More so than arthropods, chordates are related to echinoderms.
Why do chordates and echinoderms share a closer relationship?Most closely related to in phylum Chordata, which contains many complex organisms like humans, are echinoderms.Their common ancestor most likely had a cephalized nerve system that was bilaterally symmetrical and centered in the head.
Echinoderms vary from other invertebrates for what reason?Regardless of the fact that they may appear to be very different from each other, echinoderms always share two major characteristics that set them apart from all other organisms: a fluid circulatory system and five radial symmetry.
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molecules called free radicals attack cells, which impairs the cells' ability to function as a result of
Oxidative stress results when free radicals overwhelm the body's capacity to control them. Thus, free radicals damage lipids, proteins, and DNA and cause a variety of human diseases.
Fried foods, alcohol, tobacco smoke, pesticides, air pollutants, and many other things are among these substances. By stealing their electrons through a process known as oxidation, free radicals can harm components of cells like proteins, DNA, and cell membranes.
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what is the process by which a cell controls the level of expression of a specific gene or set of genes in a biological pathway?
Gene regulation is the mechanism by which a cell regulates the degree of expression of a particular gene or group many genes in either a biological pathway.
How do genes differ from DNA?Your human anatomy is created and maintained by your DNA. Genes are sections of your DNA that give you the physical traits that set you apart from others. Your body's cells are guided by a detailed journal that is together these present in your body.
A person has how many genes?Humans are thought to have between 900 and 25,000 genes, according to the Human Genomes Project, a various collaborative project that aimed to decipher the human genome's sequence and catalog its genes. Every gene is present in two copies, one from each parent, with every individual.
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An organism with nonfunctioning telomerase
A. would be unaffected
B. cannot replicate DNA and RNA
C. would have shorten chromosomes earlier than normal cells
D. would be unable to synthesize proteins
E. would be unable to go through mitosis
c) would have shorten chromosomes earlier than normal cells.
Telomerase is an enzyme that adds telomere/cap cells to the ed of chromosome, they help in maintaining the length of telomere.
They help in replication of DNA.
Telomerase is active only in germ cells.
They make DNA using RNA template, the role of telomerase is to extend the overhanging strand of telomere DNA using the RNA.
After that similar DNA is made by replication machinery, produces double stranded DNA.
when the telomerase is nonfunctional, it leads to shortening of chromosome upon division
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What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye? a. Pupil. b. Iris. c. Cornea. d. Lens. e. Fovea.
The transparent, protective covering that allows light to enter the eye is referred to as the cornea.
What is the function of cornea?Safeguarding internal eye structures, assisting with refractive power, and concentrating light on the retina with the least amount of scattering and optical deterioration are just a few of the important roles played by the cornea in the eye.
What causes the cornea to fail?Failure can happen for a variety of causes, but the most frequent one is endothelial rapidly oscillating, which can happen because of transplant rejection or "endothelial exhaustion," in which enough epithelial cells perish to cause edema in the cornea. The cornea becomes hazy as a result, and vision deteriorates.
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Please answer this as quick as possible
Answer:
The nervous system
Explanation:
Anatomy and embryology summary
Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the body and its parts, while embryology is the study of the development of an embryo from conception until birth.
Anatomy is the study of the structure and organization of the body and its parts. It is closely related to physiology, which is the study of how the body and its parts function. Anatomy can be divided into two main branches: gross anatomy, which is the study of larger body structures, and microscopic anatomy, which is the study of smaller structures and cells. Gross anatomy includes the study of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, organs, and other body systems. Microscopic anatomy includes the study of cells, tissues, and organelles, as well as biochemical processes. Anatomy is a fundamental pillar of medical science and is essential for diagnosing, treating, and understanding diseases.
