The concept of coupling reactions can be more understood knowing that Gibbs free energy is a state function. State function is a property that does not depend on the path taken to arrive to that value
What is Coupling reaction ?
A reaction where the the free energy of a thermodynamically favorable transformation, such as the hydrolysis of ATP, and a thermodynamically unfavorable one, are mechanistically joined into a new reaction (or may be envisaged to be so joined) is known as a coupled reaction.
How do you make an unfavorable reaction favorable?
Chemically unfavorable means non-spontaneous which means Gibbs' free energy change (ΔG) is positive, i.e. ΔG>0.
But we know that ΔG=ΔH−TΔS. Now ΔH and ΔS (enthalpy and entropy change, respectively) are state functions. So ΔG is also a state function.
Catalysts can only change the pathway of a reaction (in most of the cases, by lowering the activation energy of the reaction (Ea)) but after using the catalysts also, the energy states of the reactants and products don't alter. So ΔH and ΔS remain the same as uncatalysed reaction. So ΔG also doesn't change at all. So if the reaction is non-spontaneous, it remains like that.
That means, the thermodynamically unfavorable reaction can't be made favorable by introducing a catalyst.
But changing the temperature to a very high value can make ΔG<0, so the reaction can be made favorable by abruptly increasing temperature.
What are favorable and unfavorable reactions?
Reactions that release energy are energetically favorable. Conversely, reactions in which the products are higher in energy than the reactants require an input of energy to proceed; such reactions are energetically unfavorable
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For a particular redox reaction, bro− is oxidized to bro−3 and fe3 is reduced to fe2. complete and balance the equation for this reaction in basic solution. the phases are optional
The balanced chemical equation in a basic solution will be,
[tex]BrO^{-} + 4OH^{-} +4Fe^{+3}[/tex] → [tex]BrO_{3} ^{-} + 4H_{2} O+4Fe^{+2}[/tex]
The reaction in which oxidation and reduction reaction takes place simultaneously is called redox reaction or oxidation - reduction reaction .
Rules for the balanced chemical equation in a basic solution are :
First write half - reaction.Now balancing the main atoms in the reactionNow balancing the hydrogen and oxygen atoms on both sides of the reaction .If the oxygen atoms is not balance on both side then add water molecule at that side at that side where more number of oxygen atom is present.If the hydrogen atom are not balanced on both side then add hydroxide ion at that side of where less number of hydrogen are present.Now at last balance the charge.Therefore, the balanced chemical equation in a basic solution will be,
[tex]BrO^{-} + 4OH^{-} +4Fe^{+3}[/tex] → [tex]BrO_{3} ^{-} + 4H_{2} O+4Fe^{+2}[/tex]
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If a saturated solution prepared by dissolving Ag2CO3 in pure water has [ag ] = 2. 56 x 10^-4m. What is the value of ksPfOR Ag2CO3?
The value of Ksp for Ag₂CO₃ in the saturated solution will be 8.39 × 10⁻¹².
A saturated solution is the one in which the maximum amount of solute that a solvent can dissolve in it has been dissolved. If more solute is tried to be dissolved than the crystals of the solute will be present in the solution as they won't dissolve.
According to the solution,
[Ag⁺] = 2.56 × 10⁻⁴ M
In saturated solution,
Ag₂CO₃ + H₂O ⇒ 2Ag⁺ + CO₃²⁻
Ksp = [Ag⁺]² [CO₃²⁻]
[CO₃²⁻] = 1/2 [Ag⁺]
[Ag⁺] = 2.56 × 10⁻⁴ M
Therefore, [CO₃²⁻] = 1.28 × 10⁻⁴ M
Hence, Ksp = (2.56 × 10⁻⁴ M)² × (1.28 × 10⁻⁴ M)
Therefore, Ksp = 8.39 × 10⁻¹²
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Find δs∘ for the reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to form ammonia:12n2(g) 32h2(g)→nh3(g)
Nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) gases react to form ammonia, which requires -99.4 J/K of standard entropy (ΔS°).
What is standard entropy?
The difference between the total standard entropies of the reaction mixture and the summation of the standard entropies of the outputs is the standard entropy change. Each entropy in the balanced equation needs to be compounded by its coefficient, as shown by the letter "n."
