Based on the NPV rule, since the NPV is negative (-$77,306.22), the project would be considered unattractive. It does not generate sufficient returns to cover the initial investment and provide a positive net present value.
Based on the IRR rule, the project's IRR of 8.92% is lower than the cost of capital (10%). Therefore, the project would also be considered unattractive using the IRR rule.
Overall, based on both the NPV rule and the IRR rule, the proposed acquisition of the new earth mover would not be recommended.
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The next two questions are based on the following: A company manufactures and sells one product. The following information pertains to each of the company's first two years of operations: Selling price per unit $ 65 Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing: $ 6 Direct materials Direct labor $ 16 $ 8 Variable manufacturing overhead Variable selling and administrative expense $2 Fixed costs per year: 12,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead Selling and administrative expense 12,800 Year Production (units) Sales (units) 2,000 1,600 2,200 2,600 S $ ss 12 What is net operating income under absorption costing in Year 2? (Do not round intermediate calculations.) A. S 58,600 B. $ 58,818 C. S 63,800 D. $ 30,400 E. None of the above.
The given information can be organized as follows:Selling price per unit $ 65Variable costs per unit:Manufacturing: $ 6 Direct materials $ 16 Direct labor $ 8 Variable manufacturing overhead $ 2Variable selling and administrative expense Fixed costs per year:
12,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead $ 12,800YearProduction (units)Sales (units)12000160022002600We are to calculate the net operating income under absorption costing in Year 2.Under absorption costing, all manufacturing costs, both fixed and variable are included in the cost of the product, therefore the net operating income in Year 2 is:Selling price per unit × Units sold = $65 × 2600 = $169,000Cost of goods sold = Units sold × Cost per unit= 2600 × ($6 + $16 + $8 + $2) = $72,800Gross profit = Sales - COGS= $96,200Selling and administrative expense = Fixed selling
and administrative expense + Variable selling and administrative expense per unit × Units sold= $12,800 + $2 × 2600 = $17,200Net operating income = Gross profit - Selling and administrative expense= $96,200 - $17,200= $79,000Thus, the net operating income under absorption costing in Year 2 is S 63,800 (Option C).
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Assume that the banking sector is described as follows: D=d0 –d1 (i–iD) L=l0 –l1 (i–iL ) Where L stands for bank loans, D stands for bank deposits, iL the loan rate, iD deposit rate and i is the market interest rate. Assume that banks do not have operating costs or are not required to hold reserves. (a) Calculate the competitive equilibrium in a diagram. How do your results change when the government sets deposit rates equal to iD = a with a < iL . Provide intuition. (b) Now suppose that government introduces a mandatory reserve ratio r* such that R = r*D. How do your results change? What are the implications of such a reserve ratio policy on prices and quantities? Provide intuition. (c) Sometimes, it is suggested that the reserve ratio policy can be alternative to targeting interest rates or monetary aggregates. Can this be an effective policy to stabilize output and inflation fluctuations?
(a) Competitive equilibrium occurs when the supply of bank loans, represented by the equation L=l0 –l1(i–iL), equals the demand for bank loans, given by the equation D=d0 –d1(i–iD). In a diagram, the equilibrium point is where the supply and demand curves intersect, determining the market interest rate i and the quantities of loans and deposits. When the government sets deposit rates equal to iD=a, where a<iL, it effectively fixes the deposit rate below the loan rate. This policy encourages depositors to shift funds to alternative investments with higher returns, reducing the supply of deposits and subsequently lowering the equilibrium quantity of loans and deposits in the banking sector.
In the competitive equilibrium, the market interest rate and quantities of loans and deposits are determined by the interaction of supply and demand. However, when the government fixes deposit rates below the loan rate, it creates a distortion in the market. Deposit rates equal to iD=a incentivize depositors to seek better returns elsewhere, leading to a decrease in deposits. This reduction in deposits then limits the availability of funds for banks to lend, resulting in a decrease in the quantity of loans and deposits in the banking sector.
(b) Introducing a mandatory reserve ratio, R=r*D, where r* is the reserve ratio and R represents reserves, alters the equilibrium in the banking sector. By requiring banks to hold a portion of their deposits as reserves, it reduces the amount available for lending. Consequently, the supply of loans decreases, leading to a higher equilibrium loan rate, iL, and a lower equilibrium quantity of loans and deposits. The mandatory reserve ratio policy has implications for prices and quantities: it tightens credit availability, reduces borrowing, and potentially dampens economic activity. This contractionary effect is due to banks holding a fraction of deposits as reserves, reducing the funds they can lend out, which can slow down investment and consumption expenditure in the economy.
(c) While the reserve ratio policy can influence the availability of credit, it may not be as effective in stabilizing output and inflation fluctuations compared to targeting interest rates or monetary aggregates. The reserve ratio affects the banking sector directly, limiting the funds available for lending. However, other factors, such as the demand for credit, business investment decisions, and consumer spending, also significantly impact output and inflation. By solely relying on the reserve ratio policy, policymakers may overlook the complex dynamics of the economy. Targeting interest rates or monetary aggregates allows for more flexibility and a broader range of tools to influence borrowing costs and overall monetary conditions, thereby potentially achieving better stabilization outcomes.
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Question 8 If the cross-price elasticity of demand for Widgets and Twingers is negative, this means the two goods are O Substitutes O Inferior O Normal O Complements Question 9 If a good has a negative income elasticity of demand, this indicates that the good is O a substitute of another good O normal O inferior O a complement of another good
If the cross-price elasticity of demand for Widgets and Twingers is negative, it means that the two goods are complements. A complementary relationship exists between two goods when the change in the price of one good affects the demand for the other good in the opposite direction.
For instance, if the price of Twingers increases, consumers will demand less of it, causing the demand for Widgets to drop as well.
On the other hand, if the price of Twingers decreases, the demand for Widgets will also increase. The negative value for cross-price elasticity of demand indicates that the goods are complementary.
If a good has a negative income elasticity of demand, this indicates that the good is an inferior good. An inferior good is a product whose demand declines when consumers' income increases.
When consumers have more disposable income, they tend to purchase more premium products or more luxurious items instead of the inferior good.
For example, if a consumer's income increases, he or she may choose to replace a generic brand of food with a more expensive brand. As a result, the demand for the generic food would decline, demonstrating the negative income elasticity of demand.
Therefore, if a good has a negative income elasticity of demand, this means that the good is an inferior good.
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