Within most of the temperature range that we find liquid water on earth, what happens to the density of that water as its temperature decreases?

Based on the results obtained in the table, the validity of the hypotheses is as follows:

Electrolysis is the process of breaking down ionic compounds into their component parts by passing a direct electric current through the compound in its fluid state.

At the cathode, the cations are reduced, while at the anode, the anions are oxidized.  Electrolysis requires an electrolyte, electrodes, and a power source from outside.

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Answer:

127,236 kj of heat

Explanation:

This is the final answer

The completed table is provided below, based on the mole ratio from the equation of reaction:

The ratio of the mole quantities of any two compounds present in a balanced chemical reaction is known as the mole ratio.

A comparison of the ratios of the molecules required to accomplish the reaction is given by the balancing chemical equation.

In many chemical reactions, mole ratios are used as conversion factors between products and reactants.

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An enzyme inhibitor can slow down the action of an enzyme without binding to the active site by binding to a different site on the enzyme molecule.

This type of inhibitor is called an allosteric inhibitor. When an allosteric inhibitor binds to the enzyme, it causes a conformational change in the enzyme's shape that alters the active site, making it less effective at catalyzing its reaction. This slows down the enzyme's activity and reduces its efficiency. Allosteric inhibitors are important in regulating enzyme activity in many metabolic pathways.

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The molar solubility of thallium chloride in 0.40 M NaCl at 25°C is 6.8 × 10⁻⁵ M. Therefore, option A is correct

The balanced equation for the dissociation of thallium chloride (TlCl) is:

TlCl (s) ↔ Tl⁺ (aq) + Cl⁻ (aq)

The solubility product constant (Ksp) expression for TlCl is:

[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = [Tl⁺][Cl⁻]

Since NaCl is also present, the contribution of chloride ions (Cl⁻) from both TlCl and NaCl.

Let's assume the molar solubility of TlCl in the presence of 0.40 M NaCl is "x" mol/L.

The concentration of chloride ions from TlCl is also "x" mol/L.

The concentration of chloride ions from NaCl is 0.40 M.

Therefore, the total concentration of chloride ion is:

[tex][Cl^{-}]_{total}[/tex] = [Cl⁻] from TlCl + [Cl⁻] from NaCl

= x + 0.40

Now, the [tex]K{sp}[/tex] expression using the concentrations in terms of "x":

Ksp = [Tl⁺][Cl⁻]

= x × (x + 0.40)

Given that the [tex]K_{sp}[/tex] for TlCl is 1.7 × 10⁻⁴,

1.7 × 10⁻⁴ = x × (x + 0.40)

x² + 0.40x - 1.7 × 10⁻⁴ = 0

Use the quadratic formula to solve for "x":

x = (-0.40 ± [tex]\sqrt(0.40^{2} - 4(1)(-1.7 * 10^ {-4})[/tex])) / (2(1))

After calculating, two possible values for "x":

x = 6.8 × 10⁻⁵ M and

x = -2.4 × 10⁻¹ M.

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Molybdenum-100 absorbs a neutron to become molybdenum-101, which then undergoes beta decay to form technetium-101.

The neutron activation of molybdenum to produce technetium. Here is the process using the correct isotopes:

¹⁰₀Mo (98 neutrons, 42 protons) + ¹n (1 neutron, 0 protons) -> ¹⁰₁Mo (99 neutrons, 42 protons)

¹⁰₁Mo then undergoes beta decay to produce the desired technetium isotope:

¹⁰₁Mo -> ¹⁰¹Tc (99 neutrons, 43 protons) + 0₁e (electron or beta particle)

So, the overall reaction can be summarized as:

¹⁰₀Mo + ¹n -> ¹⁰¹Tc + 0₁e

In this process, molybdenum-100 absorbs a neutron to become molybdenum-101, which then undergoes beta decay to form technetium-101.

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The answer is E) sulfur-sulfur bonds.All of the following are non-covalent interactions important in maintaining the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary aspects of amino acids except sulfur-sulfur bonds. The other interactions include:

A) Hydrophobic interactions between R groups: These interactions occur between nonpolar side chains, which tend to cluster together, minimizing contact with water.

B) Hydrogen bonding between R groups: These bonds can form between polar side chains and help stabilize the protein's structure.

C) Hydrogen bonding along the backbone: This type of bonding occurs between the carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen in the peptide bond, and it contributes to secondary structures such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

D) Salt bridges between R groups: These interactions occur between oppositely charged side chains and can help stabilize a protein's tertiary structure.