Calculation:
Balancing the given reaction following-
1/2 N₂(g) + 3/2 H₂ (g)→ NH₃ (g)
ΔS° = [1 mol x S° (NH₃)g] - [1/2 mol x S° (N₂)g] - [3/2 mol x S°(H₂)g]
Here S° = standard entropy of the system
Insert into the aforementioned equation all the typical entropy values found in the literature:
ΔS° = [1 mol x 192.45 J/mol.K] - [1/2 mol x 191.61 J/mol.K] - [3/2 mol x 130.684 J/mol.K]
⇒ΔS° = - 99.4 J/K
Therefore, the standard entropy, ΔS° is -99.4 J/K.
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How much sludge in cubic feet per person per year accumulates in lagoon systems?
1 to 2 feet (cubed) per person per year can be accumulated in lagoon systems.
What is meant by lagoon systems?Lagoons are basin-like to collect, retain, and treat wastewater for a predefined amount of time. They are pond-like bodies of water.
Components of lagoon systems:A septic tank plus a small earthen pond with a constant 3-foot depth make up a lagoon system. A septic tank is a sizable, underground, watertight, corrosion-resistant container that collects untreated sewage from a home's plumbing drains.Dumping by septage hauling trucks is a common cause of slug loading into lagoons.Depth of sludge on the bottom of a lagoon that indicates that the lagoon should be cleaned is 1 foot.carbon dioxide gas is used and produced by algae, causing variations in a lagoon's pH.Biological growth provides enough oxygen to sufficiently aerate most lagoons for treatment processes to work.pH above 8.5 keeps lagoons from generating odors.To learn more about lagoon systems visit:
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PLEASE HELP, OVERDUE ASSIGNMENT.
The following observations were made about a substance.
I. reacts with magnesium to produce hydrogen gas
II. has a pH of 4.3
III. turns red litmus blue
IV. conducts electricity
Which of the above observations does not seem fit with the rest of the
observations?
Select one:
A. III
B. I
C. IV
D. II
3rd statement about this acidic reaction is not true
In acidic reactions, Litmus paper is available in red and blue varieties and is typically more trustworthy. To determine whether a solution is normal or acidic, use litmus paper. The acid or basic strength is not precisely outlined in Litmus's paper. Thus, Base causes red litmus to turn blue.
The pH scale has numbers 0 through 14. Seven is the neutral pH. Over 7 is a base, and anything below 7 is acidic.
H+ ions are present in all acidic reactions. As a result, whether mineral or organic, all acid solutions transmit electricity. They allow an electric current to flow through them.
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Consider the reaction in the lead-acid cell pb(s) pbo2(s) 2 h2so4(aq) 2 pbso4(aq) 2 h2o(l) for which e°cell = 2. 04 v at 298 k. δg° for this reaction is:________
δg° for the reaction having e° cell = 2.04v. is 393.658kJ.
The lead (Pb) in the lead storage battery act as an anode
What is Voltaic Cell?A voltaic cell or galvanic cell is an electrochemical cell that uses chemical reactions to produce electrical energy.
Parts of voltaic cellAnode where oxidation occurs Cathode where reduction occurs.
Therefore, Pb acts as anode and PbO2 act as a cathode.
Given,
E° cell = 2.04v
Faraday constant= 96485 C/mol
Moles of electron transferred n= 2
∆G = -nFE°
= -2 × 96485 × 2.04
= 393.658kJ
Thus we concluded that the δg° for the reaction having e° cell = 2.04v. is 393.658kJ.
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A liquid that occupies a
volume of 3.23 L has a mass of
3.188 kg.
What is the density of this
liquid
in kg/L?
A. 1.01 kg/L
C. 0.04 kg/L
B. 10.3 kg/L
D. 0.987 kg/L
Answer:
D
Explanation:
You are looking for kg / L
3.188 kg / 3.23 L = .987 kg/L
If it takes 35. 04 ml of a 0. 2455 m naoh solution to neutralize 25. 00 ml of an unknown hcl solution, what is the molarity of the hcl solution?
If it takes 35.04ml of a 0.2455M NaOH solution to neutralize 25. 00ml of an unknown HCl solution, the molarity of the HCl solution is 0.34M.
How to calculate molarity?The molarity of a solution can be calculated using the following formula:
C1V1 = C2V2
Where;
C1 = molarity of acidC2 = molarity of baseV1 = volume of acidV2 = volume of baseAccording to this question, it takes 35. 04ml of a 0. 2455M NaOH solution to neutralize 25.00ml of an unknown HCl solution. The molarity of the HCl can be calculated as follows:
35.04 × 0.2455 = 25.0 × V2
8.602 = 25C2
C2 = 8.6/25
C2 = 0.34M
As a result, the molarity of the HCl solution is 0.34M if it takes 35. 04ml of a 0.2455M NaOH solution to neutralize 25ml of an unknown HCl solution.
