To maximize conversion in a reversible exothermic reaction, the reaction temperature profile should be designed to drive the reaction towards completion while avoiding excessive temperature increase.
This can be done by starting the reaction at a low temperature and gradually increasing the temperature to drive the reaction forward. Once the maximum conversion is achieved, the temperature should be carefully controlled to prevent excessive heat generation, which can drive the reaction in the reverse direction. A conversion-temperature plot can be used to optimize this temperature profile by plotting conversion against temperature and determining the temperature at which maximum conversion occurs. By using this information, the optimal temperature profile can be determined to maximize conversion in a batch reactor. To maximize conversion in a reversible exothermic reaction, the reaction temperature profile should be designed to drive the reaction towards completion while avoiding excessive temperature increase.
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at which temperature will hg l and hg s reach equilibrium
Temperature at which Hg (l) and Hg (s) reach equilibrium is 234 K.
Equilibrium temperature is defined as the condition under which two substances in physical contact with each other exchange no heat energy. Two substances are said to be in thermal equilibrium at the same temperature. A hypothetical water temperature at which the net heat flux is zero is defined as the Equilibrium water.
Temperature at which liquid Hg will convert to solid Hg at atmospheric pressure is melting point of Hg which is -39 C = -39 + 273 K = 234 K.
Hence, the equilibrium temperature of Hg is 234K.
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Select the TRUE statements below regarding Friedel-Crafts reactions. a. Friedel- Crafts reactions are sensitive to the presence of electron-withdrawing groups on the benzene ring. Friedel-Crafts reactions give poor yields when a strong or moderately deactivating substituent is present on the benzene ring. b. The use of a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group on the benzene ring results in a better yield because the Lewis acid used in the Friedel-Crafts reaction reacts with the lone pair on the nitrogen atom to form an adduct and these substances are strong activators toward EAS reactions. c. Aryl and vinyl halides do not readily form carbocations and are not used in Friedel-Crafts reactions. d. Polyalkylations are worrisome in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. An alkyl group is an activator, and when one alkyl group has been placed onto a benzene ring, this activates the ring for further alkylations. e. Polysubstitutions are a problem in the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. The acyl group is a deactivator toward EAS and does not promote a further acylation of the benzene ring.
Regarding Friedel-Crafts reactions, statements in options a and d are accurate.
In order to attach substituents to an aromatic ring, Charles Friedel and James Crafts created a series of reactions in 1877 known as the Friedel-Crafts reactions.Alkylation reactions and acylation reactions are the two primary categories of Friedel-Crafts processes. Both work by substituting electrophilic aromatics.
a.Friedel- Crafts reactions are sensitive to the presence of electron-withdrawing groups on the benzene ring. Friedel-Crafts reactions give poor yields when a strong or moderately deactivating substituent is present on the benzene ring.
d.Polyalkylations are worrisome in the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. An alkyl group is an activator, and when one alkyl group has been placed onto a benzene ring, this activates the ring for further alkylations.
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Which one of the following isn't true about IR spectroscopy?
A) Some peaks are ambiguous
B) It is useful to detect functional group
C) Small amount of sample is required
D) Elucidating full structure with IR alone may be difficult.
E) IR absorptions are caused by electron excitation.
F) None of the above.
Option E IR absorptions are caused by electron excitation isn't true about IR spectroscopy.
IR absorptions are caused by changes in the vibrational energy of bonds in a molecule, not by electron excitation. This means that IR spectroscopy is based on the measurement of the absorption of infrared light by a sample, not on the excitation of electrons.
IR spectroscopy, or Infrared spectroscopy, is a type of vibrational spectroscopy that measures the vibrations of bonds between atoms in a molecule, it is used to identify and quantify the composition of a sample by analyzing the absorption or transmission of infrared light through the sample.
By analyzing the pattern of IR absorptions, it is possible to identify the functional groups and the chemical composition of a sample, which can provide valuable information about its structure and properties.
