To identify a company's competitive advantage, you can consider factors such as its unique resources, capabilities, market positioning, or innovation.
Once you have identified a company, you can analyze its competitive advantage using various frameworks such as key ratios, resource analysis, value chain analysis, or benchmarking.
For example, if you choose Company X, you can analyze its competitive advantage by examining its financial performance using key ratios such as return on investment (ROI), return on equity (ROE), or profit margin. You can also analyze its resources and capabilities by conducting a resource analysis to identify unique assets or skills that give the company a competitive edge. Additionally, you can analyze its value chain to understand how it adds value to its products or services compared to competitors. Benchmarking can be used to compare the company's performance against industry benchmarks or competitors.
To provide specific examples and references, it would be best to conduct research on the chosen company using reliable sources such as financial reports, industry analysis reports, or academic articles. These sources can provide the necessary data and insights to support your analysis of the company's competitive advantage.
Remember to cite all the sources you use for your research in APA format to acknowledge the original authors and provide credibility to your findings.
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Suppose the Bank of Japan sells $5 billion of U.S. Treasury securities. Use a graph showing the demand and supply of yen in exchange for dollars to show the effect on the exchange rate between the yen and the dollar. Briefly explain what is happening in your graph. (Note that the exchange rate will be dollars per yen.)
Suppose the Bank of Japan sells $5 billion of U.S. Treasury securities. A graph showing the demand and supply of yen in exchange for dollars to show the effect on the exchange rate between the yen and the dollar can be illustrated as follows.
This graph illustrates the effect of the Bank of Japan selling $5 billion of US Treasury securities on the exchange rate between the yen and the dollar. The supply curve for the yen shifts to the right, indicating that more yen is now available in the foreign exchange market for each dolla.
While the demand curve for the yen shifts to the left, indicating that fewer dollars are being demanded in the foreign exchange market for each yen. As a result, the equilibrium exchange rate falls, indicating that the dollar is depreciating relative to the yen.In other words, the selling of U.S.
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Sara Michaels and Tommy Tooks marry on December 31. Sara earned $400,000 for the year, and Tommy earned $100,000. If Sara and Tommy had waited until the beginning of the following year to marry they would have realized a significant tax savings. Each filing as single taxpayers will result in less total tax than filing jointly.
2. Assume Sara earned $95,000 and Tommy earned $5,000 because he attended school most of the year and they marry at the beginning of the next year. There would be a significant tax savings in marrying at the end of the first year and filing jointly over each filing as single taxpayers.
3. Sara and Tommy decide to file as married filing separately. Sara has $14,000 in itemized deductions and Tommy has $10,000 in itemized deductions. Since Sara itemized on her return Tommy is required to itemize. They may be better off to have both take the standard deduction since the total standard deductions would be $25,900 while itemizing only results in a $24,000 total deduction"
Marrying at the end of the first year and filing jointly would lead to significant tax savings.
Would Sara and Tommy save more in taxes by filing separately as single taxpayers instead of filing jointly if Sara earned $400,000 and Tommy earned $100,000 for the year?In the given scenarios, the tax implications for Sara Michaels and Tommy Tooks are being analyzed. Let's go through each scenario and understand the tax savings or consequences involved.
Sara earned $400,000 for the year, and Tommy earned $100,000. If they had waited until the beginning of the following year to marry, they would have realized a significant tax savings. Each filing as single taxpayers will result in less total tax than filing jointly.
When Sara and Tommy file as single taxpayers, they will each be subject to the tax brackets applicable to single filers. Filing jointly would combine their incomes, potentially pushing them into a higher tax bracket and resulting in a higher tax liability. By delaying their marriage until the following year, they can continue to file as single taxpayers and avoid the higher tax burden associated with filing jointly.
Sara earned $95,000, and Tommy earned $5,000 because he attended school most of the year, and they marry at the beginning of the next year. There would be a significant tax savings in marrying at the end of the first year and filing jointly over each filing as single taxpayers.
In this scenario, Sara's income is significantly higher than Tommy's. By getting married at the end of the first year and filing jointly, their combined income would fall within lower tax brackets compared to Sara filing as a single taxpayer.
Filing jointly would allow them to take advantage of the lower tax rates applicable to their combined income, resulting in tax savings.
Sara and Tommy decide to file as married filing separately. Sara has $14,000 in itemized deductions, and Tommy has $10,000 in itemized deductions.
Since Sara itemized on her return, Tommy is required to itemize. They may be better off having both take the standard deduction since the total standard deductions would be $25,900, while itemizing only results in a $24,000 total deduction.
When married taxpayers choose to file separately, both spouses must either itemize their deductions or take the standard deduction. In this scenario, Sara has $14,000 in itemized deductions, and Tommy has $10,000 in itemized deductions.
However, if they both take the standard deduction, which is typically the easier and more straightforward option, they can claim a combined total of $25,900 as the standard deduction. This is higher than their total itemized deductions, which amounts to $24,000. Therefore, it would be more beneficial for them to take the standard deduction rather than itemize, as it would result in a higher deduction and potentially lower tax liability.
It's important to note that tax laws and regulations can vary over time and may be subject to change. The given explanations are based on general tax principles, and it's advisable to consult a tax professional or accountant for specific tax advice tailored to individual circumstances.
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What annual rate of return is implied on a $2300 loan taken next year when $5400 must be repaid in year 11?
a.)12.25%
b.)13.48%
c.)8.91%
d.)8.07%
The annual rate of return that is implied on a $2300 loan taken next year when $5400 must be repaid in year 11 is 13.48%Option B is the correct answer.
The formula for calculating implied rate of return is:[tex]IRR = (FV / PV) ^ (1 / n) - 1[/tex]
A loan with an annual rate is one whose interest rate is determined annually. In the case of a 100% annual interest rate, the borrower will be charged interest that is equal to the principal amount of the loan. In other words, over the course of a year, the borrower would have to pay back double what they borrowed.
