Answer:
DNA Viruses
Explanation:
an organ or tissue might better resist damage from hypoperfusion if the
An organ or tissue may be better able to resist damage from hypoperfusion if the temperature of the body is considerably less than 98.6°F (37.0°C).
WHat is hypoperfusion?Hypoperfusion refers to the condition in which there is a reduced amount of blood flow through an organ or tissue.
Another name for hypoperfusion is shock. In hypoperfusion, there is usually a constriction of blood flow through an organ in the body such as the brain. When hypoperfusion occurs in the brain, the reduced blood flow leads to fainting or prolonged unconsciousness.
Some causes for hypoperfusion include the following:
low blood pressure,heart failure,loss of blood volumeSome symptoms of hypoperfusion include the following:
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Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the.
Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
What happens in interphase?In interphase, proteins and enzymes are created first to copy the cell's DNA, which is necessary for proper cell division, and then to permit mitosis, which is the process by which cells divide.
These procedures need a lot of cellular energy and must proceed smoothly, which necessitates patience and accuracy. Once cell division begins, the majority of cellular activity are paused, allowing the cell to successfully divide into two while disregarding other tasks.
Therefore, Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the interphase lasts longer, occupying 90% to 95% of the lifetime of most cells.
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What are the 7 steps of translation and transcription?.
7 steps of translation and transcription are initiation, promoter escape, elongation, termination, 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
The process by which cells use the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) to make proteins. mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it contains tells the cell how to combine amino acids to form proteins.
Transcription in genomics is the process of making RNA copies of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.
Transcription is the process of copying (transcribed) the DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA molecule. Transcription is a key step in using information from genes to make proteins.
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relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include: group of answer choices larger brain reduced number of teeth enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands smaller eye orbits
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include enlarged olfactory bulbs and enlarged scent glands.
Who are prosimians?Prosimians are primates that include all living and extinct strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorisoids, and adapiforms), as well as haplorhine tarsiers and their extinct relatives, the omomyiforms, i.e. all primates other than simians. They are thought to have more "primitive" (ancestral or plesiomorphic) characteristics than simians (monkeys, apes, and humans). Simians emerged as a sister group to the haplorhine tarsiers within the Prosimians and thus cladistically belong to this group. Simians are thus more closely related to tarsiers than to lemurs. Strepsirrhines split about 20 million years before the tarsier-simian split. However, because simians are traditionally excluded, prosimians are paraphyletic.
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What are missense nonsense and silent mutations?.
The glycine-glycine mutation is a Silent mutation and the Lysine stop mutation is a Nonsense mutation. Point mutation is the alteration of the single nucleotide base in the sequence.
Mutations are changes in the genetic material's nucleotide sequence brought on by substitution, deletion, or insertion of nucleotides that result in altered proteins.
Mutations can take many different forms.
The term "silent mutation" refers to a mutation that has no effect on the protein that is generated. It typically results from replacing one nucleotide with a nucleotide of the same kind as in the glycine-glycine mutation.
It is referred to as a nonsense mutation if a single nucleotide mutation results at the end of transcription.
similar to how lysine stops.
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when gene expression is upregulated by chromatin remodeling, what type of chemical modification is necessary?
The type of chemical modifications required for chromatin remodeling is histone acetylation
The double-stranded DNA that forms eukaryotic chromosomes are packaged into nucleosome organizations where the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 form the core histone octamers in which the DNA is wrapped. The high degree of histone organization and packaging makes it impossible for DNA to bind to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, reducing transcription.
Nuclear histones have terminal or tail ends that are enriched with positively charged amino acid residues such as lysine or arginine ensuring tight packing with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of the DNA.
Accumulation of acetylated histones during chromatin restructuring in certain chromosomal regions leads to acetylation and thereby charge neutralization in the histone tails. This leads to a looser packing of the nucleosome structure. DNA is available for binding to transcription factors such as transcription factors and RNA polymerase, which sit on promoters and can initiate transcription - thereby regulating gene expression. Therefore the type of chemical modification required is a histone acetylation
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arrange the following events in the order in which they occur during gene expression. begin with the first event to occur at the top of the list.
During gene expression DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is translated into protein, which is the last step of gene expression.
What is gene expression?1. In the nucleus, the mRNA transcript is created.