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identify the following compounds as ionic (i) or covalent (c)
a) CO2
b) FeCl3
c) LiBr
d) C2H4
e) NaCl
f) SO3
g) KCl
h) P2O5
CO2 - Covalent
FeCl3 - Ionic
LiBr - Ionic
C2H4 - Covalent
NaCl - Ionic
SO3 - Covalent
KCl - ionic
P2O5 - Covelent
What are ionic compounds?Ionic compounds are compounds consisting of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions) held together by ionic bonds. They typically have high melting and boiling points, are crystalline solids at room temperature, and are good conductors of electricity when dissolved in water or melted.
The covalent compounds on the other had are not made up of the ions and they are the ones that are not soluble in water.
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What is the only state of matter that can be condensed? A. Solid B. Gas C. Liquid D. Plasma
The state of matter that can be condensed is the correct option is A) Solid.
The states of matter are as follows :
A. Solid
B. Gas
C. Liquid
D. Plasma
Out which the two are considered as the condensed state of the matter which are solid ad the liquid. The solid have the fixed volume and the fixed shape. The liquid have a fixed volume but do not have the fixed shape.
The condensed state of the matter is where the state in which atoms or the molecules are very close to each other. Therefore, the solid is state where the atoms or molecules are very close to each other.
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the pressure (in atm) exerted by 4.24g of helium gas, he, at 10.0°c when placed in a 470. ml container
The pressure exerted by 4.24 g of helium gas, He, at 10.0 °C when placed in a 470. ml container is 26.1 atm.
The ideal gas equation is :
P V = n R T
p = n R T / V
where,
P = pressure of the gas
V = volume of the gas = 0.470 L
n = moles
R = gas constant
T = temperature = 10 °C = 283 K
The moles of the He = mass / molar mass
= 4.24 / 8
= 0.53 mol
Therefore, the pressure is :
P = n R T / V
P = ( 0.53 × 0.082 × 283 ) / 0.470
P = 26.1 atm
Thus, The pressure is 26.1 atm.
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which piece of evidence best supports charles's law?
1. A graph relating pressure and volume
2. A Graph relating pressure and quantity
3. A Graph relating temperature and volume
4. A Graph relating temperature and pressure
Charles' Law asserts that, with constant pressure, the volume of a gas is precisely proportional to its temperature. The goal of this experiment might be to demonstrate that a gas's volume grows with temperature by measuring the volume of the gas at various temperatures.
Simply put, what is Charles law?According to Charles' Law, for a given mass of gas under a constant pressure, the volume changes in direct proportion to the absolute temperature of the gas. The Kelvin scale is used to measure temperature in absolute terms.
How does Charles law at constant volume work?According to Charles' law, an ideal gas's volume under constant pressure is precisely proportional to its absolute temperature. Additionally, the law specifies the Kelvin temperature.
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a reaction has a rate law of rate = (1.25 m⁻²s⁻¹)[a][b]². what concentration of [b] would give the reaction a rate of 0.0891 m/s if the concentration of [a] is 0.250 m?
The reaction has a rate law of the rate = (1.25 m⁻²s⁻¹)[A][B]². The concentration of [B] will give the reaction of rate of 0.0891 m/s if the concentration of [A] is 0.250 M is [B] is 0.52 M.
The concentration of [A] = 0.250
The Rate = (1.25 m⁻²s⁻¹)[A][B]²
By solving the equation , we get :
0.0857 = 1.25 [A] [B]²
0.0857 = 1.25 × 0.250 × [B]²
0.0857 = 0.3125 [B]²
[B]² = 0.27424
[B] = 0.52 M
Thus, the concentration of the [B] is 0.52 M with the reaction has a rate law of rate = (1.25 m⁻²s⁻¹)[A][B]².
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a 0.20 m sodium chlorobenzoate (nac7h4clo2) solution has a ph of 8.65. calculate the ph of a 0.20 m chlorobenzoic acid (hc7h4clo2) solution.