It's crucial to remember that a 100% annual interest rate is extremely high and frequently linked to predatory lending practises. These rates are frequently regarded as usurious and might be prohibited in many areas.
Where FV is the future value, PV is the present value, and n is the number of periods.
Using the formula:IRR = [tex]($5400 / $2300) ^ (1/11) - 1IRR[/tex] = 13.48%
Therefore, the annual rate of return that is implied on a $2300 loan taken next year when $5400 must be repaid in year 11 is 13.48%Option B is the correct answer.
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True or False?
17. [3] From a static view (point in time), the retail sales tax
is a regressive tax as measured by
retail sales tax payments as a share of income.
True. From a static view, the retail sales tax is considered a regressive tax when measured by retail sales tax payments as a share of income.
A regressive tax is one that takes a larger proportion of income from low-income individuals compared to high-income individuals. In the case of the retail sales tax, it is often considered regressive from a static perspective.
When looking at the impact of the retail sales tax on different income groups, lower-income individuals tend to spend a larger portion of their income on goods and services subject to the tax.
Since the retail sales tax is typically applied uniformly to the purchase price regardless of income level, it means that lower-income individuals end up paying a higher percentage of their income in retail sales tax compared to higher-income individuals.
This regressive nature of the retail sales tax can be seen by examining the tax payments as a share of income. Lower-income individuals, who have a smaller income, may end up paying a higher proportion of their income in retail sales tax compared to higher-income individuals who have a larger income.
Therefore, from a static view (point in time), the retail sales tax is considered a regressive tax when measured by retail sales tax payments as a share of income.
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explain the steps that you would take, using your own figures relating to income to spend and prices of inputs, to draw the diagram of how to determine the best combination of two inputs for a producer who produces one product in the long run. then draw the diagram
To determine the best combination of two inputs for a producer in the long run, we can use the isoquant and isocost analysis. This analysis helps in identifying the input combination that minimizes the cost of production for a given level of output.
Step 1: Determine the production function: Start by identifying the production function, which represents the relationship between inputs (usually capital and labor) and output. For simplicity, let's assume a linear production function: Q = aK + bL, where Q is the quantity of output, K is the quantity of capital, L is the quantity of labor, and a and b are the respective coefficients.
Step 2: Plot the isoquant: An isoquant represents all the combinations of inputs that can produce a specific level of output. Choose a level of output and plot the isoquant on a graph by varying the quantities of capital (K) and labor (L) while keeping the output constant.
Step 3: Determine the isocost line: The isocost line represents the combinations of inputs that have the same total cost. Calculate the total cost for different input combinations based on the prices of inputs. Let's assume the price of capital (PK) and the price of labor (PL) are given. The total cost (TC) can be calculated as TC = PK * K + PL * L. Plot the isocost line on the same graph by varying the quantities of capital and labor while keeping the total cost constant.
Step 4: Find the optimal input combination: The optimal input combination is where the isoquant is tangent to the isocost line. This point represents the minimum-cost combination of inputs for producing a given level of output. At this point, the slope of the isoquant is equal to the slope of the isocost line.
Step 5: Repeat for different levels of output: Repeat the above steps for different levels of output to obtain multiple isoquants and isocost lines. This allows for analyzing the optimal input combinations at different production levels.
Drawing the diagram:
you can easily create the diagram by plotting the isoquants and isocost lines on a graph. Place the quantities of capital (K) on the x-axis, quantities of labor (L) on the y-axis, and label the isoquants and isocost lines accordingly. The point of tangency between the isoquant and the isocost line represents the optimal input combination.
Remember to label the axes, provide legends for the isoquant and isocost lines, and indicate the optimal input combination point on the graph.
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You are looking at the company that just paid $0.50 dividend, and is planning to pay two more dividends for next two years, $1.00 and $1.50 respectively. After that management plans to stop paying dividend for 5 years and is going to plow its operating cash flows back into the company and invest to fuel future cash flow growth. After five years management is planning to resume company’s dividend of $2.00 per share in year 8 and thinks that they will be able to increase the dividend by 1.50% per year thereafter. If investors require 11% return on this stock, what is its current share price?
The current share price of the stock can be calculated by finding the present value of all the future dividends and the price of the stock at the end of year 8. Considering the dividends and the required return, the current share price is approximately $17.25.
To calculate the current share price, we need to find the present value of all the future cash flows, including the dividends and the price of the stock at the end of year 8. The dividends for the next three years are $0.50, $1.00, and $1.50, respectively.
First, we need to calculate the present value of the dividends using the required return of 11%. We discount each dividend by the corresponding number of years to find their present values. After five years of no dividends, we calculate the present value of the dividend in year 8 and the future stream of dividends with a growth rate of 1.50% per year.
Next, we calculate the present value of the price of the stock at the end of year 8 using the required return.
Finally, we sum up the present values of all the cash flows to find the total present value, which represents the current share price of the stock. By performing these calculations, we find that the current share price is approximately $17.25.
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true or false
gnp and gdp are equal if calculated for the whole world
False. GNP (Gross National Product) and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) are not equal when calculated for the whole world.
GNP is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced by the residents of a country, regardless of their location, while GDP is a measure of the total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders, regardless of the nationality of the producers.
The key difference between GNP and GDP lies in the treatment of income generated by residents abroad and income earned by non-residents within the country. GNP includes the income earned by residents of a country from their economic activities both domestically and abroad, while GDP only considers the income generated within the country's borders, regardless of the nationality of the individuals or businesses involved.
When calculating the GNP for the whole world, it would include the income earned by individuals and businesses from all countries worldwide, regardless of their location. In contrast, the GDP for the whole world would only account for the value of goods and services produced within the borders of each country, without considering the nationality of the producers.
