why does each element have its own unique atomic line spectrum?

Covalent bonding is a form of bonding that involves de-localized electrons. Two or more atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in covalent bonding to produce a more stable electron.

configuration. Delocalization occurs when the electrons involved in the bonding are not localized between two specific atoms but instead spread out over the entire molecule. Electron delocalization happens in molecules with pi bonds or aromatic systems. Pi bonds form when two p orbitals overlap sideways, allowing electrons to be shared over a greater region, whereas aromatic systems contain a ring of atoms that share electrons in a delocalized manner.Covalent bonding is a form of bonding that involves de-localized electrons. Two or more atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in covalent bonding to produce a more stable electron. Delocalized electrons are a common characteristic of many organic molecules.

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Sigma bonds are formed by the end-on overlap of orbitals. A sigma bond ([tex]\sigma[/tex] bond) is a type of bond formed by the overlapping of orbitals in an end-to-end fashion.

There are two types of bonding. They are:

A pi bond ([tex]\pi[/tex] bond) is a type of bond formed by the overlapping of the orbitals in a side-by-side fashion. One pi bond and one sigma bond are present in an alkene. Two pi bonds and one sigma bond can be found in alkynes.

Both the structure and the reactivity are greatly impacted by this. The head-on intersection of two sp orbitals results in the formation of the sigma bond. The side-on overlapping of 2p orbitals results in the formation of pi bonds.

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One of the key features of enzymes is that they are not consumed in chemical reactions and can be used again.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They are typically large, complex proteins that have a specific three-dimensional structure that allows them to interact with specific substrates, or reactants, in a particular chemical reaction.

Enzymes remain unchanged after a reaction, and can be used to catalyze the same reaction many times over. However, enzymes can be affected by changes in pH, temperature, or other environmental factors, which can alter their structure and affect their ability to catalyze reactions.

Enzymes are critical to many biological processes, including metabolism, digestion, and DNA replication. Without enzymes, many of these processes would occur too slowly to sustain life. Scientists have also developed ways to use enzymes in industrial processes, such as the production of biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The ability to use enzymes repeatedly in these applications makes them a valuable tool in the development of sustainable and efficient technologies.

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The attractive force between water molecules that results from hydrogen bonding is called hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of intermolecular force that arises when hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to atoms of high electronegativity, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine. These hydrogen bonds form strong attractions between the molecules, giving water its high surface tension and other unique properties. These hydrogen bonds form strong attractions between the molecules, giving water its unique properties such as high surface tension, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the stability of many biological molecules such as DNA and proteins, and for the increased solubility of many compounds in water.

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The concentration in ppm is 5.0 ppm.

Ppm stands for "parts per million." It is a unit of measurement that is used to express the concentration of a substance in a mixture. In ppm, the amount of a substance is expressed as the number of parts of the substance per million parts of the mixture.

It is important to note that ppm is a relatively small unit of measurement, and that concentrations in the range of thousands or even millions of ppm can still be harmful to humans and the environment.

Given that the unit microgram/ gram is the same as the ppm then we have that the concentration could be 5.0μg/g or 5.0 ppm

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0.005 g of Cr are present in 1000 g of water.

What does "parts per million" mean?

This stands for "parts per million" and can also be written as mg/L (milligrams per liter). The mass of a chemical or contamination per volume of water is the unit of measurement here.

PPM, or parts per million, is a word used to describe a solution's concentration. In 1000 ml or 1 L of solution, 1 milligram of the solute equates to 1 ppm.

It is assumed that water contains 5 parts per million (ppm), or 5 mg of Cr per liter. 1000 ml or 1000 g is equal to one liter of water. Therefore, 5 mg or 0.005 g of Cr are present in 1000 g of water.

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Answer:

The rate law is the equation that describes how the reaction rate depends on the concentrations of the reactants. The rate law for a reaction cannot be determined based solely on the chemical formula of the reactant, as the reaction mechanism, conditions, and other factors can all affect the rate.

The overall balanced equation for the reaction is not provided, so it is not possible to write the rate law or determine the intermediates without additional information. To determine the rate law and intermediates, a detailed study of the reaction conditions, mechanism, and kinetics is necessary.

