Quality circles are small groups of workers who meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve problems related to their work with the aim of improving the overall performance of their organization.
A quality circle is a way of getting feedback from the group.However, they are also involved in identifying areas for improvement and suggesting solutions. Quality circles are designed to harness the power of collective problem-solving and are made up of a group of people who work together to identify and solve problems that affect the quality of their work and products.A quality circle is usually made up of employees who have the same job or work in the same area. They are led by a trained facilitator who guides the group through the problem-solving process. The goal of a quality circle is to involve employees in the decision-making process and to empower them to take ownership of the work they do.
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The preferred stock of General Motors pays an annual dividend of $0.8 forever. The appropriate discount rate is 8% per year.
Part 1 What is the present value of all dividends?
The present value of a perpetuity is the present value of all dividends from the preferred stock is $10.
To calculate the present value of the perpetual dividends from the preferred stock of General Motors, we can use the formula for the present value of a perpetuity:
PV = Dividend / Discount Rate
Where:
PV = Present value
Dividend = Annual dividend payment ($0.8)
Discount Rate = Discount rate per period (8% per year)
To calculate the present value of the dividends, we can use the formula for the present value of a perpetuity: PV = D / r, where PV is the present value, D is the annual dividend, and r is the discount rate. In this case, the annual dividend is $0.8 and the discount rate is 8% (or 0.08 as a decimal). Plugging these values into the formula, we get PV = 0.8 / 0.08 = $10.
The present value of all dividends represents the current worth of the future dividend payments, taking into account the discount rate. This value reflects the total value an investor would assign to the stream of perpetual dividends from the General Motors preferred stock.
Plugging in the values:
PV = 0.8 / 0.08 = $10
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a. Suppose the Chinese government imposes an export tax on metal ores due to concerns about the negative impact of mining on the environment. Assume that China is a price taker to the market of metal ores, analyse the changes in welfare after the imposition of export tax. Be sure to fully label the diagram [6 marks] b. An economist determines the demand and supply of metal ores in Chinese market without trade as below Demand: P = 300 - 40 Supply: P = 20 + 0.10 where P is dollar per kg and Q is quantity in kg. Suppose the marginal external cost of producing metal ores is represented by MEC 10+ 0.2Q The world price of metal ores is $90. The export tax is $2/kg Does the imposition of export tax increase or decrease welfare? By how much? [9 marks]
The imposition of the export tax on metal ores decreases both consumer surplus and producer surplus, increases government revenue, and increases deadweight loss. The overall welfare decreases due to the imposition of the tax.
a. To analyze the changes in welfare after the imposition of an export tax on metal ores, we need to consider the effects on consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue, and deadweight loss.
Let's label the diagram and analyze each component:
P represents the price of metal ores, and Q represents the quantity of metal ores.Before the export tax, the market equilibrium occurs at the intersection of demand and supply without trade, represented by point E1.At point E1, the price is P1 and the quantity is Q1.Consumer surplus is the area above the demand curve and below the price line. It is represented by the area A + B + C.Producer surplus is the area below the price line and above the supply curve. It is represented by the area D + E + F.Total welfare is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus, which is represented by the area A + B + C + D + E + F.When the export tax is imposed:
The supply curve shifts upward by the amount of the export tax ($2/kg). This new supply curve is represented by S2.The new equilibrium occurs at the intersection of the new supply curve (S2) and the original demand curve. This equilibrium is represented by point E2.At point E2, the price is P2 (lower than P1 due to the tax) and the quantity is Q2 (lower than Q1 due to the tax).Consumer surplus is now represented by the area A.Producer surplus is now represented by the area D.Government revenue is the tax revenue collected, which is represented by the rectangle B + C.Deadweight loss is the loss of total welfare due to the reduction in quantity, represented by the shaded triangle F.The changes in welfare after the imposition of the export tax can be analyzed as follows:
Consumer surplus decreases from (A + B + C) to A.Producer surplus decreases from (D + E + F) to D.Government revenue is the tax revenue collected, represented by (B + C).Deadweight loss occurs due to the reduction in quantity and is represented by the shaded triangle F.b. To determine whether the imposition of the export tax increases or decreases welfare, we need to compare the changes in consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue, and deadweight loss.