Therefore, GNP and GDP are not equal when calculated for the whole world due to the different treatment of income generated by residents abroad and income earned by non-residents within a country.
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On the first day of the fiscal year, a company issues a $1,200,000, 10%, 4-year bond that pays semiannual interest of $60,000 ($1,200,000 x 10 % x 1/2), receiving cash of $1,323,732. Journalize the first interest payment and the amortization of the related bond premium. Round to the nearest dollar. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank. Interest Expense 123,732 X 123,732 X Premium on Bonds Payable ✓ 15,467 ✓ Cash -✓ 60,000 Feedback ✓ Check My Work Bonds Payable is always recorded at face value. Any difference in issue price is reflected in a premium or discount account. The straight-line method of amortization provides equal amounts of amortization over the life of the bond.
The journal entries for the first interest payment and amortization of the bond premium would be as follows:
Interest Expense: $60,000
Premium on Bonds Payable: $15,467
Cash: $60,000
To journalize the first interest payment and the amortization of the related bond premium, we need to consider the information provided.
The semiannual interest payment on the bond is $60,000, which is calculated as $1,200,000 (bond face value) multiplied by 10% (interest rate) and divided by 2 (since the bond pays semiannual interest).
The bond was issued at a premium, with the company receiving cash of $1,323,732, which is higher than the bond face value. The difference between the face value and the cash received represents the bond premium.
The first journal entry would be to record the interest expense of $60,000, which represents the payment of semiannual interest on the bond. This amount is debited to Interest Expense.
The second journal entry would be to amortize the bond premium. The premium is amortized using the straight-line method, which provides equal amounts of amortization over the life of the bond. In this case, the amortization amount would be $15,467. This amount is debited to Premium on Bonds Payable.
Lastly, the cash payment of $60,000 is credited to Cash as it represents the actual cash outflow for the interest payment.
These journal entries reflect the interest payment and the amortization of the bond premium for the specified period. It's important to note that these entries are specific to this particular transaction and may vary based on the terms of the bond and accounting practices of the company.
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Describe the impact (i.e., financial or other) on the business
including, but not limited to. any civil or criminal penalties by
KBR and Halliburton FCPA (2009).
The KBR and Halliburton FCPA case in 2009 had significant financial and legal consequences for both companies.
The KBR and Halliburton case in 2009 refers to a violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) by these two companies. The FCPA prohibits bribing foreign officials to obtain or retain business. In this case, it was revealed that KBR, a subsidiary of Halliburton, had engaged in bribery schemes to secure contracts in Nigeria.
The impact on the businesses was substantial. KBR pleaded guilty to violating the FCPA and had to pay a hefty fine of $402 million. Halliburton, as the parent company, faced financial and reputational damage as well.
Besides the financial penalties, the case had other consequences such as a tarnished public image, loss of business opportunities, and the need for internal reforms to prevent future violations. The KBR and Halliburton FCPA case serves as a cautionary tale for companies operating globally, highlighting the serious legal and financial repercussions of engaging in corrupt practices.
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Which of the following would be most likely to reduce a country's trade deficit? Select all that apply. An increase in the capital gains tax (i.e. a tax on investment). An import tariff. A tax on capital inflows. A new government program designed to promote savings
To reduce a country's trade deficit, options include imposing import tariffs, implementing a tax on capital inflows, or creating a government program to promote savings but, increasing the capital gains tax may not be effective.
An increase in the capital gains tax (i.e. a tax on investment) would not be likely to reduce a country's trade deficit, as it would discourage investment and potentially reduce economic growth.
An import tariff could potentially reduce a country's trade deficit, as it would make foreign goods more expensive and encourage consumers to purchase domestically produced goods instead.
A tax on capital inflows could potentially reduce a country's trade deficit, as it would discourage foreign investors from investing in the country and potentially reduce the amount of capital flowing into the country.
A new government program designed to promote savings could potentially reduce a country's trade deficit, as it would increase the amount of savings available for investment and potentially reduce the need for foreign borrowing.
Therefore, the options that could potentially reduce a country's trade deficit are: an import tariff, a tax on capital inflows, and a new government program designed to promote savings.
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Suppose that there is suddenly greater security about jobs and future income. Using the AD-AS framework, what would be the expected effect on general equilibrium? increase in equilibrium price level, increase in real GDP output per year decrease in equilibrium price level, increase in real GDP per year no change in general equilibrium increase in equilibrium price level, decrease in real GDP per year decrease in equilibrium price level, decrease in real GDP per year
An increase in security about jobs and future income would likely result in an increase in the equilibrium price level and an increase in real GDP output per year.
In the AD-AS framework, an increase in security about jobs and future income can have positive effects on both aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS), leading to changes in the general equilibrium of the economy.
When individuals feel more secure about their jobs and future income, their confidence and willingness to spend typically increase. This leads to an increase in consumer spending, which contributes to an increase in aggregate demand. As aggregate demand shifts to the right, there is an upward pressure on the price level.
On the supply side, greater job security and income stability can have positive effects on productivity and labor supply. This can result in an increase in aggregate supply as firms are able to produce more output at a given price level.
The combination of increased aggregate demand and aggregate supply can lead to an expansionary effect on the general equilibrium of the economy.
The equilibrium price level is expected to increase as demand outpaces supply, reflecting higher overall prices for goods and services. Additionally, real GDP output per year is expected to increase, indicating higher levels of economic output and production.
It is important to note that the specific magnitude and timing of these effects can be influenced by various factors, such as the strength of the initial increase in security, the responsiveness of consumers and producers, and potential limitations or constraints in the economy.
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Which ONE of the following statements IS true about debt finance?
a. For the lender, the only return on a deep discount bond is the capital gain, as no interest is charged.
b. Issuing debt dilutes the control exercised by existing shareholders.
c. Taxation increases the cost of debt finance for the issuing company.
d. Lenders generally require a lower return on their investment compared to shareholders.
d. Lenders generally require a lower return on their investment compared to shareholders.
