The python program calculates the grades for a class based on a set of grading policies. It takes into account three quizzes, one midterm exam, and one final exam, with each component having a specific weightage.
To implement the grading program, you can define a class named StudentRecord with instance variables for quizzes, midterm, final, overall numeric score, and final letter grade. The class should have methods to compute the overall numeric grade and final letter grade.
Here's an example implementation in Python:
```python
class StudentRecord:
def __init__(self):
self.quiz1 = 0
self.quiz2 = 0
self.quiz3 = 0
self.midterm = 0
self.final = 0
self.overall_numeric_score = 0
self.final_letter_grade = ""
def compute_overall_numeric_grade(self):
quiz_avg = (self.quiz1 + self.quiz2 + self.quiz3) / 3
quiz_percentage = (quiz_avg / 10) * 0.25
midterm_percentage = (self.midterm / 100) * 0.35
final_percentage = (self.final / 100) * 0.4
self.overall_numeric_score = (quiz_percentage + midterm_percentage + final_percentage) * 100
def compute_final_letter_grade(self):
if self.overall_numeric_score >= 90:
self.final_letter_grade = "A"
elif self.overall_numeric_score >= 80:
self.final_letter_grade = "B"
elif self.overall_numeric_score >= 70:
self.final_letter_grade = "C"
elif self.overall_numeric_score >= 60:
self.final_letter_grade = "D"
else:
self.final_letter_grade = "F"
# Example usage
student = StudentRecord()
student.quiz1 = 8
student.quiz2 = 9
student.quiz3 = 7
student.midterm = 85
student.final = 92
student.compute_overall_numeric_grade()
student.compute_final_letter_grade()
print("Quiz Scores:", student.quiz1, student.quiz2, student.quiz3)
print("Midterm Score:", student.midterm)
print("Final Score:", student.final)
print("Overall Numeric Score:", student.overall_numeric_score)
print("Final Letter Grade:", student.final_letter_grade)
```
In this example, the class StudentRecord is defined with instance variables for the scores and methods to compute the overall numeric grade and final letter grade. The example usage demonstrates setting the scores, computing the grades, and printing the student's record.
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Java Programming
1. Discuss checked versus unchecked exceptions.
2. Why do we have checked and unchecked exception concepts?
1. Checked exceptions are intended to be thrown when a program fails to do something that it is required to do. 2. The main reason for having both checked and unchecked exceptions in Java is to provide a way to distinguish between errors that can be reasonably handled by the program and those that cannot be reasonably handled.
1. For example, consider a program that reads data from a file. If the file is not found, a FileNotFoundException will be thrown. Unchecked exceptions are intended to be thrown when a program has a problem that cannot be recovered from. For example, consider a program that divides by zero. If the user inputs a zero, an ArithmeticException will be thrown.
2. Checked exceptions are intended to be caught and handled by the program, while unchecked exceptions are intended to be used when something has gone wrong that cannot be reasonably handled by the program.
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Create a class "Student" that is the base class for students at a school. It should have attributes for the student’s name and age, the name of the student’s teacher, and a greeting. It should have appropriate accessor and mutator methods for each of the attributes. Then create two classes GraduateStudent and UndergradStudent that derived from "Student" class, as described in the previous exercise. The new classes should override the accessor method for the age, reporting the actual age plus 2. It also should override the accessor for the greeting, returning the student’s greeting concatenated with the words "I am a graduate student." or "I am an undergraduate student." correspondingly.
Here is the solution for the given problem:In this problem, we are creating a class named "Student" that will have the attributes name, age, teacher's name, and greeting. This class will be the base class for students in a school. We are also creating two derived classes "GraduateStudent" and "UndergradStudent" from the "Student" class.The new classes will override the accessor method for the age, reporting the actual age plus 2.
It will also override the accessor for the greeting, returning the student's greeting concatenated with the words "I am a graduate student." or "I am an undergraduate student." correspondingly.
In this problem, we have created a class named "Student" that will have attributes such as name, age, teacher's name, and greeting. This class is the base class for students in a school. Two derived classes "GraduateStudent" and "UndergradStudent" are also created from the "Student" class. The new classes override the accessor method for age, reporting the actual age plus 2. It also overrides the accessor for greeting, returning the student's greeting concatenated with the words "I am a graduate student." or "I am an undergraduate student." correspondingly. Therefore, this problem shows the implementation of inheritance in Python.
In this problem, we have learned the implementation of inheritance in Python. We have created a base class named "Student" that is inherited by two other classes named "GraduateStudent" and "UndergradStudent." We have also learned how to override the methods in derived classes.
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Calling something a "black box" is a figure of speech that conveys the idea that you are given all the information about the box. You know its behavior and how it is implemented so that you can modify it for your own needs. True False
The statement "Calling something a 'black box' is a figure of speech that conveys the idea that you are given all the information about the box. You know its behavior and how it is implemented so that you can modify it for your own needs" is false because the term "black box" typically refers to a system or device where the inner workings are concealed from the user.
The user of a black box does not necessarily have access to information about the box's behavior or implementation details, and may not be able to modify it for their own needs. In many cases, the user must rely on trial-and-error methods or other indirect means to understand or optimize the black box's performance.
Therefore, calling something a black box often implies a lack of transparency or understanding, rather than complete knowledge and control.
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I am looking for a ***MIPS assembly*** program for the ***Mars simulator*** to prompt the user for a binary string, and return both the binary string, and what the odd parity bit would be. Assume 8 bit string. An example would be: Please enter a binary string: 01001101 Output: 01001101 1 The output for the string 00001101 would be: 00001101 0
When prompted, enter the binary string, and the program will output the binary string and the calculated odd parity bit.
Sure! Here's a MIPS assembly program for the Mars simulator that prompts the user for a binary string, calculates the odd parity bit, and outputs both the binary string and the parity bit.