E) Sulfur-sulfur bonds, also known as disulfide bonds, are covalent interactions between cysteine residues in a protein, which help maintain the tertiary structure. These bonds are not non-covalent interactions like the others listed above.

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Cyclic esters are called lactones. The naming process involves a series of steps like identification, replacement of ic or oic acid with olactone ,etc.

For naming cyclic esters, follow these steps:
1. Identify the parent carboxylic acid from which the lactone is derived (the one that would form if the lactone was hydrolysed).
2. Replace the "-ic acid" suffix with "-olactone" or the "-oic acid" suffix with "-olactone."
3. If there are any substituents on the lactone ring, use the carbonyl carbon as the first position (C-1) and number the remaining carbons in the ring accordingly. Name the substituents using standard IUPAC nomenclature rules.
4. Combine the substituent names, the parent carboxylic acid name, and the "-olactone" suffix to form the complete lactone name.

For example, if the parent carboxylic acid is butyric acid, the corresponding lactone would be called γ-butyrolactone.

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The standard Gibb’s Free Energy for the reaction [tex]Ag_2O[/tex] (s) + 2 [tex]HNO_3[/tex] (aq) → 2 [tex]AgNO_3[/tex] (s) + [tex]H_2O[/tex] (l) is -508.46 kJ/mol.

To calculate the standard Gibbs free energy change, we need to use the following equation:

ΔG° = ΣnΔGf°(products) - ΣnΔGf°(reactants)

where ΔGf° is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of the compound and n is the stoichiometric coefficient of the compound in the balanced chemical equation.

We can look up the values of ΔGf° for each compound involved in the reaction and plug them into the equation:

[tex]Ag_2O[/tex] (s): ΔGf° = -31.05 kJ/mol

[tex]HNO_3[/tex] (aq): ΔGf° = -207.13 kJ/mol

[tex]AgNO_3[/tex] (s): ΔGf° = -124.64 kJ/mol

[tex]H_2O[/tex] (l): ΔGf° = -237.13 kJ/mol

Note that the standard Gibbs free energy of the formation of elements in their standard state is zero.

Using the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced chemical equation, we have:

ΔG° = (2 mol)(-124.64 kJ/mol) + (1 mol)(-237.13 kJ/mol) - (1 mol)(-31.05 kJ/mol) - (2 mol)(-207.13 kJ/mol)

ΔG° = -508.46 kJ/mol

Therefore, the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction is -508.46 kJ/mol.

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The amount of CO2 dissolved in water can be calculated using Henry's Law, which states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

The equation for Henry's Law is:C = kH * P

where C is the concentration of the gas in the liquid (in mol/L), kH is the Henry's Law constant (in bar), and P is the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid (in bar).

We can convert the pressure used in the carbonation process from bar to atm (atmospheres) by dividing by the conversion factor of 1.01325 bar/atm:

P = 3.4 bar / 1.01325 bar/atm = 3.352 atm

We can then use Henry's Law to calculate the concentration of CO2 in the water:

C = kH * P = (1.65 * 10^3 bar) * (3.352 atm) = 5.53 mol/L

To convert this to grams of CO2 per liter of water, we need to multiply by the molar mass of CO2 (44.01 g/mol) and density of water (998 kg/m^3 or 0.998 g/mL):

5.53 mol/L * 44.01 g/mol * 0.998 g/mL = 244 g/L

Therefore, the amount of CO2 dissolved in a 1.00 L bottle of carbonated water at 298 K is 244 grams.

There are 246 grams of CO₂ dissolved in the 1.00 L bottle of carbonated water.

The amount of CO₂ dissolved in water can be calculated using Henry's Law, which states that the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid. The Henry's Law constant for CO₂ in water at 298 K is 1.65 x [tex]10^3[/tex] bar.

The equation for Henry's Law is:

C = k * P

where C is the concentration of the gas in the liquid (in mol/L), k is the Henry's Law constant (in bar), and P is the partial pressure of the gas (in bar).

First, we need to calculate the partial pressure of CO₂ in the carbonated water bottle. The pressure used in the carbonation process was 3.4 bar, so we assume that the partial pressure of CO₂ in the bottle is also 3.4 bar.

Next, we can use Henry's Law to calculate the concentration of CO₂ in the water:

C = k * P

C = 5.61

Now we can calculate the mass of CO₂ in the bottle:

mass = concentration * volume * molar mass

The molar mass of CO₂ is 44.01 g/mol.

mass = (5.61) * (1.00 L) * (44.01 g/mol)

mass = 246 g

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No, by knowing the specific rotation of one diastereomer, we cannot know the rotation of the other one.