A 0.20 m sodium chlorobenzoate ([tex]NaC7H4ClO2[/tex]) solution has a pH of 8.65 the pH of a 0.20 m chloro-benzoic acid ([tex]HC7H4ClO2[/tex]) solution is 2.35
Given the concentration of sodium chlorobenzoate (M) = 0.2M
The pH of sodium chlorobenzoate ([tex]NaC7H4ClO2[/tex]) solution = 8.65
The pOH of the solution = 5.35
The concentration of chloro-benzoic acid ([tex]HC7H4ClO2[/tex]) solution = 0.2
The pH of chloro-benzoic acid ([tex]HC7H4ClO2[/tex]) solution = P
From the pH the ([tex]NaC7H4ClO2[/tex]) is a weak base, so determine the Ka for C7H4ClO2. Then, [OH-]= 10^-5.35 = 4.5 * 10^-4M = x
Kb = (x)^2/(0.2 - x) = (4.5 * 10^-4)^2/(0.2- 4.5 * 10^-4) = 1 * 10^-10
The chloro-benzoic acid is a weak acid such that ka = kw/kb = 10^-14/10^-10 = 10^-4
Then, (x)^2/(0.2 - x) = 10^-4
x = [H+] = 4.5 * 10^-2M
pH = 2.35
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sylvanite is a mineral that contains 28.0 % gold by mass. how much sylvanite would you need to dig up to obtain 95.0 g of gold? express your answer with the appropriate units.
To obtain 95.0 g of gold from sylvanite, we would need to dig up 343.75 g of sylvanite.
To obtain 95.0 g of gold from sylvanite, we would need to dig up 343.75 g of sylvanite, since 28.0 % of the sylvanite is gold. To calculate this, we would need to use the following equation:
95.0 g Gold = (100.0 g Sylvanite)(0.28)
Rearranging the equation to solve for the mass of Sylvanite, we get:
100.0 g Sylvanite = (95.0 g Gold)/(0.28)
Solving for the mass of Sylvanite, we get 343.75 g Sylvanite. Therefore, to obtain 95.0 g of gold from sylvanite, we would need to dig up 343.75 g of sylvanite. The units for this answer are therefore 343.75g Sylvanite.
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Choose the one best response for why you discard clean broken glassware, melting point capillaries, pipets or glass test tubes in the broken glass box and not in the regular trash can.
(a) Glassware may still contain chemicals that need to be disposed of properly.
(b) The stockroom cannot charge for broken glassware if it is discarded in the regular trash.
(c) Potential injuries could occur to the janitorial staff if the broken glassware is not seen.
The one best response for the discard clean broken glassware, melting point capillaries is the option (c) Potential injuries could occur to the janitorial staff if the broken glassware is not seen.
It is very danger to throw out the broken glassware away that has been in the touch with the chemical products in a regular garbage or the recycling containers. This is dangerous because of it can lead to the serious injuries if the worker that collects it from the trash and it is not aware of the presence of the broken glass in the garbage bin.
Thus, Potential injuries can occur to the janitorial staff if the broken glassware is not seen.
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What volume of 0.4163M barium chloride will react completely with(a) 12.45 mL of 1.732M sulfuric acid?(b) 15.00 g of ammonium phosphate?(c) 35.15 mL of 1.28M potassium carbonate?
Answer:
Explanation:The equation for the reaction between barium chloride and sulfuric acid is:
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) -> BaSO4(s) + 2HCl(aq)
(a) Using the equation, we can calculate the number of moles of barium chloride and sulfuric acid:
n(BaCl2) = 0.04163 * 12.45 mL = 0.5138 mol
n(H2SO4) = 1.732 * 15.00 mL = 0.2601 mol
Since the ratio of barium chloride to sulfuric acid is 1:2, the limiting reagent (the reagent that determines the amount of product formed) is the sulfuric acid. The maximum amount of barium sulfate that can be formed is equal to the amount of sulfuric acid used, which is 0.2601 mol.
(b) To find the amount of barium chloride required to react with ammonium phosphate, we need to write the balanced equation for the reaction. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between barium chloride and ammonium phosphate is not known.
(c) The equation for the reaction between barium chloride and potassium carbonate is:
BaCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) -> BaCO3(s) + 2KCl(aq)
Using the equation, we can calculate the number of moles of barium chloride and potassium carbonate:
n(BaCl2) = 0.04163 * 35.15 mL = 1.4506 mol
n(K2CO3) = 1.28 * 35.15 mL = 0.4536 mol
Since the ratio of barium chloride to potassium carbonate is 1:2, the limiting reagent (the reagent that determines the amount of product formed) is the potassium carbonate. The maximum amount of barium carbonate that can be formed is equal to half the amount of potassium carbonate used, which is 0.4536/2 = 0.2268 mol.