```assembly
.data
prompt: .asciiz "Please enter a binary string: "
output: .asciiz "Output: "
newline: .asciiz "\n"
.text
.globl main
main:
# Prompt the user for a binary string
li $v0, 4 # Print string
la $a0, prompt # Load the address of the prompt string
syscall
# Read the binary string from the user
li $v0, 8 # Read string
la $a0, buffer # Load the address of the buffer
li $a1, 9 # Maximum number of characters to read
syscall
# Calculate the odd parity bit
la $t0, buffer # Load the address of the buffer
li $t1, 0 # Initialize parity bit to 0
loop:
lbu $t2, 0($t0) # Load the next character from the buffer
beqz $t2, done # If the character is null, exit the loop
addi $t1, $t1, $t2 # Add the character to the parity bit
addi $t0, $t0, 1 # Move to the next character
j loop
done:
srl $t1, $t1, 1 # Shift the parity bit one position to the right
andi $t1, $t1, 1 # Extract the least significant bit
# Print the binary string and the parity bit
li $v0, 4 # Print string
la $a0, output # Load the address of the output string
syscall
li $v0, 4 # Print string
la $a0, buffer # Load the address of the buffer
syscall
li $v0, 1 # Print integer
move $a0, $t1 # Load the parity bit
syscall
# Print a newline character
li $v0, 4 # Print string
la $a0, newline # Load the address of the newline string
syscall
# Exit the program
li $v0, 10 # Exit
syscall
.data
buffer: .space 10 # Buffer to store the binary string (maximum length of 9 characters)
```
Save the program with a `.asm` extension, and then you can load and run it in the Mars simulator. When prompted, enter the binary string, and the program will output the binary string and the calculated odd parity bit.
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This is the java coding part of Test 2. You MUST submit the algorithm and code in text document. Read the instructions/requirements carefully!
Your program should check for Input Validation, Integer Error or Divide by zero exceptions.
Your program should also handle exception where necessary using the java syntax of include try/catch/finally statements
1. Write a complete program to do the following: 60 points
Design an algorithm, create and deploy one secure COVID -19 Booster Vaccine compliant checking java program that will
Have a Welcome message asking the user if they would like to user your application.
If the user responds No, your program should exit with the message "You chose no, goodbye and thank you for using our program!
If the user responds Yes, your program should prompt the user for their First name, Last name, Age, and Zip code. The program will then confirm what the user entered by displaying the user’s entry.
. Next, your program will prompt/ask the user whether or not they have taken a Covid 19 Vaccine.
If the user has not taken a vaccine, display the message:
"You have not been vaccinated and out of compliance and will not qualify for a booster shot!
"Please be sure to schedule your vaccination as soon as possible and prior to returning to work!"
If the user has taken a vaccine, display a menu message that lists the following Vaccine vendors
Each numbers represent a Vaccine Vendor:
1- Pfizer-BioNTech
2 = Moderna
3 = Johnson & Johnson's
4 = Other
Note: If the user does not enter/select a valid number, your program should display a message indicating this.
You did not select a valid choice!
Examples below:
If the user is chooses option 1
Display the message:
"You have been vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTec vaccine and qualify for a booster shot!"
If the user is chooses option 2
Display the message:
"You have been vaccinated with the Moderna vaccine and qualify for a booster shot!"
If the user is chooses option 3
Display the message:
"You have been vaccinated with the Johnson & Johnson's vaccine and qualify for a booster shot!"
If the user is chooses option 4
Display the message:
"You have been vaccinated with a vaccine other than the Pfizer-BioNTech Moderna Johnson & Johnson's and may NOT qualify for a booster shot! "
Otherwise:
Display the message:
You did not select a valid choice!
Watch the class recording as we will review an example of how your application should run. This will be used to test your java application.
(Hint: Use appropriate IF/SWITCH statements where necessary)
The problem statement presents a case where a secure COVID-19 booster vaccine checking Java program is required. The program should handle exceptions where necessary using the Java syntax of including try/catch/finally statements. The Java program should check for Input Validation, Integer Error or Divide by zero exceptions .
The COVID-19 Booster Vaccine Java program is designed to have a welcome message asking the user if they would like to use the application. If the user responds No, the program should exit with the message "You chose no, goodbye and thank you for using our program! If the user responds Yes, the program should prompt the user for their First name, Last name, Age, and Zip code.
The program will then confirm what the user entered by displaying the user’s entry. The program will then prompt the user whether or not they have taken a Covid 19 Vaccine. If the user has not taken a vaccine, the program will display the message:
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A programmer can import all members of a package by using the wildcard character instead of a package member name using this import statement: import java.util.#; import java.util.*; import java.util.%; import java.util.$; Instances of wrapper classes, such as Integer and Double, and the String class are defined as immutable, meaning that a programmer modify the object's contents after initialization; cannot can Javadoc uses Doc comments which are formatted, multi-line comments consisting of all text enclosed between the characters. /* and */ // and // , and / /** and */
In Java, a programmer can import all members of a package using the wildcard character instead of a package member name using this import statement: import java.util.*; The asterisk (*) acts as a wild card that implies that all the members of the package can be imported. Importing all the members of a package is not encouraged as it may lead to name conflicts and make the code hard to understand.
The String class and instances of wrapper classes such as Integer and Double are defined as immutable in Java. Immutable means that once they are initialized, the programmer cannot modify the object's contents. For example, if a programmer creates an Integer object with a value of 10, then the value of the object cannot be changed to 20. If the programmer needs to store a new value, they will need to create a new Integer object.
Javadoc is a tool that parses Java code and generates HTML documentation. The documentation is generated from special comments called Doc comments that are formatted multi-line comments consisting of all text enclosed between the characters /** and */. The comments can be used to describe the purpose of classes, methods, and variables, and to provide usage examples. Doc comments start with a description of what the method does, followed by an explanation of the parameters, the return value, and any exceptions that the method might throw.
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Only one of the following code statements compiles without warning. Which one is it? List parrots = new LinkedList<>(); List points = new LinkedList(); List<> employees = new LinkedList(); List numbers = new LinkedList(); In which of the following situations are you most likely to encounter loitering? When implementing binary search When implementing Comparable When removing an element from a stack When adding an element to a stack It runs in linear time for partially sorted arrays both insertion and selection sort selection sort neither insertion sort
The code statement that compiles without warning is `List parrots = new LinkedList<>();`. Loitering is a situation that occurs when an object is still available for use, but it is no longer reachable by any reference.
When the garbage collector attempts to collect the garbage, the loitering object consumes memory and causes the garbage collector to work inefficiently.Loitering may occur when an element is removed from the stack since the element is still on the stack, and the reference has been deleted from the element.
Therefore, loitering is most likely to happen when removing an element from a stack.Linear time is a term that describes an algorithm's running time that scales proportionally with the size of the input.
A partially sorted array will have a faster sorting time with an insertion sort since its time complexity is linear, while selection sort's time complexity is quadratic. Therefore, insertion sort runs in linear time for partially sorted arrays.