Embryology is the study of the development of an organism from the earliest stages of its formation to adulthood. It is a field of biology that examines the process of development in animals and humans, from fertilization through to birth and beyond. It looks at the changes in shape, size, and structure of an organism as it grows, as well as the underlying mechanisms that cause these changes. Embryology also looks at the biological processes that occur during gestation, including the development of organs and tissues. This includes the formation of organs and tissues, the development of the nervous system, and the formation of the cardiovascular system. Additionally, it looks at the development of the various senses, including sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Finally, embryology also looks at the growth and development of the fetus, as well as the formation of the placenta and umbilical cord.
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multicellular organisms ensure that most proteins are produced at appropriate times and in appropriate cell types via the regulation of the .......... that encode these proteins.
By regulating the genes that code for these proteins, multicellular organisms make sure that the majority of proteins are made at the right times and in the right cell types.
Why are genes significant?The foundations of life are genes. They include instructions for constructing certain molecules and molecules that govern how the body develops and functions and enable human cells to function. Additionally, they influence how certain physical features and attributes, like hairdo or eye color, are expressed.
What constitutes a gene?Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on genomes in the cell nucleus.
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which of the following is a chemical messenger that flows through the bloodstream and allows communication all over the body? a.) neurons b.) lymph c.) platelets d.) hormones
The correct option is D ; Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. From one set of cells to another, they transport data and instructions.
The endocrine (EN-duh-krin) system affects practically all of the cells, organs, and bodily functions.
Hormones are your body's chemical messengers. They flow in your circulation to tissues or organs
endocrine [EN-duh-krin] system the body's “slow” chemical communication system; a group of glands that produce hormones into the circulation. hormones molecular messengers that are created by the endocrine glands, travel via the circulation, and impact other tissues.
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Which is required for the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis to occur?
water
Osunlight
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Water and carbon dioxide are needed since at that point, the plant's store carbohydrate is being created from the two.
What roles do carbs play in the body?Every stage of life requires carbohydrates, sometimes referred to as "carbs." They serve as the body's main energy source and the preferred energy source for the brain. The body converts carbohydrates into a sugar called glucose. The cells, tissues, and organs of your body use glucose for energy.
How does protein function?Almost all bodily chemical processes are catalyzed by proteins, which also control gene expression, make up the majority of all cell structures, control immune system function, and make up the majority of muscle mass.
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Please help explain if this is a correct answer
Mutualism and commensalism cause no harm to either organism, whereas parasitism causes harm to one organism.
What is mutualism ?When two or more species interact ecologically, mutualism refers to the situation where each species gains something from the interaction. A typical form of ecological interaction is mutualism.In fact, ecologists today estimate that nearly every species on Earth is involved directly or indirectly in one or more of these interactions. Mutualisms exist in every aquatic and terrestrial habitat. Mutualisms are essential to the reproduction, survival, and nutrient cycles in many plants and animals as well as in ecosystems.Long-term biological interactions known as commensalism occur when members of one species benefit while those of the other species suffer neither benefits nor harm.Frequently, a larger host and a smaller commensal are in a commensal relationship. The commensal species may exhibit significant morphological adaptation, whereas the host organism is virtually unaffected by the contact.To learn more about parasitism refer :
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50 points
procedure
For the experiment
“how does the color of light affect plant growth?”
Answer:
Here is a possible procedure for conducting an experiment to investigate how the color of light affects plant growth:
Gather materials: You will need several pots, soil, seeds, and different colored light sources (e.g. red, blue, green, white).
Set up the experiment: Fill each pot with soil and plant a seed in each pot. Place the pots in a location where they will receive the same amount of natural light.
Set up the light sources: Set up the different colored light sources so that they shine on the pots at different times of the day. For example, you could shine the red light on the pots in the morning, the blue light in the afternoon, and the green light in the evening. Alternatively, you could set up a controlled environment where the pots are exposed to only one color of light at a time.
Observe and record: Observe the pots daily and record any changes in the plants' growth. Be sure to take detailed notes about the conditions under which the plants are growing (e.g. temperature, humidity, amount of light).
Analyze the data: Once the experiment is complete, analyze the data to determine whether there are any significant differences in the growth of the plants exposed to different colors of light.
Write a report: Write a report summarizing the results of the experiment, including any conclusions you have drawn about the effect of light color on plant growth.