2. The ribosome is bound by the mRNA transcript.
3. The appropriate amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA anticodon binding to its complementary codon.
4. As the mRNA is read and more amino acids are taken in by the tRNAs, a polypeptide is created.
5. The mRNA and ribosomal subunits separate after termination.
Therefore, gene expression starts from DNA and end with protien synthesis.
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starting with a signal reaching the distal end of the presyntatic axon, indicate correct order of events that occur during transmission at hte cholinergic excitatory synapse
1. opening of calcium gates in synaptic knob as nerve signal arrives
2. exocytosis of ACh; diffusion across synaptic cleft
3. binding of ACh to recptors on postsynaptic neuron
4. opening of sodium gates on post-synaptic membrane allowing influx of sodium
5. depolarization of postsynatpic plasma membrane
An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the likelihood of an action potential occurring in a post-synaptic cell. Neurons form networks through which nerve impulses travel, and each neuron often makes numerous connections with other cells. A cholinergic synapse uses AcH as its neurotransmitter. They are found in postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers, autonomic preganglionic fibers, preganglionic fibers of the adrenal medulla, somatomotor nerves of skeletal muscle, and sweat gland fibers. Cholinergic synapses are present almost everywhere in the human central nervous system. Their high density in the thalamus, striatum, limbic system, and neocortex suggests that cholinergic transmission is likely important for memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions.
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for each of the following locations, tell whether nacl will enter the interstitial fluid, leave the interstitial fluid and enter the filtrate or blood, or not move (is impermeable to solutes).
NaCl will enter the interstitial fluid: Ascending limb of vasa recta and Ascending limb of nephron
NaCl will leave the interstitial fluid: Descending limb of vasa recta
No NaCl movement( impermeable to solute)": Descending limb of nephron
What is a nephron?Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle (glomerulus within Bowman's capsule), a proximal tubule (convoluted and straight components), an intermediate tubule (loop of Henle), a distal convoluted tubule, a connecting tubule, cortical, outer medullary, and inner medullary collecting ducts, among other structures.
The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water and ions, except for sodium and chloride, which cross by diffusion. In the thick ascending branch, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) ions are reabsorbed by active transport.
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The complete question is:
"For each of the following locations, tell whether nacl will enter the interstitial fluid, leave the interstitial fluid and enter the filtrate or blood, or not move (is impermeable to solutes).
NaCl will enter the interstitial fluid
NaCl will leave the interstitial fluid
No NaCl movement( impermeable to solute)"
you decide to designate the twist allele as ft to distinguish it from the forked allele f. using the following allele symbols, identify the genotypes of the three f2 classes in part c by dragging one label to each class. labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
Similar to incomplete dominance, codominance produces distinct phenotypes for each of the three genotypes in monohybrid crosses. However, due to codominance, both alleles fully express the phenotype in heterozygotes.
What is Incomplete dominance?Incomplete dominance are the results from mating in which each parent's contribution is genetically unique and which produces offspring that are phenotypically intermediate. Incomplete dominance is also called semi-dominance and partial dominance. Mendel described dominance, but not imperfect dominance. F1 hybrids have traits that lie between their parental genes. For example, the color of flowers.
Codominance essentially means that neither allele can block or mask the expression of the other allele. Incomplete dominance, on the other hand, is the condition in which the dominant allele does not completely mask the influence of the recessive allele.
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The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of dna are blank.
Covalent bonds are the interactions that bind neighboring nucleotides together in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA.
These bonds link the 3'OH group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of another.
Hydrogen bonds are the contact or link that holds together complementary nucleotides from opposing strands of DNA.
The complementary bases of the two opposing strands combine to generate these connections. Tyrosine and adenosine combine to produce two hydrogen bonds. With guanine, cytosine creates three hydrogen bonds.
Van der Waals forces are the bindings or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that aid in holding the DNA molecule together.
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If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes (stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing B) rings of cellulose-synthesizing generations complexes and ability to synthesize sporopollenin complexes, chlorophylls a and b, and alternation of complexes, alternation of generations, and ability to synthesize C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing sporopollenin complexes, chlorophylls a and b, cell walls of cellulose, and D) rings of cellulose-synthesizing ability to synthesize sporopollenin Answer: A phobly helped early plants to successfully
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, the capacity to produce sporopollenin rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes, and chlorophyll are among the shared derived traits of the kingdom.
