Here is the program to make the bicolor LED start out red for 3 seconds (connected at I/O pin PB0). After 3 seconds, change the bicolor LED to green (connected at I/O pin PB1):The program to flash the yellow LED (connected at I/O pin PB2) on and off once every second for ten seconds.
When the yellow LED is done flashing, the bicolor LED should switch back to red and stay that way: You can draw the schematic diagram for the circuit as follows: Explanation: We can implement this program with the help of AVR ATmega16 microcontroller. Bicolor LEDs contain two LEDs, one green and the other red.
A single resistor is used to limit the current to both LEDs, which are connected in reverse parallel, so only one is lit at a time. To light the green LED, pin PB0 of the ATmega16 must be connected to ground, and pin PB1 must be connected to VCC, which is 5V in this case.
When the opposite connection is made, the red LED lights up. To flash the yellow LED (connected at I/O pin PB2) on and off once every second for ten seconds, we used a timer. This timer runs at 1 second intervals and counts to ten to turn the LED on and off. After ten seconds, the LED turns off and the bicolor LED switches back to red and stays that way.
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Exercise 3.2: Find the number of times the loop body executes in the following for the loop and the value of the loop counter when the program exits the loop. for (i = 0; i
The given loop is as follows:for (i = 0; i < n; i++){}where i represents the loop counter and n is the limit or the number of times the loop should execute. In this question, the value of n is not given explicitly.
However, it is mentioned that the loop body executes more than 100 times.Therefore, we can assume that n > 100.To find the number of times the loop body executes, we need to count the number of times the loop counter (i) is incremented until it reaches the value of n.
Since we don't know the exact value of n, we cannot give a specific answer for the number of times the loop body executes.However, we do know that it executes more than 100 times. So, we can say that the number of times the loop body executes is greater than 100.To find the value of the loop counter when the program exits the loop, we need to check the condition that causes the loop to terminate.
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We are modeling a mobile based bank application. In a part of this application, the aim is to observe customer transactions in order to detect fraud. If the transaction consists $1000000 and if the receiver takes transactions more than 5 times, the corresponding transaction is suspended and transferred to the audit commission to check. After the commission inspects the transaction, it is decided to be submitted or not.
Task: Draw a Use CaseDiagram includes at least 4 use case and 2 actors
In the mobile-based bank application that is modeled to detect fraud, there are two actors involved: The User and the Audit Commission. There are four use cases involved: User Registration, Transaction Observation, Transaction Suspension, and Transaction Inspection. Below is the Use Case Diagram of the Mobile-based bank application with all four use cases and two actors represented: Use Case Diagram with all four use cases and two actors represented:
User RegistrationUse Case:This use case involves the user registering with the mobile-based bank application. The user will provide all necessary information to register in the app.
Transaction Observation Use Case: This use case allows the app to observe all the customer transactions in order to detect fraud. If a transaction is made for $1000000 and the receiver takes transactions more than 5 times, the corresponding transaction is suspended and transferred to the audit commission for inspection.
Transaction Suspension Use Case: This use case is used to suspend a transaction after observing fraudulent activities in the transaction. The transaction is then transferred to the audit commission for inspection.
Transaction Inspection Use Case: This use case involves the audit commission inspecting the suspended transaction to decide whether it is fraudulent or not.
If the transaction is found to be fraudulent, the appropriate action is taken by the commission. If not, the transaction is submitted for completion.
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please use c# (sharp)programming language to Solve this problem
Create a console Application - A Banking APP with the below requirements
1. Should be 2 tier applications - UI + Business application layer and a database
2. Database should be normalised upto 3 normal forms
3. you should have an ER diagram as a part of documentation
4. Must to have all the constraints in database and validations on client side before sending data to database
5. Must implement logging in a seperate database, useing SeriLog
6. Must write test cases
7. Banking applications should have below requirements
a. To perform any activity, user must be logged in (can see the menu, however if your design needs it)
b. 2 types of logins, admin and customer, if user enters wrong password, for 3 times consicetively, block the account
c. When logged in by Admin, can see the below menu
1. Create new account
2. View all account details in a list
3. Perform widraw, will be asked Accountnumber of a customer and amount
4. Perform Deposit, will be asked Accountnumber of a customer and amount
5. Transfer funds, from accountNo 1 to accountNo 2, provided valid balance,
6. Disable an account
7. Active an blocked account
8. Exit
d. When logged in By Customer, can see the below menu
1. Check Balance
2. Widraw - enter amount
3. Deposit - enter amount
4. Transfer - valid other account no and amount
5. View last 10 transactions
6. Change password
7. Exit
8. Project must implement exception handling
Banking App in Sharp Programming Language To create a banking app using Sharp programming language, you should consider .
Design and implementation of a UI + business application layer and a data based .
Ensure database normalization up to 3 normal Create an ER diagram as part of the documentation.
Incorporate all database restrictions and client-side validations before sending data to the database. Create a separate database for logging and use SeriLog to perform logging.
Create test cases.Banking application requirements should include the following:a. Users must log in to perform any action (menu visible). If the design necessitates it, however.b. There are two types of logins: admin and customer. If the user enters the wrong password three times in a row, the account is blocked.
Admins can see the following menu when they log in:1. Create a new account2. View all account details in a list3. Withdraw, with an Accountnumber and an amount to be requested4. Deposit, with an Accountnumber and an amount to be deposited.
Transfer funds from accountNo1 to accountNo2 if there is a valid balance6. Deactivate an account7. Activate a blocked account8. Exitd. When logged in by a customer, the following menu appears:1. Check Balance2. Withdrawal - enter an amount3. Deposit - enter an amount.
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Consider a system implementing a rational sampling rate change by 5/7: for this, we cascade upsampler by 5, a lowpass filter with cutoff frequency π/7 and a downsampler by 7. The lowpass filter is a 99-tap FIR. Assume that the input works at a rate of 1000 samples per second. What is the number of multiplications per second required by the system? Assume that multiplications by zero do not count and round the number of operations to the nearest integer. Enter answer here
The total number of samples processed in one second is 1000 samples per second, as per the given question. Therefore, the total number of multiplications per second is 99 * (1000 * 5) = 495000. Hence, the required number of multiplications per second required by the system is 495000. Therefore, the answer is 495000.
Given the system implementing a rational sampling rate change by 5/7 by cascading an upsampler by 5, a lowpass filter with cutoff frequency π/7, and a downsampler by 7. The lowpass filter is a 99-tap FIR. It is required to find the number of multiplications per second required by the system. Let's proceed to solve the given problem. The upsampler by 5, increases the sample rate by a factor of 5. Therefore, the new sample rate is 1000 * 5
= 5000 samples per second. The lowpass filter has a cutoff frequency of π/7 and is a 99-tap FIR. The number of operations required to filter one sample of 99-tap FIR filter is 99 multiplications and 98 additions. Thus, the total number of multiplications required for filtering one sample is 99. The lowpass filter also reduces the sample rate by a factor of 7. Therefore, the new sample rate is 5000 / 7 samples per second. The total number of samples processed in one second is 1000 samples per second, as per the given question. Therefore, the total number of multiplications per second is 99 * (1000 * 5)
= 495000. Hence, the required number of multiplications per second required by the system is 495000. Therefore, the answer is 495000.