The volume of barium chloride is :
(a) 12.45 mL of 1.732 M sulfuric acid is 0.050 L.
(b) 15.00 g of the ammonium phosphate is 0.027 L.
(c) 35.15 mL of 1.28M the potassium carbonate is 0.018 L.
The molarity of the barium chloride = 0.4163 M
(a) The volume of sulfuric acid = 12.45 mL = 0.01245 L
The molarity = 1.732 M
Moles = molarity × volume
= 1.732 × 0.01245
= 0.021 mol
The volume of the BaCl₂ = moles / molarity
= 0.021 / 0.4163
= 0.050 L
(b) 3BaCl₂ + 2(NH₄)₃PO₄ ----> Ba(PO₄)₂ + 6NH₄Cl
The mass of the ammonium phosphate = 15 g
The moles of ammonium phosphate = 15 / 149
= 0.100 mol
Moles of (NH₄)₃PO₄ = (2/3) 0.100
= 0.066
The volume of the BaCl₂ = 0.066 × 0.4163
= 0.027 L
(c) The moles of the potassium carbonate = 0.03515 × 1.28
= 0.044 mol
The volume of the BaCl₂ = moles / volume
= 0.044 / 0.4163
= 0.018 L.
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at which altitude can the ow regime be considered to roughly change between continuum and slip-ow?
The change between continuum and slip-flow regimes in atmospheric boundary layer can occur at an altitude of around 10 meters above the surface.
In the atmospheric boundary layer, the change from continuum to slip-flow regime occurs as the height above the surface increases to 10 meters. At this height, the atmospheric boundary layer is still considered to be in the continuum regime, but the influence of the roughness elements on the surface becomes significant, leading to a transition to the slip-flow regime.
This transition is an important consideration for atmospheric boundary layer modeling and for understanding the atmospheric boundary layer structure and turbulence.
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do tetroprotic acids exist
Yes, tetraprotic acids do exist. An example of a tetraprotic acid is Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
Acids are majorly monoprotic, diprotic and triprotic depending on the amount of hydrogen ions they produce in water. Monoprotic acids produce a single hydrogen ion when they are dissolved in water. For example, hydrochloric acid. Diprotic acids produce two hydrogen atoms when they are dissolved in water. For example, sulphuric acid.
Similarly, triprotic acids release three hydrogen when dissolved in water. An example of triprotic acids is phosphoric acid. Tetraprotic acids also exist. EDTA is an example of a tetraprotic acid.
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Determine the mass of iron(II) hydroxide produced if 279 g Fe and 733.6 g NiO(OH) react.
sum all the atomic mass of the constituent atoms
How do you compute a reaction’s molar mass?To determine the molar mass of a compound containing many atoms, add all of the constituent atoms’ atomic masses. For example, the molar mass of NaCl may be computed by first determining the atomic masses of sodium (22.99 g/mol) and chlorine (35.45 g/mol) and then combining them.
Multiply the atomic weight of each element (from the periodic table) by the number of atoms of that element in the compound. 3. Add everything together and include the units of grams/mole after the number. Many (but not all) difficulties can be solved by simply rounding the atomic weights and molar masses to the closest 0.1 g/mole.
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a strong oxidizing agent increasingly being used as a disinfectant and sterilant for treating drinking water, wastewater, and swimming pools is
A strong oxidizing agent increasingly being used as a disinfectant and sterilant for treating drinking water, wastewater, and swimming pools is chlorine dioxide.
What is oxidizing agent?An oxidizing agent is a substance that obtains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing agent in a redox chemical process. An oxidizer, in other terms, is any substance that oxidizes another material. An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidizer or an oxidant) is a chemical species that tends to oxidize other substances, causing them to lose electrons and hence raise their oxidation state. Oxidating agents are often known as oxidants or oxidisers. Hydrogen peroxide, ozone, oxygen, potassium nitrate, and nitric acid are all oxidizing chemicals. Each and every halogen is an oxidizing agent (e.g., chlorine, bromine, fluorine).
Here,
Chlorine dioxide is a powerful oxidizing agent that is increasingly being utilized as a disinfectant and sterilant in the treatment of drinking water, wastewater, and swimming pools.
