Why is the bottom of a dam wider than the top?.

Sedimentary rocks provide information about other environments at the Earth's surface. Because of this, they might be the best narrators of past climate, existence, and major events at the surface of the Earth.

Each type of ecosystem has certain processes that take place in it that lead to the deposition of a particular kind of sediment there. According to the idea of unique horizontality, sediments form in essentially horizontal strata. The assumption is that tectonic forces must have been at work when slanted sedimentary layers were positioned where they are now.

According to sedimentary rocks of superposition, sedimentary layers are deposited in series and, unless the entire collection has been grown to appear as over by way of tectonic processes, the layers at the bottom are older than those at the top. According to the inclusions principle, any rock fragments found in a sedimentary layer should be older than the layer itself. For instance, the cobbles in a conglomerate had to be created before the conglomerate itself.

According to sedimentary rocks of faunal succession, species have evolved in a well defined order throughout the course of geological time; as a result, the age of a rock may be determined by identifying the distinctive fossils that are present in it.

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The formation of a supercontinent is associated with continental collisions and increased rates of chemical weathering and erosion, both of which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cause climate cooling.

Global cooling was a theory, popularized in the 1970s, that the Earth was about to cool, resulting in a period of extensive glaciation due to the cooling effects of aerosols or orbital forcing. In the 1970s, some press reports speculated about continued cooling; however, these did not accurately reflect the scientific literature of the time, which was generally concerned with warming from an enhanced greenhouse effect.

Volcanic ash, sea salt, and desert sand can all function as aerosols capable of cooling the climate. However, according to IPCC data, suspended particles produced or associated with human activities, such as those emitted by vehicles or the combustion of fossil fuels, are primarily responsible for the cooling effect.

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A large or huge ice-scouring disturbance motive a shift to an alternative strong state, even as a smaller ice-scouring disturbance may not due to the fact the competitive dominant species is a negative or poor colonizer.

Climate-associated disturbance regimes are converting unexpectedly with profound outcomes for ecosystems. Disturbance is regularly perceived as unfavorable to biodiversity; however, the literature is split on how they affect every other. Disturbance activities in nature are diverse, going on throughout severa interacting trophic stages and more than one spatial and temporal scales, main to divergence among empirical and theoretical studies.

The shallow Antarctic seafloor has certainly considered one among the most important disturbance gradients on earth, because of iceberg scouring. Scour fees are converting unexpectedly alongside the Western Antarctic Peninsula due to weather extrade and with in addition adjustments predicted, the Antarctic benthos will possibly go through dramatic shifts in diversity. We investigated benthic macro and megafaunal richness throughout 10–one hundred m intensity range, an awful lot of which, 40–one hundred m, has not often been sampled.

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The conditions necessary to form a low-pressure system are: an area that is relatively warmer than the areas surrounding it and diverging air at top of the troposphere.

When air that is relatively warm and damp rises from the Earth's surface, a low-pressure system is created. A low-pressure system's center contains unstable air. Cloud formation results from the cooling of the warm, humid air as it ascends.

Air from two places collides and is propelled upward, which is how a low-pressure area often starts to form. A vast vacuum is produced by the rising air. Consequently, a zone of low pressure develops, with the lowest pressure being close to the storm's center. The barometric pressure will decline as a storm moves toward a specific location.

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Answer:

us this

Explanation:

the answers are in the pdf file

The Dolores River is a tributary of the Colorado River that flows through the American states of Colorado and Utah.

It is about 241 miles (388 km) long[2]. West of the San Juan Mountains, on the Colorado Plateau, the river drains a rough and arid area. The River of Our Lady of Sorrows, in Spanish, is the source of the name El Rio de Nuestra Seora de Dolores. Juan Maria Antonio Rivera may have named the river during a 1765 voyage from Santa Fe.

Prior to damming, the Dolores' typical annual flow was over 1,200 cu ft/s (34 m3/s), but due to diversions, it is now only about 600 cu ft/s.

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The geologic timescale's three periods are separated from one another by two massive extinction events.

The majority of the geological time scale's periods and epochs have been divided up based on substantial changes in the fossil record. For instance, as was already said, the end of the dinosaur era precisely marks the transition between the Cretaceous and Paleogene.