Why does the cell surface membrane produce cellulose?Each plant cell's exterior is where the cellulose is deposited. Because it is a water-insoluble polymer with a rigid linear structure, it cannot be created inside of cells.
What is the mechanism of cellulose synthase?The cellulose synthase complex (CSC), a sizable membrane-bound complex that moves through the plane of the plasma membrane as it creates a cellulose microfibril, is responsible for producing cellulose at the plasma membrane in plants.
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Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.
endocrine; exocrine
Exocrine glands are those that secrete into the fluids surrounding the tissue they are located in, whereas endocrine glands secrete onto membrane surfaces.
What is Endocrine gland:
The bloodstream or membrane surfaces are directly injected with substances by endocrine glands. There is no duct system for the glands.
The thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands are a few examples.
What is Exocrine gland:
Exocrine glands release their materials into an epithelial duct system.
Salivary glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands are a few examples of exocrine glands.
As a result, glands that secrete into the tissue fluids around them are referred to as exocrine glands, whereas those that secrete onto a membrane surface are referred to as endocrine glands.
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Which describes an african butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns?.
Disruptive Selection describes an African butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns.
What do you mean by Disruptive Selection ?
Disruptive selection is a process in which both the extreme traits are favored. It is a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.It can be seen in various insects for example : Industrial melanism of Biston betularia is an example of disruptive natural selection.It is important because it has the potential to generate high level of variation in a population that it leads to the evolution of new species even including ecological dimorphism.Hence, the above case of an African Butterfly represents Disruptive Selection method.
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How many different mutations within CFTR are known to lead to cystic fibrosis?.
More than 2000 mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) have been defined that confer a number of molecular cells' organic and functional phenotypes.
Everybody has two copies of the CFTR gene, and there ought to be mutations in both copies to purpose CF. more than 1, 700mutations of the CFTR gene had been identified.
Mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel motivate the autosomal recessive disease, cystic fibrosis (CF).
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calcitriol causes increases in blood calcium levels by three established mechanisms that are listed below. identify the bodily response that is not related to blood calcitriol and blood calcium homeostasis.
Calcitriol causes increases in blood calcium levels by Increased muscle cell calcium uptake.
The effect of calcitriol on the calcium-transporting proteins known as calbindin-D proteins on cells in the gastrointestinal tract increases calcium absorption from the stomach into the body. The body can only grow its calcium reserves in this way.
The troponin-tropomyosin complex immediately reverts to its initial form, blocking the actin-binding sites, when calcium ions enter the muscle cell. This is accomplished by using ATP energy.
In individuals with damaged kidneys or parathyroid glands, calcium deficiency and bone disease can be treated and prevented using calcitriol.
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The predominant mechanism driving cellular differentiation is the difference in gene _____.
The predominant mechanism driving cellular differentiation is the difference in gene expression.
The process of cell predominant mechanism differentiation involves the specialisation of cells. In multicellular organisms, not every cell is the same and performs a particular function to aid the body in maintaining homeostasis, or a constant state of internal conditions. Numerous cell types combine to create the tissues and organs that keep the body alive. There are more than 200 distinct cell types in humans. However, the DNA, or genetic material, found in every cell in a person's body is identical. How are 200 different cell kinds conceivable, then? The solution involves managing gene expression, which is the process of deciding which genes, or regions of DNA, are turned on or off.
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Which terms accurately reflect the nature of replication of the chromosome in e. Coli?.
The terms "bidirectional and fixed point of initiation" accurately describe how the chromosome replicates in E. coli.
A single double-stranded DNA molecule can produce many identical DNA helices through the process of DNA replication. A strand from the original molecule plus a freshly generated strand make up each molecule. The DNA uncoils and separates before replication. A replication template called a replication fork is created. DNA polymerases add new nucleotide sequences in the 5′ to 3′ orientation once DNA primers attach to the DNA.
In the leading strand, this addition is continuous, whereas in the lagging strand, it is fragmented. After the DNA strands have finished elongating, they are examined for errors, repaired, and given telomere sequences at the ends.
Hence, bidirectional and fixed point of initiation" accurately describe how the chromosome replicates in E. coli.
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What is the one part of the nucleotide?.
The components of a nucleotide are a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a base that contains nitrogen.