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Write a code to find the summation of a series. For input n: (1) + (1+2) + (1+2+3) + (1+2+3+4) + ... + (1+2+3+4+...+n). Solve this using a for loop first. Then convert your solution to while loop.
The for loop solution involves iterating from 1 to n, accumulating the sum at each step. The while loop solution follows a similar approach but uses a while loop instead of a for loop to iterate until the desired condition is met.
For loop solution:
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int n;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> n;
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
int series_sum = 0;
for (int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {
series_sum += j;
}
sum += series_sum;
}
std::cout << "Summation of the series: " << sum << std::endl;
return 0;
}
The for loop solution starts by taking the input value 'n'. It then initializes the 'sum' variable to 0. The outer loop iterates from 1 to 'n', and for each iteration, the inner loop calculates the sum of the series from 1 to the current value of 'i'. This inner sum is added to the 'sum' variable. Finally, the result is printed as the summation of the series.
While loop solution:
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int n;
std::cout << "Enter a number: ";
std::cin >> n;
int sum = 0;
int i = 1;
while (i <= n) {
int series_sum = 0;
int j = 1;
while (j <= i) {
series_sum += j;
j++;
}
sum += series_sum;
i++;
}
std::cout << "Summation of the series: " << sum << std::endl;
return 0;
}
The while loop solution follows a similar logic to the for loop solution but uses while loops for iteration instead. It initializes 'sum' and 'i' to 0 and 1, respectively. The outer while loop continues until 'i' becomes greater than 'n'. The inner while loop calculates the sum of the series for the current value of 'i'. After each iteration, 'series_sum' is added to 'sum', and both 'i' and 'j' are incremented. The result is then printed as the summation of the series.
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Recursion and Probability Distribution
3. Let, a₁ = 3, a2 = 4 and for n ≥ 3, an = 2an-1+an-2 +n²-1, express an, in terms of n.
5. Prove that the mean of Binomial Distribution is np and the variance is np(1 - p).
Let's write a function to represent an, which is:an = 2an-1+an-2 +n²-1We can see that this is a recursive formula. For the recursive formulas, the base cases are given for the initial values and we use them to get the next value. Therefore, we need to find.
We get the answer to our question, "3. Let, a₁ = 3, a₂ = 4 and for n ≥ 3, an = 2an-1+aₙ-2 +n²-1, express aₙ, in terms of n."2. The binomial distribution is a probability distribution that measures the probability of a particular number.
The mean of binomial distribution is np, and the variance is np(1-p).This is a common property of the binomial distribution.
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Bash
Caеsar ciphеr dеcoding Writе a script to dеcrypt еncrypted tеxt
using caеsar ciphеr.
Here's a bash script to decrypt text using the Caesar cipher:the script assumes that the encrypted text contains only alphabetic characters (uppercase or lowercase) and ignores any other characters (e.g., spaces, punctuation marks).
#!/bin/bash
# Function to decrypt text using the Caesar cipher
decrypt_caesar() {
local text="$1"
local shift="$2"
local decrypted=""
for ((i=0; i<${#text}; i++)); do
char="${text:$i:1}"
if [[ "$char" =~ [A-Za-z] ]]; then
ascii_val=$(printf "%d" "'$char")
if [[ "$char" =~ [A-Z] ]]; then
decrypted+=($(printf \\$(printf "%o" $(( (ascii_val - 65 - shift + 26) % 26 + 65 )))))
else
decrypted+=($(printf \\$(printf "%o" $(( (ascii_val - 97 - shift + 26) % 26 + 97 )))))
fi
else
decrypted+="$char"
fi
done
echo "$decrypted"
}
# Input the encrypted text and shift value from the user
read -p "Enter the encrypted text: " encrypted_text
read -p "Enter the shift value: " shift_value
# Decrypt the text using the Caesar cipher
decrypted_text=$(decrypt_caesar "$encrypted_text" "$shift_value")
# Display the decrypted text
echo "Decrypted text: $decrypted_text"
To use the script, you can follow these steps:
Open a text editor and create a new file.
Copy and paste the above script into the file.
Save the file with a .sh extension (e.g., decrypt_caesar.sh).
Open a terminal and navigate to the directory where the script is saved.
Make the script executable by running the command: chmod +x decrypt_caesar.sh.
Run the script by executing: ./decrypt_caesar.sh.
Follow the prompts to enter the encrypted text and the shift value.
The script will decrypt the text using the Caesar cipher and display the decrypted text.
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Develop a console-based program that allows two players to play the panagram game.
http://www.papg.com/show?3AEZ
(I need the code for a PANAGRAM game.)
(code should be in java)
You have been hired by GameStop to write a text-based game. The game should allow for two-person play. All
standard rules of the game must be followed.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
1. The program must utilize at least two classes.
a. One class should be for a player (without a main method). This class should then be able to be
instantiated for 1 or more players.
b. The second class should have a main method that instantiates two players and controls the play
of the game, either with its own methods or by instantiating a game class.
c. Depending on the game, a separate class for the game may be useful. Then a class to play the
game has the main method that instantiates a game object and 2 or more player objects.
2. The game must utilize arrays or ArrayList in some way.
3. There must be a method that displays the menu of turn options.
4. There must be a method that displays a player’s statistics. These statistics should be cumulative if more
than one game is played in a row.
5. There must be a method that displays the current status of the game. This will vary between games, but
should include some statistics as appropriate for during a game.
6. All games must allow players the option to quit at any time (ending the current game as a lose to the
player who quit) and to quit or replay at the end of a game.
The Java code below implements a console-based two-player panagram game. The game follows the standard rules of panagrams, where players take turns guessing words that contain all the letters of the English alphabet.
The code utilizes two classes: the Player class to represent individual players and the PanagramGame class to control the gameplay. The program uses an ArrayList to store the words guessed by each player and displays menus, player statistics, and the current game status. Players have the option to quit at any time, and at the end of a game, they can choose to quit or replay.