Early rock layers contain a lot of fossils, but later rock layers don't have any fossils. From small sea organisms to enormous dinosaurs, a diverse variety of animals and vegetation abruptly vanished.

When at least the majority of all species disappear in a reasonably short period of time, there has been a mass extinction. Over the length of our planet's history, it has only happened a few times. Around 250 million years ago, there was the biggest mass extinction event, during which perhaps 95% of all species perished.

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The negative effects of globalization on culture are the great changes seen in traditional religions, beliefs and social norms.

Globalization is not same for everyone. It is positive for some people while it has proved to be negative for other people. It is good that due to globalization we are sharing our social values with the world. But at the same time, it has led to marginalizing cultures which are less popular in the developing world.

Globalization is also said to be doing "McDonaldization" of culture. It is eventually leading to undermine the cultural diversity. It is hampering the economic development of the world.

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The temperatures of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere are most affected by the greenhouse effect. This is because some of the sun's infrared radiation penetrates the atmosphere, but most is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules and clouds and reemitted in all directions. This effect is a warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.

Human activities are responsible for the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. Over the past century, the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil has increased the level of carbon dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) in the atmosphere. This increase occurs because carbon combines with oxygen in the air to produce [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] during the process of burning coal or oil.

*Questions should have several options that students must choose from. Otherwise, simply remove the "select all that apply" statement

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In a subduction zone, the lithosphere above the ocean floor slab that is descending is partially melting.

A convergent plate boundary is created when two tectonic plates clash. Subduction is the process of one of the convergent plates moving beneath the other. Where tectonic plates are subducting, deep trenches frequently occur, and subduction zones frequently experience earthquakes as well.

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The correct answer (a) Drumlin

In the classical sense, a drumlin is an elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on subsurface unconsolidated till or ground moraine.

The word drumlin is derived from the Irish word droimnn ("littlest ridge") and was first recorded in 1833. Drumlin assemblages are known as fields or swarms; they can produce a landscape that is frequently referred to as having a "basket of eggs topography."

A dungeon is the low area between two drumlins; due to the settling of cold air, dungeons have colder microclimates in the winter.

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Full Question:An elongated, cigar-shaped feature deposited by a continental glacier and oriented parallel to the direction of glacial flow is called a __________________

a.Drumlin*

b.Recessional moraine

c.Kettle lake

d.Kame

The phenomenon is caused by the gravity of a black hole, which stretched the wavelength of light close to the black hole to longer wavelengths.

A black hole is a location in space where gravity is so strong that nothing but light can escape. Matter has been compressed into a very small space, which is why there is such strong gravity. When a star is dying, this might occur.

Spacetime curvature can become infinite if enough mass is concentrated in a small enough area of spacetime. In this instance, the region's gravity becomes so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.

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Radioactive potassium, uranium and thorium are the three main sources of heat on Earth.

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A main-sequence star's gas surrounds another object in an accretion disk. Either a neutron star or a black hole orbiting the main-sequence star.

The phrase "space telescope" is used to characterize NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Astronomers typically utilize telescopes to locate objects that are located in remote locations. However, NASA's space telescope is the Chandra X-ray observatory.

Advanced X-rays, which are produced in space as a result of the explosion of stars, clusters, and materials around black holes in the hot areas, are found and discovered with this telescope. So, this Chandra X-ray Observatory from NASA is a space telescope.

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According to the question given statement is true. western islands and the portions of Europe that reside along the Atlantic coastline benefit from the warm waters of the Ocean Current.

The steady flow or movement of ocean surface water in a dominant direction is referred to as an ocean current. Ocean water is moved by a variety of forces. The wind, temperature, breaking waves, tides, and occasionally underground forces like earthquakes are among them.

Ocean currents are the motions of ocean water brought on by gravity, the Coriolis effect, the density of the water, the sun, and the wind. The magnitude, direction, speed, and shape of ocean currents are all influenced by a variety of forces. The movement of the water can be described as either horizontal (currents) or vertical (downwellings or upwellings).

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The oceanic crust is created as magma rises upwards to fill the spaces between diverging tectonic plates under the surface of the earth and is consumed in subduction zones below. It is comparatively pretty new to the continental crust, with a mean age of 60 million years, and is thin, averaging 6.5 to 7 km in thickness. The oceanic crust consists of almost exclusively extrusive basalt, which is a type of rock and its intrusive correspondents.