Share the results: Share the results of the experiment with others, either by presenting the report at a science fair or by publishing the findings in a scientific journal.
A pea plant has seven pairs of homologous chromosomes. What is its haploid number? What is its diploid number?
If a pea plant has seven pairs of homologous chromosomes, then its haploid number is 7 and its diploid number is 14.
What are haploid and diploid numbers?The terms haploid and diploid numbers make reference to the complete set of chromosomes that a species has in a given cell type, haploid is the complete set of these chromosomes while diploid refers to two complete sets.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that haploid and diploid numbers make reference to the number of sets of entire chromosomes for a cell type.
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which ear disorder occurs when movement over-stimulates the hair cells found in the inner ear? motion sickness tinnitus vertigo otitis media
Motion sickness ear disorder occurs when movement over-stimulates the hair cells found in the inner ear.
Motion sickness affects those who become queasy in cars, on ships, or in the air. Cold sweats, nausea, and vomiting are symptoms of the condition. Women and children are more prone to motion sickness, although it may affect everyone. You may take actions when traveling to lower your chance of getting sick. The scopolamine patch and other medications can stop nausea.
Who might get motion sickness?
An estimated one in three people get motion sickness at some point. Women, and children age two to 12 are most at risk. Still, the condition can affect anyone.
These factors increase your chances of getting motion sickness:
Family history of motion sickness.Hormonal birth control.Inner ear disorders.Menstrual periods.Migraines.Parkinson’s disease.PregnancyLearn more about motion sickness: to visit this link
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obacco plants have had a gene from fireflies inserted into them which makes them glow. these tobacco plants would be considered:
Tobacco plants have had a gene from fireflies inserted into them which makes them glow. these tobacco plants would be considered as transgenic tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants are also ideal model organisms for the study of basic biological functions, such as plant-pathogen interactions, environmental responses, growth regulation, and senescence. Tobacco is the most commonly used plant for the expression of transgenes from a variety of organisms.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): A GMO is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. In this scenario, the tobacco plants have had a gene from fireflies inserted into them, which makes them glow.
2. Transgenic Organisms: Transgenic organisms are organisms that have had genes from one species inserted into the cells of another species. In this case, the gene from the fireflies has been inserted into the tobacco plants, which makes them glow.
3. Glowing Tobacco Plants: The tobacco plants with the fireflies gene inserted into them are now glowing. This is because the gene from the fireflies is responsible for producing a chemical called luciferase, which causes the plants to emit light.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells:
A. releases inflammatory cytokines when stimulated
B. phagocytosis
C. cytotoxic cell
D. induces lysis or apoptosis in infected host cells or abnormal cells such as pre-cancer cells that have not yet learned to evade the immune system
E. A lymphocyte
It is not characteristic of Natural Killer cells that is A. releases inflammatory cytokines when stimulated
Natural Killer cells are a type of cytotoxic T cell that are part of the innate response and belong to the lymphocyte class. These cells are lymphocyte derivatives and part of the white blood cells that can help kill harmful cells in the body. One of them is through phagocytosis by swallowing foreign objects that enter the body.
Natural cells attack pathogenic cells before they attack healthy cells and cause infection. Cells will respond to intracellular microbes by killing infected cells. When facing cancer cells, NK cells will attack abnormal cells by carrying out apoptosis. While the release of inflammatory cytokines is not a characteristic of natural killer cells because they can cause pathological abnormalities of the disease.
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Alice NotWell presents a hand-written prescription for a controlled substance. She hands you the prescription and you enter her name into Rx Connect, but you still have a few questions about it. Where can you find out if the prescription was written on a tamper- proof Rx pad?
O Go ask Alice if it was written on a tamper-proof Rx pad.
O Hold it under the ID scanner to check for an imprint
O Review tamper-proof features on RxNet.