The answer is no, we cannot determine the specific rotation of one diastereomer based solely on the specific rotation of another diastereomer. This is because diastereomers have different configurations at one or more chiral centers, resulting in different optical properties. Also, diastereomers have different physical and chemical properties, including different specific rotations. Therefore, each diastereomer must be separately analyzed to determine its specific rotation. To determine the specific rotation of a diastereomer, you will need to measure it experimentally or find the relevant data in literature sources.

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When the temperature of a system is increased, Kinetic energy is increased and there are more collisions of molecules.

According to the kinetic theory of matter, all matter is made up of tiny particles that move randomly and have space between them. This suggests that matter is made up of discrete, moving particles regardless of their phase.

The Kinetic Theory of Matter's five main postulates are as follows:

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Answer:

To find the empirical formula of a compound, we need to determine the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound's formula.

First, we need to determine the total number of atoms.

Total no. of atoms = (12 carbon atoms) + (14 hydrogen atoms) + (6 oxygen atoms)

Total no. of atoms = 32

Next, we need to divide the number of each type of atom by the total number of atoms and simplify to the smallest whole-number ratio.

Carbon:

Number of carbon atoms = 12

(12/32) x 100% = 37.5%

Dividing 12 by the greatest common factor (GCF) of 12 and 32 (4) gives us 3

Therefore, the empirical formula contains 3 carbon atoms.

Hydrogen:

Number of hydrogen atoms = 14

(14/32) x 100% = 43.75%

Dividing 14 by the GCF of 14 and 32 (2) gives us 7

Therefore, the empirical formula contains 7 hydrogen atoms.

Oxygen:

Number of oxygen atoms = 6

(6/32) x 100% = 18.75%

Dividing 6 by the GCF of 6 and 32 (2) gives us 3

Therefore, the empirical formula contains 3 oxygen atoms.

Putting it all together, the empirical formula of the compound is C3H7O3 or C6H703 while C3H703 has been broken down.

To determine the empirical formula of a compound with molecules containing 12 carbon atoms, 14 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms, we need to divide each atom count by the greatest common divisor:

1. Carbon: 12 ÷ 2 = 6
2. Hydrogen: 14 ÷ 2 = 7
3. Oxygen: 6 ÷ 2 = 3

The empirical formula is C6H7O3, so the correct answer is (c) C6H7O3.

What is empirical formula?

Empirical formula of any compound is the simplest proportion of elements in that compound (i.e. the composition of elements in compound is in simplest ratio ) .It does not provide actual formula of any compound.

molecular formula=n-factor * empirical formula

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P orbitals line up side to side to form a pi (π) bond.

The first bond formed between two atoms is a sigma bond and the second and third bonds are called pi-bond.

Pi bonds are easier to break than sigma bonds.

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Amino acids can be categorized into three types based on their polarity - nonpolar/hydrophobic, polar/hydrophilic, and charged.

Nonpolar/hydrophobic amino acids have side chains that are made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine. These amino acids tend to be hydrophobic and are less soluble in water.

On the other hand, polar/hydrophilic amino acids have side chains that contain oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms, such as serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine, and tyrosine. These amino acids tend to be hydrophilic and are more soluble in water.

Charged amino acids, such as lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, are also hydrophilic and have either a positive or negative charge on their side chains.

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Rounded to 3 decimal places, the theoretical yield of Cu(s) is 2.236 grams.

To calculate the theoretical yield of Cu(s) from 0.0352 moles of CuCl2(aq), we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction and the molar mass of Cu.

Since CuCl2 reacts to form Cu(s) in a 1:1 molar ratio, 0.0352 moles of CuCl2 will produce 0.0352 moles of Cu(s). Now, we can convert moles of Cu(s) to grams using the molar mass of Cu:

0.0352 moles Cu(s) * 63.546 g/mol = 2.236 grams of Cu(s)

Rounded to 3 decimal places, the theoretical yield of Cu(s) is 2.236 grams.

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The correct answer is C) He needed to use difunctional molecules like ethane-1,2-diol and pronane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid in order to form the polymer he desired.


Polyester formation via condensation polymerization requires the use of difunctional molecules such as diols and dicarboxylic acids. Ethyl alcohol and butanoic acid are monofunctional molecules and therefore cannot form a polyester via this method. The presence of sulfuric acid would have dehydrated the alcohol and acid to form esters which explains the fruity odor of the final product. To form a polyester, Daniel should have used difunctional molecules like ethane-1,2-diol and pronane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid in the presence of a condensing agent like sulfuric acid or a base.

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Thus, the Ka of the acid is 8.5 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex](Option B).