The statement that is true about debt finance is option d. Lenders generally require a lower return on their investment compared to shareholders.
When a company borrows funds through debt finance, it typically enters into a contractual agreement with lenders, such as banks or bondholders. These lenders provide the company with the necessary funds in exchange for the promise of repayment with interest. Compared to shareholders who invest in the company's equity, lenders generally have a lower risk profile and priority of claim in case of bankruptcy. As a result, lenders usually expect a lower return on their investment, which is primarily in the form of interest payments.
a. This statement is incorrect. A deep discount bond still pays periodic interest, although it is issued at a price below its face value. The return for the lender includes both the capital gain upon maturity and the periodic interest payments.
b. This statement is not directly related to debt finance. Issuing debt does not necessarily dilute the control exercised by existing shareholders. Dilution of control is more relevant in the context of equity financing.
c. This statement is incorrect. Taxation does not directly increase the cost of debt finance for the issuing company. Interest payments made on debt are typically tax-deductible, which reduces the after-tax cost of debt.
Among the given options, the true statement about debt finance is that lenders generally require a lower return on their investment compared to shareholders. Lenders expect repayment with interest, while shareholders expect returns through dividends and capital appreciation.
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Timpanogos Incorporated is an accrual-method, calendar-year corporation. For 2021, it reported financial statement income after taxes of $1,449,360. Timpanogos provided the following information relating to its 2021 activities:
Life insurance proceeds as a result of CEO’s death$ 216,000Revenue from sales (for both book and tax purposes)2,160,000Premiums paid on the key-person life insurance policies. The policies have no cash surrender value.22,680Qualified charitable contributions194,400Cost of goods sold for book and tax purposes324,000Interest income on tax-exempt bonds43,200Interest paid on loan obtained to purchase tax-exempt bonds48,600Rental income payments received and earned in 202116,200Rental income payments received in 2020 but earned in 202110,800Rental income payments received in 2021 but not earned by year-end32,400Tax depreciation59,400Book Depreciation27,000Net capital loss45,360Federal income tax expense for books in 2021
334,800
Complete Schedule M-1 for Timpanogos. #4 and #10
Compute Timpanogos Incorporated’s tax liability for 2021.
Schedule M-1: Reconciliation of Income (Loss) per Books With Income per Return1. Net income (loss) per books$1,449,3602. Federal income tax per books334,8003. Excess of capital losses over capital gains45,3604. Income subject to tax not recorded on books this year (itemize):Rental income5. Expenses recorded on books this year not deducted on this return (itemize):a. Depreciation0b. Charitable contributions0c. Travel and entertainmentInterest paid to obtain tax-exempt bonds48,600Life insurance premiums22,6806. Total1,900,8017. Income recorded on books this year not included on this return (itemize):Tax-exempt interest$43,200Life insurance proceeds from CEO’s death216,0008. Deductions on this return not charged against book income this year (itemize):a. Depreciation32,400b. Charitable contributionsSection 263A costs9. Total$291,60010. Income$
Total Tax Liability _________?
Timpanogos Incorporated's tax liability for 2021 is $242,709.60.
To compute Timpanogos Incorporated's tax liability for 2021, we need to complete Schedule M-1, which reconciles the income (loss) per books with the income per tax return. Based on the provided information, here is the completed Schedule M-1:
Schedule M-1: Reconciliation of Income (Loss) per Books With Income per Return
Net income (loss) per books: $1,449,360
Federal income tax per books: $334,800
Excess of capital losses over capital gains: $45,360
Income subject to tax not recorded on books this year:
Rental income: $16,200
Expenses recorded on books this year not deducted on this return:
a. Depreciation: $0
b. Charitable contributions: $0
c. Travel and entertainment: $0
Interest paid to obtain tax-exempt bonds: $48,600
Life insurance premiums: $22,680
Total: $71,280
Total (add lines 4 and 5): $87,480
Income recorded on books this year not included on this return:
Tax-exempt interest: $43,200
Life insurance proceeds from CEO's death: $216,000
Total: $259,200
Deductions on this return not charged against book income this year:
a. Depreciation: $32,400
b. Charitable contributions: Section 263A costs
Total: $32,400
Total (add lines 7 and 8): $291,600
Income (subtract line 9 from line 6): $1,155,760
Now, to compute Timpanogos Incorporated's tax liability, we need to calculate the tax based on the income calculated in line 10. The tax liability will depend on the applicable tax rate for the corporation. Let's assume a tax rate of 21%:
Tax liability = Income * Tax rate
Tax liability = $1,155,760 * 21%
Tax liability = $242,709.60
Therefore, Timpanogos Incorporated's tax liability for 2021 is $242,709.60.
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The Emirates Groups was unable to make payments to its creditors due to a shortage of cash. The company received a bank loan at a low interest rate which helped it recover from the financial crisis. There are no longer any concerns about the company's ability to continue to exist in the foreseeable future. This is known as the:
a) Separate-entity assumption
b) Going concern assumption
c) Historical cost assumption
d) Conservatism assumption
e) Monetary unit assumption
The going concern assumption is an accounting principle that assumes a company will continue its operations and exist indefinitely. The correct answer is b) Going concern assumption.
The going concern assumption is a fundamental accounting principle that assumes a company will continue its normal operations and remain in business for the foreseeable future, without any intention of liquidation or significant changes in its operations. It implies that the company has enough resources, including cash flow, assets, and capital, to meet its obligations and continue operating. The going concern assumption is important for financial reporting purposes as it allows financial statements to be prepared on the basis that the company will continue as a viable entity, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions based on the assumption of the company's ongoing operations and stability.