OAll written prescriptions are tamper-proof so there's no need to verify
To find out if the prescription was written on a tamper- proof Rx pad review tamper-proof features on RxNet. Option C
What is the prescription for controlled substances?We know that a prescription has to do with the recommendation that a doctor has written for a patent to be able to purchase and use certain drugs. We know that not all the drugs can be sold across the counter. The drugs that can not be sold across the counter are called the controlled drugs.
We know that many times, there is need to write the prescription of a controlled controlled drug on a tamper-proof Rx pad so that it can not be falsified.
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the fundamental mechanism by which enzymes catalyze reactions is: a. they bind substrate just as a lock holds a key b. they utilize free energy from atp to convert substrate to product c. they stabilize the substrate of the reaction d. they stabilize the transition state of the reaction e. they stabilize the product of the reaction
A biological catalyst is an enzyme. Reactions' activation energies are reduced by catalysts. The rate of a reaction increases with decreasing activation energy. Enzymes accelerate processes by reducing activation energy.
The bonds holding together the atoms in molecules are ruptured, altered, and repaired during a chemical reaction, recombining the atoms to form new molecules. By lowering the activation energy, the energy hurdle that must be cleared for a chemical reaction to take place, catalysts improve the efficiency of this process. As a result, catalysts facilitate the formation of chemical bonds between atoms to create novel combinations and new compounds. Chemical reactions are accelerated and become more energy-efficient when catalysts are used. Additionally, catalysts possess a crucial quality known as selectivity that allows them to control an unwanted products.
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carcinogens are not a.agents that induce transformation. b.viruses such as epstein-barr virus. c.agents that induce dna mutations. d.energy such as ionizing radiation. e.chemicals such as formaldehyde.
Carcinogens are not a. agents that induce transformation.
Carcinogens are any substance that causes cancer. Carcinogen may include substances like radionuclide, or radiation which is directly involved in promotion of cancer or facilitating it's propagation. Carcinogens may occurs due to genomic instability, or disruption of cellular metabolic processes.
Transformation is considered as the process in genetic engineering by which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell. They leads to the change in a stable genetic material. In general the transformed bacteria is used as host cells for making multiple copies of the DNA in cloning procedures.
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certain endangered species of parrot cannot be transported across borders to the united states to be sold as pets. what is the name of the legislation that makes this illegal?
The law known as CITES forbids the importation of some endangered parrot species into the United States for the purpose of selling them as pets.
Numerous groups of endangered species hunted or game birds, including as parrot , geese, doves, and many shorebirds, are subject to limited protection and can be killed during certain seasons. However, birds that are deemed endangered species , such as the House parrot and the European Starling, are not protected. The United States' adherence to four bilateral treaties, endangered species or conventions, for the conservation of a common migratory bird resource is implemented through the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which was first established in 1918.
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QUESTION 22 Which statement is NOT true regarding the bones and the skeletal system? a)Red bone marrow is commonly found in spongy bone within adults b)The majority of bones development from cartilage tomplate through process called endochrondal ossificatio c)The osteoblasts help break down the extracellular matrix of bone tIssue d)Compact bone is organized in structures called osteons
The statement which is not true regarding the bones and the skeletal system is: The osteoblasts help break down the extracellular matrix of bone tissue.
What are osteoblasts?
Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate skeletal mineralization. These cells work in concert with osteoclasts to resorb bone in a continuous cycle throughout life. The unique function of osteoblasts requires large amounts of energy production, especially during the stages of new bone formation and remodeling. Research over the past 15 years has shown that osteoblasts secrete endocrine factors that integrate the metabolic demands of osteogenesis and overall energy balance through regulation of insulin production, feeding behavior, and lipid metabolism. increase. In this article, specific energy substrates (glucose, fatty acids). Promotes bone formation and promotes osteoblast differentiation.
Therefore, The statement which is not true regarding the bones and the skeletal system is: The osteoblasts help break down the extracellular matrix of bone tissue.
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Create the correct sequence of events for meiosis 1, starting at the top.
Chromosomes condense and cross over occur initially in meiosis I, followed by the alignment of paired homologues at the equator, the pulling of chromosomes to opposing poles, the clustering of separated homologues at each pole, and the re-formation of the nuclear envelope surrounding each daughter nucleus.