Before the tax, the world price of metal ores is $90, but after the imposition of the export tax, the effective price received by Chinese producers will be $90 - $2 = $88.To analyze the changes in welfare, we compare the areas of consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue, and deadweight loss before and after the imposition of the tax.Consumer surplus: Before the tax, consumer surplus is represented by the area A + B + C. After the tax, consumer surplus decreases to only area A. Therefore, consumer surplus decreases.Producer surplus: Before the tax, producer surplus is represented by the area D + E + F. After the tax, producer surplus decreases to only area D. Therefore, producer surplus decreases.Government revenue: The tax revenue collected by the government is the area B + C. Therefore, government revenue increases.Deadweight loss: Deadweight loss is represented by the shaded triangle F. Therefore, deadweight loss increases.To know more about deadweight loss, please click on:
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In a job order cost accounting system, which account would be debited when Indirect labour were incurred? Manufacturing overhead control O Materials control Work in process control O Finished goods control
In a job order cost accounting system, the account that would be debited when indirect labor were incurred is the A) Manufacturing overhead control.
Indirect labor costs are those that are not related to the production of the product. This implies that indirect labor costs are associated with non-production activities, such as accounting, cleaning, and maintenance, among others. In contrast, direct labor is linked to the manufacturing of goods or services.In a job order costing system, manufacturing overhead is allocated to each job by including the overhead incurred in producing the item in the job cost sheet.
The manufacturing overhead is initially debited to the Manufacturing Overhead account. The predetermined overhead rate is used to calculate the overhead allocated to the job. Then, the Work in Process account is debited for the allocated overhead and credited for the manufacturing overhead control's allocated overhead.
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Why do you think this managerial accounting dedicates so much time to allocating costs appropriately and not nearly as much towards revenue recognition or trying to allocate revenue to different products or processes?
Managerial accounting dedicates so much time to allocating costs appropriately and not nearly as much towards revenue recognition or trying to allocate revenue to different products or processes because the former is more critical in helping managers in decision making and cost control.
Proper allocation of costs is crucial in determining the profitability of a product or service since it helps in determining the cost of production.
Managers need to know how much it costs to produce a product or provide a service, and cost allocation helps them to achieve this. This is important because managers need to determine which product or service generates profits and which one generates losses so that they can take appropriate actions.
A company that does not accurately allocate costs may underprice products that are costly to produce and overprice products that are less expensive to produce which can lead to losses.
Additionally, allocating costs accurately helps in pricing strategies and ensures that prices are based on production costs. On the other hand, revenue recognition and allocation are important but less critical since they do not provide direct information for cost management and decision-making.
Revenue allocation and recognition are more important for financial accounting and external financial reporting. In conclusion, the allocation of costs is critical for internal decision-making and cost control, whereas revenue allocation is crucial for financial reporting and compliance.
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Traditional Case 10: Phoenix Organic: Valuing Sustainability While Desiring Growth
1. In the years since the case study, do the goals and needs of the company need to change in order to fit the modern environment? If so, how? If not, why not?
The goals and needs of the company must evolve in order to meet the changing demands of the modern environment.
In the years since Phoenix Organic was studied, there have been significant changes in consumer preferences towards sustainable and eco-friendly products.
Phoenix Organic must continue to focus on environmental sustainability and social responsibility, but also needs to center its efforts on innovation and product development to maintain its competitive edge. The company needs to invest in research and development to create new products that appeal to environmentally conscious consumers, including sustainable packaging and plant-based alternatives. Additionally, Phoenix needs to expand its marketing and distribution to reach a wider audience and keep up with the competition in the organic beverage industry.
Overall, it is essential that Phoenix Organic adapts to the modern environment by developing new products that satisfy changing customer preferences and invests in strategic marketing and distribution channels to stay competitive. While its commitment to sustainability will remain, the company must also strive to drive growth and innovation in a rapidly changing industry.
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Green Valley Ltd currently has the following capital structure: Debt: $2,500,000 paying 8.5% coupon bonds outstanding with an annual before-tax yield to maturity of 8% on a new issue. The bonds currently sell for $105 per $100 face value. Ordinary shares: 80,000 shares outstanding currently selling for $65 per share. The firm just paid a $7.50 dividend per share this year. The share has 3% growth rate in dividends, which it expects to continue indefinitely. The firm's marginal tax rate is 30%. Required:
a) Calculate the current total market value of the firm.
ANSWER a):
b) Calculate the capital structure and weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the firm.
ANSWER b):
The answer for part A. is the current total market value of the firm is $7,825,000.