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The closed-loop transfer function of a negative unity feedback system is given by (s + 4)(s 1) T(s) = 55 +254 +25³ +45² +s+2 Determine the systems stability using the Routh Hurwitz Criterion for Stability. Depending on the case, use the following required method: Case 1: Apply the usual procedure of the Routh array. Case 2: Apply the Reciprocal of Roots and Reverse Coefficients Case 3: Apply Auxiliary Polynomial For Problem Number One, answer the following questions. Question 8 Number of Poles in the Left-Half Plane? Blank 1 Blank 1 Add your answer Question 9 Number of Poles in the jw-axis? Blank 1 Blank 1 Add your answer Question 10 Number of Poles in the Right-Half Plane?
The given transfer function is T(s) = (s + 4)(s – 1) / (s³ + 2s² + 45s + 254 + 55)
Here, the order of the system is n = 3
Therefore, the Routh table is:
Routh table s³ 1 45 0 s² 2 254 0 s¹ 55 / 2.2 0 sº 0
For the system to be stable, all the elements of the first column of the Routh array must be greater than 0.
Number of poles in the left-half plane = number of sign changes in the first column of the Routh table = 2
Number of poles in the jω-axis = number of times the elements in the first column change sign,
after adding a small positive constant ε to the last coefficient of the characteristic equation.
Number of poles in the jω-axis = number of sign changes in the first column of the Routh table for s² + ε = 0
ε = 0.001,
s² + ε = 0,
s = ± jωjω - 1/√ε - jω - 1/√ε s² + ε 1 - 1/√ε 254 0 jω 0 1
For ε = 0.001, there are 0 sign changes, so there are no poles in the jω-axis.
Number of poles in the right-half plane = 0
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Find Laplace transform of the following step function and draw its region of convergence. f(t) = 3u(t) =
Let the function be f(t) = 3u(t). Now, we have to find its Laplace transform using the definition of Laplace transform.
The formula for Laplace transform is;$$F(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} f(t)e^{-st} dt$$Given that, f(t) = 3u(t). Now, substituting the values of f(t) in the formula of Laplace transform, we have;$$F(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} 3u(t) e^{-st} dt$$$$F(s) = 3 \int_{0}^{\infty} u(t) e^{-st} dt$$Now, let's see the Laplace transform of unit step function, u(t) using the definition of Laplace transform.$$U(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} u(t) e^{-st} dt$$The region of convergence is s > 0.
Laplace transform is a mathematical tool that converts functions from the time domain to the frequency domain. Laplace transform of a function f(t) is denoted as F(s) and is defined as:$$F(s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} f(t)e^{-st} dt$$Here, f(t) is the function in the time domain, s is a complex frequency and F(s) is the function in the frequency domain.
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Direction: Read the following information about your In-Course Project. Each group shall identify one or two existing organization to develop this technical report. With the chosen organization, provide the required information in the ppt.
The foundation for managing data, information, knowledge to maximize the quality, usability, and value of their information resources. Need of the day is "Right information, in the right place, in the right format and at the right time" The management (planning, organization, operations and control) of the resources (human and physical) concerned with the systems support (development, enhancement and maintenance) and the servicing (processing, transformation, distribution, storage and retrieval) of information for an enterprise.
It is very important to have a thorough reading and understanding of project outline provided. However, poor reading will lead to misunderstanding and failure of analyses. It is recommended to read guidelines before and after reading the proposed case study to understand what is asked and how the questions are to be answered. Therefore, in-depth understanding the outline is very important.
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS:
Information Resources Management (IRM) is the concept that information is a major corporate resource and must be managed using the same basic principles used to manage other assets. Moreover, it is a process that links business information needs to information system solutions.
Implementing suitable Information Resources Management system will helps corporate to gain the most benefits of managing their business and information by making a linkage between key data and the corporate strategies.
Student should select the suitable case study then he/she should make a detailed case analysis with the following outline:
PROJECT OUTLINE
I. Review of present situation of the organization Nature of organization
Nature of industry in which organization operates.
Components of the organization.
Organizational structure that manages information technology.
Objectives of the organization and key players in this case.
Governance decision areas
Global Business Area of the organization
a. Global System Development
b. Strategies to expand the business to global level
c. Issues/Challenges of Global business
d. Global Data Access and its issues
Evaluate critically how business managers can reduce issues in IT management.
Information Resources Management (IRM) is a principle that perceives information as a significant corporate resource and should be managed using the same basic principles used to manage other assets.
Additionally, it's a process that connects business information needs to information system solutions. Implementing a suitable Information Resources Management system helps the corporate sector maximize the benefits of managing their business and information by linking key data to corporate strategies.
The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the "Global Business Area of the organization" of the company. The first step to analyze an organization is to conduct a review of the present situation.
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Find the eccentricity of an ellipse if the distance between foci is 8 and the distance between directrices is 12.5. Select one: C a. 0.7 C b. 0.5 C C. 0.8 C d. 0.6 2. A water container has equilateral end sections with sides 0.3 m and 0.6 m long. Find the depth of water it contains if the volume is 0.058 m 3
. Select one: 3 Given the parts of a spherical triangle: A=82 ∘
,B=100 ∘
, and C=65 ∘
. Find angle C. Select one: C a. 68.62 deg C b. 75.62 dea C c. 72.34 deq Cd. 64.13 deg 4.Anairplane flewfrom Manila( 121030' E,14∘N) on a course of S30 ∘
W and maintaining a uniform altitu de. At what longitu de will the plane crosses the equator? Select one: C a. 112 ∘
38 ′
E Cb. 110028 ′
E C c. 114018 ′
E Cd. 113 ∘
33 ′
E 5. A right spherical triangle has the following parts: c=80deg,a=62deg,C=90 deg. Find the measure of side b. Select one: C a. 65.32 deg Cb. 78.45 deg C c. 68.3deg Cd. 73.24deg
The eccentricity of the ellipse is approximately 1.28. **(eccentricity, ellipse). the depth of water in the container is approximately 0.771 m. **(depth, water container). The plane will cross the equator at approximately 271°30' E longitude. **(longitude, equator crossing)**
1. To find the eccentricity of an ellipse, we can use the formula e = c/a, where c is the distance between the foci and a is half the distance between the major and minor axes. In this case, the distance between the foci is given as 8, and we need to find a.
Since the distance between the directrices is given as 12.5, we know that a + a' = 12.5, where a' is the distance from the center of the ellipse to one of the directrices. Since the directrices are equidistant from the center, we have a' = 12.5/2 = 6.25.
Now, we can use the relationship between a, c, and e: a = c/e. Substituting the values, we have 6.25 = 8/e, which gives e = 8/6.25 = 1.28.