To determine the Ka of an acid whose 0.294 M solution has a pH of 2.80, follow these steps:

1. Convert the pH value to the concentration of H+ ions ([H+]) using the formula:
pH = -log[H+]

2.80 = -log[H+]
[H+] = 10^(-2.80)
[H+] ≈ 1.58 × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex]M

2. Use the Ka expression for the weak acid, which is:
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]

3. Since the initial concentration of the acid is 0.294 M, and it dissociates into H+ and A- ions, the equilibrium concentrations can be written as:
[HA] = 0.294 - [H+]
[H+] = [A-] = 1.58 × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] M

4. Substitute the equilibrium concentrations into the Ka expression:
Ka = (1.58 × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex])(1.58 × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex])/(0.294 - 1.58 × [tex]10^{-3}[/tex])

5. Calculate Ka:
Ka ≈ 8.5 × [tex]10^{-6}[/tex]

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Answer:

it’s b

Explanation:

A process with a calculated negative q is exothermic. This means that energy is released during the process, such as heat being given off.

A process with a calculated positive q is endothermic. This means that energy is absorbed during the process, such as heat being taken in.

Wood burns in a fireplace is an exothermic process. In this case, the chemical energy stored in the wood is released as heat and light when it undergoes combustion.

For example, the process of melting ice is endothermic because it absorbs energy from the surroundings to break the intermolecular forces that hold the solid ice together. As a result, the temperature of the ice and its surroundings decreases during the melting process.

In summary, exothermic and endothermic processes are characterized by the direction of energy flow during a chemical reaction or physical process.

A process with a negative q is exothermic and releases energy to the surroundings, while a process with a positive q is endothermic and absorbs energy from the surroundings.

The combustion of wood in a fireplace is an example of an exothermic process because it releases energy in the form of heat and light.

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The salt obtained from the combination of the weak acid hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, and the weak base ammonia, NH₃, is ammonium hydroxide, NH₄OH.Thus, there is no enough information.

Ammonium hydroxide is a weak base. When dissolved in water, it dissociates partially into NH₄⁺ ions and OH⁻ions. The NH₄⁺ ions are acidic, while the OH- ions are basic. The overall pH of the solution will depend on the relative concentrations of the NH₄⁺ and OH- ions.

If the concentration of the NH₄⁺ ions is greater than the concentration of the OH- ions, the solution will be acidic. If the concentration of the OH- ions is greater than the concentration of the NH₄⁺ ions, the solution will be basic. If the concentrations of the NH₄⁺ and OH- ions are equal, the solution will be neutral.

Without knowing the specific concentrations of the NH₄⁺ and OH- ions, it is impossible to say definitively whether the solution is acidic, basic, or neutral.

So the answer is there is not enough information.

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The reagent needed for primary alcohols to become aldehydes is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). To convert primary alcohols to carboxylic acids, you need a strong oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) or potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) under acidic conditions.

Your answer: The reagent needed for primary alcohols to become aldehydes is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC). For primary alcohols to become carboxylic acids, a strong oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) or potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) under acidic conditions is required.

Therefore, carboxylic acids can be reduced to form primary alcohols using lithium aluminum hydride, while aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols using sodium borohydride. The main difference between these processes lies in the reagents used and the complexity of the reduction reaction.

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True, an oxidizing agent is one that is reduced. This means that during a chemical reaction, the oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced, while the other substance loses electrons and is oxidized.

Some good oxidizing agents  that is reduced include potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, and nitric acid. These substances have a strong tendency to accept electrons from other substances, which makes them useful for a variety of applications in chemistry and industry. However, they can also be dangerous if not handled properly, so it is important to follow proper safety procedures when using them.

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The total ionic equation is:

2H2O2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) + 2K+ (aq) + 2I- (aq)

We have to know that the ionic equation would have to involve the ions that are found in the system. We know that the ions that we have in the system would comprise of the spectator ions and the ions that actually underwent a change.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with potassium iodide (KI) occurs in the presence of a catalyst.

The net ionic equation of this reaction would then be;

H2O2 (aq) → H2O (l) + O2 (g)

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The mass of the calcium carbonate used was 2.272 grams.