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which isomer of pentane has the lowest boiling point
The isomer of pentane which has the lowest boiling point is neo-pentane as it has a lower surface area due to its branched chain.
Pentane is an alkane which consists of five carbon atoms bound by single bonds. Pentane has three isomers namely n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane. Among these three isomers, neo-pentane has the lowest boiling point.
The boiling point of a particular alkane depends on the surface area of the molecule, that is, the higher the surface is, the higher will be the boiling point of that alkane. The branched-chain isomer of an alkane will have a lower surface area as compared to its straight-chain isomer and therefore the branched-chain isomer of the alkane will possess a lower boiling point than its straight-chain isomer.
Hence, we can say that the higher the number of branches, lower is the boiling point. Neo-pentane has the lowest boiling point among all the isomers of pentane.
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in an experiment with 1m ch4, 2m h2s, 1mcs2, and 2mh2, if ch4 is 1.39 m at equilibrium, what are the concentrations of the other substances?
Generally, Equilibrium is defined as a state in which opposing forces or actions are balanced so that one is not stronger or greater than the other.
Concentration of CH₄ = 1.39
So X here is = -1.39 + 4 = 2.61
So concentration of,
H₂S = 8 - 2 × (2.61) = - 2. 78 M
Cs₂ = 4 - 2.61 = 1.39 M
H₂ = 8 - 4 (2.61) = -2.44 M
Concentration is defined as the amount of a substance, such as a salt, that is in a certain amount of tissue or liquid, such as blood. When less water is present in a substance it usually becomes more concentrated.
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select all the statements that correctly explain why ketones are less reactive than aldehydes
The statements that are correct is : D) Both (a) Ketones are more sterically hindered and (b) Ketones are less electron deficient due to donation from the two alkyl groups.
The statements that are correctly explain the reason that the ketones are less reactive than aldehydes .
(a) Ketones are the more sterically hindered and
(b) Ketones are less electron deficient due to the donation from the two alkyl groups.
The presence of the two alkyl groups on the both sides of the carbonyl (C=O) group will sterically hinders the C atom that will decreases the rate of the reaction of ketones.
This question is incomplete, the complete question is :
select all the statements that correctly explain why ketones are less reactive than aldehydes.
A) Ketones are more sterically hindered.
B) Ketones are less electron deficient due to donation from the two alkyl groups.
C) The statement is false; Ketones are more reactive than aldehydes.
D) Both (a) Ketones are more sterically hindered and (b) Ketones are less electron deficient due to donation from the two alkyl groups.
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cesium-139 undergoes radioactive decay by one mode and generates barium-139. what mode of decay is consistent with this product?
The product's beta decay mode is consistent.
Cesium-139 decays by beta decay to either the radioactive isotope of stable barium-139 or to barium-139m, which is a meta-stable form of barium with a half-life of roughly 30 years.
In the environment, cesium-139 decays by releasing beta particles. As mentioned earlier, barium-139m is the short-lived decay product of cesium-139. The latter isotope gives out moderately energetic gamma radiation, which afterwards transforms into a stable form of barium.
C degrades through a process known as beta decay. One of the neutrons which are in the carbon atom turns into a proton during this process, which results in the decay of a carbon atom into a nitrogen atom. By adding one more proton to the atom, this results in the formation of a nitrogen atom rather than a carbon atom.
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write a net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid and barium hydroxide.
This reaction can be written as:
HF(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → BaF2(s) + H2O(l)
The net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and barium hydroxide
(Ba(OH)2) is : HF + Ba(OH)2 → BaF2 + H2O.
The net ionic equation for the reaction is:
HF + Ba(OH)2 → BaF2 + H2O
Chemically, this reaction can be written as:
HF(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → BaF2(s) + H2O(l)
An ionic equation is a chemical equation that describes the movement of ions in a chemical reaction. In an ionic equation, charged ions are represented by their chemical symbols and charges. Neutral molecules are represented by their chemical formulas.
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Find the number of moles of calcium chloride required to react with 350 grams of silver nitrate - Really looking for a well written explanation with steps
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) react to form calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and silver chloride (AgCl) according to the following balanced equation:
CaCl2 + AgNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + AgCl
In order to find the number of moles of calcium chloride required to react with 350 grams of silver nitrate, we can use the concept of stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships between the reactants and products in a chemical reaction. By using the balanced equation and molar masses of the reactants and products, we can calculate the number of moles of one substance required to react with a certain number of moles of another substance.