How to find?Calculation of current total market value of the firm Calculation of market value of debt (Md):Market value of debt is calculated as follows:
Market value of debt = Number of bonds × Bond price × Face value= $2,500,000 × (105/100) = $2,625,000 Calculation of market value of equity (Me):Market value of equity is calculated as follows: Market value of equity = Number of shares × Share price= 80,000 × $65= $5,200,000 .
Calculation of total market value of the firm (V):Total market value of the firm is the sum of market value of debt and market value of equity.
V = Md + Me = $2,625,000 + $5,200,000 = $7,825,000.
Therefore, the current total market value of the firm is $7,825,000.
b) Calculation of capital structure and weighted average cost of capital (WACC):The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the weighted average of the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt. Therefore, we must calculate the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt before calculating the WACC.
Calculation of cost of debt (kd):Cost of debt is the pre-tax yield to maturity on the company’s existing debt, which is 8% and the company's marginal tax rate is 30%. Therefore, the after-tax cost of debt is calculated as follows: kd = (Pre-tax yield to maturity) × (1 – Marginal tax rate)= 8% × (1 – 30%)= 5.60% Calculation of cost of equity (ke):
The cost of equity can be calculated using the dividend discount model. Dividend discount model is calculated as follows: ke = (Dividend per share / Market value per share) + Growth rate of dividends= [$7.50 × (1 + 3%)] / $65 + 3%= 12.38% Calculation of capital structure: The capital structure weights are calculated as follows: Debt weight = Market value of debt / Total market value of the firm= $2,625,000 / $7,825,000= 33.48% .
Equity weight = Market value of equity / Total market value of the firm= $5,200,000 / $7,825,000= 66.52% Calculation of WACC:WACC is calculated using the following formula: WACC = (Weight of debt) × (Cost of debt) × (1 – Tax rate) + (Weight of equity) × (Cost of equity)= (0.3348) × (5.60%) × (1 – 30%) + (0.6652) × (12.38%)= 8.09%
Therefore, the capital structure is 33.48% debt and 66.52% equity, and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is 8.09%.
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international marketing what are the higest major politucal risk in italy and what should we do
operating risk
transfer risk
ownership risk
In international marketing, Italy poses several major political risks, including operating risk, transfer risk, and ownership risk. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to understand the political landscape, establish strong relationships with local authorities, and adopt appropriate risk management strategies.
Italy, like any other country, presents political risks that can impact international marketing efforts. One major political risk is operating risk, which refers to challenges related to the political and regulatory environment. This can include changes in government policies, regulations, or laws that may affect business operations. To mitigate operating risks in Italy, companies should thoroughly research and understand the local political landscape, engage in active government relations, and establish strong relationships with local authorities. This proactive approach allows businesses to adapt quickly to any changes and navigate regulatory complexities.
Transfer risk is another significant political risk in Italy. It relates to the restrictions or difficulties in transferring funds, profits, or dividends out of the country due to currency controls, capital flight regulations, or economic instability. To mitigate transfer risks, companies should have a robust financial management strategy in place, including hedging currency exposures, diversifying banking relationships, and staying informed about changes in financial regulations.
Ownership risk is also a consideration in international marketing in Italy. It refers to the potential for the government to nationalize or expropriate foreign-owned assets. While the risk of outright nationalization is relatively low in Italy, businesses should still evaluate the legal framework and political stability. Establishing partnerships or joint ventures with local entities can help mitigate ownership risks by demonstrating a commitment to the local economy and building strong relationships with influential stakeholders.
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Based on the following data, is there any arbitrage opportunities? Please detail the
action plan to generate arbitrage profit/loss.
Spot rate CAD/EUR
180 day - Forward rate CAD/EUR
0.7322-44
0.7330-58
CAD'S APR
5%-6%
EUR'S APR
7%-8%
Based on the provided data, there doesn't seem to be any immediate arbitrage opportunities. The calculated potential forward rate aligns with the actual forward rates, suggesting that the market is appropriately pricing the CAD/EUR exchange rate considering the interest rate differentials.