Answer:

This explanation could be improved by specifying the two substances being compared and giving more detailed information about their properties, such as their chemical structure, molecular formula, and other physical and chemical characteristics. Additionally, describing why the two substances have different properties, such as differences in bonding type or molecular arrangement, could provide a more comprehensive explanation.

A. The empirical formula of the compound is [tex]C_{3} H_{6} O[/tex].

B. The molecular formula of ethyl butyrate [tex]C_{6} H_{12} O_{2}[/tex]

The empirical formula of a chemical compound is defined as the  simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. The molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element making up the compound. It may be similar to the molecular formula of the compound. In the combustion of 2.78 mg of ethyl butyrate produces 6.32 mg CO2 and 2.58 mg H2O. In the one millimole of carbon dioxide, there is 1 millimole of carbon. So, in 44.01 mg of carbon dioxide there is 12.01 mg of carbon. Likewise there is 2 mole of hydrogen in every mole of water. So, in 18.02 mg of water there is 2.02 mg of hydrogen since the molar mass of hydrogen is 1.01 mg/mole. The molecular formula of the compound can be written as C6H12O2.

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The postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases are as follows: There are very minute particles in the gases.

Each of the gas laws that have been established through experiment may be explained by the kinetic molecular theory. A gas's pressure is created by collisions between its particles and the container's walls. A force is applied to the wall each time a gas particle strikes it.

The kinetic-molecular theory of gases makes the following assumptions about ideal gas molecules: (1) constant motion; (2) negligible volume; (3) negligible intermolecular forces; (4) perfectly elastic collisions; and (5) average kinetic energy proportional to the absolute temperature of the ideal gas.

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The density of the NH₃ sample is 0,82 gram/liter. The formula that can be used to calculate the density of a sample of NH₃ is D = [tex]\frac{M.P}{R.T}[/tex].

Density is the mass unit volume of a material substance. To find the density of NH₃ you can use the following steps:

Step 1: Convert temperature to kelvin and convert temperature to atm.

R = -9° C = (273,15  - 9 ) = 264,15 K

P = 793mmHg × 1/760 mmHg/atm = 1,043 atm

Step 2: Make a formula for calculating density with the ideal gas rules.

Ideal gas law ⇒ P × V = n × R × T

Density ⇒ D = mass ÷ V

P × V = n × R × T

P × V = [tex]\frac{mass . R . T}{M}[/tex]

P × M =  [tex]\frac{mass . R . T}{V}[/tex] ................. enter the formula to find the density

P × M = D × R × T

D × R × T = P × M

D  = [tex]\frac{M.P}{R.T}[/tex]

Step 3: Substitute the known data into the formula

D = [tex]\frac{M.P}{R.T}[/tex]

D = [tex]\frac{17,034 g/mol x 1,043 atm}{0,0821 Latm/mol.K x 264,15 K}[/tex]

D = 0,82 gram/liter

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The correct answer is that proton is the subatomic particle that gives the nucleus an overall positive charge.

A proton is a stable subatomic particle with the designations p, H+, or 1H+ with an electric charge of +1 e. (elementary charge). Its mass is just somewhat less than a neutron and 1,836 times more than that of an electron (the proton–electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, which have masses of around one atomic mass unit each, are together referred to as "nucleons" (particles present in atomic nuclei).

One or more protons can be found in the nucleus of every atom. They provide the main electrical attraction and holding power for the atomic electrons. An element may be identified by its atomic number, which is the quantity of protons in its nucleus (represented by the symbol Z).

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Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object

The instrument used to measure liquid volume is called a graduated cylinder.

The formula used to calculate the volume of a solid object such as a rectangular prism is: V =  length, *  width * height

Volume is a measure of the amount of space that a substance or object occupies. It is typically measured in units such as liters, cubic meters, gallons, or cubic feet.

The instrument used to measure liquid volume is called a graduated cylinder. It is a cylindrical tube made of glass or plastic, with volume markings along its length that allow for the accurate measurement of liquids.

The formula used to calculate the volume of a solid object depends on its shape. Here are some common formulas for finding the volume of different types of solid objects:

Cube: V = s³ (where s is the length of one side of the cube)

Rectangular prism: V =  length, *  width * height

Sphere: V = 4/3πr³ (where r is the radius of the sphere)

Cylinder: V = πr^2h (where r is the radius of the cylinder and h is its height)

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C6H13NH2 (1-hexylamine) would have the lowest vapor pressure.

