Who first implemented the Julian Calendar in Rome?

The Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from b. white servants

during the greater part of the seventeenth century. While African slaves were brought to the colonies during this time, the system of indentured servitude was the primary means of acquiring labor.

Captured Indians were often used as slaves, but their numbers were not significant enough to meet the labor demands of the colonies. West Indian natives and prisoners of war were not significant sources of labor for the Chesapeake colonies during this time period.

The Chesapeake colonies refer to the English colonies that were established in the Chesapeake Bay region of North America during the 17th century. The two main colonies were Virginia, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, and Maryland, founded in 1632 by Lord Baltimore.

The Chesapeake colonies were primarily agricultural, with tobacco being the main crop grown for export. The labor force was initially composed of indentured servants from England, but later shifted to African slaves brought over from Africa.

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The Athenians turned first to rebuilding the agora following the Persian War because it was the heart of their political and commercial activity. The agora was also the site of important religious and cultural events. By rebuilding the agora, the Athenians were able to restore their economic and political power, and demonstrate their resilience in the face of the Persian invasion. Additionally, the rebuilding of the agora provided an opportunity for the Athenians to showcase their artistic and architectural achievements, which helped to reinforce their cultural identity and prestige.

In contemporary Texas politics, interest groups and political committees play an increasingly important role in mobilizing voters and getting citizens to turn out in elections, as compared to political organizations.

Interest groups are organizations that advocate for specific policy positions and represent the interests of a particular constituency or industry. They often have well-established networks of supporters and can use their resources to mobilize voters and influence political outcomes. In Texas, interest groups such as the National Rifle Association (NRA), Texas Right to Life, and the Texas Association of Business are influential players in state politics.

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One of the causes of the population boom in West Texas after the arrival of the rail lines was advertisements created by land developers.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, land developers advertised the availability of cheap and fertile land in West Texas to potential settlers in the eastern United States and Europe.

These ads promised a better life and the opportunity to own land, which attracted many people looking to escape overcrowded cities and find new economic opportunities.

The rail lines made it easier for these settlers to travel to West Texas, and the advertisements helped to create a sense of excitement and possibility about the region. As a result, the population of West Texas grew rapidly during this period.

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The strategy used by African American students when they refused to leave a "whites only" lunch counter in Greensboro, NC in 1960 was civil disobedience. Therefore, option d is correct.

Civil disobedience is a non-violent form of political protest where individuals deliberately break the law to challenge unjust or discriminatory practices and policies.

It involves peaceful actions such as sit-ins, boycotts, and demonstrations to bring attention to social and political issues and to demand change. Civil disobedience is often used as a strategy by social and political activists to raise awareness and force action from those in power.

The practice has been used throughout history by various groups, including the Civil Rights Movement, the suffrage movement, and environmental and anti-war activists.

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By the late 1600s, the gap between the rich and poor in white Chesapeake society had steadily widened. The correct answer is option b.

This was due to a number of factors, including the increasing importance of tobacco cultivation and the emergence of a plantation economy in the region. Wealthy planters acquired more land and slaves, while poorer farmers struggled to make ends meet.

This led to a growing class of landless, property-less laborers who were dependent on the planters for work and survival. Additionally, as the region's economy became increasingly dependent on the export of tobacco, the planters became more focused on profits and less concerned with the welfare of their laborers.

This contributed to a widening gap between the rich and poor and a growing sense of social inequality in Chesapeake society.

The correct answer is option b.

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When John Burnett, a Union Army veteran, met with four Cherokee individuals who had joined the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, they referred to him as "Unega," which means "white man" in the Cherokee language.

It is important to note that the Cherokee Nation was divided during the Civil War, with some members supporting the Union and others joining the Confederacy. The meeting between Burnett and the Cherokee soldiers highlights the complex relationships and alliances formed during this tumultuous period in American history.

Both the Union and Confederate forces sought support from various Native American tribes, and the Cherokee Nation's involvement in the conflict exemplifies this dynamic.

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Segregation of public facilities: Jim Crow Laws required separate facilities for African Americans and whites, including schools, transportation, restaurants, restrooms, and drinking fountains.

Poll taxes and literacy tests: To suppress the African American vote, Jim Crow Laws imposed poll taxes and literacy tests, which were often difficult and discriminatory.

Racially motivated violence and intimidation: Jim Crow Laws were enforced through a system of racial terror, including lynching, mob violence, and police brutality.

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During Reconstruction, labor organizers experienced mixed results, with some gaining and others losing ground. The period was characterized by political and social upheaval, as well as significant economic changes that impacted the labor movement.