Therefore, the eccentricity of the ellipse is approximately 1.28. **(eccentricity, ellipse)**
2. The volume of the water container can be calculated using the formula V = (1/4) * sqrt(3) * a^2 * h, where a is the side length of the equilateral end sections and h is the depth of water. We are given that V = 0.058 m^3 and a = 0.3 m.
Plugging in the values, we have 0.058 = (1/4) * sqrt(3) * (0.3)^2 * h. Solving for h, we get h = 0.058 / [(1/4) * sqrt(3) * (0.3)^2] = 0.771 m.
Therefore, the depth of water in the container is approximately 0.771 m. **(depth, water container)**
3. In a spherical triangle, the sum of the angles is greater than 180 degrees. Given A = 82°, B = 100°, and C = 65°, we can find angle C using the formula:
C = 180 - A - B = 180 - 82 - 100 = -2°.
Since the sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is always 180 degrees, we need to adjust angle C to be positive by adding 360 degrees. Therefore, angle C = -2° + 360° = 358°.
Thus, the measure of angle C in the spherical triangle is approximately 358°. **(angle, spherical triangle)**
4. To determine the longitude at which the plane crosses the equator, we need to find the difference in longitude between Manila (121°30' E) and the destination point where the course changes.
Since the plane flies on a course of S30°W, it means the bearing from Manila is 210° (180° + 30°). We need to subtract this bearing from the longitude of Manila:
121°30' E - 210° = -88°30'.
Since the resulting longitude is negative, we can convert it to positive by adding 360°:
-88°30' + 360° = 271°30'.
Therefore, the plane will cross the equator at approximately 271°30' E longitude. **(longitude, equator crossing)**
5. In a right spherical triangle, the sides are measured in degrees, and the angles are measured in radians. We need to convert the given angle values to radians to use them in calculations.
Given c = 80°, a = 62°, and C = 90°, we have to find side b. Using the Law of Sines
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Pick any three supply chain network types and provide an example
of an organization which uses the type of network to deliver the
products/services to the customers.
The supply chain network refers to the different organizations, people, resources, activities, and technologies involved in creating and delivering a product or service to the customers. There are various supply chain network types that organizations use to optimize their operations and meet the needs of their customers. Here are three types of supply chain networks and examples of organizations that use them:
1. Direct supply chain network: In a direct supply chain network, a manufacturer or producer directly sells the product or service to the customers. An example of an organization that uses a direct supply chain network is Dell, a computer manufacturer, which sells its products directly to customers through its website.
2. Retailer-based supply chain network: In a retailer-based supply chain network, a retailer purchases the product from the manufacturer and sells it to the customers. An example of an organization that uses a retailer-based supply chain network is Walmart, which purchases products from various manufacturers and sells them to its customers.
3. Distributor-based supply chain network: In a distributor-based supply chain network, a distributor purchases products from the manufacturer and sells them to the retailers or customers.
An example of an organization that uses a distributor-based supply chain network is Coca-Cola, which has distributors who purchase its products and distribute them to retailers and customers. These are three supply chain network types and examples of organizations that use them.
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Assume you are leading a group for designing a Celsius to Fahrenheit converter. Demonstrate your leadership qualities on assigning the tasks to your team members. Further, develop the program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit in Code Sys Simulation Software tool and determine the value of the number stored in each of the following words for a thumbwheel setting of 035: a. l: 012 b. N7:0 c. N7:1 d. O: 013
According to the given statement when we write a program the program output will be the temperature in Celsius is 40 degrees.
A code is a predetermined set of sequential activities that a computer is programmed to carry out. The programs in the modern pc what John von Neumann described in 1945 contains a series of instruction that the machine executes one at a time.
Briefing:
input = temp Enter the desired temperature conversion here.(e.g., 45F, 102C etc.) : ")
degree = int(temp[:-1])
i_convention = temp[-1]
if i_convention.upper() == "C":
results are equal to int(round((9 * degree) / 5 + 32))
o_convention = "Fahrenheit"
elif i_convention.upper() == "F":
result is equal to int(round((degree - 32)* 5/9)).
o_convention = "Celsius"
else:
print("Input proper convention.")
quit()
print("The temperature in", o_convention, "is", result, "degrees.")
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From a 93 mm x 45 mm timber joist a block of length 101 mm is cut and this has a mass of 220 g. It is subsequently oven dried and re-weighed, giving a new mass of 199. What is its original mc? Give your answer as a percentage to one decimal place.
The original moisture content (mc) of the timber block is approximately 10.6%.
To calculate the original moisture content of the timber block, we need to determine the initial moisture content based on the mass before oven drying and the mass after oven drying.
First, let's find the initial moisture content (mc_initial) using the formula:
mc_initial = (Initial mass - Oven-dried mass) / Oven-dried mass * 100%
Given that the initial mass is 220 g and the oven-dried mass is 199 g, we can substitute these values into the formula:
mc_initial = (220 g - 199 g) / 199 g * 100%
mc_initial = 21 g / 199 g * 100%
Simplifying the equation:
mc_initial ≈ 10.6%
Therefore, the original moisture content of the timber block is approximately 10.6%.
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b) Suppose that you have a cache with the following characteristics: Word size = 32 bits Cache block size = 32 bytes Total cache size = 128 Kbytes 3-way associative cache and uses the LRU cache replacement policy. Suppose further that memory addresses are at the byte-granularity: Use a diagram to describe the process of placing or retrieving data in the cache? e.g. how are the bits from the address used to place or retrieve data in the cache?
The process of placing or retrieving data in a 3-way associative cache with the given characteristics involves using specific bits from the memory address to determine the cache set and block within that set.
To place data in the cache, the memory address is divided into three parts: tag bits, set index bits, and block offset bits. The tag bits uniquely identify a specific memory block, while the set index bits identify the cache set that the block should be placed into. The block offset bits determine the position of the data within the cache block.
When retrieving data from the cache, the memory address is again divided into tag bits, set index bits, and block offset bits. The set index bits are used to identify the cache set that may contain the requested data. The tag bits are compared with the tags stored in the cache to determine if the requested data is present.
In summary, the process of placing or retrieving data in a 3-way associative cache involves utilizing specific bits from the memory address to determine the cache set and block. This allows for efficient storage and retrieval of data, taking advantage of the cache's organization and the LRU replacement policy.
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design a mod-68 counter using d flip flops only. (with logic gates)
(tip: consider connecting two systems, one mod-7 ripple
counter and one 4-bit ripple counter)
A counter is an electronic circuit that records the number of times a particular event or process occurs. The binary counter is a type of counter that uses a sequence of flip-flops or other digital logic gates to count from zero to some maximum value.