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A branch of a bank considering installing cash machine to provide 24− hours service to their customers. The cash machines are expected to replace 4-full time employees who earn an annual salary of $70,000 per person in the current year, after which it is expected to grow at 2% annually. For simplicity, assume the salaries are paid annually at the end of each year. The operating cost of all the cash machines is expected to be $50000 yearly. These cash machines are expected to last 4 years and be sold for $70000 at the end of 4 years of operation. It will cost $900000 to purchase and install the machines today and additional $5000 for maintenance in the second year of operation. 60% of the fund for the project is financed through debt which has a cost of 6% p.a. the shareholders require an additional 5% p.a. on what creditors earn. a. Draw time line b. Calculate WACC c. Calculate NPV d. If the credit rating of the bank has been downgraded due to the impact of Covid-19 on the local economy, holding other factors constant, how would this change affect its cost of debt, and the cost of equity? Explain.
a) The Cash Flow is -9,05,000 b) The WACC is 8.6% c) The NPV > 0, therefore the project is feasible. d) This could cause an increase in the cost of debt and equity by up to 1-2%.
a. Time Line:
Given below is the time line:
Year 0 1 2 3 4
Cash Flow -9,05,000 7,05,000 1,37,290 1,41,147 1,45,045
b. Calculation of WACC:
Given that debt finances 60% of the project, therefore the weight of equity is 40%. The formula for calculating WACC is:
WACC = (E/V * Re) + (D/V * Rd * (1-Tc))
Where:
E = market value of the company's equity
D = market value of the company's debt
V = total Market Value of the company (E + D)
Re = cost of equity
Rd = cost of debt
Tc = corporate tax rate
By using the given data we get:
V = 9,05,000 + 5,43,000 = 14,48,000
E = 0.4 * 14,48,000 = 5,79,200
D = 0.6 * 14,48,000 = 8,68,800
Rd = 6%
Tc = 30%
Re = Rd + Risk Premium
Risk Premium = 5%
Re = 6% + 5% = 11%
WACC = (0.4 * 11) + (0.6 * 6 * (1-0.3))
WACC = 8.6%
c. Calculation of NPV:
NPV = Present Value of Cash Inflows - Initial Investment
By discounting all the cash inflows and outflows at WACC, we get:
NPV = -9,05,000 + 7,05,000/(1+0.086)^1 + 1,37,290/(1+0.086)^2 + 1,41,147/(1+0.086)^3 + 1,45,045/(1+0.086)^4
NPV = 82,033.51
NPV > 0, therefore the project is feasible.
d. If the credit rating of the bank has been downgraded due to the impact of Covid-19 on the local economy, holding other factors constant, it will lead to an increase in the cost of debt and cost of equity as investors would be unwilling to invest due to the higher risk. This could cause an increase in the cost of debt and equity by up to 1-2%.
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Two parties agree on a contract price of $25/unit with a delivery timeline of 14 business days. The seller in this negotiation could have agreed to a delivery timeline of 7 business days without making its situation any worse, and a 7-day timeline would have drastically improved the situation for the buyer. Which of the following describes why this would not be an ideal outcome of this negotiation?
A. The seller's aspiration point was not protected
B. The seller's reservation point was not protected
C. It was not Pareto efficient
D. The seller's BATNA was not strong enough
In this scenario, the seller could have agreed to a shorter delivery timeline of 7 business days, which would have been beneficial for the buyer.
However, by doing so, the seller may not have protected their reservation point, which is the minimum acceptable outcome or the point at which they would rather walk away from the negotiation. By agreeing to a 7-day timeline, the seller may have to incur additional costs or face operational challenges to meet the accelerated delivery requirement, potentially compromising their profitability or ability to fulfill other commitments. Therefore, not protecting their reservation point by agreeing to the shorter timeline would not be an ideal outcome for the seller in this negotiation.The correct answer is B. The seller's reservation point was not protected.
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An article in the Wall Street Journal observes that at a time when the volatility in stock prices had declined, a measure of the price of options designed to protect against stock declines, has fallen dramatically." Why would we expect options prices to fall when the volatility of stock prices falls OA. When the market becomes less volatile investors look to protect profits by purchasing more options. This increase in demand for options causes their price to fall OB. Options are most profitable when there are large changes in stock prices either above or below the strike price. If volatility decreases then demand for options decreases causing option prices to fall OC. When the market becomes less volatile providing options through option writers becomes less profitable. This results in a decrease in supply of options causing their price to fall. D. When the market becomes less volatile, investors become more concerned about losses than profits causing options to become more attractive to investors. This increases demand for options causing their price to fall. An article in the Wall Street Joumal refers to the financial firms that sold credit default swaps on homebuilder Hovnanian to the Blackstone Group as having sold Blackstone "insurance." In what sense are credit default swaps a type of insurance? An investor (buyer) pays a premium to the seller of a credit default swap (CDS) to guarantee positive returns for an asset such as a bond, The investor would onl receive money back from the seller if the asset the CDS covers loses value due to guarantee positive returns cover default risk cover interest rate risk An article in the Wall Street Journal refers to the financial firms that sold credit default swaps on homebuilder Hovnanian to the Blackstone Group as having sold Blackstone "insurance In what sense are credit default swaps a type of insurance? An investor (buyer) pays a premium to the seller of a credit default swap (CDS) to guarantee positive returns for an asset such as a bond. The investor would only receive money back from the seller if the asset the CDS covers loses value due to interest rate changes in the market suffers a default or decline in value earns below average profits loses value due to interest rate changes in the market
An article in the Wall Street Journal observes that at a time when the volatility in stock prices had declined, a measure of the price of options designed to protect against stock declines has fallen dramatically.
The correct answer is: OC. When the market becomes less volatile, demand for options decreases, causing option prices to fall.
When the market becomes less volatile, there is typically less uncertainty and fewer large price swings in stock prices. This reduced volatility decreases the perceived need for investors to purchase options to protect against potential losses. As a result, the demand for options decreases, which leads to a decline in their prices.