On the positive side, the Reconstruction period brought about the abolition of slavery and the extension of citizenship rights to African Americans, who comprised a significant portion of the labor force. This enabled labor organizers to mobilize a more diverse and inclusive workforce, and some were able to establish stronger unions as a result. However, the post-Civil War period was also marked by significant economic volatility, which impacted the ability of labor organizers to maintain their position and status. The Panic of 1873, for example, led to widespread unemployment and a decline in labor organizing efforts. Additionally, the rise of mechanization and automation in certain industries further eroded the bargaining power of labor organizers, particularly those in skilled trades.Overall, the impact of Reconstruction on labor organizers was complex and multifaceted, with gains and losses depending on a variety of social, political, and economic factors.

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One of the most farsighted provisions of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 is prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest.

So, the correct answer is C.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a federal law that established the Northwest Territory and created a process for admitting new states to the Union.

One of its most significant provisions was the ban on slavery in the territory, which applied to present-day Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

This was a key step towards ending slavery in the United States and reflected a growing recognition of the evils of the institution. The ordinance also set aside land for public schools and emphasized the importance of education in the development of the new territories

Hence, the answer of the question is C.

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During the late Middle Ages, the Catholic Church in Europe was challenged in several ways. One of the significant challenges it faced was the emergence of various heretical movements that questioned the church's teachings and authority. These movements, such as the Waldensians and Cathars, rejected the church's teachings on the sacraments, indulgences, and the role of the pope. They also questioned the church's wealth and corruption, which led to the rise of anti-clerical sentiments among the people.

Another challenge faced by the Catholic Church was the Great Schism, which lasted from 1378 to 1417. This was a period of division and conflict within the church that resulted in two or three popes claiming legitimacy. This schism weakened the church's authority and created confusion among the faithful, leading to a loss of trust and support.

To emerge from these challenges, the Catholic Church took several measures. One of these was the Council of Constance (1414-1418), which ended the Great Schism by electing a single pope and reformed the church's practices. The council also condemned heretical movements and strengthened the church's authority. The church also launched the Counter-Reformation, a series of reforms that sought to address the criticisms leveled against it, such as corruption and the selling of indulgences. These reforms helped restore the church's influence and power, albeit in a changed world.

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The Mongols were not literally descended from wolves, but the legend of their wolf ancestry was an important part of their cultural identity.

According to mythology, while travelling through the woods, the Mongol leader Yesugei encountered a wolf, who brought him to a lovely woman whom he married. Temujin, Yesugei's son, subsequently became Genghis Khan.

The Mongols cherished the association with wolves since it was considered as a symbol of strength and ferocity. They believed they inherited the wolf's speed, endurance, and cunning, and they frequently wore wolf pelts and howled like wolves before battle.

It is worth remembering that the Mongols were not the first to believe they were sprung from animals.

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After Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863, the city did not observe Independence Day for 81 years.  Vicksburg's collapse was not reason for jubilation when Confederate General John C. Pemberton handed the city up to Union General Ulysses S. Grant.  

The city's inhabitants were worn out and humiliated after the siege's 47-day duration.  Every day of the siege, the city was shelled.  By the time it was over, the city's famished populace had resorted to eating mules, dogs, cats, and even rats.  

The city's residents kept diaries, including Mary Loughborough, whose diary was eventually published as My Cave Life in Vicksburg, which detail the horrors of the siege.

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The author of "Asian Communism and the Oriental Mode of Destruction" is Nakamura Masanori, also known as Masao Nakamura. He was a Japanese scholar of political science and international relations, specializing in the study of communism and socialism in Asia.

In his book, Nakamura analyzes the impact of communism on the traditional cultures of Asia, particularly the destruction of the social and cultural fabric of traditional societies. He argues that communism in Asia, unlike its European counterpart, has taken on a more destructive and violent form, resulting in the suppression of traditional values, the disintegration of family structures, and the eradication of religion.

Nakamura's work is significant in highlighting the cultural and social aspects of communism in Asia, which are often overlooked in traditional political analyses. He presents a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by Asian societies in their encounters with communism and highlights the unique features of communism in Asia.

Nakamura was a prominent scholar in his field and made significant contributions to the study of Asian politics and international relations. He held teaching positions at various universities in Japan and the United States and served as the president of the Japan Political Science Association. His work remains influential and continues to be studied by scholars of Asian politics and history.

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Adopted almost a decade before the federal constitution, the Connecticut constitution remains the longest lived in the world.