Continental crust is majorly composed of granites in composition and, with a density of about 2.7 to 3 grams per cubic cm, is comparatively lighter than oceanic crust in its composition and has a density of about 2.9 to 3 grams per cubic cm.

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Oil shale needs to be heated to be extracted.

In the field of geography, oil shale can be described as such a kind of sedimentary rock from which we can extract oil. The extraction process used are the traditional ones which require pumping and heating.

The composition of oil shale has organically rich compounds that can be heated in order to produce oil.

First of all, shale rocks are mined from deep into the surface of the layer of the earth. Then after that, the oil shales are heated. Being organic compounds, after heating, kerogen compounds are extracted from them. Petroleum products are also extracted from shale oil.

The question can correctly be written as:

Fill In The Blank

oil shale ___ . multiple select question.

a) is the same as shale oil

b) is not plentiful in the united states.

c) is composed of organic matter trapped between clay particles

d) needs to be heated to be extracted

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scale = 50ft/in

H = 50(.25)

H =  12.4 ft;

Thus,  slope = 1/12.5*100% = 8%

All the locations with the same height above sea level are depicted by contour lines. They also provide information regarding the land's slope. The lines are closely spaced on an incline. They see how all the land that is the same height is connected by contour lines.

A steep slope is shown by contour lines that are clustered together more closely on a map. Context lines can be thought of as the separation between each incline. The slope of a hill increases with the distance between inclines. In contrast hand, the lines that are spaced more apart typically point to a dip in the landscape.

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This assertion is false: the total amount of light in the spectrum gives us the radius of the star.

The spectrum of a star and Wien's displacement law can be used to calculate the effective temperature of that star.

Because stars operate locally like a blackbody, it will be necessary to determine the wavelength at which the peak of emission in the continuum is greatest. Spectrum breakdown of light into its defining colors

By spotting patterns of spectral lines that correspond to specific chemicals, we may recognize the chemical elements that are present in the star. We may determine how fast a star is moving toward or away from us by comparing changes in the wavelengths of its spectral lines to those of the same lines measured in a laboratory on Earth.

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Answer:

the glaciers exist on mountains just like snows

Liquids exert pressure that rises with depth. As a result, the walls are under increased pressure as the depth increases. Because of this, walls are built thicker at the bottom to withstand the pressure that water exerts.

With depth, the dam's water storage pressure rises. Therefore, the dam's bottom has been widened to accommodate the rise in water pressure.

The cause is that a liquid exerts more pressure the deeper it is. Consequently, the water's pressure on the dam's wall grows as the depth does. The thickness of the dam was increased toward the bottom since a thicker wall is needed to bear more pressure.

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Likely to be habitable: Europa's subsurface ocean, Mars's underground, and a moon with an atmosphere orbiting Jupiter from one Msun star, one AU

Mars' surface is unlikely to be a terrestrial planet's surface. from 10 AU at 0.5 M Io's volcanoes in the sun star

Oxygen and nitrogen are the main components of the atmosphere on Earth. Mars, however, is a carbon dioxide-based planet.

Earth's surface is 70% water, compared to Mars's surface which is made mostly of rock and dust.

Phobos and Deimos are the two satellites that orbit Mars. The only satellite that orbits the Earth is the moon.

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Light elements moved to the surface as the earth cooled slowly, while heavier ones sunk to the core.

Similar to how oil floats on water, the Earth spent its first few million years as a heated, semi-liquid mass that divided into layers based on each layer's density. The heavier elements climbed to the top while the majority of them, though not all, sank to the center. The result of the division was a layered structure that endures to this day.

The lightest substances, including silicon and oxygen, floated to the top where they cooled and solidified. The layering process was uneven; pockets of heavy materials persisted in the crust because the Earth was not entirely liquid.

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When lower rock strata are deposited over an unconformity without being tilted, the contact is known as a disconformity.

Sedimentary rock on top of sedimentary rock (along each other)

Sequence of Events in Disconformity

1. Sedimentation picks back up, and older rocks' surfaces eventually become buried behind a newer layer of sediment, creating a disconformity.