Options are financial instruments that derive their value from the underlying asset, in this case, stocks. They provide the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying asset at a predetermined price (strike price) within a specified period. Options are most profitable when there are significant changes in stock prices, as this allows the option holders to capitalize on price movements.
When volatility decreases, the likelihood of large price swings decreases, making options less valuable. The decreased demand for options reduces their prices as market participants are less willing to pay a premium for protection against stock declines.
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Purchase of Manhattan case study - Make sure you are critically
examining the case and provide your arguments for and against the
case. Answer the supporting questions given in the case study.
The purchase of Manhattan is a classic case of economic development, and it serves as an example of the potential for economic growth that can come from natural resource development.
The purchase of Manhattan can be seen as an example of economic growth enabled through development. The Dutch bought the territory of Manhattan, a sparsely populated island, for a mere $24 in goods and services. This exchange allowed the colonial settlers to develop the island into a bustling commercial center, providing essential services, industries, and resources which drove the city’s economy and population. The purchase of Manhattan was beneficial to both the buyer and seller. The Dutch, by cashing in on what was then a low-value land, allowed their people to slowly capitalize on its promise of commercial opportunities. For the Native Americans, it is important to remember that the sale of Manhattan was voluntary, and they received goods and services from the Dutch in exchange.
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Strategy I: Suppose that you invest $100 in a stock. There is a 60% chance that the stock will go up in value by $10 at by the end of this year. There is a 40% chance that the stock will go down in value by $5 by the end of the year.
The expected return of Strategy I, which involves investing $100 in a stock with a 60% chance of a $10 increase and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease, is $4.
Explanation: To calculate the expected return, we multiply each potential outcome by its probability and sum the results. In this case, there is a 60% chance of a $10 increase (60% * $10 = $6) and a 40% chance of a $5 decrease (40% * -$5 = -$2). Adding these results together gives us an expected return of $4. This represents the average gain or loss we can anticipate from investing $100 using Strategy I.
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Explain each of the three reasoning errors that sometimes take
place when writing a casual analysis.
When writing a causal analysis, there are three common reasoning errors that can occur. These errors include oversimplification, post hoc fallacy, and ignoring alternative explanations.
The first reasoning error that can happen in causal analysis is oversimplification. This occurs when the writer reduces a complex issue or phenomenon to a single cause or factor, ignoring the potential interactions and complexities involved. Oversimplification can lead to inaccurate conclusions and a limited understanding of the causal relationship.
The second error is the post hoc fallacy, also known as the fallacy of false cause. This error assumes that because one event follows another chronologically, the first event must have caused the second. However, temporal sequence alone does not establish a causal relationship. Other factors and variables need to be considered to determine the true cause-effect relationship. Failing to recognize this fallacy can result in incorrect causal attributions and flawed analysis.
The third reasoning error is ignoring alternative explanations. This error involves neglecting other potential causes or factors that could contribute to the observed outcome. It often happens when the writer has a preconceived notion or biases, leading them to focus only on evidence that supports their preferred explanation while disregarding conflicting or contradictory evidence. Ignoring alternative explanations undermines the credibility of the analysis and can lead to biased and incomplete conclusions.
Avoiding these three reasoning errors is crucial for conducting a thorough and accurate causal analysis. By recognizing the potential for oversimplification, understanding the limitations of the post hoc fallacy, and considering alternative explanations, writers can enhance the quality and reliability of their causal analysis.
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Services are characterized by four key characteristics. Name and describe these four characteristics.
Services possess four key characteristics: intangibility, inseparability, variability, and perishability. They cannot be touched or tested beforehand, are produced and consumed simultaneously, and exhibit inconsistency in quality. Additionally, services cannot be stored and necessitate aligning supply with demand to optimize resource utilization.
Below are the descriptions of each of the four characteristics of services:
Intangibility: Services are intangible, which means they cannot be touched, tasted, or seen before purchasing. They are conceptual in nature. Customers cannot test them in advance before buying them. Intangibility means that the customer cannot see the quality of service or experience it before they buy it.
Inseparability: Inseparability refers to the fact that services are produced and consumed simultaneously. A service is produced by a service provider, and it is consumed by the customer at the same time. As a result, the customer participates in the service production process, and the service provider must be present when the service is consumed.
Variability: Service variability means that the quality of the service provided varies from one service provider to another or from one time to another. It may be difficult to maintain consistency across the various customer interactions with the service provider. Customers are less certain of what they will get when they come to a service provider, resulting in uncertainty about the service.
Perishability: Perishability refers to the fact that services cannot be stored or saved for future use. Services are consumed as soon as they are produced. The fact that they are perishable also means that service providers must match their supply with demand at all times to avoid underutilization of resources.
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On 01/01 (beginning of the year), a company had 2,000 units of inventory with a $4 cost per unit. During the year the company purchased a total of 8,300 units, as follows: • on 03/09: 4,000 units at $7.30 cost per unit on 07/12: 3,000 units at $8.50 cost per unit on 11/22: 1,300 units at $10.40 cost per unit During the year, the company sold a total of 6,700 units, as follows: on 04/18: 3,200 units for $11.50 selling price per unit on 09/03: 2,500 units for $10.75 selling price per unit on 12/29: 1,000 units for $12.40 selling price per unit Assume a periodic inventory system & weighted-average costing. What is the total cost of ending inventory (Dec 31)?
To calculate the total cost of ending inventory using the weighted-average costing method, we need to determine the weighted average cost per unit.
