We amplify the control region because, Because the control region is non-coding, it can accumulate mutations without affecting protein structures, allowing us to compare individuals.
In vertebrates, the mitochondrial control region, also known as the displacement loop or D-loop, is positioned between the genes encoding proline and phenylalanine tRNAs. It is in charge of mitochondrial gene transcription and is the starting site for heavy strand replication.
The mtDNA regulatory region is a non-coding DNA section of the mitochondrial genome. This area is in charge of DNA synthesis. The human mtDNA genome's most polymorphic region, with variation concentrated in hypervariable areas. In these locations, the average genome diversity is 1.7%.
The mitochondrial controlling region (CR) is the mitochondrial genome's primary non-coding section, containing the mitochondrial origins of transcription and reproduction.
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The graph below compares the rates of reaction of a burning candle and an exploding firework. What can you conclude from the graph? The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires less energy to start, and occurs more rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn. The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires less energy to start, and occurs less rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn. The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires more energy to start, and occurs less rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn. The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires more energy to start, and occurs more rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn.
Based on the graph, it can be concluded that:
the reaction that causes a firework to explode requires less energy to start, and occurs more rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn; option A is correct.What is the activation energy of the reaction?The activation energy of a reaction is the minimum energy that reactant molecules must possess in order for them to effectively collide to give products.
Different reactions have different values for activation energies.
The higher the activation energy of a reaction, the more energy is required for the reaction to proceed to product formation and vice versa.
Comparing data from the graph showing the rates of reaction of a burning candle and an exploding firework the following can be observed;
The rate of the reaction of the exploding fireworks is faster than that of the burning candleThe burning candle has a higher activation energy than the exploding fireworks.Learn more about activation energy at: https://brainly.com/question/5280701
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Answer: its option a
Explanation:
what is the physical explanation for the very slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other? what factors influence this rate?
The physical explanation for the very slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other is the polar head must cross the hydrophobic area of the phospholipid membrane in order to go from one side to the other.
It takes a lot of energy to complete this process, which makes it go slowly. Last but not least, phospholipids have the ability to "flip-flop" between the two leaflets of the bilayer in a transverse motion. The phospholipids in the lipid bilayer can move either radially, laterally, or transversely between the bilayers. The monolayer (also known as a leaflet) on one side of a synthetic bilayer extremely seldom migrates to the other. Less frequently than once per month, each molecule experiences this "flip-flop" process.
Temperature and Cholesterol level are those factors that influence the rate of the slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a membrane to the other.
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A scientist discovered a new organism. she found that the cells have membrane-bound organelles, an irregular shape, and increase in size by dividing. what type of organism did she most likely discover?
A scientist discovered a new organism and found that cells have membrane-bound organelles, irregular shape, and increase in size by dividing. Type of organism that she most likely discovered is : animal cells.
What is an animal cell?Animal cells lack rigidity, therefore they have round and irregular shapes whereas cell wall of plant is made of cellulose that gives plant cells rigidity and a fixed rectangular shape.
Animal cells are type of the eukaryotic cell that enclosed by a plasma membrane and having a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Animal cells do not have a cell wall, unlike eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi,
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer: D a balance system
Explanation: even though they can go through many different changes both over short and long periods of time, when uninterrupted they usually evolve and change for the better.
Hope this helps :)
one of the largest cypress trees in florida has a tree trunk with a diameter of about 3.5 meters. what is the source of most of the carbon in the cypress tree's trunk?
The majority of the carbon in the cypress tree's trunk was absorbed by the tree when it ingested carbon dioxide molecules from the atmosphere.
What components make up the atmosphere?It is an amalgam of many gases. Approximately 78% of the air in Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen, while 21% is oxygen. Small amounts of other gases, including carbon dioxide, neon, and hydrogen, are also present in air.
How does atmosphere become made?Because of radiation from the Sun, early Earth lost its hydrogen, helium, and other hydrogen-containing gases, leaving it without an atmosphere. Gases locked in the early Earth's interior were released, creating the first atmosphere, a process that continues today in volcanoes.
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on one of the earth worms that we tested, we used a pulse height higher than the mgf threshold and lower than the lgf threshold. should we observe an action potential from lgf?
Action potential will not be observed from LGF when a pulse height higher than the MGF threshold and lower than the LGF threshold is used.