In meiosis, a parent cell divides into four daughter cells, each of which has half of the genetic material.
There are two types of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II.
During prophase I (meiosis I),
Chromosomes condenseBegins the formation of the spindle apparatus from cytoskeleton present in the cytoplasmThe homo-logous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs. Crossing over refers to the interchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.During metaphase I,
The homo-logous chromosomes align at the equator plate of the cellThe microtubules attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatidsDuring anaphase I,
The microtubules shortenThe chiasmata, which link homo-logous chromosomes together until anaphase I, are brokenThe homo-logous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles, thereby, one chromosome of each pair randomly moves to one pole of the cell and the homologous chromosome to the other.During telophase I,
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Full Question : Construct the correct sequence of events for meiosis I, starting at the top.
1. Separated homologues cluster at each pole.
2. Paired homologues align at the equator, microtubules attach to kinetochores of sister chromatids.
3. Microtubules shorten, chiasmata are broken, homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.
4. Nuclear envelope re-forms around each daughter nucleus.
5. Chromosomes condense, forming of spindle apparatus begins, homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over occurs.
Which of the following are non-point sources of water pollution?
A Drainage of water from a city
B Factory chimney
C Farms
D Sewage pipe
Non-point causes of water Pollution include farms.
What are the four primary nonpoint sources of pollution?As a result, nonpoint source pollution does not comply with the Clean Water Act's definition of "point source." Nonpoint source contamination can be divided into four categories: pathogens, hazardous chemicals, nutrients, and sediments. Sediments are bits of dirt that rainwater carries into bays, lakes, rivers, and streams.
Which of the following is not an element that pollutes water?The appropriate response is Glacier. A glacier is a source of fresh water, not a water pollution. The main causes of water pollution are bacteria, viruses, parasites, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, plastics, feces, nitrates, phosphates, and even radioactive materials.
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Which statement is true of water's tensile strength? (a) It results from hydrogen bonding: (b) It helps to pull water through plants_ (c) It involves both cohesion and adhesion Both (a) and () (a), (b) , and (c) Submit Request Answer
Hydrogen bonds are what cause it. Water is drawn through plants with the assistance of cohesion and adhesion.
It is the product of hydrogen bonding, aids in the movement of water through plants, and entails both cohesion & adhesion. Water coheres with itself and to cell walls due to hydrogen bonding. This enables water to pass through plants without disrupting the water column. They entail the uneven distribution of protons among water molecules. Cohesion is the term used to describe how similar things cling together. The cohesiveness of a material will vary depending on how attached the molecules of that material are to one another. Water binds to each other with a strong attraction called a hydrogen bond. Water is incredibly cohesive as a result.
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Arrange the following steps of the regulation of the trp operon in order of occurrence.
_The trp repressor protein binds to the operator
_levels of tryptophan rise and more is required
-Tryptophan binds to trp repressor protein and induces a conformational change
_Products of the trp gene synthesize tryptophan
_RNA polymerase binds to the promotor allowing transcription of the trp genes to proceed.
_The trp repressor protein blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promotor.
The correct sequenced steps include 1. Levels of tryptophan in the cell are low, 2.RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, allowing transcription of trp genes to proceed, 3. Products of the trp genes synthesize tryptophan, 4. Levels of tryptophan rise, and no more is then required, 5. Tryptophan then binds to the trp repressor protein and induces a conformational change, 6. The trp repressor then protein binds to the operator, 7. The trp repressor protein blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promote, and 8. Transcription of trp gene stops.
What is prokaryotic gene transcription?Prokaryotic gene transcription requires the DNA sequence (in this case tryptophan gene) which is first synthesized as a single mRNA molecule called an operon and then divided into different sequences that will lead to the generation of diverse proteins by the process of translation in the cytoplasm.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that prokaryotic gene transcription generates an operon by using an RNA polymerase that is finally repressed by the repressor protein.