Here's the Java code implementing the panagram game:
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
class Player {
private String name;
private int score;
private List<String> guessedWords;
public Player(String name) {
this.name = name;
this.score = 0;
this.guessedWords = new ArrayList<>();
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public int getScore() {
return score;
}
public void increaseScore() {
score++;
}
public void addGuessedWord(String word) {
guessedWords.add(word);
}
public void displayStatistics() {
System.out.println("Player: " + name);
System.out.println("Score: " + score);
System.out.println("Guessed Words: " + guessedWords);
System.out.println();
}
}
class PanagramGame {
private Player[] players;
private Scanner scanner;
private String panagram;
public PanagramGame() {
players = new Player[2];
scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
panagram = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.";
}
public void play() {
initializePlayers();
boolean gameRunning = true;
while (gameRunning) {
System.out.println("----- Panagram Game -----");
System.out.println("Panagram: " + panagram);
System.out.println();
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
Player currentPlayer = players[i];
System.out.println("Player " + currentPlayer.getName() + "'s turn.");
System.out.println("Enter a word: ");
String word = scanner.nextLine();
if (isPanagram(word)) {
currentPlayer.increaseScore();
System.out.println("Congratulations! '" + word + "' is a panagram.");
} else {
System.out.println("Sorry, '" + word + "' is not a panagram.");
}
currentPlayer.addGuessedWord(word);
currentPlayer.displayStatistics();
if (isGameFinished()) {
System.out.println("Game Over!");
displayWinner();
gameRunning = false;
break;
}
}
if (gameRunning) {
System.out.println("Enter 'q' to quit or any key to continue: ");
String input = scanner.nextLine();
if (input.equalsIgnoreCase("q")) {
System.out.println("Game Quit! Player " + players[0].getName() + " wins!");
gameRunning = false;
}
}
}
}
private void initializePlayers() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
System.out.print("Enter Player " + (i + 1) + " name: ");
String name = scanner.nextLine();
players[i] = new Player(name);
}
System.out.println();
}
private boolean isPanagram(String word) {
String alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
for (char c : alphabet.toCharArray()) {
if (!word.toLowerCase().contains(String.valueOf(c))) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
private boolean isGameFinished() {
for (Player player : players) {
if (player.getScore() >= 5) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
private void displayWinner() {
Player winner = players[0].getScore() > players[1].getScore() ? players[0] : players[1];
Player loser = players[0].getScore() < players[1].getScore() ? players[0] : players[1];
System.out.println("Player " + winner.getName() + " wins!");
System.out.println("Final Score - " + winner.getName() + ": " + winner.getScore() + ", " +
loser.getName() + ": " + loser.getScore());
System.out.println();
for (Player player : players) {
player.displayStatistics();
}
}
}
public class PanagramGameTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
PanagramGame game = new PanagramGame();
game.play();
}
}
The code consists of two classes: Player and PanagramGame. The Player class represents each player in the game and keeps track of their name, score, and guessed words. The PanagramGame class controls the gameplay, including the initialization of players, turn-based word guessing, scoring, and determining the game winner. The game uses a predefined panagram and checks if the entered word is a panagram by verifying if it contains all the letters of the English alphabet. The game continues until a player reaches a score of 5 or one of the players chooses to quit.
At the end of the game, the winner is displayed, along with the final score and player statistics.
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Your network uses the Subset mask 255.255.255.224. Which of the following IPv4 addresses are able to communicate with each other? (Select the two best answers.) *
A. 10.36.36.126
B. 10.36.36.158
C. 10.36.36.166
D. 10.36.36.184
E. 10.36.36.224
The first two IP addresses, A and B, are in different subnets and can communicate with each other. The remaining three are in different subnets and cannot communicate with the first two. Therefore, the two best answers are A. 10.36.36.126 and B. 10.36.36.158.
The question states that a network uses the subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 and asks which two of the five IPv4 addresses given are able to communicate with each other. The two best answers are A. 10.36.36.126 and B. 10.36.36.158. Explanation:Given subnet mask
= 255.255.255.224.
It is a Class A network with subnet mask 255.0.0.0. The last byte of the address is used for subnetting, therefore there are 8 subnets and each subnet has 30 hosts (28 usable).Now, the IP address given are:A.
10.36.36.126B. 10.36.36.158C. 10.36.36.166D. 10.36.36.184E. 10.36.36.224
To solve the problem, we must first find the subnet that each IP address belongs to. To do that, we must perform a logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask as follows:
10.36.36.126 & 255.255.255.224
= 10.36.36.96 10.36.36.158 & 255.255.255.224
= 10.36.36.128 10.36.36.166 & 255.255.255.224
= 10.36.36.160 10.36.36.184 & 255.255.255.224
= 10.36.36.160 10.36.36.224 & 255.255.255.224
= 10.36.36.224.
The first two IP addresses, A and B, are in different subnets and can communicate with each other. The remaining three are in different subnets and cannot communicate with the first two. Therefore, the two best answers are A. 10.36.36.126 and B. 10.36.36.158.
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Arithmetic operation in java 1. Writ a program to compute the tax amount of an order total and add it to the final amount the customer must pay. Below values are given. A. Order total = $200.22 B. Tax rate 6% = Hints: Declare a final double variable for tax rate with value '6%' Declare another double variable for order total with value - '200.22' Compute the tax amount and add it to the total to get the final amount to pay (including tax) Use a System.out.println statement to print the final amount (order total + tax) to the console when running
The program calculates the tax amount and adds it to the order total to get the final amount to pay, based on the given tax rate and order total.
Compute the final amount to pay, including tax, for an order total of $200.22 with a 6% tax rate in Java.To compute the tax amount of an order total and add it to the final amount the customer must pay in Java, you can follow these steps.
First, declare a final double variable named "taxRate" with the value of 0.06, representing a tax rate of 6%.
Then, declare another double variable named "orderTotal" with the value of 200.22, representing the order total amount.
Next, calculate the tax amount by multiplying the order total by the tax rate (taxAmount = orderTotal * taxRate).
Finally, compute the final amount to pay by adding the order total and the tax amount (finalAmount = orderTotal + taxAmount).
Use the System.out.println statement to print the final amount to the console.
When you run the program, it will display the calculated final amount (including tax) based on the given order total and tax rate.
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5. Discuss Three basic steps for VoIP technology which are:
5.1 Digitalizing voice in data packets
5.2 Sending data packets to destination
5.3 Recovering data packets
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a telephony technology that enables you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a conventional analog phone line.
The technology uses an Internet Protocol (IP) network to transmit voice as data packets between two or more people.Step 1: Digitalizing voice in data packetsThe initial step in the VoIP technology is to convert the analog voice signal into digital data packets. This process is called digitalizing voice. The analog voice signal is transmitted into a digital signal using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).Step 2: Sending data packets to destinationAfter digitalizing the voice signal into data packets, the VoIP technology sends the data packets to the destination.