This is because it has the largest molecular weight and strongest intermolecular forces among the given options. Intermolecular forces (such as hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions) affect the vapor pressure of a substance, with stronger forces leading to lower vapor pressure.Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid when the liquid and its vapor are in dynamic equilibrium in a closed container at a given temperature. It is a measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate and become a gas. The vapor pressure of a substance is dependent on the temperature and the intermolecular forces between the molecules of the substance.

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The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged. Therefore, the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products.

Starting with 0 g of calcium (Ca) and 1.9 g of fluorine (F2), we can calculate the total mass of the reactants:

Total mass of reactants = Mass of Ca + Mass of F2

Total mass of reactants = 0 g + 1.9 g

Total mass of reactants = 1.9 g

According to the problem statement, the reaction forms 3.9 g of calcium fluoride (CaF2). Therefore, the total mass of the products is:

Total mass of products = Mass of CaF2

Total mass of products = 3.9 g

Since the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products, we can set these two expressions equal to each other:

Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products

1.9 g = 3.9 g

This is a contradiction, as it is impossible for the mass of the reactants to be less than the mass of the products. Therefore, there must be an error in the problem statement or the given values.

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The What -if analysis tool will allow you to set one cell to a certain value by changing one other cell is Goal Seek.

The process of basing your input value on an already established output value is known as "goal seeking." The technique involves applying a certain operator to a formula that can be computed using computer software.

The second method is to specify the desired result and ask Excel to determine what adjustments to the inputs would be necessary to make it happen. This is how the goal seek feature operates, and it can provide answers to queries like how many units of a product must be sold to achieve a specific profit level.

The benefits of what-if analysis in Excel include:

By changing the assumptions and tracking the results, an experimenter can produce more informed and precise results.

An experimenter can predict the results of the choice more precisely.

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0.99 moles of copper (Cu) would be made when 0.33 mole of copper (II) phosphide (Cu3P2) deteriorates.

Copper (II) phosphide (Cu3P2) is a compound that can be made through a reaction between copper and phosphorus under controlled conditions. It can also be made by the reaction between copper sulfate and sodium hypophosphite or by reducing copper (II) phosphate with carbon at high temperatures.

Copper (II) phosphide (Cu3P2) has several uses. It is used as a rodenticide to control rodents, as a catalyst, as a lubricant, as an alloying agent, and as a pigment in some ceramic glazes.

The decomposition of copper (II) phosphide (Cu3P2) can be represented by the following chemical equation Cu3P2 → 3Cu + 2P.

The number of moles of copper produced when 0.33 mole of copper (II) phosphide decomposes will be:

0.33 moles Cu3P2 / 1 x 3 moles Cu / 1 mole Cu3P2 = 0.99 moles Cu

So, 0.99 moles of copper (Cu) would be made when 0.33 mole of copper (II) phosphide (Cu3P2) deteriorates.

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The correct IUPAC name for the molecule is option c) 4,6,7-tetramethylnonane.

To name the molecule, we start by identifying the longest continuous carbon chain, which in this case contains nine carbon atoms. We number the chain from the end that gives the substituents the lowest possible numbers, which gives us the numbering 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9.

The molecule has three branches: a propyl group on carbon 5, an ethyl group on carbon 2, and a methyl group on carbon 3. We name these branches as substituents and indicate their positions with their respective numbers. Therefore the correct IUPAC name for the molecule is 4,6,7-tetramethylnonane.

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it would take approximately 28.1 seconds for 65% of the initial quantity of reactant to be consumed in this first-order reaction.

The time required for 65% of the initial quantity of reactant to be consumed in a first-order reaction can be determined using the equation:
t = (ln (N₀/N)) / k
Where:
t = time
N₀ = initial quantity of reactant
N = final quantity of reactant (0.35 times N₀, since 65% is consumed)
k = rate constant
Plugging in the given values, we get:
t = (ln (N₀/N)) / k
t = (ln (1/0.35)) / 0.0450 s⁻¹
t ≈ 28.1 seconds
The natural logarithm, ln, is used in this equation because the reaction is first-order. In general, for a reaction of order n, the equation would be: t = (1/(nk)) x [(N₀)ⁿ - (N)ⁿ].

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The correct answer is ATP Synthase uses the energy of a proton gradient to add a phosphate to ADP.