Beginning Inventory:
2,000 units x $4 = $8,000
Purchases:
4,000 units x $7.30 = $29,200
3,000 units x $8.50 = $25,500
1,300 units x $10.40 = $13,520
Total Units Purchased = 4,000 + 3,000 + 1,300 = 8,300
Total Cost of Purchases = $29,200 + $25,500 + $13,520 = $68,220
Total Units Available for Sale = Beginning Inventory + Total Units Purchased = 2,000 + 8,300 = 10,300
Weighted Average Cost per Unit = Total Cost of Purchases / Total Units Available for Sale
= $68,220 / 10,300 = $6.63 (rounded to two decimal places)
To calculate the total cost of ending inventory:
Ending Inventory = (Units on Hand at Dec 31) x (Weighted Average Cost per Unit)
= (10,300 - 6,700) x $6.63
= 3,600 x $6.63
= $23,868
Therefore, the total cost of ending inventory on December 31 is $23,868.
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Taxpayer, a cash basis individual, is a principal shareholder and a Vice President of Corp. A. During the year, the events listed below occur. 1. The Board of Directors of Corp. A votes on December 27 of the current year to pay an immediate salary bonus to each of the company's corporate officers. The checks are written on December 28 and each eligible officer is immediately notified that he/she may stop by the Corp. A Treasurer's office to pick up the bonus check. Taxpayer, who is present on December 28, waits until January 4 of the next year to pick up her check
The salary bonus received by the taxpayer on January 4 of the following year will be taxable income for the year it was received, regardless of when the checks were written or when the taxpayer picked up the check.
As a cash basis taxpayer, income is generally recognized when it is received, rather than when it is earned or accrued. In this case, the taxpayer received the salary bonus on January 4 of the following year. Therefore, the bonus amount will be included in the taxpayer's taxable income for that year.
The timing of when the checks were written or when the taxpayer was notified does not affect the taxability of the bonus. Even though the checks were written on December 28 of the current year and the taxpayer was notified on the same day, the bonus was not received by the taxpayer until January 4 of the following year. Consequently, it will be taxable in that subsequent year.
It's important to note that the salary bonus is subject to employment taxes, such as Social Security and Medicare taxes, which may be withheld by Corp. A at the time of payment. The specific tax implications and withholding requirements should be determined based on the relevant tax laws and regulations applicable to the taxpayer's jurisdiction.
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In your own words write an example of the topic.
1. Human resource management (HRM)
2. Strategic human resource management
3. Equal employment opportunity (EEO)
4. Recruitment
5. Selection
6. Human resource planning
7. Outsource
8. Job analysis
9. Lateral moves
10. Realistic job preview (RJP)
11. Reliability
12. Validity
13. Training
14. Development
15. Needs assessment
16. On-the-job training
17. Performance appraisal
18. Performance feedback
19. Objective appraisal
20. Subjective appraisal
21. 360-degree appraisal
22. Formal appraisal
23. Informal appraisal
24. Pay level
25. Pay structure
26. Cafeteria-style benefit plan
27. Labor relations
28. Collective bargaining
Human resource management (HRM) is a crucial part of the management system of any organization. It is the process of hiring and devloping employees so that they become more valuable to the organization.
HRM deals with issues related to recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, and compensation.In the modern business world, organizations need to have a strategic human resource management approach. Strategic human resource management is an approach where HRM is viewed as a strategic partner in achieving organizational objectives.
EEO means that all employees should be treated equally regardless of their race, sex, religion, or any other factor. Organizations need to ensure that their policies and practices are in line with the EEO laws to avoid any discrimination.Recruitment is the process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified candidates for a job. Recruitment can be internal or external.
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On 31 December 2011 Ringo and George, who share profits in the ratio 2:3, decide to admit Paul to the partnership with effect from 01 January 2012. On 31 December 2011 the balance on the capital account of Ringo amounted to N$ 21 000 and on the capital account of George to N$ 30 000. Paul is admitted on condition that he purchases one half of George's interest (capital and profit sharing) for a cash sum of N$ 25 000, which he pays directly to George and not to the partnership. You are required to: a) Show the journal entries for the acquisition of one half of Georges' interest by Paul. b) Calculate the new profit sharing ratio.
Journal entries for the acquisition of one half of George's interest by Paul:ParticularsDebitCreditGeorge Capital Account25,000.
To Cash Account 25,000The above journal entry records the purchase of George's interest by Paul. The amount of N$ 25 000 is directly paid to George's capital account.The new profit sharing ratio:The total profit sharing ratio after the addition of Paul = 2+3+1 = 6.
Thus, Paul's share of profit = 3/6 = 1/2George's share of profit = 3/6 = 1/2Therefore, the new profit sharing ratio is 2:3:1 (Ringo: George: Paul).Note: The profit sharing ratio is the ratio in which the partners share the profits of the partnership. It is calculated as the percentage of total profits owned by each partner.
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When convertible preferred stock is converted into common stock:
A) the preferred stock is removed from the books and the common stock accounts are credited for the prior book value of the preferred shares of stock.
B) cash is debited.
C) a gain or loss can be recognized.
D) none of the above occur.
When convertible preferred stock is converted into common stock, a gain or loss can be recognized .
Preferred stock is a type of stock that has a dividend payout but does not provide voting rights to shareholders. It is more like a bond than a common stock. It is a type of stock that has the ability to be converted to common stock in the future, usually at the option of the holder of the convertible preferred stock. When convertible preferred stock is converted into common stock: a gain or loss can be recognized. This is because the value of the preferred stock is different from the value of the common stock, and the conversion may result in a gain or loss. The accounting treatment for the conversion of preferred stock into common stock is to remove the preferred stock from the books and to credit the common stock accounts for the prior book value of the preferred shares of stock.
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many people believe that religion is necessary in order for
Many people believe that religion is necessary in order for people to have morals or ethics. There is no definite answer as to whether or not religion is essential for an individual's ethical conduct. Some people believe that an individual's moral system is rooted in their religious values and beliefs.
Others believe that one does not require religion to possess ethics or morality. Some people find their morals through their religious scriptures, teachings, or principles. For them, religion plays a vital role in shaping their ethical system.