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Succinic acid is often found in high levels in tumors or biofluids surrounding tumors. it is a weak acid with a pka of 4. 21. what is the ph of a 0. 250 m solution of succinic acid?
The pH of a 0.250m solution of succinic acid is 2.42.
What is succinic acid?Succinic acid is one of the naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid having four carbon, which is produced by LPG.
It can be used in many chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Given,
pKa = 4.21
As we know that,
pKa = - logKa
4.21 = -logKa
Ka = antilog(-4.21)
Ka = 6.1 × 10^(-5)
Now, let the concentration of [H+] = [A-] = x
Ka = [H+] [A-] /[HA]
6.1 × 10^(-5) = x^2/ (0.25-x)
x^2 = 1.52 × 10^(-5)
x = 3.89 × 10^(-3)
Thus, the concentration of [H+] = [A-] = 3.89 × 10^(-3).
Now, we will calculate the value of pH
pH = - log[H+]
pH = -log(3.89 × 10^(-3))
pH = 2.42
Thus, we found that the pH of the given solution is 2.42.
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A 400. 0 g sample of liquid water is at 30. 0 ºc. how many joules of energy are required to raise the temperature of the water to 45. 0 ºc?
Energy required to raise the temperature from 35°C - 45 °C= 25116 J.
specific heat, the quantity of warmth required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by means of one Celsius degree. The units of precise warmth are generally energy or joules consistent with gram according to Celsius diploma. for instance, the unique warmth of water is 1 calorie (or 4.186 joules) according to gram in step with Celsius degree.
solving,
Sample of liquid = 400. 0 g
temperature = 30. 0 ºc
joules of energy are required to raise the temperature of the water to 45. 0 ºc
therefore rise in temperature 45 - 30 = 15°C
Specific heat capacity = 4.186 J/g m °C
In kelvin = 273 + 15 = 288
= ∴ energy required = Q = m s ( t final - t initial)
= 400*4.186 * 15
= 25116 joule
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what are the harmful effects of ozone layer depletion on human being ?
Explanation:
harmful effects of ozone layer depletion on human being are as follows :
i. It increases in certain type of cancer.
ii. It increases in eyes cataracts.
iii. It increases in immune deficiency disorder.
iv. It changes the climate.
What chemical process is responsible for the smell of vinegar in an old bottle of aspirin?
Chemical process is responsible for the smell of vinegar in an old bottle of aspirin is Hydrolysis of ester i.e. Aspirin.
Aspirin reacts with water leading to the formation of Acetic acid which is a Carboxylic acid derivative.
Aspirin on Hydrolysis forms Acetic acid and Salicylic acid.
The reaction shows up as a fizz when aspirin is added in water.
Aspirin is called Acetyl Salicylic acid and it helps to reduce:
InflammationPainFeverHeadacheArthritisMuscle painTooth painAcetic acid or Ethanoic acid is a colorless liquid. It is an important carboxylic acid. It smells like vinegar.
Acetic acid is used for production of following:
Vinyl AcetateInsecticidesRubberAcetic anhydrideSalicylic acid is a bitter compound which is colorless. It reduces acne and opens up the skin pores.
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Unless otherwise instructed, you may use the periodic table in the Chemistry: Problems and Solutions
book for this test.
Which statement is true about elements in a period on the periodic table?
O They have different properties that show no pattern.
O They have different properties that repeat across the next period.
O They have similar names.
O They have similar properties.
Elements in a period on the periodic table have different properties that repeat across the next period.
Why do properties change across a period?
In a period, on moving from left to right across a period,number of valence electrons in the valence shell goes on increasing as electrons are added to the same shell.
Across a period as no new valence shell is added the elements in a period, have different valence electrons and hence different properties.
Elements belonging to the same group have same number of valence electrons because in a group in every successive element a new shell is added,valence electrons present in which remain the same and hence their properties are similar.
As the elements are arranged in a way such that their properties are repeated at regular intervals,elements in a period have different properties which repeat across the next period.
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Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?.
Dalton's law of partial pressures
The total pressure by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the constituent gases.
What is John Dalton's law ?Dalton's law, which states that a gas mixture's overall pressure is equal to the sum of its component gases' partial pressures. The pressure that each gas would produce if it occupied the same volume of the mixture by itself at the same temperature is known as the partial pressure.