These data packets are sent over the IP network to reach the recipient. VoIP uses a packet-switched network to send and receive the data packets.Step 3: Recovering data packetsUpon reaching the destination, the digital data packets need to be converted back to the original analog voice signal. This process is called recovering data packets. The digital signal is converted back into an analog signal using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Then the analog voice signal can be heard by the recipient.
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Predictions of maintainability can be made by assessing the complexity of system components. Identify the factors that depends on complexity. [2 Marks) a. Complexity of control structures: b. Complexi
Maintainability is the capacity of a system or system component to undergo changes and modifications with ease and quickly. In software engineering, maintainability is related to the quality and serviceability of the software.
In order to make predictions about maintainability, complexity assessments are needed. The following factors are dependent on complexity:A) Complexity of control structuresB) Complexity of decision-making structuresC) Complexity of processingD) Complexity of storage structuresE) Complexity of interfacesF) Size of the software programIn the field of software engineering, maintainability is the most critical characteristic of a software program.
When the program becomes too complicated, maintaining it becomes a time-consuming and expensive process. Thus, maintainability should be an essential part of software design. In general, maintainability can be improved by the following methods:Minimizing complexity and reducing the size of the software program.Clearly documented source code making it easier to understand and troubleshoot.Use of well-defined coding practices.Using modular programming and abstraction.
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Which of the following statements about signals is FALSE? A. A process is interrupted in order to be delivered a signal B. A process can send a signal to another process without involving the kernel C. A signal may be sent by the kernel to a process D. A user-defined signal handler can be used to define custom functionality when different signals are delivered to the process E. All of the mentioned O None of the mentioned
The following statement about signals that is FALSE is: "A process can send a signal to another process without involving the kernel."The signals are software interrupts that can be delivered to a process.
A signal is an asynchronous notification sent to a process or to a specific thread within a process to notify it of an event that occurred. The following statements about signals are true:A process is interrupted to be delivered a signal.A signal can be sent to a process by the kernel.A user-defined signal handler can be used to define custom functionality when different signals are delivered to the process. Signals are delivered synchronously with the execution of the receiving process or thread.
A signal can be delivered by the kernel to a process, to a thread within the same process, or to a thread in a different process without involving the sender process.In conclusion, the statement that is FALSE about signals is that "A process can send a signal to another process without involving the kernel." The other statements are true.
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Project. Your assignment consists of designing and implementing a software solution to the problem of accessing a web server (you can prompt the user for an URL or hardcode it in the program), request
Ultimately, the goal of this project is to showcase your skills in software development, data analysis, and problem-solving, and to provide you with a valuable learning experience (VLE), that can help you in your future career.
Your assignment consists of designing and implementing a software solution to the problem of accessing a web server (you can prompt the user for an URL or hardcode it in the program), requesting a page from it, and downloading the content Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) of that page to a file on your computer. The program should then analyze the contents of the downloaded page and produce a report that summarizes its findings.
To design and implement this project, you will need to use various software tools, programming languages, and libraries. For example, you can use Python as your programming language, the requests library to send HTTP requests and download the page, and Beautiful Soup to parse and analyze the HTML content. You may also need to use other libraries such as NumPy, Pandas, or Matplotlib to perform some data analysis and visualization tasks. Depending on your requirements and preferences, you may choose to implement this project as a command-line tool, a GUI application, or a web application. You may also decide to add some extra features, such as the ability to filter the content by specific tags, search for keywords, or save the results to a database or a cloud storage service (CSS).
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Complete the program so that a sample run inputting 22 for the number of items bought and 1095 for the price of each item will produce the results below. Sample run of the program Please input the number of items bought 22 Please input the price of each iten 10.98 The total bill is $241.56 to Once you have the program working change the instruction precisio) ecsedechowpoint cout< in the header. Alter the program so that the program first asks for the name of the product which can be read into a string object) so that the following sample run of the program will appear Please input the name of the item MIK Please input the number of items bought 4 Please input the price of each item 1.97 The item that you bought is Milk The total bill is $7.88 Now alter the program, if you have not already done so, so that the name of an item could include a space within its string. Please input the name of the item Chocolate Ice Cream Please input the number of items bought 4 Please input the price of each item 1.97 The item that you bought is Chocolate Ice Cream The total bill is
The program calculates the total bill based on the number of items bought and the price of each item. It first asks for the number of items and the price per item
Here's an example implementation of the program in C++:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
int main() {
std::string itemName;
int numItems;
double pricePerItem;
std::cout << "Please input the name of the item: ";
std::getline(std::cin, itemName);
std::cout << "Please input the number of items bought: ";
std::cin >> numItems;
std::cout << "Please input the price of each item: ";
std::cin >> pricePerItem;
double totalBill = numItems * pricePerItem;
std::cout << "The item that you bought is " << itemName << std::endl;
std::cout << "The total bill is $" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << totalBill << std::endl;
return 0;
}
```
In the modified program, the `std::getline()` function is used to read the input for the item name as a string, allowing for names with spaces. The `std::fixed` and `std::setprecision()` functions are used to format the total bill with two decimal places.
With the sample input of 4 items bought at a price of $1.97 each and the name "Chocolate Ice Cream," the program will output "The item that you bought is Chocolate Ice Cream" and "The total bill is $7.88".
The modifications enable the program to accurately handle item names with spaces and provide a more detailed output by including the name of the item along with the total bill.
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Consider the following relations: salesperson(emp#, name, age, salary); key is emp# order(ordert, cust#, item#, amount); key is order# customer(cust#, name, emp#, city); key is cust# item(item#, description, industry-type); key is item# Show SQL expressions for the following queries: a. Get all the information of the salesperson whose customers have placed an order. b. Get all the information of the salesperson whose customers have placed more than one order and are from NEW York City. c. Get the customer's number and name whose order amount is greater than the average amount of all orders. d. For each customer, get his cust#, name and the total amount of sales.