Action potential is the change in the membrane potential from negative to positive due to rapid movement of ions in and out of the cell. The action potential occurs in the neurons when electrical impulses are to be transmitted.
LGF is the abbreviation for Lateral Giant Fibers. It is one of the two giant fibers present in the neuron. It runs all along the length of ventral nerve cord. It is present in species of annelids and crustaceans. In the question, action potential cannot be generated for LGF below the threshold value because the membrane should be depolarized enough so that action potential can occur.
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the lymphatic system does all of the following except a) helps maintain normal blood volume. b) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. c) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. d) transports lipids from the digestive tract. e) fights infection.
The lymphatic system does all of the following except "transports gases to and away from lymph nodes".
Additionally, the lymphatic system controls immune responses including delivering pathogens, foreign antigens, particles, exosomes, and immune cells to local lymph nodes but also lymphoid tissues (3). Immune responses are regulated both actively and passively on a variety of levels.
The body's lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph veins, and other organs that assist fight infection, reduce fluid accumulation in tissues, as well as maintain appropriate blood volume blood volume or blood pressure.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (b)
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which of the following statements about telomeres is true? group of answer choices without the replication of telomeres by the enzyme telomerase, linear chromosomes would gradually get longer with each round of replication. telomeres are specialized structures that are found at the ends of prokaryotic chromosomes. telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from nucleases and help maintain the integrity of linear chromosomes. telomeres are composed of a long dna sequence that is repeated twice.
The correct answer is telomerase protects the ends of chromosomes from nucleases and helps in maintaining the integrity of linear chromosomes.
What is telomerase?
It is an enzyme present in eukaryotes that repairs the telomeres of the chromosome so that they do not become progressively shorter during chromosome replication.
It is the enzyme responsible for the addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences. Its activity is exhibited in gametes and stem and tumor cells.
Telomerase protects the ends of chromosomes by binding at an RNA molecule that contains a sequence complementary to the telomeric repeat.
Let us discuss other statements:
Without the replication of telomeres, it becomes too short and chromosomes reach a critical length and can no longer be replicated so the cell dies.Telomeres are found at the ends of the chromosome of only eukaryotic organisms.Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences of six base pairs, TTAGG. With each cell division, some of the telomeres are lost. But the number of times that mostly dividing cells can divide is limited.Hence telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled by adding repeats to the end of the chromosome.
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During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?.
During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, Diaphragm is primarily responsible for changes in length.
The main components of the respiratory system are the two lungs. They are located in the thoracic cavity, which is the area to the left and right of the heart. The rib cage safeguards the cavity. Other components of the respiratory system are supported by a muscular sheet known as the diaphragm.
The diaphragm contracts and pulls downward upon inspiration, or when the lungs inhale. The muscles between the ribcage tighten and pull upward at the same time. As a result, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity lowers and its size grows. Air rushes in as a result, filling the lungs.
Thus, diaphragm is responsible for the increase in length of the thoracic cavity.
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how can the nonrecombining part of the y chromosome help researchers trace the origins of modern humans
NYR i.e the non recombinating part of y chromosome enables researchers to identify the most recent common ancestor for the chromosome.
The Y chromosome makes up over 2% of all DNA in cells and spans more than 59 million base pairs, the basic unit of DNA.
Because the Y chromosome is only passed down from the father, it is frequently used in genealogy to track the male ancestry.
Every person with a Y chromosome is connected to everyone else through an XY ancestor who (presumably) lived roughly 300,000 years ago.
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gerardo is listening to a high-pitched drill, which is higher than the 1,000 hz that can be handled by a single neuron at a time but lower than 4,000 hz that would have been transmitted due to placement of the hairs being impacted on the basilar membrane. what principle explains his ability to hear this noise?
The volley principle explains Gerado's ability to hear noise higher than 1,000 Hz and lower than 4,000Hz.
The Volley principle was given by Weaver, gray and their research team in 1937. According to this principle,
Whenever someone is exposed to high frequency sounds (i.e. succession of stimuli) very frequently, the Corti of ear merges all the stimuli and form a volley.
This causes successive volleys of impulses and these volleys are fired such to align with inputs of stimuli. This helps neuron process and fire for each sound event.
This explain how Gerado's auditory nerves was able to respond to the high frequency sound of drill.
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science applied - how can human action cause some species to become overabundant, and why can this be harmful?
Biodiversity is decreased by increasing sustainable habitat and reducing predators.