The pressure that each gas would produce if it occupied the same volume of the mixture at the same temperature alone is referred to as the partial pressure.Learn more about Dalton's law here:
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The condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere and subsequent transfer to the ocean via precipitation is an example of a(n)?
The condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere and subsequent transfer to the ocean via precipitation is an example of a Water Cycle.
What is Water Cycle ?Water cycle is also called hydrologic cycle that shows the continuous movement of water between the air and land.
What are the stages in Water Cycle ?There are four main stages in the water cycle:
Evaporation Condensation Precipitation CollectionThus from the above conclusion we can say that The condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere and subsequent transfer to the ocean via precipitation is an example of a Water Cycle.
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If you attempt to produce work using the formation reaction of methanol (CH3OH), and the reaction is carried out reversibly, what is the minimum amount of heat wasted?
The minimum amount of heat wasted in the production of methanol is 239kJ/mol of heat.
What is the heat wasted?Now we know that the enthalpy is the heat that is released or absorbed in a reaction. The reaction involves the combination of reactants that leads to the formation of the product(s).
Now we know that the production of methanol leads to the evolution of about 239kJ/mol of heat. This heat is wasted as it goes to no good use but is just lost to the environment.
As such, the minimum amount of heat wasted in the production of methanol is 239kJ/mol of heat.
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16. If the velocity of hydrogen molecule is 5 x 10^4cm sec-¹, then its de Broglie wavelength is
(1)2 A
(2) 4 A
(3)8 A
(4) 100 A
Answer:
Correct option is B)
According to de-Broglie,
λ=mvh=6.023×10232×5×104cm/sec6.62×10−27ergsec=4×10−8cm=4Ao
If the ph at the half-titration point of a monoprotic weak acid is 4. 2, what is the ka of the acid?.
Ka= 2.1106
The ka value of the acid will be:
Ka=2.1106
Finding the ka of the acid- The idea is that at the half-equivalence point, the pH of the solution will be equal to the pKa of the weak acid.If you're titrating a weak monoprotic acid, which I'll refer to as HA, you already know that at the equivalence point, the strong base will completely neutralize the weak acid.HA(aq)+OH−(aq)→A−(aq)+H2O(l)
Because of this, when you combine an equal number of moles of a weak acid with a strong base, all of the moles of the weak acid will be consumed, leaving you with A, the conjugate base of the weak acid.You have now added enough moles of the strong base to the solution to neutralize half of the weak acid molecules. The equivalent point by half refers to this location.The ratios of the weak acid, strong base, and conjugate base are all 1:1, meaning that what you produce as the conjugate base is what you eat as the weak acid and strong base. Half of the weak acid's moles will be consumed by the reaction, while the conjugate base is generated in an equal amount.Consequently, when a weak acid and a strong base are combined in an equal amount.The weak acid and its conjugate base will therefore be present in equal amounts in the solution at the 50% equivalence point, suggesting that you are now working with a buffer solution.As you are aware, the pH of a weak acid-conjugate base buffer can be determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation pH=pKa+log ([conjugate base][weak acid])You reach the halfway point when
[HA]=[A−]
It implies that
log([HA][A−])=log(1)=0
As a result, it can be claimed that at the half-equivalence point, the pH of the solution and the pKa of the weak acid are equivalent.
pH=pKa at the midpoint of equivalency.
The pKa is determined by the weak acid's acid dissociation constant, Ka. Ka=10pKa, as shown by the formula pKa=log(Ka).
When the two points are half equal, Ka=10pH will exist.
Put in your value to learn Ka=105.67=2.1106.
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A chemist combined 0.440 L of an unknown calcium solution with an excess of ammonium chromate. This resulted in the precipitation of calcium chromate. The mass of the precipitate was 346.7 mg. What was the molar concentration of Ca2 in the original sample
The concentration of the original calcium ions is 0.005 M
What is concentration?The term concentration has to do with the amount of substance in solution. We know that the concentration can be measured in a lot of units such as mole/litre, grams per litre, percentage and so on.
As such we have the equation;
Ca^2+(aq) + (NH4)2CrO4(aq) --------> CaCrO4(s) + 2NH4^+(aq)
Number of moles of the precipitate = 346.7 * 10^-3 g/156 g/mol
= 0.0022 moles
Now;
1 mole of Ca^2+ produces 1 mole of CaCrO4 hence 0.0022 moles of CaCrO4 was produced by 0.0022 moles of CaCrO4.