a. To get all the information of the salesperson whose customers have placed an order, you can use the following SQL query:
```sql
SELECT s.*
FROM salesperson s
WHERE s.emp# IN (SELECT DISTINCT c.emp# FROM customer c, order o WHERE c.cust# = o.cust#);
```
b. To get all the information of the salesperson whose customers have placed more than one order and are from New York City, you can use the following SQL query:
```sql
SELECT s.*
FROM salesperson s
WHERE s.emp# IN (
SELECT c.emp#
FROM customer c, order o
WHERE c.cust# = o.cust#
GROUP BY c.emp#
HAVING COUNT(DISTINCT o.ordert) > 1
)
AND s.city = 'New York City';
```
c. To get the customer's number and name whose order amount is greater than the average amount of all orders, you can use the following SQL query:
```sql
SELECT c.cust#, c.name
FROM customer c, order o
WHERE c.cust# = o.cust#
GROUP BY c.cust#, c.name
HAVING SUM(o.amount) > (SELECT AVG(amount) FROM order);
```
d. For each customer, to get their cust#, name, and the total amount of sales, you can use the following SQL query:
```sql
SELECT c.cust#, c.name, SUM(o.amount) AS total_sales
FROM customer c, order o
WHERE c.cust# = o.cust#
GROUP BY c.cust#, c.name;
```
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Scenario 4 – Finding Defects
Execute the test case you wrote in step 3 and provide a list of at least 3 one-liner defect descriptions based on your test case
Example:
1) Customer service email is incorrect
Instructions:
• Enter your answer in the field below as a numbered list like the example above - Note: Do not use the example
• This field is a rich text field that will contain as much text as necessary to complete your answer. You can also add formatting such as Bullets, Numbers, Italics, etc.
Scenario # 4 Answer
Type Answer Here
Scenario # 4 – Finding Defects One-liner defect descriptions from the test case:
1) The login button is not functional
2) The error message for invalid email is not displayed
3) The search function returns inaccurate results.
Testing a software application is crucial to ensuring that it functions correctly. Finding defects is an essential aspect of testing the software application. Once a test case has been executed, the test results need to be analyzed to find any defects in the system. Based on the test case scenario, here are three one-liner defect descriptions:
1) The login button is not functional
2) The error message for an invalid email is not displayed
3) The search function returns inaccurate results.
Testing software applications is an essential aspect of ensuring that it functions correctly. To find defects in a software application, a test case is executed, and the test results are analyzed. Three one-liner defect descriptions that could be derived from the test case mentioned in the scenario are; the login button is not functional, the error message for invalid email is not displayed, and the search function returns inaccurate results. Such defects could affect the overall functionality of the software application. It is, therefore, crucial to test the software application thoroughly before releasing it into the market.
To ensure the functionality of a software application, testing is critical. Test cases are executed to find any defects in the system, which can significantly impact the performance of the software application. It is essential to find these defects and correct them before releasing the application into the market. Based on the test case in the scenario, defects such as the login button not being functional, the error message for an invalid email not being displayed, and the search function returning inaccurate results could be found.
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Create a C program to Censor a file before storing.If the user chooses to censor the file, the application should ask the user to enter a comma separated list of words that should be censored from the file. The program will implement an algorithm that redacts or censors the words provided from the text in the file. It should then read the contents of the file, redact the words if they appear in the input file and store the result appropriately in the defined file system. For example: Given the block of text below: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog and the redactable set of words: the, jumps, lazy the output text stored should be *** quick brown fox ***** over *** **** dog Note - The number of stars in the redacted text must match the number of letters in the word that has been redacted. - Capitalization is ignored. - Only whole words that match one of the redacted words should be redacted. o Ignore words that are part of words e.g. jumpsuit should not be redacted given the word jumps. o Ignore hyphenated words and words with apostrophes.
The C program described aims to censor a file by redacting specific words provided by the user. The program prompts the user to enter a comma-separated list of words to be censored from the file. It reads the contents of the file, identifies the words that match the redactable words, and replaces them with a corresponding number of asterisks. The program follows specific rules, such as matching whole words, ignoring capitalization, and ignoring hyphenated words and words with apostrophes.
To implement the program, you can follow these steps:
Prompt the user to enter the file name and the redactable words.Open the input file and create an output file.Read each word from the input file.Check if the word matches any of the redactable words (ignoring capitalization).If a match is found, replace the word with the same number of asterisks.Write the modified word to the output file.Repeat steps 3-6 until the end of the file is reached.Close both the input and output files.Print a message indicating that the censorship process is complete.By following this approach, the program will successfully censor the specified words from the input file and store the modified text in the output file. It ensures that only whole words are redacted and that the number of asterisks matches the length of the redacted word. It also ignores hyphenated words and words with apostrophes.
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Chapter 8: The Spring Breaks ‘R’ Us Travel
Service
The Spring Breaks ‘R’ Us social networking subsystem requires an
intuitive and engaging user-interface design for mobile devices.
But the soc
The Spring Breaks ‘R’ Us social networking subsystem requires an intuitive and engaging user-interface design for mobile devices. However, the social networking subsystem must also be designed to be scalable and fault-tolerant. In order to accomplish these goals, the system must be architected in a way that is both modular and loosely coupled.
In terms of the user interface design, the system must be designed to be intuitive and engaging. This can be accomplished through the use of responsive design, which allows the user interface to adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions. Additionally, the use of clear and concise language, as well as visual cues and icons, can help to make the system more user-friendly.
Overall, the design of the Spring Breaks ‘R’ Us social networking subsystem must balance the need for scalability and fault tolerance with the need for an intuitive and engaging user interface. By doing so, the system will be able to provide a seamless and enjoyable experience for users, while also meeting the needs of the business.
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Question 17 (2 points) Which of the follow is a way to document requirements (multi-select). User Stories Situations UML Use Cases Epics Question 20 (2 points) Choose all the User Stories that apply to the following Epic. EPIC: As a Product Owner I need a system to manage my customer accounts and orders. As an Accountant I need to access the financial reports so that I may perform an audit. As an Account Manager I need to view customer order report so that I may see a list of orders that are over due. As a User I need to get cash from the ATM so that I can buy groceries. As a Custer Rep I need to create new customer accounts so that I may take the customer's order.
Question 17: A way to document require. Requirements documents are representations of a specific system's. Requirements and describe how the remints Documentation is essential in requirements engineering to specify.
Design, and test system requirements system should work. In software engineering, documenting requirements for a system is critical because it provides a common understanding of what the system must do for the customers, users.
Developers, and testers involved. There are several ways of documenting requirements. Some of the most common ways include: User stories: User stories are brief descriptions of functionality that end-users of a system can execute.
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Write an app that reads the integers representing the total sales for three sales people then determines ad prints the largest and the smallest integers in the group.