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ANS: b, , F, LO=3.1, (1) % correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 4 d= 2 r = .42% correct 92 a= 5 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .31APA=1.13. Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called ________. a)ganglion cells
Background image
b)bipolar cellsc)ossiclesd)sensory receptors
Sensory receptors are cells that are activated by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances.
An internal or external physical stimulation can cause a sensory receptor, a structure, to respond. It is a sensory nerve terminal that processes information after receiving it and sends nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation and perception.
Whenever a sensory receptor is triggered, the central nervous system receives signals, which is the definition of a sensory receptor.
The ability to learn about our surroundings or the condition of our internal environment is one of the main functions of sensory receptors. Receiving different kinds of stimuli from various sources, the nervous system converts them into electrochemical signals. It is known as sensory transduction.
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parathyroid hormone is important for regulating blood levels of sodium. question 18 options: true false
False: Sodium levels in the blood, not calcium levels, are regulated by parathyroid hormone.
What is parathyroid hormone ?
Your parathyroid glands produce the hormone known as parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is used to regulate the amount of calcium in your blood rather than the calcium in your bones. The mineral calcium is one of the most prevalent and significant ones in your body. As a hormone and a mineral, respectively, phosphorus and vitamin D levels in your blood and bones are likewise regulated by PTH.
Hormones are chemicals that coordinate many bodily processes by sending information to your organs, muscles, and other tissues through your blood. Your body receives these messages that instruct it when and what to do.
Behind their thyroid gland, the butterfly-shaped gland in your neck, the majority of people have four pea-sized parathyroid glands. Your parathyroid glands are an endocrine system component, just like your thyroid.
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what body processes affect the concentration of calcium, phosphorus, and lipids in the various body tissues, and what are some of the most important functions of calcium, phosphorus, and lipids in the body of animals? g
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by actions of hormones that regulate calcium transport in the gut, kidneys, and bone. The 3 primary hormones are parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (Vitamin D3), and calcitonin.
Calcium salts provide rigidity to the skeleton. Calcium phosphate is a major component of the mineral complex (called hydroxyapatite) that gives structure and strength to bones.Many neuromuscular and other cellular functions depend on the maintenance of the ionized calcium concentration in the ECF.Phosphorus is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP. Thus, it is an essential element for all living cells and important for energy utilization in the body. It is present in the body in the form of phosphates (PO4).The functions of lipids are Storing and providing energy, Chemical messengers, Cholesterol formation, Regulating body temperature, Formation of Prostaglandin and its role in inflammation, Membrane lipid layer formation.The main function of both calcium and phosphorus is skeletal. Nearly 99% of the calcium in the body if found in the skeleton, while 80% of the phosphorus is in bones and teeth.To know more about Calcium check the below link:
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Why is osmosis is a special kind of diffusion?
Osmosis is a unique form of diffusion because in both situations, particles are moved from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Particles migrate through the semi-permeable membrane during osmosis from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Osmosis can be thought of as a specific example of diffusion where only the water or other solvent moves during diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. Both osmosis and diffusion are passive transport mechanisms that balance a solution's concentration.
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how does the distribution of voltage gated channels differ between myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Answer:
fghthrt
Explanation:
what best explains the necessity for protein digesting enzymes to be secreted by the pancreas in their inactive form?
Inactive protein-digesting enzymes are released in order to shield the organs and glands from the enzymes' digestion.
They begin digesting the glands that contain them and the location where they are discharged if they are released in the active form. Inactive forms of enzymes are also secreted in order to control their appropriate operation. When necessary, it is activated after being first released in an inactive state and reaching the target organ.
An enzyme's inactive precursor is known as a zymogen or a protein enzyme. The precursor enzyme must have a certain portion cleaved in order for it to be activated; otherwise, the enzyme would always be inactive. The biochemical changes often take place in Golgi bodies. In the case of the pancreas, zymogens are secreted in part to stop the enzymes from breaking down proteins.
Hence, inactivated enzyme are activated by certain factor.
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