To determine if there are any arbitrage opportunities, we need to compare the spot rate with the forward rate and consider the interest rate differentials between CAD and EUR. Here's the action plan to evaluate potential arbitrage opportunities:Calculate the potential forward rate based on the interest rate differentials:
CAD's APR: 5%-6%
EUR's APR: 7%-8%
The potential forward rate for CAD/EUR can be calculated using the interest rate parity formula:
Forward Rate = Spot Rate × (1 + Domestic Interest Rate) / (1 + Foreign Interest Rate)
Using the lower end of the interest rate range:
CAD Forward Rate = 0.7322 × (1 + 0.06) / (1 + 0.07) = 0.7320
Using the upper end of the interest rate range:
CAD Forward Rate = 0.7324 × (1 + 0.05) / (1 + 0.08) = 0.7320
The calculated potential forward rate is consistent in both cases, which indicates no arbitrage opportunity based on the interest rate differentials alone.Compare the potential forward rate with the actual forward rates provided:
Forward rate CAD/EUR: 0.7322-44 (Bid-Ask)
Forward rate CAD/EUR: 0.7330-58 (Bid-Ask)
The potential forward rate of 0.7320 falls within the range of the actual forward rates, indicating that the market is priced efficiently, and there are no obvious arbitrage opportunities based on the forward rates.
In conclusion, based on the provided data, there doesn't seem to be any immediate arbitrage opportunities. The calculated potential forward rate aligns with the actual forward rates, suggesting that the market is appropriately pricing the CAD/EUR exchange rate considering the interest rate differentials. It's important to continuously monitor the market for any changes in rates and assess potential arbitrage opportunities in real-time.
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Assume you won a $10M lottery but it pays in 10 equal installments of $1m each, the first installment is now and the rest 9 payments will continue over the next 9 years. At 10% discount rate, what is the present value (cash value) of this lottery of 10 payments? Hint Find the PV of 9 payments of $1m each discounted at 10% and then add the initial $1m to the PV you just found. The result would be the cash value of the 10 payments Be careful with the signs your calculator displays. Another method is to set your calculator's mode to "Beginning, BGN mode" and just plug N=10 A. 6.759m B.6.156 C.10m D.16.245m
The present value (cash value) of the lottery of 10 equal installments of $1m each, paid over 10 years, at a discount rate of 10% is $6.759m.
In order to calculate the present value (cash value) of the lottery, we need to find the value of 9 payments of $1m each discounted at a rate of 10% and then add the initial $1m payment to the PV we just found.
Using the formula for present value of annuity, we get:
PV of 9 payments of $1m each discounted at 10% = [$1m x (1 - (1/ (1 + 0.10)^9))] / 0.10
= $6.024m
Adding the first $1m payment to this value, we get a total PV of $7.024m. However, this is not the correct answer.
This is because the calculator is assuming that the payments are made at the end of each period (END mode). We need to change the calculator to assume that the payments are made at the beginning of each period (BEGIN mode).
Once the calculator is set to BEGIN mode, we can simply enter N=10, I/Y=10 and PMT=-$1m and then press the PV button. This will give us the exact value of $6.759m, which is the cash value of the lottery.
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in Measurements for Global Supply Chain not in supply chain
(Why measure?, What to measure?, How to measure?)
Measurements are vital in global supply chains to monitor performance, identify areas for improvement, and make informed decisions, focusing on efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, and sustainability.
Why Measure?
1. Performance Evaluation: Measurements help assess the performance of the global supply chain and its various components, such as suppliers, transportation, warehousing, and customer service. This evaluation enables companies to identify bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and areas of improvement.
2. Benchmarking: Measurements allow organizations to compare their supply chain performance against industry standards or best practices. Benchmarking helps identify gaps and areas where improvements are required to stay competitive and achieve operational excellence.
3. Decision Making: Measurements provide objective data that supports decision-making processes. They help in evaluating alternative strategies, assessing the impact of potential changes, and selecting the most suitable course of action based on data-driven insights.
4. Risk Management: Measurements help identify and assess risks within the global supply chain. By monitoring metrics related to quality, lead time, inventory, and customer satisfaction, companies can proactively identify potential risks and develop strategies to mitigate them.
What to Measure?
1. On-time Delivery: Measure the percentage of orders delivered on time to customers. This metric reflects the reliability and efficiency of the supply chain in meeting customer expectations.
2. Cycle Time: Measure the time it takes for a product to move through the entire supply chain, from procurement to delivery. This metric helps identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies, enabling process improvements and faster order fulfillment.
3. Inventory Turnover: Measure the number of times inventory is sold or used within a specific period. This metric reflects the effectiveness of inventory management and indicates how efficiently the supply chain is utilizing its resources.
4. Order Accuracy: Measure the accuracy of order fulfillment, including the percentage of orders shipped without errors or discrepancies. This metric reflects the quality of order processing and the effectiveness of the supply chain in meeting customer requirements.