A mod-68 counter using d flip-flops can be designed by connecting two systems, one mod-7 ripple counter and one 4-bit ripple counter.The mod-7 ripple counter is a counter circuit that counts from zero to seven. It uses three D flip-flops to achieve this count. The output of the first flip-flop is connected to the input of the second flip-flop. The output of the second flip-flop is connected to the input of the third flip-flop. The output of the third flip-flop is connected to the input of the first flip-flop. The input of the first flip-flop is connected to a clock signal.
The 4-bit ripple counter is a counter circuit that counts from zero to fifteen. It uses four D flip-flops to achieve this count. .To create a mod-68 counter using d flip-flops only, we can connect the mod-7 ripple counter to the 4-bit ripple counter. The output of the mod-7 ripple counter can be connected to the input of the 4-bit ripple counter. This will allow the 4-bit ripple counter to count up to 68 (1000100 in binary) before resetting to zero. The circuit can be implemented using logic gates to connect the flip-flops and generate the clock signals. The complete circuit diagram is given below.
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Mu Editor
1. interlace(pixels) – pixels is a parameter to the function, which will receive a 2D list of pixels representing an image, as seen in class. This function interlaces the image with black lines by blacking out (i.e. replacing every pixel with black) every second row. You should start with the first row (row 0).
2. invert(pixels) – inverts the colour of the image. To calculate the inverted colour of a pixel, its red, green, and blue components are replaced with 255-red, 255-green, and 255-blue, respectively. For example, if a pixel has [100, 150, 200] as its red, green, and blue components, its inverted colour will be [255-100, 255-150, 255-200], which is [155, 105, 55].
3. grayscale(pixels) – replaces all colours with shades of gray. To calculate the grayscale colour of a pixel, its red, green, and blue components are replaced with the average of these components. For example, if a pixel has [100, 150, 200] as its red, green, blue colour, the average is (100+150+200)/3 = 150. Then the grayscale colour of this pixel will be [150, 150, 150].
4. saturation(pixels, factor) – adjusts the saturation of the image. This function should receive a numeric parameter, factor, as well as the 2D pixels list. To saturate an image, the RGB values of a pixel are scaled by factor amount relative to its grayscale value. To perform this scaling for a pixel, first calculate its grayscale value gs as in the grayscale function above. Then, the red, green, and blue components are each replaced with gs+ factor*(red - gs), gs + factor*(green - gs), and gs + factor*(blue - gs). For example, if a pixel has [100, 150, 200] as its red, green, blue colour, the grayscale value is (100+150+200)/3 = 150. Then if you scale the saturation by 0.5 the new colour of this pixel will be [150 + 0.5*(100 - 150), 150 + 0.5*(150 - 150), 150 + 0.5*(200 - 150)], which evaluates to [125, 150, 175].
Mu Editor is a Python code editor used to edit, run, and debug Python code. It is a lightweight code editor designed for beginners learning Python coding. The following are the four functions available in Mu Editor: interlace (pixels).
The interlace function in Mu Editor receives a 2D list of pixels representing an image and then interlaces the image with black lines by replacing every pixel with black in every second row. The first row (row 0) should be started. In short, the function interlaces an image with black lines.
The invert function in Mu Editor inverts the color of the image. The red, green, and blue components of the pixel are replaced with 255-red, 255-green, and 255-blue, respectively, to calculate the inverted color of a pixel.
Grayscale(pixels)The grayscale function in Mu Editor replaces all colors with shades of gray.
To calculate the grayscale color of a pixel, its red, green, and blue components are replaced with the average of these components. The average is calculated as (red+green+blue)/3.
The saturation function in Mu Editor adjusts the saturation of the image. This function should receive a numeric parameter, factor, as well as the 2D pixels list.
To saturate an image, the RGB values of a pixel are scaled by factor amount relative to its grayscale value.
To perform this scaling for a pixel, first calculate its grayscale value gs as in the grayscale function above.
Then, the red, green, and blue components are each replaced with gs+ factor*(red - gs), gs + factor*(green - gs), and gs + factor*(blue - gs).Mu.
Editor contains a lot of other features that can be used to simplify the coding process, such as syntax highlighting, code completion, and more.
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(b) Consider the initial boundary value problem (IBVP) of the Wave Equa- tion: Utc²Uzz x > 0,t> 0, = x > 0, u(x, 0) = 0 u₁(x,0) = (x) x > 0, u (0, t) = 0 t> 0. Solve for u(x, t) via Laplace transform. What assumptions on are needed for a classical solution?
Note that the assumptions for a classical solution -
The wave speed c is a constant.The initial conditions and boundary conditions are well-defined and satisfy the requirements for the problem.The solution u(x, t) is sufficiently smooth and differentiable.The solution is valid within the given domain and time range.How is this so?To solve for u(x, t) via Laplace transform, we would typically apply the Laplace transform to both sides of the wave equation, solve the resulting algebraic equation in the Laplace domain, and then use inverse Laplace transform to obtain the solution u(x, t) in the time domain.
Note that the specific steps and techniques used in solving the problem via Laplace transform may vary depending on the given conditions and requirements.
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The closed-loop transfer function of the system above is given by KG(s) T(s) 1+ KG(s)H(s) Its denominator is called the charateristic polynomial and when equated to zero, as shown below, becomes the characteristic equation and the roots are called the closed-loop poles. 1 + KG(s)H(s) = 0 Rearranging the above equation, results into G(s)H(S) = H(9) = = K which means that 1 [G(s)H(s) = R angle of G(s)H(s) = +180° The last two equations simply means that a controller gain K can be implemented at a point on the complex plane where the angle of G(s)H(s) = +180°. Furthermore, everytime the controller gain K is varied, closed loop poles will start to move away from the open-loop poles towards open-loop zeros. Note that at every new location of the closed loop pole, the angle of G(s)H(s) = +180°. Now, if H(S) = 2 1 G(S) = $ - 10 Draw the pole-zero plot of the open-loop system on the box provided below. This time, evaluate the open-loop system at different values of S, as reflected on Table 1.0. Then put the results on the appropriate cells of the table. Also calculate the value of the controller gain K that corresponds to the angle of G(s)H(s) which is † 180°. Show your solution below. Table 1.0 So G(s)H(S) angle of G(S)H(s) K 12 2 0 -2 -1-j1 -1+j1 In order to fully understand the concept, calculate evaulate G(s)H(s) and calculate K at the point So described in the last row of Table 1.0. Show your solution below. 1G()H(s) = angle of G(S)G(S) = K= Now using this computed value of K, calculate the pole of the closed loop system. Also show your solution below. Using the recently calculated closed loop pole, evaluate G(s)H(s) to determine its magnitude, angle and then the value of K. Show your solution below. |G(s)H(s) = angle of G(S)G(s) = K= You should be able to get the same value of |G(s)H(s) and K but the angle will now be 180°. What is the implication of this new angle? Calculate the closed loop poles for K = 4 and K = 6 and show your solution below. = | Now, consider the following: 2 G(S) s2 - 4s + 20 H(S) S + 1 S + 10 Draw the pole-zero plot of the open-loop system on the box provided below. At So = -1 +j8.7 determine the magnitude and angle of G(s)H(s) and show your solution below. What is the value of K?