So, the correct answer is E.

The Connecticut constitution was adopted in 1818 and has been amended several times since then.

It outlines the framework for the state government and defines the rights and responsibilities of its citizens.

The constitution established three branches of government - the executive, legislative, and judicial - and created a system of checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Additionally, it guarantees certain individual rights, such as the right to free speech, religion, and assembly. Overall, the Connecticut constitution has been an essential document in shaping the state's government

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More than 5 million immigrants arrived in America between 1815 and 1860, the majority coming from nations including Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, the German states, and Prussia. Crop disasters in the 1840s resulted in a massive influx of immigrants from Germany and Ireland that would last for decades.

People from many different countries made the decision to leave their homeland and immigrate to the United States in the late 1800s. Many people fled crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, starvation, and other problems because they believed the United States to be a country of economic opportunity.

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The southern regions of the United States had various plans for the land gained from the Mexican-American War. Some wanted to expand slavery into the new territories, while others wanted to use the land for agricultural purposes and create more states.

The issue of slavery was at the forefront of their plans, as the south wanted to maintain their way of life and preserve the institution of slavery. The acquisition of new land gave the south an opportunity to expand their power and influence, and they were willing to go to great lengths to protect their interests.

This led to a contentious debate in Congress over the fate of the new territories and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War. The question of whether or not to allow slavery in the new territories became one of the defining issues of the era, and it shaped the course of American history for decades to come.

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James Polk—expansionist, dark-horse candidate of the Democratic Party who won the election. In the presidential election of 1844, James Polk ran as the Democratic Party's nominee.

Although initially considered a long-shot candidate, he won the nomination on the ninth ballot. Polk was a strong supporter of western expansion and annexation of Texas, which helped him win the election. He narrowly defeated his Whig opponent, Henry Clay, winning 170 electoral votes to Clay's 105. John Tyler, who had previously been president as a Whig but was expelled from the party, also ran as a third-party candidate but failed to win any electoral votes. James Birney was an abolitionist candidate who ran as the Liberty Party nominee.

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Progressives that influenced the united states during the years between 1890 and 1916 were Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Susan B. Anthony.

The progressives that influenced the United States during the years between 1890 and 1916 included key figures and organizations working to address various social, political, and economic issues. Some of these prominent progressives were:

1. Theodore Roosevelt: As the 26th president of the United States (1901-1909), he pursued progressive policies, such as the regulation of big businesses and the conservation of natural resources.

2. Woodrow Wilson: The 28th president of the United States (1913-1921), Wilson introduced progressive reforms, including the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act.

3. Jane Addams: A social reformer, she established Hull House in Chicago, which provided social services to immigrants and the poor, and was a prominent advocate for women's suffrage and peace movements.

4. Upton Sinclair: A journalist and novelist, Sinclair exposed the unsanitary and dangerous working conditions in the meatpacking industry through his book "The Jungle," which led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

5. W.E.B. Du Bois: An African American civil rights activist, Du Bois co-founded the NAACP and fought against racial segregation and for equal rights for African Americans.

6. Susan B. Anthony: A suffragist and women's rights advocate, Anthony worked towards achieving women's suffrage and the passage of the 19th Amendment.

These progressive individuals and many others worked together to bring about change and improve living conditions, labor laws, political representation, and social equality during the years between 1890 and 1916 in the United States.

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The institution of encomienda was a system that allowed European governments to give Indians to colonists if they promised to Christianize them.

So, the correct answer is option C.

This system was established in the early years of colonization in the Americas, as a means of providing cheap labor for the colonists and promoting the spread of Christianity among the native people. Under this system, the colonists were granted control over groups of native people, who were required to work for the colonists in exchange for protection and Christian instruction.

However, the institution of encomienda often led to the exploitation and mistreatment of native people. The colonists were only required to promise to Christianize the native people under their control, but there was little oversight to ensure that this promise was kept. Many colonists simply used the system to exploit the labor of the native people, and many of these people suffered greatly under their control.

Eventually, the institution of encomienda was abolished, due in part to the efforts of Spanish clerics and the criticisms of human rights advocates. However, this was not the end of colonial exploitation and slavery in the Americas. The system of African slavery was established later, as a result of the increasing demand for labor in the growing economy based on capitalism. This system would continue for centuries and have a profound impact on the history of the Americas.

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Title IX had its biggest impact in the area of athletic programs, by requiring educational institutions to provide equal opportunities for male and female athletes. The correct option is C.