5. Cost-to-Serve: Measure the total cost incurred to fulfill customer orders, including procurement, transportation, warehousing, and customer service costs. This metric helps assess the cost efficiency of the supply chain and identify opportunities for cost reduction.
How to Measure?
1. Define Metrics: Identify and define the relevant metrics based on the organization's goals and objectives. Ensure that the metrics align with strategic priorities and provide actionable insights.
2. Data Collection: Establish a data collection mechanism to capture relevant information for each metric. This may involve leveraging existing systems (such as enterprise resource planning software) or implementing specialized tools for data capture.
3. Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data to generate meaningful insights. This can involve techniques such as data visualization, trend analysis, and statistical analysis to identify patterns, anomalies, and areas for improvement.
4. Reporting and Communication: Present the measurement results in a clear and concise manner, using visualizations and reports that are easily understandable by stakeholders. Regularly communicate the findings to relevant teams and management to drive decision-making and improvement initiatives.
5. Continuous Improvement: Use the measurement results to identify areas for improvement and develop action plans. Implement changes and monitor the impact of those changes through ongoing measurement and evaluation to ensure continuous improvement in the global supply chain.
It's important to note that the specific measurements and approaches may vary based on the organization's industry, supply chain complexity, and strategic objectives. Regular review and refinement of the measurement framework is crucial to ensure its relevance and effectiveness in driving supply chain performance improvement.
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The complete question is: Why is it important to measure in global supply chains, what aspects should be measured, and how can these measurements be conducted effectively?
By definition, dumping involves: a. the sale of goods by a foreign firm at a price below cost or below the price charged in the firm's home-base market. b. the sale of goods by a domestic firm at a price below cost, resulting in the elimination of competitors in the domestic market. c. the sale of goods by a domestic firm at a price that ensures supernormal profits for the firm in the short run. d. the sale of goods by a foreign firm at a price that equals its marginal cost of production.
The definition of dumping is a: the sale of goods by a foreign firm at a price below cost or below the price charged in the firm's home-base market.
Dumping refers to the practice of selling goods in a foreign market at a price that is lower than the cost of production or lower than the price charged in the home market.
This can be a strategic move by a foreign firm to gain a competitive advantage or to eliminate competition in the target market. In the case of dumping, a foreign firm may sell its goods at a price below the cost of production.
By doing so, it can drive out competitors in the foreign market who are unable to match such low prices. This can lead to market dominance and potentially allow the dumping firm to later increase prices once competitors are eliminated.
Dumping involves the sale of goods by a foreign firm at a price below cost or below the price charged in the firm's home-base market. This practice can have various impacts on the market, including the elimination of competitors and potential market dominance.
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A prospective buyer offers a licensee the title to his speedboat as an earnest deposit on a property. Knowing the value of the speedboat, may the licensee accept the title as an earnest deposit? OA. No, an earnest deposit must be a personal or cashier's check only. B. Yes, if the property owner gives written consent. OC. Yes, if the licensee is certain of the value of the boat. OD. No, personal property is not allowed as an earnest deposit.
The prospective buyer offering the title to his speedboat as an earnest deposit on a property raises the question of whether the licensee can accept it. The correct answer is D.
No, personal property is not allowed as an earnest deposit. Earnest deposits are typically required to be in the form of a personal or cashier's check, and personal property such as a speedboat cannot be accepted as a substitute.
In real estate transactions, an earnest deposit serves as a show of good faith from the buyer to the seller. It is usually a monetary amount that demonstrates the buyer's commitment to purchasing the property.
While the value of the speedboat may be known, it cannot be accepted as an earnest deposit because personal property is not allowed in this context. The most commonly accepted forms of earnest deposits are personal or cashier's checks, as they provide a reliable and easily verifiable means of payment.
Accepting personal property as an earnest deposit may complicate the transaction and create difficulties in assessing its value or selling it if the deal falls through. Therefore, the licensee should not accept the title to the speedboat as an earnest deposit.
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A price ceiling imposed by the government ALWAYS leads to an excess demand or shortage for a commodity or service. The statement is:
Select one:
True
False
True.
The statement is true. A price ceiling, which is a maximum price set by the government below the equilibrium market price, creates a situation where the price is not allowed to rise to its market-clearing level.
This leads to a situation where the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied, resulting in an excess demand or shortage for the commodity or service. Price ceilings are often implemented to protect consumers by keeping prices affordable, but they can lead to unintended consequences such as supply shortages and inefficient resource allocation.