A molecule made up of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA) (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA).Ribose, a five-carbon sugar, and adenine, a nitrogenous base, are both components of adenosine phosphate nucleotides. The number of inorganic phosphate groups that are phosphorylated to the ribose, which can range from one to three, varies amongst these nucleotides.
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Suppose that for a certain gene, nearly 100 percent of the normal level of expression is required to produce the normal phenotype. Based on this requirement, one could predict that a _________ mutation would be _________.
Assume that the typical phenotype for a particular gene requires roughly 100% of the usual level of expression. One could assume that a dominant mutation would be loss of function plastids based on this need.
Describe the phenotype?In genetics, the term "phenotype" refers to the collection of observable traits or attributes that make up an organism. The term alludes to an organism's morphology, or physical form and structure, developmental processes, biochemical and physiological traits, behaviour, and behavioural results. The observable physical traits of an organism are its phenotypes, which include its form, development, and behaviour. The genotype, or collection of genes that an organism carries, as well as environmental elements that affect these genes, determine.
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What are the RNA pairs?.
The bases of DNA and RNA are also joined by chemical bonds and follow precise base pairing principles. Adenine (A) partners with uracil (U) in DNA/RNA base pairing, and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
Contrary to DNA, which has two strands, RNA is only one strand, yet it may still generate complementary base pairs. A single strand of RNA may base-pair with complementary portions inside of it, causing the molecule to fold in on itself and take on a complex, three-dimensional structure.
The base pairs of RNA. An adenine-thymine base pair and a guanine-cytosine base pair's intricate molecular structures are displayed. Both the main groove edge and the minor groove edge include labels identifying the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Each base pair has a distinct pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (AU, UA, GC, and CG).
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What are the guidelines for taking food and beverage orders?.
Guidelines for taking food and beverage orders starts when guest seats and until they order the items.
Guidelines are to be followed are-
Ensure that the guests seat comfortably.
Then, offer them welcome drink if any or chilled water.
Offer them food and beverage menus.
Greet the guests and ask them, “What would you like to have sir/madam?
Note down the order carefully on your notepad.
Confirm which variant of the food or beverage they wish to have. If there are more than one variant of the same food item.
Help the guests by suggesting the beverage or side dish that goes well with the main dish only if required.
Repeat the items ordered with their respective quantities.
Inform the guest about expected time of the order arrival.
Leave the guest table and send the order to the kitchen.
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the descending limb of the loop of henle is permeable to water so water diffuses out of the descending limb into the interstitial fluid. what happens to this water?
The descending portion of the loop of Henle is extremely permeable to water and is less permeable to ions, therefore water is easily reabsorbed here and solutes are not easily reabsorbed.
As the nephron plunges into the medulla in the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water passively diffuses out of the filtrate. This concentrates the solutes in the filtrate. As the filtrate enters the ascending limb of Henle's loop, the tube becomes impermeable to water and ions are pumped into the interstitium. The descending limb is permeable to water, but has low sodium permeability. As the filtrate travels down the descending branch, the water leaves by osmosis due to the salty environment towards the pith.
The descending limb is permeable to water, but has low sodium permeability. As the filtrate travels down the descending branch, the water leaves by osmosis due to the salty environment towards the pith.
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click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right describing how the ans controls organs without dual innervation.
- The SYMPATHETIC branch of the ANS is the only part of the ANS that innervates many blood vessels.
- The VASOMOTOR tone, or baseline level of vessel constriction, is maintained by the nerve fibers to control blood pressure.
- When blood pressure drops, sympathetic neurons activate, causing the smooth muscle CONTRACTION in the vessel to increase.
- As the vessel's diameter decreases, the pressure inside the vessel GOES UP. In contrast, if blood pressure rises, a reduction in sympathetic firing frequency will RELAX the smooth muscles and DILATE the lumen, lowering pressure.
Dual innervation is the instruction that an organ receives from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Most of the organs in our body are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is claimed that certain organs have "dual innervation." As an illustration, consider how the parasympathetic division aids in micturition and defecation while sympathetic input triggers the bladder and rectum sphincters, signaling the imminence of micturition and defecation, respectively. There are two innervations in the heart and lungs.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. these are called ___ levers. group of answer choices fifth-class third-class first-class second-class fourth-class
The most common lever in a human body is the third class
Where is the lever in the human body?Human bodies' bones serve as lever arms, joints serve as pivots, and muscles supply the force needed to lift objects. The body's levers for generating human movement are made up of bones, ligaments, and muscles. Simply put, a joint, which is where two or more bones come together, serves as the axis (or fulcrum), and the muscles that span the joint exert force to move a weight or resistance.