Given that the volume of the solution is 0.440 L, the concentration of the solution is; 0.0022 moles/0.440 L
= 0.005 M
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When the solute concentration in solution 1 is lower than the solute concentration in solution 2, solution 2 is:_____.
When the solute concentration in solution 1 is lower than the solute concentration in solution 2, solution 2 is concentrated solution .
The dilute solution and concentrated solution is relative terms.
Now in any solution there are just solute and solvent.
If amount of solute is comparatively high as compare to amount of solvent in solution then solution is called concentrated solution. Similarly , If amount of solute is comparatively low as compare to amount of solvent in solution then solution is called dilute solution.
If the amount of solvent is more in a solution then the amount of solute would be less.Again if the amount of solvent is less in a solution then amount of solute is more.
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A 26-meter-tall statue of buddha in tibet is covered with
279 kg of gold. if the gold was applied to a thickness of
0.0015 mm, what surface area is covered in square
meters)? (gold density = 19.3 g/cm)
0.014559 g/cm³ is the surface area that covered in square.
Definition of surface area -
To recall, the surface area of an object is the total area of the outside surfaces of the three-dimensional object i.e, the total sum of the area of the faces of the object. It is measured in terms of square units. The amount of area covered by the surface of something. The lake has roughly the same surface area as 10 football fields.The surface area is calculated as -
Conversion of units -
[tex]26 m * \frac{100 cm}{1 m} = 2600 cm[/tex]
[tex]279 kg * \frac{1g}{1000 kg} = 0.279 g[/tex]
[tex]0.0015 mm * \frac{0.1 cm}{1mm} = 0.00015 cm[/tex]
Now we use formula for volume -
[tex]Volume = \frac{mass}{density}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{0.279 g}{19.3 g/ cm^{3} }[/tex]
= 0.014559 g/cm³
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What is the molar mass of a gas if a flask with a volume of 3. 16 l contains 9. 33 grams of the gas at 32. 0°c and 1. 00 atm?
The molar mass of a gas if a flask with a volume of 3. 16 L contains 9. 33 grams of the gas at 32. 0°C and 1. 00 atm is 1.17g/mol
Calculation ,
In this question we have to fist find the number of moles of gas by using ideal gas equation and from the help of number of moles we can determine molar mass.
According to ideal gas equation which is also known as ideal law ,
PV = nRT ...( i )
where P is the pressure of the gas = 1 atm
V is the volume of the gas in the flask with volume = 3. 16 L
R is the universal gas constant = 0.082 atm L/K mol
T is the temperature = 32. 0°C = 32 + 273 = 305 K
n is the number of moles = ?
Putting the value of Pressure P , volume V , temperature T , number of moles n and universal gas constant R in the equation (i) we get ,
1 atm ×3. 16 L = n× 0.082 atm L/K mol ×305 K
n = 1 atm ×3. 16 L / 0.082 atm L/K mol × 305 K = 0.126 mole
number of mole of a gas = 0.126 mole = given mass/ molar mass
molar mass = number of moles × Given mass = 0.126 × 9. 33 = 1.17g/mol
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The chemical formula of glycine (a building block of proteins) is c2h5no2. the formula mass of glycine is 75.08 amu. what is the mass percent composition of c in glycine?
The mass percent composition of C in glycine is 31.66%.
What is formula mass?The formula mass of a substance is defined as the sum of the atomic masses of constituent atoms in an ionic compound. This is generally used for ionic compounds which do not contain discrete molecules, but ions as their constituent units.
Given,
Formula mass of C2H5NO2 = Molar mass of C2H5NO2
Molar mass of C2H5NO2 = 75.08 g
Futher we know that the 75.08g of glycine contain 24 g of carbon,
then mass percent composition of C in glycine can be given as,
% C = (mass of carbon/ molar mass of glycine) ×100
%C = (24/ 75.8) × 100
= 31.66%
Thus, we find that the mass percent composition of C in glycine is 31.66%.
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Predict the nature of the indicated covalent bond. polar or non-polar
The given bond is polar covalent bond.
Polar covalent bonds are covalent bonds in which the electrons are shared unequally. Nonpolar covalent bonds are covalent bonds with an equal distribution of electrons. Chemists utilise electronegativity, a relative measurement of how strongly an atom attracts electrons as it forms a covalent connection, to assess the relative polarity of a covalent bond.