The majority of animal overpopulations are caused by human activities such as vegetation modification, the introduction of new species, and habitat destruction and fragmentation.
What about biodiversity?Biodiversity refers to the variety of all the diverse species of creatures that dwell on our planet, including the plants, animals, insects, and microbes. Each of these things exists in a delicate balance and coexists with the others in ecosystems that nourish and sustain life on earth.Biodiversity contributes to the availability of food and nutrition, energy, the development of medicines, and the demand for freshwater, all of which together support human health.Additionally, it promotes employment possibilities and leisure pursuits that enhance general well-being. Land use change (mainly for large-scale food production), which is responsible for 30% of the global biodiversity reduction, is the primary direct driver of biodiversity loss. The second major factor, accounting for 20%, is overexploitation (overfishing, overhunting, and overharvesting) for goods including food, medicine, and timber. The variety of all living creatures on our world, known as biodiversity, has been alarmingly dropping in recent years, mostly as a result of human activities including pollution, land use changes, and climate change. The environment is the area where biodiversity has the greatest influence. Ecosystems that are flourishing support the Earth's natural processes. Without the species that sustain them, operations like soil aeration, water purification, pest management, and other functions would not be feasible. These processes can be severely damaged.Learn more about biodiversity here:
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you are a cat breeder who suspects that the genes controlling paw color and fur length are linked, with white paws and short fur being dominant. to test this, you have developed a pure-breeding line of white pawed, short fur cats, and another pure-breeding line of dark pawed, long fur cats. what cross should you do to test whether the genes are linked?
Cross the two pure-breeding lines together to form a dihybrid individual. Then test cross this individual to the dark pawed, long fur cat.
Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the assessment of the genetic fee of cattle. Choosing for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth price, egg, meat, milk, or wool manufacturing, or with different acceptable developments has revolutionized cattle manufacturing all through the entire global.
Animal breeding performs an vital part in progressing animal production systems, from traditional to organics. By means of improving the skills of animals for certain tendencies whole populations may be better, creating blessings for farmers, customers, and the surroundings.
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We have learned that when the cell loses control of cellular division, cancer can be the result. We know that there are several risk factors for cancer. In this discussion, describe which of those risk factors are significant for you? What steps could you take could reduce that risk?
Risk factors are significant for the prevention of cancer because there are environmental factors such as diet or UV sunlight exposure which we need to control in order to reduce cancer risks.
What is cancer?Cancer is a multifactorial disease associated with the uncontrolled proliferation of certain cell types, which may be triggered by genetic factors (mutations) and environmental factors such as exposure to physical-chemical agents (e.g., UV light exposure).
Therefore, with this data, we can see that cancer risks may be decreased due to the establishment of healthy habits such as avoiding exposure to UV light.
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of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the concentration gradient. diffusion distance. membrane surface area. membrane thickness. electrical charge.
Of the factors that influence diffusion of respiratory gases, the most variable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the concentration gradient.
The exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs mostly based on pressure or concentration gradients in the primary sites of gaseous exchange in the lungs, known as alveoli. Diffusion coefficient of the gases and pressure difference across the membrane also play a vital role in diffusion.
Other significant variables that can impact the pace of diffusion include the solubility of gases and the thickness of the membranes engaged in diffusion. As oxygen and carbon dioxide do not react in the alveoli, the reactivity of gases has no impact on the rate of alveolar diffusion.
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According to the central dogma, double-stranded dna serves as the template for the production of rna during transcription. Which of the two dna strands serves as the template for transcription?.
The DNA chain that acts as the concrete for transcription is sense.
What is DNA sense?
DNA Sense is a DNA strand with a 5′ → 3′ direction that has the same nitrogen base sequence as mRNA (except T is replaced by U). Because these strands have the same sequence as mRNA, they are referred to as coding.
While Antisense DNA is a DNA strand with a direction of 3′ → 5′ or is called a negative strand (-). This strand plays a role in transcription to form mRNA so this strand is called a template. The 3′ → 5′ direction is based on this DNA strand during the transcription process by the RNA Polymerase enzyme.
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Beginning with Earth, make a claim about the structure of the universe.
Summarize evidence to support your claim, and explain your reasoning
It now seems that the cosmos came into being at a moment in time around 14 billion years ago. The cosmic microwave background, universal expansion, and the abundance of light elements are the three sources of evidence supporting the genesis of this event.