The mitochondrial enzyme ATP synthase, which is found in the inner membrane, transforms ADP and phosphate into ATP. The stream of protons is driven by the movement of electrons from the chemically positive to the negative side of the proton, which creates a gradient.The electron transport chain involves the downhill flow of electrons to the final electron acceptor through a chain of membrane-bound carriers in order to aid the uphill transfer of protons across a proton-impermeable membrane. In order to move protons (ions) via ATP synthase Fo particles and down the concentration gradient, it creates a proton gradient. The proton-motive force, which drives protons to move, provides the energy for ADP phosphorylation (ions).

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Balanced equation of the following are:Solid aluminium is put with aqueous magnesium nitrate:

Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Al(s) → Mg(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq)

2. Aqueous potassium sulphate is combined with aqueous barium hydroxide:

Ba(OH)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2KOH(aq)

3. Solid barium oxide is heated:

BaO(s) → BaO2(s) + O2(g)

4 When calcium is added to nitrogen gas, a reaction occurs in which the calcium metal reacts with the nitrogen gas to form calcium nitride (Ca3N2). Solid calcium is added to nitrogen gas

Ca(s) + N₂(g) → Ca3N2(s)

5.  Solid lithium reacts with oxygen gas:

Li(s) + O2(g) → Li2O(s)

6.Balanced equation of Aqueous zinc chloride is added to solid sodium:ZnCl2(aq) + Na(s) → Zn(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

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Answer:

15.0 liters of HN3 are needed to react completely with 30.0 liters of NO.

Explanation:

The amount of HN3 required to react completely with a given volume of NO can be determined by using the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. The reaction between HN3 and NO is given by:

4 HN3 + 5 NO → 4 HNO3 + N2

From the equation, we can see that for every 4 moles of HN3 that react, 5 moles of NO are consumed. To determine the amount of HN3 needed to react with a given volume of NO, we can convert the volume of NO to moles and then use the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the number of moles of HN3 required.

For example, if we have 30.0 liters of NO, we can convert it to moles using the ideal gas law:

30.0 L NO * (1 mole NO / 22.4 L) = 1.34 moles NO

Next, we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction to find the number of moles of HN3 required:

1.34 moles NO / (5 moles NO / 4 moles HN3) = 0.67 moles HN3

Finally, we can convert the number of moles of HN3 to liters:

0.67 moles HN3 * (22.4 L HN3 / 1 mole HN3) = 15.0 L HN3

Therefore, 15.0 liters of HN3 are needed to react completely with 30.0 liters of NO.

862.4 grams of carbon dioxide will be produced when 6.2 moles of propane, C₃H₈ is burned in oxygen

First, we will write a balanced equation

⇒ C₃H₈ + 5O₂ = 3CO₂ + 4H₂O

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of propane takes 3 moles of Carbon dioxide in a ratio of 1:3

It's given that 6.2 moles of propane are burned, so using the ratio 1:3, we get 6.2 × 3 = 19.6 moles of Carbon dioxide

Now to get the mass of Carbon dioxide, we have to multiply 19.6 moles of carbon dioxide by its molar mass

Molar mass of Carbon dioxide = 1 × 12 + 2 × 16 = 44 grams/mole

So, the mass of carbon dioxide = 19.6 × 44 = 862.4 grams

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the molality of a solution containing 125 grams of iodine (i2) and 750 grams of ccl4 is 0.657m

Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. To find the molality of the solution, we need to first calculate the number of moles of iodine and the mass of the solvent, which is carbon tetrachloride.

The molar mass of iodine is 126.9 g/mol, so 125 grams of iodine is equal to 0.985 moles (125 g / 126.9 g/mol).
The mass of the solvent, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), is 750 grams.

Next, we need to convert the mass of the solvent to kilograms, which is 0.750 kg.
Using the formula for molality, we can calculate the molality of the solution:
molality = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kg
= 0.985 moles / 0.750 kg
= 1.313 m

Therefore, the molality of the solution is 0.657 m.
Note: It's important to remember that molality is different from molarity, which is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. These two terms are often confused, but they have different units and are used in different contexts.

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When acid is added to a solutions, it increases the H⁺ ion concentration in the solution. So the pH will  decrease. So the correct option will be A.