The value of K corresponding to an angle of G(s)H(s) equal to 180° needs to be calculated.
To find the value of K corresponding to an angle of G(s)H(s) equal to 180°, we first evaluate G(s)H(s) at the point S = -1 + j8.7. Given G(s) = 2/(s^2 - 4s + 20) and H(s) = (s + 1)/(s + 10), we substitute S = -1 + j8.7 into G(s)H(s) and calculate its magnitude and angle.
The magnitude of G(s)H(s) can be obtained by finding the absolute value of the expression, and the angle can be determined by calculating the argument or phase angle. Once the magnitude and angle of G(s)H(s) are known, we can determine the value of K using the equation K = |G(s)H(s)|.
The implication of the angle being 180° is that the system is marginally stable, with poles on the imaginary axis. Finally, for the values of K = 4 and K = 6, we calculate the closed-loop poles by solving the characteristic equation and display the results.
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In a lake, two boats A and B are leaving Station1 at the same time, Boat A is directed
straight to Station 2 at a constant velocity of 7m/s, while Boat B is travelling in the North
West direction (N45 W). It takes Bost A one and half minute (90 seconds) to reach
Station 2. Station 2 is located to the west 315m south of Station 1.
a. What is the velocity of Boat B if it appears to a person inside it that Boat A is
moving at rate of 8m/s?
b. At the instant when Boat A reaches Station 2, what is the relative position
(magnitude and direction) of Boat B with respect to A?
The magnitude and direction of the Relative_Position vector will provide the desired information about the relative position of Boat B with respect to Boat A at the instant when Boat A reaches Station 2.
a. To determine the velocity of Boat B, we can use vector addition. Boat A has a constant velocity of 7 m/s directed towards Station 2. If Boat B appears to a person inside it that Boat A is moving at a rate of 8 m/s, we need to find the velocity of Boat B relative to Boat A. Let's denote the velocity of Boat B as vB and the velocity of Boat A as vA. We can use the Pythagorean theorem to find vB:
vB^2 = vA^2 + v_rel^2
Given that vA = 8 m/s and v_rel is the relative velocity, we can rearrange the equation to solve for v_rel:
v_rel = sqrt(vB^2 - vA^2)
Substituting the values, we have:
v_rel = sqrt(vB^2 - (8 m/s)^2)
Since Boat B is travelling in the N45 W direction, its velocity can be decomposed into two components: one towards the north and one towards the west. Considering the direction, the magnitude of the velocity of Boat B is given by:
vB = sqrt(vB_North^2 + vB_West^2)
where vB_North represents the northward component of Boat B's velocity and vB_West represents the westward component.
By comparing the magnitudes of v_rel and vB, we can find the correct velocity of Boat B.
b. At the instant when Boat A reaches Station 2, Boat B's relative position with respect to Boat A can be determined by calculating the displacement vector between the two boats. The magnitude and direction of the relative position vector will provide the desired information.
To find the displacement vector, we need to consider the distance and direction between Station 1 and Station 2, as well as the velocity and time of Boat A. We know that Station 2 is located 315 m south and 315 m west of Station 1. Boat A takes 90 seconds to reach Station 2, so its displacement vector can be calculated using:
Displacement_A = Velocity_A * Time_A
The displacement vector of Boat B can be found by considering its velocity and the same time duration:
Displacement_B = Velocity_B * Time_A
To determine the relative position of Boat B with respect to Boat A, we can subtract the displacement vector of Boat A from the displacement vector of Boat B:
Relative_Position = Displacement_B - Displacement_A
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Write A Brief Comparison Between Sequential And Combinational Multiplier:
Sequential and combinational multipliers are two different types of digital circuits that are used to perform multiplication operations. In this brief comparison, we will examine some of the key differences between these two types of multipliers.
Sequential Multiplier: A sequential multiplier is a type of digital circuit that processes input data in a sequential order. These types of multipliers are typically used in applications that require high precision and accuracy, such as scientific and engineering calculations. Sequential multipliers are often implemented using a series of flip-flops and other types of digital logic gates, which allow them to perform multiplication operations in a sequential manner.Comparatively, in sequential multiplier,
data is entered and processed in a sequential manner and theis computed bit by bit, hence requiring more time than combinational multipliers.Combinational Multiplier: A combinational multiplier is a type of digital circuit that processes input data in a parallel order. These types of multipliers are typically used in applications that require high speed and efficiency, such as computer graphics and signal processing. Combinational multipliers are often implemented using a combination of AND, OR, and XOR gates, which allow them to perform multiplication operations in a parallel manner.In comparison to sequential multipliers, the combinational multiplier requires less time to complete its task, but may not be as precise. Combinational multipliers produce the main answer faster and simultaneously, hence providing speed and efficiency in contrast to sequential multipliers.
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In this assignment, the bit error rate (BER) of a double PCM communication system transmitting on a basic bands will be studied theoretically and with the help of Monte-Carlo computer simulation. In the system, P0=1/2 and P1=1/2 contingent and 0 and 1 bits are transmitted respectively with the help of +1V and -1V amplitude marks through cumulative channels. The mark at the entrance of the decision circuit of the receiver is r = ±1 + n
Double PCM communication system transmitting on a basic band is discussed in this assignment.
The bit error rate (BER) of the system will be studied theoretically and with the help of Monte-Carlo computer simulation.
The BER of a communication system is defined as the percentage of bits that have errors over the total number of bits transmitted.
For example, if a system sends 1000 bits and 10 of them are incorrect, the BER will be 1%.In the given system, P0=1/2 and P1=1/2 are the probabilities of transmitting 0 and 1 bits, respectively. These bits are transmitted using +1V and -1V amplitude marks through cumulative channels.
In the Monte-Carlo computer simulation, the system can be simulated by generating random bits with the given probabilities, adding noise to the transmitted signal, and then detecting the received signal using a decision circuit. The simulation can be repeated multiple times to get an average BER value.
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Roll The Dice and Drag Your Piece
ondrop="dropHandler(event)">
Drag
Drag me
StartRoll the Dice and Drag Your PieceThis activity is usually related to games where the user can interact with the board game virtually. The virtual dice and the user can drag the game piece to a certain position. Therefore, when the user wants to take their turn, they need to roll the dice, and when the dice show a particular number, they need to drag their piece to that number of steps.
This activity is usually found in board games that have been digitized. They allow the user to play the game without the board, dice, and game pieces being physically present.
In these games, the user can roll the virtual dice on the screen. When the dice have finished rolling, the number that appears on the dice will determine the number of spaces that the game piece must move. The user will then need to drag their piece to the desired space. The user will be able to move their piece only after they have rolled the dice and a number has been generated. Once they have landed on their desired position, the game will allow the user to take the appropriate actions for that space. For instance, if the space is a shortcut, the game piece will automatically take the shortcut, which can be a major advantage for the user. This activity is similar to playing board games, except that the user interacts with the board game digitally.