Title IX is a federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted in 1972. The law prohibits gender discrimination in athletes in any educational program or activity that receives federal funding.

Title IX has had a significant impact on education in the United States, particularly in the area of athletic programs.

Thus, the ideal selection is option C.

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The Ark of the Covenant was considered the Hebrews' most sacred object because it was believed to be a symbol of their covenant with God.

The Ark was a chest that contained the two stone tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments that were given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai. According to the Hebrew Bible, the Ark of the Covenant was built under the direction of Moses as a container for the tablets and was kept in the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle and later in the Temple in Jerusalem. It was believed to be the earthly dwelling place of God and to have miraculous powers, such as the ability to defeat enemies and bring blessings to the people.

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The Supreme Court had a more critical reaction to Roosevelt and the New Deal than the labor movement did.

While the labor movement supported many of Roosevelt's policies and saw them as beneficial to workers, the Supreme Court frequently struck down New Deal legislation, arguing that it overstepped the federal government's constitutional authority.

The Court's rulings led to a series of clashes between the executive and judicial branches, with Roosevelt eventually proposing a plan to expand the Court in order to tilt the balance of power in his favor.

In contrast, the labor movement saw the New Deal as a positive step towards improving working conditions and providing social and economic benefits to workers.

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Following the death of Richard the "Lionhearted" in 1199 from gangrene after being hit by a crossbow bolt during a siege, John became the heir apparent. The size of the Plantagenet Empire was about equivalent to that of modern-day Germany. The Dutch conquest of Normandy in 1204 was John's most disastrous military defeat.

John ruled England as king from 1199 until his passing. The Angevin Empire was destroyed as a result of his loss of the Duchy of Normandy and the majority of his other French holdings to King Philip II of France, which also contributed to the eventual rise to prominence of the French Capetian dynasty in the 13th century.

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Colonists in the eighteenth century enjoyed a variety of amusements, but one activity that was not universally enjoyed was celebrating Christmas (Option c).

Militia musters, weddings and funerals, winter sports in the North, and activities such as cockfighting, hunting, and horse racing in the South were all common pastimes for colonists during this period. These activities provided opportunities for socialization, entertainment, and even competition among the colonists.

However, Christmas celebrations were not embraced by all colonists due to religious differences. Some Protestant groups, such as the Puritans, disapproved of celebrating Christmas, viewing it as a pagan holiday. As a result, Christmas celebrations were not widespread in some parts of the colonies, particularly in New England, where Puritan influence was strong.

On the other hand, Thanksgiving was a more universally accepted holiday, as it focused on giving thanks and expressing gratitude, which was values shared by many colonists across religious backgrounds. So, c is the correct option.

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Michael Harrington's The Other America had a dramatic impact in the 1960s because it was published during a time of heightened social and political awareness, and it was able to tap into the growing sense of dissatisfaction with the status quo.

In the 1960s, civil rights activists and other social reformers were pushing for change, and Harrington's book helped to galvanize support for these efforts by exposing the extent of poverty in America. By contrast, similar books published in the 1950s had less influence because the social and political climate was not as conducive to widespread social reform. During the 1950s, the country was experiencing a period of economic growth and prosperity, and poverty was not seen as a major issue. In addition, the Cold War and the fear of communism made it difficult to advocate for radical social change. As a result, books that addressed issues of poverty and inequality were less likely to resonate with the general public.

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Answer:

This is an example of cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion refers to the spread of cultural elements such as beliefs, practices, and customs from one society to another. In this case, the Japanese observed American soldiers playing baseball and were introduced to the sport, which then became popular in Japan.

A culture war, on the other hand, refers to a conflict between different cultural groups or ideologies within a society. It typically involves a struggle over values, beliefs, and norms, and can lead to polarization and division. The adoption of baseball in Japan after World War II does not fit this definition, as it was not a source of conflict between cultural groups within Japan.

The belief in Manifest Destiny, the idea that it was the divine mission of the United States to expand its territory and spread its political and economic systems, caused many Americans to support westward expansion, annexation of new territories, and imperialism.

In the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was used as a justification for the annexation of Texas, the Mexican-American War, and the acquisition of territories such as California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. Supporters of Manifest Destiny believed that expanding the territory of the United States was not only their right, but also their duty, and that it would bring progress, prosperity, and democracy to the new territories. However, this expansion often resulted in the displacement and mistreatment of Native American populations, and in the case of the Mexican-American War, the annexation of land from a sovereign nation. The legacy of Manifest Destiny continues to be debated and analyzed in the context of American history and foreign policy.

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