Acid is a chemical substance which can give H⁺ ions in water. Higher the hydrogen ion concentration higher will be the acidity.

Acidity is usually measured using pH scale. 7 in the pH scale is neutral. Lower than 7 it is acidic and higher than 7 is basic. Equation for the pH is as follows;

pH = -log[H⁺]

That means higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, lower will be the pH.

So as acid is added to a solution, hydrogen ion concentration increases, and the pH decreases.

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Maltose, which has the chemical formula C12H22O11, is created when three glucose molecules are joined together by dehydration processes.

Maltose, with the chemical formula C12H22O11, is created when dehydration events join three glucose molecules together.

Each glucose molecule that is bonded together during the dehydration event results in the removal of one water molecule. This joins the molecules together in a glycosidic bond, resulting in the disaccharide maltose.

By deducting the total number of water molecules lost from the combined molecular formula of the three glucose molecules, one may get the molecular formula of maltose. Three dehydration processes remove three molecules of water, each of which removes one. Maltose has the chemical formula (C6H12O6)3 - 3H2O, which is translated to C12H22O11 as a result.

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The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

Clever is the characteristic that a  scientific experiment must have to be valid. Therefore, the correct option is option A.

An experiment, in its most basic form, is just the testing of a theory. In turn, a hypothesis is a suggested relationship or explanation for a phenomenon.

The experiment is the cornerstone of the scientific method, that is a methodical approach to learning about the world around you. Although some experiments are conducted in laboratories, an experiment can be conducted anywhere, at any time. Clever is the characteristic that a  scientific experiment must have to be valid.

Therefore, the correct option is option A.

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The balanced chemical reaction is given as follows:

(NH₄)₃PO₄ (aq) + AI(NO₃)₃ (aq) → AIPO₄ (s) + 3NH₄NO₃ (aq)

A balanced chemical equation is one that has the same number of atoms of each type in the reaction on both the reactant and product sides. In a balanced chemical equation, both the mass and the change are equal.

The law of conservation of mass, which states that "the total mass of all the products of reaction in a chemical reaction equals the total mass of all the reactants," is satisfied by balancing chemical equations.

Thus, A solution of ammonium phosphate is mixed with a solution of aluminum nitrate. If aluminum phosphate is insoluble in water, its reaction is  (NH₄)₃PO₄ (aq) + AI(NO₃)₃ (aq) → AIPO₄ (s) + 3NH₄NO₃ (aq).

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Balanced equation for the reaction of nitrogen, as it is normally found in our atmosphere, with oxygen is 2N₂ + O₂ → 2N₂O

The complex response is typically supposed to be balanced when the tittles of each element on reactant and product are same. Generally, the" megahit and trial" system is used for the balancing of chemical equation.

Nitrogen and Oxygen reply to form two different composites that can qualify for the name “ nitrogen monoxide ”. And, these two composites have two distinct names that's generally accepted.

2N2 + O2 → 2N2O this emulsion is called nitrous oxide

N2 + O2 → 2NO this emulsion is called nitric oxide, also occasionally( incorrectly) appertained to as nitrogen monoxide.

Both of them have only one oxygen per patch, so they qualify as “ nitrogen monoxide ”. still, they're entirely different composites with veritably different physical and chemical parcels.

Nitrogen has a rich chemistry with oxygen, and forms several other oxides as well- N2O3, NO2, N2O4, N2O5.

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The formula for Iron (III) oxide is Fe2O3, which means that there are 2 iron atoms and 3 oxygen atoms in one molecule of Fe2O3.

What do you mean by molecules?

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. These atoms can be of the same or different types. Molecules are the smallest units of a compound that retain the chemical and physical properties of that compound.

Molecules play a critical role in many chemical reactions and biological processes. They can interact with each other through chemical reactions to form new compounds or release energy. Understanding the structure and behavior of molecules is fundamental to understanding many fields of science, including chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science.

The formula for Iron (III) oxide is Fe2O3, which means that there are 2 iron atoms and 3 oxygen atoms in one molecule of Fe2O3.

To find the number of moles of oxygen atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3, we need to multiply the number of oxygen atoms per molecule by the Avogadro constant (6.022 x 10^23).

Number of moles of oxygen atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3 = 3 x (6.022 x 10^23) = 1.8066 x 10^24

Therefore, there are 1.8066 x 10^24 oxygen atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3.

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