Which facts back up the universe's expansion?The universe's limited age was first seen and supported by Edwin Hubble in 1929. He found that the further a galaxy is from us, the quicker it appears to be fading into space using the greatest telescope available at the time. By extension, this proves that the cosmos is expanding consistently in all directions.
The Big Bang, a space-exploding event, is how our universe got its start. Space expanded, the cosmos cooled, and the most basic elements emerged from a state of very high density and warmth. To create the earliest stars and galaxies, gravity progressively pulled stuff together.
For a long time, gas was the only material used. Mostly hydrogen and helium, this gas expanded and cooled.
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Patrick offered a house for sale to Peter, who agreed to buy at the stated price. Peter was however under the impression that the land on which it stood was a part the deal. Patrick gave peter the title deed for the house but not the land. Peter took Patrick to court. what was likely outcome of the case???????
Answer: it depends on what was on the contract for the sale peter should've asked Patrick if the land was included if Patrick didn't have it put in the contract for the land to also be sold then peter waisted his time and money
Explanation:
q016) the technique that injects oxygen and nutrients into a contaminated aquifer in order to foster the growth of bacteria that can break down contaminant molecules is called a. effluent injection. b. plume extraction. c. bioremediation. d. napl injection.
The technique that injects oxygen and nutrients into a contaminated aquifer in order to foster the growth of bacteria that can break down contaminant molecules is called bioremediation.
Hence, option C is correct.
What is the process of bioremediation?A biotechnological procedure called bioremediation is used to reduce or remove pollution. It is a kind of waste management strategy that employs organisms to either remove or use pollutants from a polluted region.
What chemicals are used in bioremediation?Cytochrome P450s, laccases, hydrolases, dehalogenases, dehydrogenases, proteases, and lipases are some of the most prominent enzymes used in bioremediation. These enzymes have shown promise in the potential degradation of polymers, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, dyes, detergents, agrochemical compounds, etc.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that the technique that injects oxygen and nutrients into a contaminated aquifer in order to foster the growth of bacteria that can break down contaminant molecules is called bioremediation.
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erwin chargaff observed that the proportions of adenine (a) and thymine (t) bases were always equal, as were the proportion of guanine (g) and cytosine (c). how does that make sense with watson and crick's model of dna?
The observation of Erwin Chargaff make sense with that of the Watson and Crick's model as in the model of DNA, Adenine base pairs with Thymine and Guanine base pairs with Cytosine. Therefore, the numbers of adenine and thymine are equal and also of guanine and cytosine.
DNA is the most prevalent form of genetic material as it is more stable. The nucleic acid consists of deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous bases and phosphate group. Sugar and phosphate are arranged alternatively and form the backbone. The structure of DNA is double stranded.
Thymine is one of the bases of DNA. It is different from the others because it is present only in DNA and not in RNA. It base pairs with adenine using 2 hydrogen bonds.
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the field that focuses on the study of short-term evolutionary change in a given species is known as .
A gene pool is made up of every gene present in every individual of a specific species or community. Micro genetics is the scientific discipline that focuses on understanding transient evolutionary change within a particular species.
What is the term for when a species changes?In biology, evolution is the process through which new species arise over time from already existing ones. In genetics, evolution is any shift in the frequency of alleles in populations of organisms from generation to generation.
What is natural selection according to Darwin?Those that possess adaptive traits—traits that give them an advantage—are more likely to endure and procreate. The descendants of these individuals then inherit the adaptive qualities.
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if there are five different types of bases in mrna instead of four, what will be the minimum codon length needed to specify for 4, 20, and 30 different codons, or amino acids?
There are 64 combinations of 4 nucleotides taken three at a time and only 20 amino acids, the code is degenerate.
The protein-coding nucleotide triplets known as codons are found in the mRNA templates. Each triplet is always associated with a certain amino acid. Anticodons, which are nucleotide triplets in tRNA, decode the codons in the mRNA.