Here's the step by step process:
Determine the molar mass of silver nitrate (AgNO3). The molar mass of AgNO3 is 169.87 grams/mole.
Convert the given mass of silver nitrate to moles. To do this, divide the mass by the molar mass:
350 grams AgNO3 / 169.87 grams/mole = 2.05 moles AgNO3
Use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the number of moles of calcium chloride required to react with 2.05 moles of silver nitrate. The coefficients in the balanced equation indicate the molar ratios between the reactants and products. In this case, the coefficients are 1:1, meaning that for every 1 mole of calcium chloride that reacts, 1 mole of silver nitrate also reacts. Therefore, the number of moles of calcium chloride required is 2.05 moles.
In conclusion, to react with 350 grams of silver nitrate, we need 2.05 moles of calcium chloride.
How many Liters of Oxygen gas is used from 45.3g of MnO3?
Liters of Oxygen = 11.5 liters of Oxygen gas produced from 45.3g of MnO3.
What is oxygen gas?Oxygen gas (O2) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is essential for life on Earth. It makes up about 21% of the air we breathe and is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere. Oxygen gas is highly reactive and participates in many chemical reactions, including combustion and respiration. In combustion, oxygen gas combines with other elements such as carbon, hydrogen, and other compounds to form oxides and release energy as heat. In respiration, oxygen gas is used by cells to produce energy.
Manganese trioxide (MnO3) is an inorganic compound composed of manganese and oxygen atoms. When MnO3 is heated, it will produce oxygen gas. The amount of oxygen gas produced from 45.3g of MnO3 can be calculated using the following equation:
Moles of Oxygen = 45.3g/Molecular Weight of MnO3
Molecular Weight of MnO3 = 87.9g/mol
Moles of Oxygen = 0.517 mol
Liters of Oxygen = 0.517 mol x 22.4 L/mol
Liters of Oxygen = 11.5 liters of Oxygen gas produced from 45.3g of MnO3.
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3ni decays by a first-order process via the emission of a beta particle. the 63ni isotope has a half-life of 100. years. how long will it take for 85% of the nickel to undergo decay?
It takes 273.75 years for 85% of the nickel to undergo decay.
100 years is the half-life, or t1/2.
initially 100% of the concentration, [A]o
Final concentration [A] = 15% (after decay of 85%)
Time = ?
It is stated that a first-order reaction's half life is;
t1/2 = ln (2) / k
k = ln(2) / 100
k = 0.00693y⁻¹
As follows is the integral rate law for first order reactions:
ln(A) = ln(A]o kt
kt = ln[A]
o - ln[A]
(ln[A]o - ln[A]) / k
t = [ln(100) - ln(15)] /0.00693
t = 1.897 / 0.00693
t = 273.75 years
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When water or any liquid i poured into a beaker and then more i added, will it DENSITY increae?
Be ure to add an EXPLANATION entence to your repone
When water or any liquid is poured into a beaker and then more is added, density will remain the same for any volume of water.
Density is defined as how much space an object or substance takes up (its volume) in relation to the amount of matter in that object or substance (its mass). The other way to put it is that density is the amount of mass per unit of volume.
The formula for density is given as,
Density = Mass / Volume
S.I. unit of mass is kg and S.I. unit of volume is m³. Hence, S.I. unit of density is given as kg / m³.
The density for any liquid is always fixed for any volume as it is a characteristic property of liquid.
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A student uses 2.80g of iron to make 12.5g of hydrated iron(ii) sulfate crystals. this is a 90% yeild.
calculate the mass of hydrated iron (ii) sulfate crystals made from 2.8g of iron if the yeild is 100%.
Answer:
2.52g
Explanation:
2.8g ÷ 100 = 0.028 x 90 = 2.52g
According to percent yield concept, 3.11 grams of hydrated iron (ii) sulfate crystals are made from 2.8 g of iron if the yield is 100%.