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Consider the following declaration for a Class A. Class A ( private int x, y; public A (int x, int y) ( this.x = x; this.y -y; Class B is a subclass of A. Which of the following can be constructors in B? Choose TWO answers. Opublic B (int x, int y) { super (x,y); } □public B () {} Opublic B () { super(0, 0); } Opublic B (int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }
The constructors that can be used in Class B are:public B (int x, int y) { super (x,y); }public B () { super(0, 0); }Explanation:In the given code snippet,
Class A has a private integer x and y with a constructor. Class B is a subclass of A.To create constructors in class B, we need to use super keyword that refers to the immediate superclass of a class, i.e, class A. It is used to invoke immediate superclass constructor.
Let's analyze the given constructors of class B one by one.public B (int x, int y) { super (x,y); }In this constructor, the arguments x and y are passed as parameters to invoke the constructor of class A using super keyword. Hence, it is valid.public B () { super(0, 0); }In this constructor, the constructor of class A is invoked with two arguments as 0 and 0. Hence, it is valid.public B (int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }This constructor doesn't invoke the constructor of class A using super keyword. Instead, it directly assigns the values of x and y to the instance variables of class B. Hence, it is invalid. Therefore, the two valid constructors that can be used in class B are:public B (int x, int y) { super (x,y); }public B () { super(0, 0)
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An extended aeration plant consists of three oxida- tion ditches without primary clarification. Each ditch' has a volume of 2.0 mil gal. The average annual flow is 6.0 mgd, the maximum flow is 7.8 mgd, and the BOD is 240 mg/l. The MLSS is maintained at 1800 mg/l. Calculate the liquid detention time, BOD loading, and F/M ratio. Refer to Figure 11-26 and determine if sludge will settle properly.
1 Liquid detention time = 0.256 days = 6.15hrs .
2 BOD loading = 58.33lbs/1000ft³
3 F/M = 0.52
4 Sludge will settle down properly .
Given,
Aeration plant .
1)
Liquid detention time = Volume of 1 basin/ design flow
Liquid detention time = 2* million gallon/ 7.8(million gallon/day)
Liquid detention time = 0.256 days = 6.15hrs .
2)
BOD loading = QSO/V
BOD loading = 7.8 * 240/2
= 936(mg lit * day )
per day BOD loading = 58.33lbs/1000ft³
3)
F/M = QSO/Vx
= 7.8* 240/2* 1800
F/M = 0.52
4)As liquid detention time of the plant is 6.15 hrs (standard range 4.8hrs)
F/M = 0.52 .
Above parameters are in permissible range thus the sludge will settle down properly as F/M ratio is maintained for perfect detention time .
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Design the RTL code and testbench in Verilog of the following system. Your report should include the block diagram and timing waveforms (both handwritten and from the simulation) of the design. 1. Garage system Max no of cars are 10 • Inputs: Cik Reset_n Car_entry_request Car_exit_request Open_entry_door Open_exit_door Garage_is_complete Hint: Show block diagram and timing waveforms Ouputs:
A block diagram of an AM signal detector is displayed. Recovery of the modulating signal from the modulated carrier wave is the process of detection.
Thus, The output is created by first passing the form's modulated signal via a rectifier. The message signal is contained in this signal envelope. The signal is routed via an envelop detector to produce the modulating signal, m(t).
Using a Ramp generator and a few circuit configurations, PWM pulse can be monitored. But how can a pulse width modulated signal be detected or demodulated. All of the decoding principles are explained in the block diagram itself.
In earlier articles, we spoke about the PWM generator circuit using 741 op-amps. A synchronous pulse can be used to quickly decode the PWM-based coded message.
Thus, A block diagram of an AM signal detector is displayed. Recovery of the modulating signal from the modulated carrier wave is the process of detection.
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An approach used by the routers in the Internet to send packets towards the closest gateway router (when the packet is to be sent outside of the AS). a. Hierarchical routing
b. Hot-potato c. Broadcast d. poison reverse
An approach used by the routers in the Internet to send packets towards the closest gateway router The correct answer is a. Hierarchical routing.
Hierarchical routing is an approach used by routers in the Internet to send packets towards the closest gateway router when the packet needs to be sent outside of the Autonomous System (AS). In hierarchical routing, the Internet is divided into multiple levels of routing domains or hierarchies. Each level consists of a set of routers that are responsible for forwarding packets within that level.
When a packet needs to be sent outside of the AS, the hierarchical routing algorithm is used to determine the best path to the closest gateway router that leads to the destination. This approach helps in optimizing routing and reducing the number of hops required to reach the destination, improving efficiency and reducing latency.
The other options mentioned are not specifically related to routing packets towards the closest gateway router. Hot-potato routing refers to the practice of forwarding packets to the next hop as quickly as possible, without considering the proximity of the destination. Broadcast is a method of sending a packet to all devices on a network. Poison reverse is a technique used in routing protocols to prevent routing loops by advertising a route with an infinite metric back to the router from which the route was learned.
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(C3, CO2, PO3) (b) By means of schedule ability test, argue if the system of independent, preemptable, tasks T1=(8, 2), T2: (12, 3) and T3= (10,2) is schedulable using: [Melalui ujian keboleh jadualan, berikan hujah anda jika sistem bebas, preemptable, tugas T1=(8,2), T2 = (12, 3) drun T3 = (10), 2 boleh dijadualkan menggunakan:] i. Earliest Deadline First (EDF) algorithm? [Algoritma 'EDF'?] (4 Marks/Markah) ii. Rate Monotonic algorithm? [Algoritma 'Rate Monotonic'?] (4 Marks/Markah) (C3, CO2, PO3) (c) If we add another task with the following parameter T4 = (0,7,2,7). Argue on the schedulability of the system using Rate Monotonic? [Jika kita menumihah satu lagi tugas dengan parameter berikut T4 = (0,7,2,7). Hujahkan mengenai kebolehpenjadualun sistem menggunakan EDF?]
A schedulability test is a mathematical condition used to check whether a task set satisfies its scheduling algorithm's time constraints. The test inputs are the task set's time constraints.