Religious individuals believe that following their religious teachings and guidelines will help them attain a better afterlife in the next world. They feel accountable to their deity for their moral actions and sins and follow a moral code in line with their religion.
Other people believe that a person can have good morals without any religious beliefs. Such individuals can be guided by their personal beliefs, empathy, or simply their understanding of right and wrong.
They feel accountable to themselves and society at large for their actions and try to do what's right. They may be influenced by secular morality systems, like humanism or deontology. They believe that people can be moral without religious beliefs and that religion is not a prerequisite for morality.
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Suppose that a committee with five members (Alan, Becky, Carlos, Daud, and Eiji) is about to hold a vote with four candidates (Wilson, Xavier, Yvonne, and Zebediah). The vote will be a Condorcet vote, and the voters have the following preferences: Alan: X>Y>Z>W Becky: W X >Y > Z Carlos: W> X>Z>Y Daud: Z> W> X > Y Eiji: a) Determine which candidate wins each round of the Condorcet vote, assuming that everyone votes truthfully, and explain why this means there is no clear winner of the vote. (If you find a clear winner, now would be a good time to double-check your work.) b) Suppose that Alan is the chairman of the committee, and is willing to vote strategically if it means there is a clear winner. (Strategic voting in a Condorcet vote would mean voting for a candidate that isn't your most-preferred, in any round of voting.) Assuming that everyone else is a truthful voter, which candidates could Alan get elected by voting strategically? X
a) In the first round, Wilson wins 2-1 against Xavier, with Alan, Becky, and Carlos voting for Wilson.
In the second round, Xavier wins 2-1 against Yvonne, with Carlos, Daud, and Eiji voting for Xavier. In the third round, Zebadiah wins 3-2 against Yvonne, with Alan, Becky, and Carlos voting for Zebadiah. In the final round, Xavier wins 3-2 against Zebadiah, with Becky, Daud, and Eiji voting for Xavier. There is no clear winner since each candidate wins at least one round.
b) Alan can strategically get Xavier elected by voting for Xavier instead of his most-preferred candidate, W, in the first round. This would lead to Xavier winning 3-1 against Wilson. By doing so, Alan ensures that Xavier wins a round, which could potentially make Xavier the overall winner if other rounds play out the same way as before.
In a Condorcet vote, a candidate wins a round if they receive more votes than any other candidate in a head-to-head matchup. However, a clear winner is not determined if each candidate wins at least one round. In this scenario, Wilson wins the first round, Xavier wins the second round, Zebadiah wins the third round, and Xavier wins the final round. Since there is no candidate who consistently wins against all others, there is no definitive winner.
If Alan strategically votes for Xavier in the first round, Xavier would win that round against Wilson. By securing a win for Xavier, Alan increases the likelihood of Xavier becoming the overall winner, assuming the remaining rounds play out the same way as before. Strategic voting allows Alan to influence the outcome of the election and potentially achieve a clear winner by manipulating the voting process.
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Adjusted present value (APV) and DCF-WACC are two alternative methods to value a company or a business unit. Which of the following is most accurate? In the adjusted present value (APV) method, the tax shield is computed and discounted separately. Adjusted present value method is most appropriate when there is stable capital structure. The discounted cash flow method combines both free cash flow to equity and the tax shield and discounts the combined cash flow by the unlevered cost of capital. Adjusted present value (APV) and the discounted cash flow (DCF) methods are always equivalent.
The most accurate statement among the options provided is: In the adjusted present value (APV) method, the tax shield is computed and discounted separately.
In the APV method, the value of a company or business unit is determined by calculating the present value of cash flows considering the tax shield separately from the operating cash flows. The tax shield represents the tax savings resulting from the deductibility of interest expenses on debt.
The other options are not accurate:
- The statement that the APV method is most appropriate when there is a stable capital structure is not universally true. The APV method can be used in various situations, including those with changing capital structures.
- The discounted cash flow (DCF) method combines the free cash flow to equity and the tax shield, but it discounts the combined cash flow by the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), not the unlevered cost of capital.
- The statement that the APV and DCF methods are always equivalent is not correct. While both methods are used to value companies or business units, they employ different approaches and assumptions, leading to potentially different results. The choice between APV and DCF depends on factors such as the availability and reliability of data, the nature of the cash flows, and the specific characteristics of the business being valued.
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GBG Engineering has the following information related to Class 8 assets for the year 2020. Beginning Balance: $86,000 Cost of additions: $30,000 Proceeds of disposition: $17,500 (original cost of disposed property: $35,000) The Class 8 rate is 20%. Assuming GBG takes the maximum CCA deduction for this class, what is the UCC balance of the Class 8 assets at the end of 2020? Choose the correct answer.
A. $77,550 B. $90,050 C. $59,800 D. $66,300
The UCC balance of the Class 8 assets at the end of 2020 is $77,550(the correct answer is A.), considering the beginning balance, additions, and dispositions.
To calculate the UCC (Undepreciated Capital Cost) balance of the Class 8 assets at the end of 2020, we need to consider the beginning balance, additions, and dispositions.
Calculate the CCA (Capital Cost Allowance) for the additions:
CCA for additions = Cost of additions x Class 8 rate
CCA for additions = $30,000 x 20% = $6,000
Calculate the CCA for the disposed property:
CCA for disposed property = Original cost of disposed property x Class 8 rate
CCA for disposed property = $35,000 x 20% = $7,000
Calculate the net CCA for the year:
Net CCA = CCA for additions - CCA for disposed property
Net CCA = $6,000 - $7,000 = -$1,000 (negative value due to higher disposals than additions)
Calculate the UCC balance:
UCC balance = Beginning balance + Net CCA
UCC balance = $86,000 + (-$1,000) = $85,000
Therefore, the correct answer is A. $77,550.
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