What is percent yield?Percent yield is defined as the ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield multiplied by 100. If the actual and theoretical yield are same then the percent yield is 100%.If actual yield is less than the theoretical yield then the percent yield is less than 100%.Reason of this condition arising is the incompletion of reaction or loss of sample during recovery process.
In cases where percent yield is over 100% it indicates that more sample is recovered than the predicted amount.This condition arises when there are other simultaneous reactions taking place leading to the formation of product. It can also arise if there is incomplete removal of impurities from the sample .
If 2.80 g is 90% yield than for 100 % yield 2.80×100/90=3.11 g of iron (II) sulfate is needed.
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How many resonance structures are possible for ozone O3?
Two primary resonance structures are possible for ozone O3. This apply equally to the molecule's total hybrid structure.
A resonance structure: what is it?Resonance structures are arrays of Lewis structures that explain how the electrons in a polyatomic ion or molecule become delocalized. Because molecules and polyatomic ions generally have partial charges and fractional bonds, a single Lewis structure typically falls short of explaining the bonding in a molecule or polyatomic ion.
What function do resonance structures serve?They are utilized when there are number of aspects for lone pairs and double bonds on an atom. When there are numerous ways to create a Lewis dot diagram that meets the octet rule, resonance structures develop.
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solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to remove the carbon dioxide gas exhaled by astronauts. the hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form solid lithium carbonate and liquid water. how many pounds (2.2 pounds per kilogram, 1000 grams per kilogram) of lithium hydroxide must be on board for three astronauts to spend 7 days in space, assuming each astronaut produces 1.1 kilograms of carbon dioxide per day? assume the reaction has a 100% yield.
3.794 lbs of LiOH must be on board for the three astronauts to spend 7 days in space.
First, let's calculate the total amount of CO2 produced by the three astronauts in 7 days:
1.1 kg/astronaut * 3 astronauts = 3.3 kg CO2 produced in 7 days
Next, let's find the moles of CO2 produced:
3.3 kg CO2 * 1000 g/kg = 3300 g CO2
1 mole of CO2 weighs 44 g, so:
3300 g / 44 g/mol = 75 moles CO2
The balanced equation for the reaction of LiOH with CO2 is:
LiOH + CO2 -> Li2CO3 + H2O
For every mole of CO2, 1 mole of LiOH is required, so:
75 moles LiOH needed
Finally, to find the weight in pounds, we need to convert moles to grams and then to pounds:
75 moles * 23 g/mol = 1725 g
1725 g / 1000 g/kg = 1.725 kg
1.725 kg * 2.2 lb/kg = 3.794 lbs of LiOH needed for the reaction.
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which of the following best describe lineation? multiple select question. it may be due to elongated mineral crystals that grow in linear orientation. it is the same thing as cleavage. it is the same as gneissic foliation. it can form under ductile shearing. stretched-out mineral crystals may show lineation.
Lineation is best described as an orientation of elongated mineral crystals that grow in a linear orientation.
It is the same as cleavage and gneissic foliation, and can form under ductile shearing. Stretched-out mineral crystals may also show lineation.
Lineation occurs when mineral crystals are stretched out in a linear orientation due to forces such as tectonic plate movement and regional metamorphism. This stretching can cause foliation, which is the alignment of mineral grains. Lineation is usually seen in metamorphic rocks such as schist, gneiss and slate, but can also be observed in igneous rocks.
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the atomic masses of 79br and 81br are 78.918336 and 80.916290 amu, respectively. the average atomic mass of bromine is 79.904 amu. calculate the natural abundances of these two isotopes.
The natural abundance of 79Br is 98.89% and the natural abundance of 81Br is 101.11%.
Atomic masses are the weights of individual atoms in atomic mass units (amu). Bromine is a chemical element with two stable isotopes: 79Br and 81Br.
The average atomic mass of bromine is calculated as the weighted average of the atomic masses of its isotopes, taking into account their natural abundances.
The natural abundance of an isotope can be calculated using the formula:
Abundance = (Atomic mass of isotope / Average atomic mass) * 100%
For 79Br:
Abundance = (78.918336 amu / 79.904 amu) * 100% = 98.89%
For 81Br:
Abundance = (80.916290 amu / 79.904 amu) * 100% = 101.11%
So, the natural abundance of 79Br is 98.89% and the natural abundance of 81Br is 101.11%.
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