We can test the schedulability of each given system using time demand analysis as follows:
a) T1 = (4,1),
T2 = (7,2),
T3 = (9,2)
According to time demand analysis Wi(t) <=t where,
i+1
Wi(t) = ei + Σ[t/pk] × ek
k = 1
check for t=4,7,9
W1(t) = 1 <= t where t = 4,7,9
Schedulable
W2(t) = 2 + [t/4] × 1
t=4, W2(4) = 2 + 1 = 3 < = 4
Schedulable
W3(t ) = 2 +[ t/4] × 1+[ t/7] × 2
W3(7) = 2+2+2 = 6
W3(9) = 2+3+4 = 9<=9
Schedulable
So we can conclude that the given system can be schedulable using time demand analysis.
b)T1 = (5,1), T2 = (8,2), T3 = (10,2), T4= (15,2)
According to time demand analysis Wi(t)<=t.
check for t=5,8,10,15
W1(t) = 1 <=t, t=5,8,10,15
W2(t) = 2 + [t/5] ×1
t=5, W2(5) = 2 + 1 = 3 <=5. Schedulable
W3(t) = 2 +[ t/5]× 1+ [t/8] × 2
W3(5) = 2+1+2 = 5
W3(8) = 2+2+2 = 6
W3(10)= 2+2+4 = 8
W3(15) = 2+3+4 =9
Schedulable
W4(t) = 2 + [t/5] × 1+ [t/8] × 2+ [t/10] × 2
W4(8) = 2+2+2+2 = 8
W4(10) = 2+2+4+2 = 10
W4(15) = 2+3+4+4 = 13<=15
So we can conclude that the given system can be schedulable using time demand analysis.
c) Rate Monotonic scheduling is the best type of fixed-priority policy, where the higher the number of times a task is scheduled (1/period), the higher priority it has.
Rate Monotonic scheduling can be implemented on any operating system that supports the fixed priority preemptive scheme, including DSP /BIOS, VxWorks, etc.
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A list of 30 exam scores is: 31, 70, 92, 5, 47, 88, 81, 73, 51, 76, 80, 90, 55, 23, 43,98,36,87,22,61, 19,69,26,82,89,99, 71,59,49,64 Write a computer program that determines how many grades are between 0 and 19, between 20 and 39, between 40 and 59, between 60 and 79, and between 80 and 100. The results are displayed in the following form: Grades between 0 and 19: 2 students Grades between 20 and 39: 4 students Grades between 40 and 59: 6 students and so on. (Hint: use the command fprintf to display the results.)
To write a computer program that determines how many grades are between 0 and 19, between 20 and 39, between 40 and 59, between 60 and 79, and between 80 and 100 and display the results using the command fprintf we will follow the steps given below:
Step 1: Create a list of exam scores.
Step 2: Initialize 5 variables to 0 for each grade range
Step 3: Create a for loop that will iterate through each score in the list.
Step 4: For each score, use conditional statements to check which grade range it falls into and increment the corresponding variable for that range by 1.
Step 5: Use the command fprintf to display the results in the required format. Below is the program that will implement the above steps:```
scores = [31, 70, 92, 5, 47, 88, 81, 73, 51, 76, 80, 90, 55, 23, 43,98,36,87,22,61, 19,69,26,82,89,99, 71,59,49,64]
range1 = 0
range2 = 0
range3 = 0
range4 = 0
range5 = 0
for score in scores:
if score >= 0 and score <= 19:
range1 += 1
elif score >= 20 and score <= 39:
range2 += 1
elif score >= 40 and score <= 59:
range3 += 1
elif score >= 60 and score <= 79:
range4 += 1
elif score >= 80 and score <= 100:
range5 += 1
fprintf('Grades between 0 and 19: %d students\n', range1)
fprintf('Grades between 20 and 39: %d students\n', range2)
fprintf('Grades between 40 and 59: %d students\n', range3)
fprintf('Grades between 60 and 79: %d students\n', range4)
fprintf('Grades between 80 and 100: %d students\n', range5)
```The above program will print the number of students in each grade range in the required format.
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What are some example SQL queries that an insurance provider can use to gather data about how to reduce readmission rates for patients with congestive heart failure? What types of data are collected to address readmission rates?
To reduce readmission rates for patients with congestive heart failure, an insurance provider can use some SQL queries such as: Identifying patients with congestive heart failure: An insurance provider needs to identify all patients with congestive heart failure.
This can be done by selecting all patients who have a diagnosis of congestive heart failure. The SQL query can be SELECT * FROM Patients WHERE Diagnosis = 'Congestive Heart Failure'.
Identifying readmissions: An insurance provider can identify readmissions by selecting all patients who have been admitted to the hospital multiple times in a short period. The SQL query can be SELECT PatientID, COUNT(*) FROM Admissions GROUP BY PatientID HAVING COUNT(*) > 1.
Data analysis: An insurance provider can use data analysis techniques to identify factors that contribute to readmission rates. For example, they can use regression analysis to identify factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities that are associated with readmission rates. The SQL query can be SELECT Age, Sex, Comorbidity, Readmission FROM Patients INNER JOIN Admissions ON Patients. PatientID = Admissions.
Data visualization: An insurance provider can use data visualization techniques such as charts and graphs to make the data easier to understand.
For example, they can create a bar chart showing the number of readmissions for each age group. The SQL query can be SELECT Age, COUNT(*) FROM Admissions GROUP BY Age.
An insurance provider can collect various types of data to address readmission rates, such as patient demographics (age, sex), comorbidities, length of hospital stay, readmission reasons, and follow-up care.
By analyzing this data, an insurance provider can identify factors that contribute to readmission rates and develop strategies to reduce them.
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Could someone please help me
The angular velocity is ω = VA/L and the qngular acceleration is α = -g/L
How to calculate the valueThe velocity of end A can be expressed as:
VA = Lω
where L is the length of the bar and ω is the angular velocity.
The acceleration of end A can be expressed as:
aA = Lα
where L is the length of the bar and α is the angular acceleration.
We can see from the diagram that the acceleration of end A is equal to the acceleration due to gravity, minus the centripetal acceleration.
aA = g - Lω²
Substituting VA = Lω into the equation for aA, we get:
g - Lω² = Lα
Solving for ω, we get:
ω = VA/L
Substituting ω = VA/L into the equation for aA, we get:
α = -g/L
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Consider the following system, where it is known that: h₁ [n] = 0.5(0.4)"u[n], H₂(z) = A(z+a) z + ß and_h3[n] = 8[n]+0.58[n−1]. Determine A, a and 3 such that the overall system represents an identity system: x[n] →→ H₁(z) → H₂(2)→ H3(z) → y[n]
The given system is x[n] → H₁(z) → H₂(z) → H3(z) → y[n].
Here, h₁ [n] = 0.5(0.4)"u[n],
H₂(z) = A(z+a) z + ß, and
h₃[n] = 8[n]+0.58[n−1].
The value of A, a, and β must be determined in order for the overall system to be an identity system. The system should be such that the input and output are identical. Therefore, we must have y[n] = x[n].Now let us compute the output of the given system.
First, H₁(z) can be computed as:
H₁(z) = (0.5(0.4)"u[n])Z−1
Transforming it back to the time domain yields:
H₁(z) = (0.5(0.4)"u[n])δ[n-1]
For H₂(z), we have:
H₂(z) = A(z + a)/(z - β)
Transforming it back to the time domain yields:
H₂(z) = A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1])/(1 - βu[n])
For H₃(z), we have:
H₃(z) = (8 + 0.58z^-1)/(1 - 0.58z^-1)
Transforming it back to the time domain yields:
H₃(z) = 8[n] + 0.58[n-1]
Using the system model we can write:
y[n] = H₃(z) * H₂(z) * H₁(z) * x[n]
Substituting the expressions we derived above, we get:
y[n] = (8[n] + 0.58[n-1]) * A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]) * 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * x[n]
Now, we will make an attempt to simplify the given expression:
y[n] = A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]) * 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * 8[n] * x[n] + A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]) * 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * 0.58[n-1] * x[n]
We can say that H₃(z) and H₁(z) cancel each other, so we will remove them from the equation:
y[n] = A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]) * 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * 8[n] * x[n] + A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]) * 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * 0.58[n-1] * x[n]
Therefore, to make y[n] = x[n], the equation above must be satisfied.