The molar mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid is:

CaCO3 + 2HCl -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

From this equation, we can see that for every 1 mole of CaCO3, 1 mole of CO2 is produced. The molar mass of CaCO3 is 100.1 g/mol and the molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol.

the mass of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) used when 0.998 g of CO2 was produced, follow these steps:

Determine the molar mass of CO2 and CaCO3.
CO2: C (12.01 g/mol) + 2 x O (16.00 g/mol) = 44.01 g/mol
CaCO3: Ca (40.08 g/mol) + C (12.01 g/mol) + 3 x O (16.00 g/mol) = 100.09 g/mol

Convert the mass of CO2 to moles.
0.998 g CO2 × (1 mol CO2 / 44.01 g CO2) = 0.0227 mol CO2

Use stoichiometry to determine the moles of CaCO3.
1 mol CaCO3 produces 1 mol CO2 (according to the balanced equation CaCO3 → CaO + CO2).
So, 0.0227 mol CO2 is produced by 0.0227 mol CaCO3.

Convert moles of CaCO3 to grams.
0.0227 mol CaCO3 × (100.09 g CaCO3 / 1 mol CaCO3) = 2.272 g CaCO3

Thus, the mass of the calcium carbonate used was 2.272 grams.

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Answer:

theoretical yield

Explanation:

it is the maximum amount of product that can be formed in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant in , practice however,the actual yield of product-the amount of product that is actually obtained-is almost always lower than the theoretical yield.

The maximum amount of product that can be formed in a reaction is determined by the limiting reactant.

To determine the limiting reactant and theoretical yield of a reaction, you first need to know the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and the amounts (in moles or mass) of each reactant present. Then, you can calculate the amount of product that would be formed if each reactant were to completely react based on stoichiometry. The reactant that produces the smallest amount of product is the limiting reactant, and the corresponding amount of product is the theoretical yield.

It's important to note that the theoretical yield represents the ideal maximum amount of product that can be obtained from a given amount of reactant, but in practice, it's not always possible to obtain this yield due to factors such as incomplete reactions, loss of product during separation or purification, or side reactions that produce unwanted byproducts. The actual yield of a reaction is the amount of product that is actually obtained in the experiment, and it's typically less than the theoretical yield. The percent yield is a measure of the efficiency of a reaction, and it's calculated by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying by 100%.The limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely consumed during the reaction and limits the amount of product that can be formed. The theoretical yield of a reaction is the maximum amount of product that can be obtained from the limiting reactant, assuming complete reaction and perfect conditions. In practice, the actual yield may be less than the theoretical yield due to incomplete reactions, side reactions, or other factors.

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A solution with a hydroxide ion concentration of 4.15 × 10^-6 M is basic and has a hydrogen ion concentration of 2.41 × 10^-9 M.

To determine this, follow these steps:

1. Use the given hydroxide ion concentration (OH-) which is 4.15 × 10^-6 M.
2. Recall the ion product constant for water (Kw) is 1.0 × 10^-14 at 25°C.
3. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration (H+) using the equation: Kw = (H+) × (OH-).
4. Solve for (H+): (H+) = Kw / (OH-) = (1.0 × 10^-14) / (4.15 × 10^-6) = 2.41 × 10^-9 M.
5. Since the hydroxide ion concentration is greater than the hydrogen ion concentration, the solution is basic.
6. Match the calculated hydrogen ion concentration to the options: 2.41 × 10^-9 M corresponds to option D.

So, the correct answer is: D) basic, 2.41 × 10^-9 M.

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Optical activity is the ability of a chiral substance to rotate polarized light, and enantiomers exhibit different optical activities due to their unique molecular structures. They are classified as dextrorotatory or levorotatory based on the direction in which they rotate the plane of polarized light.

Optical activity is the ability of a substance to rotate the plane of polarization of light when it passes through it. This property is observed in chiral molecules, which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

Enantiomers are a pair of chiral molecules that differ in their optical activity. They rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. Enantiomers are classified into two types:

1. Dextrorotatory (d or (+)-enantiomer): This enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light to the right, or in a clockwise direction.
2. Levorotatory (l or (-)-enantiomer): This enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light to the left, or in a counterclockwise direction.

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The volume of the container is 0.0245 L when 1.0 mol of oxygen gas is added at 25°C and the pressure is adjusted to 101.352 kPa. To find the volume of the container, we can use the ideal gas law equation: PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

Step 1: Convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273.15. Therefore, the temperature is 298.15 K.

Step 2: Plug in the given values into the ideal gas law equation: (101.352 kPa) x V = (1 mol) x (8.314 J/mol.K) x (298.15 K)

Step 3: Solve for V by dividing both sides by 101.352 kPa: V = (1 mol) x (8.314 J/mol.K) x (298.15 K) / 101.352 kPa

Step 4: Simplify the equation to get the volume in liters: V = 0.0245 L

Therefore, the volume of the container is 0.0245 L when 1.0 mol of oxygen gas is added at 25°C and the pressure is adjusted to 101.352 kPa.

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