2. Surface-exposed sedimentary rock is subject to weathering and erosion.

3. The land is raised, or sometimes the sea level falls.

4. Sediment becomes a sedimentary rock after being buried, lithified, and solidified.

5. Underwater, sediment is probably deposited in a horizontal layer.

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This characteristic differentiate a reverse fault from a normal fault i.e., In a reverse fault, the hanging wall moves up and the footwall moves down.

A typical fault occurs when the rocks above the fault plane, also known as the hanging wall or footwall, shift downward in relation to the rocks below the fault plane, or the footwall. The hanging wall moving up in relation to the footwall is known as a reverse fault.

The primary distinction between normal fault and reverse fault is that whereas reverse fault refers to the upward movement of one side of the fault relative to the other side, normal fault defines the downward movement of one side of the fault with regard to the other side. A fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity that develops as a result of rock mass movement in geology. Large cracks are a result of plate tectonic motions.

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Intrapulmonary pressure rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment. Hence, the relevant option is option (d).

The force created by gases in the lungs' alveoli during respiration is known as intrapulmonary pressure. In other terms, it is the intra alveolar pressure, which is the pressure inside the lungs. The intrapulmonary pressure equalizes to the atmospheric pressure at sea level, which is 760 mmHg, between breaths. As a result, when speaking of respiratory pressures, this typically refers to zero. Thoracic cavity capacity rises and falls during inspiration, lowering intrapulmonary pressure below 760 mmHg. There is a downward pressure here. As a result, according to the principles of pressure, air enters the lungs in accordance with the pressure gradient that is formed (high to low pressure).

In the absence of inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure equals ambient pressure (760 mmHg). The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during expiration, while the intrapulmonary pressure rises over 760 mmHg. As a result, air leaves the lung following the pressure gradient. When the process of expiration finishes, intrapulmonary pressure equals air pressure (760 mmHg). The intrapulmonary pressure consequently usually drops to zero at the end of each cycle.

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The complete question is mentioned below :

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?

a. atmospheric pressure

b. intrapleural pressure

c. transpulmonary pressure

d. intrapulmonary pressure

The ideal choice is Discomformity In general, when discussing the geologic location of stone layers and sediment.

The divergences in the formation of rock layers are then studied by geologists, who have discovered that there are various types, most of which are impacted by erosion and irregularities in the rock-deposition process and may eventually result in the division of layers or strata of various ages or affect their continuity. Unconformity is what this is. Discomformity is specifically a sort of unconformity in which there is a break in the predicted rock deposition between two parallel layers of sedimentary rock that are of different ages.

The question is incomplete the complete question is given here:

Step 2 in figure 5 is a Light blue layer (wall shape) Red intrusion

Blue layer (wall shape with circle) . what is it called?

Angular unconformity

Disconformity

Fold

Yellow with dots layer

Green with dashes layer

Nonconformity

Wavy lined purple

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No, because as he moved forward, he smelled the lion and quickly fled deeper into the forest, they were unable to slaughter a herd of cows and consume them for food.

The bear and the dog set out in search of a herd of cows. They wanted to eat a cow, but a terrible noise stopped them.

The bear informed the dog that the lion ruled the area's forest and was the world's strongest animal.He said so in light of the fact that a crowd of cows came by the voice and began running in alarm every which way.

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This is a false statement as changes in the characteristics of a population such as race or age are very much relevant to the analysis of an industry's macroenvironment.

Macro environment analysis is the process by which a company's management team that studies and enables themselves to analyze and identify prospective opportunities and risks that might impact the business in a positive manner. The goal is to prepare a backup plan in advance with all the information that assists them in making various important decisions.

There are different methods of macro environmental analysis. They are: political, economical, social,  cultural, and technological among others.

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Because the spiral arms are where the gas clouds are compressed to form stars, star formation takes place there. The spiral outline is enhanced by the extremely bright, transiting O and B-stars and H II regions surrounding them.

One of the four basic states of matter is gas. Individual atoms, elemental molecules derived from a single type of atom, or complex molecules derived from a number of atoms can all be found in a pure gas. A variety of pure gases are present in a gas mixture such as air.

Gravity is pushing gas and dust to produce stars more quickly in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies than in other regions of the spiral galaxy. This explains why spiral arms of spiral galaxies tend to have more star-forming regions and open clusters of young stars than other regions.

Therefore, Because the spiral arms are where the gases clouds are compressed to form stars,

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