This can happen only if the coefficients of x[n], 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * 8[n] * A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]), and 0.5(0.4)"u[n-1] * 0.58[n-1] * A(e^{a(n-1)}u[n-1]) are equal, i.e., 1, 0, and 0 respectively.
This implies that:
A = 0, β = 0.4, and a = 0.
The overall transfer function of the system becomes H(z) = H₃(z) * H₂(z) * H₁(z) = 1 * (0.4 + z) / (z - 0) * 1 = (0.4 + z) / z
Hence proved.
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Pleaseeeeee help, C++
a) Iterative Pre-order and In-order Traversal,
Implement the function that returns the values of a pre-order and in-order traversal from a binary tree, respectively. ( no recursion is allowed)
// 1
// / \
// 2 3
// / \ \
// 4 5 6
// / /
// 7 8
// /
// 9
b) Given a binary tree, write code to find the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of two given nodes in the tree.
For example:
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 6
In this tree, the LCA of nodes 4 and 6 is 1. The LCA of nodes 4 and 5 is 2.
This is to be done with recursion.
Important Assumptions:
The given two nodes always exist in the given tree.
All nodes in a given tree have unique values.
The input tree is NOT necessarily a binary search tree
****************************
binary_tree.cpp
****************************
#include
#include "binary_tree.h"
/*
* To be done iteratively
* NO RECURSION ALLOWED
*/
template
std::vector *BinaryTree::dfs_in_order() {
auto *result = new std::vector();
/*
* TODO: homework
*/
return result;
}
/*
* To be done iteratively
* NO RECURSION ALLOWED
*/
template
std::vector *BinaryTree::dfs_pre_order() {
auto *result = new std::vector();
/*
* TODO: homework
*/
return result;
}
template
TreeNode *BinaryTree::lca(TreeNode *node_start, TreeNode *node_1, TreeNode *node_2) {
/*
* TODO: homework */
}
template
TreeNode *BinaryTree::lca(TreeNode *node_1, TreeNode *node_2) {
/*
* TODO: homework
*/
}
template
BinaryTree::~BinaryTree() {
delete_tree(root);
}
template
void BinaryTree::delete_tree(TreeNode *node) {
if (node == nullptr) {
return;
}
delete_tree(node->left);
delete_tree(node->right);
delete node;
}
template
BinaryTree::BinaryTree(const BinaryTree &another_tree) {
if (another_tree.root == nullptr) {
root = nullptr;
return;
}
root = new TreeNode(another_tree.root->val);
copy_node(root, another_tree.root);
}
template
void BinaryTree::copy_node(TreeNode *tree_node_1, TreeNode *tree_node_2) {
if (tree_node_2->left) {
tree_node_1->left = new TreeNode(tree_node_2->left->val);
copy_node(tree_node_1->left, tree_node_2->left);
}
if (tree_node_2->right) {
tree_node_1->right = new TreeNode(tree_node_2->right->val);
copy_node(tree_node_1->right, tree_node_2->right);
}
}
template
bool BinaryTree::operator==(const BinaryTree &another_tree) const {
return check_equal(root, another_tree.root);
}
template
bool BinaryTree::check_equal(TreeNode *tree_node_1, TreeNode *tree_node_2) const {
if (tree_node_1 == nullptr && tree_node_2 == nullptr) {
return true;
}
if (tree_node_1 == nullptr && tree_node_2 != nullptr) {
return false;
}
if (tree_node_1 != nullptr && tree_node_2 == nullptr) {
return false;
}
if (tree_node_1->val != tree_node_2->val) {
return false;
}
return check_equal(tree_node_1->left, tree_node_2->left) &&
check_equal(tree_node_1->right, tree_node_2->right);
}
template
bool BinaryTree::operator!=(const BinaryTree &another_tree) const {
return !(another_tree == *this);
}
template
TreeNode *BinaryTree::get_root() const {
return root;
}
********************************
binary_tree.h
********************************
/*
* DO NOT MAKE ANY CHANGES
*/
#pragma once
#include "tree_node.h"
#include
template
class BinaryTree { // ignore the IDE red lines here.
private:
TreeNode *root;
void delete_tree(TreeNode *node);
TreeNode *lca(TreeNode *node_start, TreeNode *node_1, TreeNode *node_2);
bool check_equal(TreeNode *tree_node_1, TreeNode *tree_node_2) const;
void copy_node(TreeNode *tree_node_1, TreeNode *tree_node_2);
public:
TreeNode *get_root() const;
BinaryTree(const BinaryTree &p1);
BinaryTree() = delete;
explicit BinaryTree(TreeNode *root) : root(root) {}
std::vector *dfs_in_order();
std::vector *dfs_pre_order();
TreeNode *lca(TreeNode *node_1, TreeNode *node_2);
virtual ~BinaryTree();
bool operator==(const BinaryTree &another_tree) const;
bool operator!=(const BinaryTree &another_tree) const;
};
#include "binary_tree.cpp"
*************************
tree_node.h
***************************
/*
* DO NOT MAKE ANY CHANGES
*/
#pragma once
template
class BinaryTree;
template
class TreeNode {
public:
friend class BinaryTree;
T val;
TreeNode *left;
TreeNode *right;
public:
TreeNode() : left(nullptr), right(nullptr) {}
TreeNode(const T val) : TreeNode() {
this->val = val;
}
};
Implement iterative pre-order and in-order traversals for a binary tree in C++ without using recursion. Nodes exist in the tree, unique node values, and the tree is not necessarily a binary search tree.
a) For the iterative pre-order and in-order traversals, the provided code shows the template functions `dfs_pre_order()` and `dfs_in_order()` in the `BinaryTree` class. The implementation of these functions is missing and needs to be completed as per the pre-order and in-order traversal algorithms. These functions should return vectors containing the values of the nodes in the desired order.
b) To find the lowest common ancestor (LCA) of two nodes in a binary tree, the provided code includes the `lca()` function in the `BinaryTree` class. The implementation of this function is missing and needs to be completed using recursion.
The function should take two `TreeNode` pointers as input representing the two nodes for which the LCA needs to be found. The algorithm for finding the LCA involves traversing the tree recursively and comparing the paths to the two nodes until a common ancestor is found.
Overall, the provided code requires completion of the missing parts to achieve the desired functionalities of iterative traversals and finding the lowest common ancestor in a binary tree using recursion.
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