The excess demand or shortage that arises from a price ceiling is a direct consequence of the government intervention in setting prices below the market equilibrium. It creates imbalances in the market and can lead to inefficient resource allocation and potential market distortions.
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Applying the Charter John Nesbitt is an accounting clerk, employed by the municipality of Anytown, Alberta, in the town's financial services department. Like all municipalities, the town has an elected group of councilors and a mayor, who meet to set policy and enact bylaws under the authority of the Municipal Government Act of the province. A bylaw is a type of subordinate legislation. The town employs a large group of employees, from those who work out of doors maintaining streets and roads, to those who work in the town hall itself, serving the public and managing the complex business affairs of the municipality. Following a recent election, the newly elected mayor and councilors embark on a plan that, in their view, will improve the organizational culture of the staff and managers employed by the town. Two new complimentary bylaws are introduced and passed: the first bylaw makes it a requirement that all full-time, permanent employees of the municipality are required to reside within town limits. The motive for this bylaw is to demonstrate that the town is a good place to live, and employees who earn a living working for the town should be expected to live in the town. The second bylaw states that no full-time, permanent employee of the town is permitted to publicly criticize the decisions of town council. John Nesbitt lives with his family on an acreage sometres outside of the town corporate limits. He is a full-time, permanent employee who has worked for Anytown in the finances department for more than seven years, and he has no desire to move his residence or to seek new employment. Nesbitt writes a letter to the editor of the local newspaper; the letter is published, and is critical of the new residency requirement bylaw governing employees of the municipality. Nesbitt's supervisor advises him that he should write a letter of retraction to the newspaper, and asks what his intentions are regarding his future employment with the town. Nesbitt seeks legal counsel from a lawyer who believes that court action against the municipality, under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, is warranted. Question 2 Not yet answered Marked out of 5.00 Flag question If, instead of being employed by a municipality, Nesbitt is an accounting clerk employed by a private business, explain whether he can use the Charter to question the validity of employment regulations made by his employer that appear to offend his rights. What other legislation provides protections to employees?
If employed by a private business, Nesbitt cannot use the Charter to question employment regulations, but other legislation provides protections.
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a constitutional document that protects individuals' rights and freedoms from actions taken by the government or public authorities. It does not directly apply to private businesses or employers. Therefore, if John Nesbitt is employed by a private business, he cannot rely on the Charter to challenge the validity of employment regulations made by his employer. However, there are other legislation and protections that provide rights and safeguards to employees in the private sector. Employment standards legislation, such as the Employment Standards Act, varies by jurisdiction and sets minimum standards for employment conditions, including minimum wage, hours of work, overtime pay, vacation entitlements, and termination rights. Additionally, human rights legislation at the provincial or federal level prohibits discrimination in employment based on protected grounds, such as race, gender, age, religion, or disability. Employees who believe their rights have been violated can file complaints with human rights commissions or tribunals. It is essential for employees to understand their rights and consult with legal counsel or relevant authorities to determine the appropriate course of action in addressing potential infringements on their rights in the private sector.
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During 2021, HESTA super fund earned a return of 1% p.a by making the following investments in asset classes:
weight Return (p.a)
Bonds 20% 5%
stocks 80% 0%
The return on a benchmark portfolio was 2% p.a., calculated from the following information.
weight Return (p.a)
Bonds (ASX Index) 50% 5%
Stocks (ASX Index) 50% -1%
The contribution of asset allocation across markets to the HESTA Super fund's annual total abnormal return wa:
The contribution of selection within markets to the HESTA Super fund's annual total abnormal return was ____
To calculate the contribution of asset allocation across markets and the contribution of selection within markets to the HESTA Super fund's annual total abnormal return, we need to compare the fund's actual return with the benchmark portfolio return.
The HESTA Super fund's actual return is 1% p.a., while the benchmark portfolio return is 2% p.a.
The contribution of asset allocation across markets can be calculated by taking the difference between the actual return and the benchmark return weighted by the respective asset class weights:
Contribution of asset allocation = (Actual return - Benchmark return) * Weight
For the HESTA Super fund:
Contribution of asset allocation = (1% - 2%) * (20% + 80%) = -0.01
So, the contribution of asset allocation across markets to the HESTA Super fund's annual total abnormal return is -0.01 or -1%.