Here's an example of a Python app that reads the total sales for three salespeople and determines and prints the largest and smallest integers in the group:
def find_largest_smallest_sales():
sales = []
for i in range(3):
sale = int(input("Enter the total sales for salesperson {}: ".format(i+1)))
sales.append(sale)
largest_sale = max(sales)
smallest_sale = min(sales)
print("Largest sale: {}".format(largest_sale))
print("Smallest sale: {}".format(smallest_sale))
find_largest_smallest_sales()
In this app, we first create an empty list called sales to store the sales values. Then, we use a loop to ask the user to enter the total sales for each salesperson and append them to the sales list. After that, we use the max() and min() functions to find the largest and smallest values in the sales list, respectively. Finally, we print out the largest and smallest sales values.
When you run this app, it will prompt you to enter the total sales for each salesperson. Once you provide the sales values, it will display the largest and smallest sales values.
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(a) Draw a diagram for a register machine that tests whether a given number n is divisible by 3. Your machine should have two registers A and B, with the input n supplied in A, and B initialized to 0. Your machine should have just a single exit point, and the value of B on exit should be 1 if n is divisible by 3, 0 otherwise. Each junction between basic components should be marked with an arrowhead, as in the examples in lectures. It does not matter if the value of n is lost in the course of the computation. (b) Would you expect it to be possible to build a register machine that tests whether a given number n is prime? Very briefly justify your answer, draw- ing on any relevant statements from lectures. (Do not attempt to construct such a machine explicitly.)
(a) A diagram for a register machine that tests whether a given number n is divisible by 3 is as follows:For checking divisibility by 3, we will subtract the given number n by 3 until n becomes negative or zero, but we also need to keep count of how many times we have subtracted by 3.
We start with B initialized to 0. In register machine terms, we need to execute the following commands until n is negative or zero: A → A − 3 and B → B + 1. After these commands, the test B → 1 is executed if the current value of A is 0, else the computation continues by executing A → A − 3 and B → B + 1 again. This repeats until A is zero or negative.
(b) It is not expected to be possible to build a register machine that tests whether a given number n is prime. The decision problem for primality is not primitive recursive. In particular, for any algorithm which decides primality, there are some values of n which it cannot handle within a finite number of steps.
The problem of primality testing is inherently non-computable. This was proved by the famous mathematician Kurt Gödel in 1931, using his incompleteness theorem.
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Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. THE CANCER ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH AFRICA (CANSA) Fortunately, CANSA is still leading the fight against cancer in South Africa. A magnificent milestone was reached in August 2016 when CANSA celebrated 85 years of providing care to more than 100 000 South Africans annually, and simultaneously tackling the important task of NISION cancer-related education and research, The importance of CANSA's contribution towards a better- informed society is clear if one considers that 25 per cent of South Africans (1 in 4) will be affected by cancer in their lifetime. A daunting task indeed. Scientific findings and knowledge gained from CANSA's research is strengthening educational and service delivery. The approximate R12 million spent annually (R6 million on direct research costs) ensures that the organisation is addressing the enormous challenge by offering a unique and integrated service to the public, which involves holistic cancer care and the support of all people affected by cancer. This is particularly significant for a non-profit organisation, given the fact that it is a big family of more than 350 permanent employees and approximately 5000 caring volunteers. With these committed people, CANSA is running more than 30 care centres countrywide. They are therefore well placed to render their services to most communities in South Africa. CANSA's perseverance was recognised and honoured when it was rated one of South Africa's most trusted and admired non- governmental organisations (NGO's) by the 2010 Ask Africa Trust Barometer: a survey reporting on corporate trust and reputation and based on peer review. Emision Values The 12 CANSA Care Homes in South African metropolitan areas are commonly known as homes away from home among cancer patients and their families. Apart from the Care Homes, the organisation also has one hospitium for out-of-town cancer patients undergoing cancer treatment in Polokwane. CANSA's Care Centres and Care Clinics furthermore offer a wide range of health programmes, like MISSION screening and cancer control, individual counselling and support groups for cancer patients, especially children and their loved ones, and specialist care and treatment, e.g., for stoma and lymphedema, wound care, and medical equipment hire. Prevention and education campaigns are part of everyday life at CANSA, and the NGO strives to empower communities through, for example, the provision of free Cancer Coping Kits in English, Sesotho, isiZulu and Afrikaans. CANSA offers a message of HOPE to all communities, and an opportunity to get involved in the fight against cancer by providing access to information and education. They also provide all cancer survivors and all affected by cancer with solidarity, support and care, as well as a sense of belonging by honouring and empowering them, and providing a platform to spread a message of HOPE training for volunteers with regard to the cancer challenge, which enables them to get involved and take ownership in the fight against cancer, by sharing resources and talents in their own communities an opportunity to partners to achieve their goals in respect of their social responsibility STMTMY1 an opportunity to staff for learning and growth, thereby using their talents, pass competencies to make a difference in their communities in the fight against cancer. In CANSA's annual report it is stated that working with cancer, the disease and survivors fo years, the people in CANSA know that all people diagnosed with cancer have the need for credible information, a good support system, an organisation with a reputable image system, as well as advice on patients' rights and how to stand up for these rights. Source: Lazenby, JAA. Editor. 2018. The Strategic Management Process. A South African 2nd Edition. Van Schaik Publishers. Pretoria. Question: You are the newly appointed CEO for CANSA, and your first task is to provide th with strategic direction. Prepare a statement of strategic intent containing a visio values, using the background presented in the case study. NOTE: students must create their own formulations and not copy CANSA unpublished vision, mission and value statement.
We aim to strengthen our partnerships and collaborations with other NGOs, government institutions, and private organizations to achieve our goals.
As the newly appointed CEO for CANSA, the statement of strategic intent containing a vision and values is given below:
Vision Statement: Our vision is to make cancer a disease of the past by providing excellent holistic care, offering relevant cancer-related education, undertaking valuable research, and extending our reach to every South African.
Value Statement: We value excellent service delivery to the public, and we believe that it should be an integrated service with a unique approach to the care of all people affected by cancer. We value our employees and volunteers, who are part of our big family, and we also value the contribution of our partners in helping us to achieve our objectives. We have the values of integrity, transparency, and accountability, which we believe are essential to maintain the trust of our donors and partners in us.
Strategic Intent Statement: Our strategic intent is to expand our network of care centers across the country and to provide adequate services to cancer patients and their families. We also aim to extend our educational outreach by providing relevant information about cancer to all communities. We aim to undertake valuable research that can help us to prevent and cure cancer, and to provide the best care for cancer patients.
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A computer is using a fully associative cache and has 2^16 bytes of main memory (byte addressable) and a cache of 64 blocks, where each block contains 32 bytes.
a. How many blocks of main memory are there?
b. What will be the sizes of the tag, index, and byte offset fields?
c. To which cache set will the memory address 0xF8C9(hexadecimal) map?