Polarity characterises io3-. If a molecule's dipole moment is greater than 0, it is considered to be polar. The three I-O bonds in this combination are polar due to the difference in electronegativity between the I and O atoms. The three I-O bond moments point toward I atom because I is more electronegative than O atom.
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Identify the classification of milk a aerosol b solid emulsion c solid aerosol d foam e emulsion
option (c) emulsion is the right answer
Emulsion is a classification of milk.
Describe an emulsion.In physical chemistry, an emulsion is a combination of two or more liquids in which one of the liquids is present as microscopic or ultramicroscopic droplets dispersed throughout the other.
How is emulsion used?Emulsions form as a result of the cleansing action of soaps.
(ii) The emulsification process is how lipids are broken down in the intestines.
(iii) Disinfectants and antiseptics combine with water to generate emulsions.
(iv) The emulsification technique is utilized to create medications.
How is an emulsion created?When two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, are stirred together with an emulsifier—which might be a protein, phospholipid, or even a nanoparticle—emulsion is created.
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How many moles of Ag form from 5.0 mol Zn?
Answer:
8.0 moles Ag
Explanation:
To find the moles of silver (Ag), you need to multiply the moles of Zn and AgNO₃ by the mole-to-mole ratio. This ratio is made of the coefficients from the balanced chemical equation. It is important to arrange the ratio in a way that allows for the cancellation of units.
2 AgNO₃ + 1 Zn -----> 2 Ag + Zn(NO₃)₂
^ ^ ^
5.0 moles Zn 2 moles Ag
----------------------- x ---------------------- = 10. moles Ag
1 mole Zn
8.0 moles AgNO₃ 2 moles Ag
---------------------------- x ---------------------------- = 8.0 moles Ag
2 moles AgNO₃
We needed to convert both reactants into the product because we wre not given a limiting reagent. The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely reacted first. The limiting reagent in this reaction is AgNO₃ because it produces the smallest amount of product. As such, the actual amount of moles Ag is 8.0 moles.
Select true or false: the work done on the surroundings by the expansion of a gas is w = –pdv
The work done on the surroundings by the expansion of a gas is w = –pdv .The statement is true.
The work is the energy required to move a system or body or anything against a force is called work. The word done = force×distance
Work done in an isobaric process is given by
W = PΔV
Where W = Work done
P =pressure
ΔV = change in volume
In a free expansion , the gas is allowed to expand into a vacuum.
This happens so quickly , so there is no heat transferred . No work is done , because the gas does not display anything.
W = PΔV
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What is the molality of a solution containing 3. 0 moles of nacl and 100. 0 moles of water?
The molality of a solution containing 3. 0 moles of NaCl and 100. 0 moles of water is 30 mol/kg.
The number of moles of solute in a solution equal to 1 kg or 1000 g of solvent is referred to as its molality. Mole per kilogram of solvent is the SI unit for molality.
Given:
3.0 moles of NaCl in 100 moles of water.
To find:
The molality of the solution
The moles of solute (NaCl) = 3.0 moles
The mass of solvent (water) = 100 moles (0.1 kg/mol)
Molality of a solution = Number of Moles of solute/ Mass of solvent(kg)
= 3.0 moles/0.1 kg/mol
= 30 mol/kg
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what is the percent abundance of the size 4d nails in this sample. PLS ASAP
Answer:
? = 61.5%
Explanation:
To find the percent abundance of 4d nails, you need to use the following equation:
Percent Abundance = (number of nails / total nails) x 100%
Percent Abundance (4d) = (123 / 123 + 77) x 100%
= (123 / 200) x 100%
= 0.615 x 100%
= 61.5%
Draw the highest energy transition state in the solvolysis of (ch3)3c-i in ch3oh
The highest energy transition state in the solvolysis of [tex](CH_{3} )_{3} CI[/tex] in [tex]CH_{3} OH[/tex] is given as ,
The mechanism of solvolysis of tert-butyl iodide follow nucleophilic substitution reaction . The nucleophilc substitution reaction are two types one unimolecular and second bimolecular nucleophilc substitution .
The mechanism of solvolysis of tert-butyl iodide follows unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction in which carbocation is the intermediate which as a transition state of it. The carbocation formed by solvolysis of tert-butyl iodide is 3° carbocation or tertiary carbocation which is most stable. The methanol as neutral nucleophile and oxygen of methanol attack at carbocation intermediate.
Therefore , the highest energy transition state in the solvolysis of [tex](CH_{3} )_{3} CI[/tex] in [tex]CH_{3} OH[/tex] is given .
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