What about amino acids?Proteins are made up of substances called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of life. Amino acids are the byproducts of the digestion or breakdown of proteins. Amino acids are used by the human body to create proteins that aid in: Dissect food. Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, tyrosine, histidine, and arginine are the 12 amino acids.The body cannot naturally generate essential amino acids; therefore we must get them from the foods we eat. Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine are the nine essential amino acids. Compared to other foods, bananas do have a lot of seven of the nine essential amino acids. Banana lacks a little isoleucine and methionine. An average individual would need to consume 91 bananas (10750 grams) to get enough of each of the nine essential amino acids. Protein breakdown in the digestive system is insufficient. Anomalies in the body's biochemical processes that are inherited. A bad diet.Stress. The convenience of taking a supplement containing necessary amino acids is that you can do so whenever you want. Others like to take it on its own between meals, while some athletes choose to take it with their meals or in a protein smoothie. You can consume your necessary amino acids supplement before, during, or after working out.Learn more about amino acids here:
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Which process is speeded up by rubisco during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?.
The process of photosynthesis that can be affected by the rubisco enzyme is the process of carbon fixation.
How is Calvin cycle process ?The rubisco enzyme is one of the enzymes that plays an important role in the overall process of plant photosynthesis in the dark reaction. At this stage there will be capture of CO₂ from the free air and then the union of CO₂ with ribulose bisphosphate which is assisted by the rubisco enzyme.The photosynthesis cycle that occurs when it is dark or does not require sunlight in the process is called the dark reaction or Calvin cycle. And in the process it uses ATP and NADPH² that have been produced in the daytime photosynthesis process.In the Calvin cycle, glucose is formed through a chemical reaction that converts oxygen (CO₂) and several other components into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.The Calvin cycle is very useful in life, because it is the main player in the process that provides oxygen stability and prepares plant raw materials to make starch that we can later use.Learn more about Calvin cycle here: brainly.com/question/13477893
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the process of obtaining energy from food and storing it in cells is an example of catabolism
in a certain fish, fin rays (supporting structures for the fins) can be either bony or soft in adult fish. linkage in a fish is similar to that in humans. what evidence would most strongly support the idea that the ray locus is on the x chromosome?
Mating of soft ray males and bony ray females give different results from the mating of bony ray males and soft ray females.
What are fin rays?
Each of the long, narrow bony protuberances that most bony fishes use to support their fins.
What is linkage?
Sex-linked traits or qualities are those that are impacted by genes found on the sex chromosomes, as related to genetics. Because the X chromosome has many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome, the word is frequently used to describe features or illnesses that are caused by genes on the X chromosome in humans.
Therefore, from the above explanation suggests that ray locus is on the X chromosomes.
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The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters.
The correct option is c.
The inner portion of an adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla regulates the hormones that start the flight or fight response. Both epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have comparable roles, are the primary hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibres stimulate the adrenal medulla, triggering the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The fight-or-flight reaction, fear, mental stress, upright posture, pain, cold, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and other stressors all enhance sympathetic neuronal output.
The complete question is:
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
a. postganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla secrete acetylcholine
b. it has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
c. it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters
d. it is the only structure of the sympathetic division whose preganglionic cell bodies are not in the lateral horns of the spinal
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The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
Answer:
The answer is pancreas.
The _pancreas________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
Explanation:
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erythroblastosis fetalis is defined as an: a. autosomal dominant hereditary disease. b. allergic disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible. c. alloimmune disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible. d. autoimmune disease in immature nucleated cells that are released into the bloodstream
Erythroblastosis fetalis is defined as an alloimmune disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible.
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), additionally referred to as alloimmune HDFN or erythroblastosis fetalis, is resulting from the destruction of crimson blood cells (RBCs) of the neonate or fetus through maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.
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cells in the adrenal gland produce the hormone epinephrine and store it in vesicles. to release epinephrine these vesicles are carried to the plasma membrane and fuse with it. what process is occurring?
Exocytosis is the process by which cells transport components into the extracellular fluid from within the cell.
What is the endocytosis procedure?A broad term for the process by which cells take in outside material by enveloping it with their membrane is endocytosis. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are typically used as subcategories of endocytosis.
What makes endocytosis and exocytosis different from one another?Endocytosis is the process by which a material or particle from the outside of the cell is taken in by the cell membrane and brought inside. Vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the exterior of the cell is referred to as exocytosis.
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if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, how many picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis? (enter the number only, not the units)
Using the theories of cells, we got that 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase of meiosis if a somantic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase is used.
The cell is actually the basic structural and functional unit of life forms. Every cell consists of the cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, and contains many biomolecules such as the proteins, DNA and RNA, as well as many small molecules of nutrients and the metabolites.[1]
Cells can easily acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, the protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and the mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to the small size.
Hence, if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis.
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