We don't need to calculate the cache set.The number of blocks of main memory is[tex]2^16 / 32 = 2^{11[/tex] blocksb.
The total cache size is 64 blocks, each block contains 32 bytes, so the total size is 64 * 32 = 2048 bytes. The size of the tag field is the remaining bits from the memory address not used in the index or byte offset fields. Since there are 16 bits in the memory address and each block contains 32 bytes, the number of index bits is log2(64) = 6 bits. Therefore, the size of the byte offset field is log2(32) = 5 bits.
The tag field size is the remaining bits, which is 16 - 6 - 5 = 5 bits.c. The memory address 0xF8C9(hexadecimal) is 1111 1000 1100 1001 (binary). Since this is a fully associative cache, the memory address can map to any cache set. Therefore, we don't need to calculate the cache set.
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Draw a sketch of the encapsulation of a VPN data packet. Show
the IP source and destination address and the VPN tunnel source and
destination address encapsulated with the IP packet.
Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a network that provides secure and private connections. VPN ensures data privacy by encrypting the data traffic.
The VPN packet encapsulation consists of the data packet from the user, the outer IP header with the VPN source and destination IP addresses, and the inner IP header with the user's source and destination IP addresses. The following is the sketch of the encapsulation of a VPN data packet.
The above sketch represents the encapsulation of the VPN data packet. The VPN tunnel source and destination addresses are encapsulated with the IP packet. The user data is encrypted using the encryption method selected by the VPN.
After encryption, the VPN encapsulates the encrypted data with an IP header containing the VPN source and destination addresses. The outer IP header with the VPN source and destination IP addresses encapsulates the inner IP header with the user's source and destination IP addresses.
The outer header contains the VPN gateway's IP address and the destination's IP address. Once the encapsulated data packet arrives at the destination, the VPN gateway removes the outer IP header to reveal the inner IP header.
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Build a simple app by connecting your database to a host language (java, php) having the following functionalities; insertion, deletion, modification, and query to the database. (A PhoneBook database).
You are required to add two USERS: usr and mgr.
Grant create, update and delete privileges for table and views to usr using the GRANT statement.
Using the GRANT statement, grant create, update and delete privileges for table and views for mgr.
Insert a row with dummy data into the tables using mgr user and show the result (this may or may not result in an error).
To build a database-connected app, establish a connection using the appropriate driver/library and execute SQL statements for insertion, deletion, modification, and querying. Grant privileges using GRANT statement.
How can a simple app be built by connecting a database to a host language (e.g., Java, PHP) with functionalities like insertion, deletion, modification, and querying, and granting user privileges using the GRANT statement?To build a simple app that connects a database to a host language (e.g., Java, PHP) with functionalities like insertion, deletion, modification, and querying, you would need to establish a connection to the database using the appropriate driver or library for your chosen programming language.
Once connected, you can use SQL statements to execute operations such as inserting new records into the database, deleting existing records, modifying data, and querying the database for retrieving information.
User privileges and permissions can be managed using database-specific statements like GRANT to grant specific privileges (e.g., create, update, delete) to users or roles.
It's important to refer to the documentation and resources specific to your database management system and programming language for the exact syntax and steps required to implement these functionalities.
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Below is a copy of the program that we did in class today to demonstrate the use of semaphores. Modify the program given below for tr1 to withdraw an amount and tr2 to deposit an amount. Choose your own initial amount, withdrawal amount, and deposit amount. Run the threads concurrently with sleep statements to simulate the real-world environment. Make sure to submit a copy of the modified code, and snapshots of the output generated. #include #include #include #include #include #include void tr1(); //declare function tri&tr2... coming up void tr2(): int bal=500; //shared resource sem_t s1; //semaphore declaration void main() sem_init(&$1,0,1); //binary semaphore pthread_t thread1, thread2; printf("MAIN1: Balance is %d\n", bal); pthread_create(&thread1,NULL,(void *) &tr1,NULL); //create & spawn thread #1 pthread_create(&thread2,NULL,(void *)&tr2,NULL); //create & spawn thread #2 pthread_join(thread1,NULL); //wait until thread #1 is done pthread_join(thread2,NULL); //wait until thread #2 is done sleep(s); printf("MAIN2: Balance is %d\n", bal); sem_destroy(&s1); } void tr10 intx sem_wait(&s1); xabal; //get the balance from the common account sleep(4); x-x-200; //withdraw $200 balex; printf("THREAD1_1: Withdrew $200... Balance is %d\n", bal); sem_post(&s1); pthread_exit(0); } void tr20 int x; sem_wait(&si); x-bal; //get the balance from the common account // sleep(1); x-x-100; //withdraw $100 balex; printf("THREAD2_1: Withdrew $10... Balance is %d\n", bal); sem_post(&s1); pthread_exit(0);
The given code demonstrates the use of semaphores in a multithreaded program to simulate banking transactions. It involves two threads, one for withdrawing an amount and another for depositing an amount.
The initial balance is set to $500, and the withdrawal and deposit amounts can be customized. The threads are synchronized using a binary semaphore, ensuring that only one thread can access the shared balance at a time. The program output displays the balance before and after the transactions. In the modified code, the functions `tr1` and `tr2` are defined to represent the withdrawal and deposit transactions, respectively. The shared resource `bal` represents the account balance, initially set to $500. A binary semaphore `s1` is declared using `sem_t` for synchronization. Inside the `main` function, the semaphore `s1` is initialized with an initial value of 1 using `sem_init`. Two threads, `thread1` and `thread2`, are created using `pthread_create`, with `tr1` and `tr2` as the respective thread functions. The main thread waits for both threads to finish executing using `pthread_join`. After the threads have completed, a sleep statement simulates a delay before printing the updated balance. Finally, the semaphore is destroyed using `sem_destroy`. In the `tr1` function, the balance is accessed by acquiring the semaphore using `sem_wait`. The balance is then retrieved and stored in a local variable `x`. A sleep statement simulates a delay, and $200 is withdrawn from the balance. The updated balance is printed, and the semaphore is released using `sem_post`. Similarly, in the `tr2` function, the balance is accessed using the semaphore. The balance is retrieved, and $100 is withdrawn from it. The updated balance is printed, and the semaphore is released. The use of semaphores ensures that only one thread can access the shared balance at a time, preventing any race conditions or inconsistencies in the account balance.
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