The third-class lever is the kind of lever found most frequently in the human body. The applied force with this type of lever is in the middle, between the resistance and the axis of rotation. In this lever configuration, the force arm is never longer than the resistance arm.
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Which of the following processes occurring during meiosis helps to produce and maintain genetic variation in natural populations?.
Meiosis involves crossing over, which contributes to the creation and maintenance of genetic diversity in natural populations.
Each gamete has a unique DNA set because of recombination and independent assortment during meiosis. In recombination, the chromosome pairs align and unite again such that each chromosome contains a portion of the next one. Genetic variety is guaranteed in this way. In order to make four haploid daughter cells that aren't identical to either their diploid parent cell or to one another, meiosis employs recombination.
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When the next human influenza pandemic strikes, it will almost certainly involve which other group of animals?.
From previous influenza pandemics, it is expected that the host and carrier species will primarily come from the mammal and avian families of animals.
Which animals is influenza A contagious in?Influenza viruses can infect humans, pigs, birds, horses, cats, and dogs, among other animals. It spreads quickly among vulnerable animals and is contagious. Avian influenza A viruses are widespread. Typically, chickens and turkeys exhibit clinical signs.
The Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918, which was brought on by the H1N1 virus and in which avian animals served as both hosts and carriers, began with wild waterfowl like ducks and geese. Additionally, the hosts and carriers of the SARS pandemic in 2003, which was brought on by the SARS-CoV-1 virus, were poultry animals, and the H1N1 pandemic in 2009, which was brought on by the MERS-CoV virus, were mammals like pigs. SARS-CoV-2, which was recently linked to the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, was thought to have originated in mammals, primarily bats.
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1. which innate host components initiate an inflammatory response to microbes? (select all that apply)
Mast Cells initiate an inflammatory response to microbes.
These cells are found in mucous membranes and connective tissue. They contain chemicals such as histamine, heparin, cytokines, and growth factors. Mast cells are considered vital for healing the wound and protection from the pathogen.
Mast cells are activated to create an inflammatory cascade. They release cytokines and granules that contain chemicals that create the cascade.
Mast cells are also vital for the immune system to respond to bacteria and parasites and they help control other types of immune responses.
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Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include?.
Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification.
What do you mean by transcriptional repression?RNA polymerase can't normally bind to promoters after being bound by proteins known as transcriptional repressors. Although many promoters have this repression mechanism, there is an expanding number of repressors that prevent transcription start in various ways. A DNA-binding repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribes the genes into messenger RNA. The mRNA is bound by an RNA-binding repressor, which stops the mRNA from being translated into protein. Repression is the term used to describe this suppression of expression.
What is epigenetic modification?The epigenetic modifications to DNA change its physical composition. DNA methylation is one type of epigenetic alteration that results from the addition of a methyl group, sometimes known as a "chemical cap," to a portion of the DNA molecule. This alteration stops some genes from being produced. Histone modification is another illustration. Epigenetic alterations to DNA control whether or not genes are activated. These alterations are attached to DNA and do not alter the order in which the DNA building blocks are arranged.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification.
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what is the final topology of a protein in the er that is synthesized with an n-terminal signal sequence and one stop-transfer anchor sequence?
The final topology of proteins in the ER synthesized with an N-terminal signal sequence and a one-stop-transfer anchor sequence is an N-terminus in the ER lumen, two transmembrane domains, and a C-terminus in the ER lumen.
The topological sequence is the insertion of an integral protein into the ER membrane. The topological sequence given is N Terminus in ER lumen, two transmembrane domains, and C-terminus in ER lumen.
N-terminus in the ER lumen, one transmembrane domain, and C-terminus in the cytosol because a protein synthesized with an N-terminal signal sequence and one stop-transfer anchor sequence will have an N-terminus in the ER region. Because the N-terminal signal sequence is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum.
The one-stop transfer anchor sequence generates only one transmembrane domain. The C-terminus is in the cytosol because the conformation of the protein changes after moving to the ER. Therefore, the C-terminus will be in the cytosol.
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