The contribution of selection within markets can be calculated by taking the difference between the actual return and the benchmark return within each asset class weighted by their respective weights:
Contribution of selection within markets = (Actual return - Benchmark return within each asset class) * Weight within each asset class
For the HESTA Super fund:
Contribution of selection within markets = (5% - 5%) * 20% + (0% - (-1%)) * 80% = 0
So, the contribution of selection within markets to the HESTA Super fund's annual total abnormal return is 0 or 0%.
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PROJECT TASK For an upcoming project of your choice, develop a procurement management plan that will ensure the timeous availability of required resources for successful task execution in order to meet the desired project outcomes. Be sure to include all processes and activities that enable the project manager to acquire the goods and supplies required to perform the projects scope of work. As a project manager, you need to ensure further that consideration is given to quality and timeframe requirements when planning the procurement of required resources. Additionally, highlight the inputs; tools and techniques; and the outputs that are considered essential as they contribute in influencing the decisions to be made throughout the procurement management processes.
Question 4
4.1 Contract Administration—managing the relationship with the seller. (15 marks)
4.2 Contract Close-out—completion and settlement of the contract. (15 marks)
A procurement management plan is an integral part of any project that guarantees timeouts availability of required resources to successfully execute tasks and achieve desired project outcomes. The procurement management plan plays a critical role in identifying, selecting, and managing suppliers/vendors that can provide goods and services needed for the project scope of work.
Additionally, as a project manager, you must consider the quality and time frame requirements when planning the procurement of necessary resources.The following are the processes and activities that enable the project manager to acquire the goods and supplies required to perform the project's scope of work:Plan procurement management: This process helps the project manager develop a procurement management plan that outlines how the procurement process will be executed and monitored.Conduct procurement: This process involves identifying potential suppliers, sending requests for proposals (RFPs), evaluating proposals, and selecting a vendor to supply the goods and services needed for the project. The selection process should be based on criteria such as cost, quality, availability, and time frame.Manage procurement: This process involves monitoring supplier performance, ensuring that deliveries are made on time, ensuring that the quality of goods and services provided meets the project's requirements, and resolving any disputes with suppliers.Control procurement: This process involves monitoring the procurement process and making any necessary changes to ensure that the project's procurement objectives are being met. This process includes contract administration, contract close-out, and procurement performance reviews.Contract administration is the process of managing the relationship with the seller. The project manager is responsible for ensuring that the seller meets the terms and conditions of the contract. This process includes monitoring the seller's performance, ensuring that payments are made on time, resolving any disputes that arise, and amending the contract if necessary.Contract close-out is the process of completing and settling the contract. The project manager is responsible for ensuring that all work has been completed satisfactorily, all payments have been made, and all contractual obligations have been fulfilled. This process also includes conducting a procurement performance review to assess the procurement process's effectiveness and identify areas for improvement.Inputs: The inputs for the procurement management plan include the project charter, project management plan, requirements documentation, risk register , and stakeholder register. The inputs for contract administration and close-out include the procurement management plan, contract documents, and work performance data.Tools and techniques: The tools and techniques used in procurement management include make-or-buy analysis, expert judgment, contract negotiation, and procurement management software. The tools and techniques used in contract administration and close-out include payment systems, records management systems, change control systems, and procurement audits.Outputs: The outputs of the procurement management plan include the procurement management plan, procurement documents, and procurement statement of work. The outputs of contract administration and close-out include procurement documentation updates, procurement audits, and lessons learned documentation.For such more question on procurement
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the following information is taken from the production budget for the first quarter: beginning finished goods units 1,200 expected sales units 426,000 capacity in units of production facility 472,000 how many units of finished goods should be produced during the quarter if the company desires 3,200 finished goods units available to start the next quarter? question 37 options: 424,000 429,200 474,000 428,000
The company should produce 428,000 finished goods units during the quarter.
The amount of finished goods that the company should produce during the quarter if the company desires 3,200 finished goods units available to start the next quarter is 429,200 finished goods units. Here's how to solve it.The units of finished goods to be produced during the quarter can be found by:Projected Sales + Desired Ending Inventory - Beginning Inventory = Production UnitsProjected Sales = 426,000Desired Ending Inventory = 3,200Beginning Inventory = 1,200Substituting in the values gives:426,000 + 3,200 - 1,200 = Production Units428,000 = Production UnitsTherefore, the company should produce 428,000 finished goods units during the quarter.
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1. According the Kant’s categorial imperative, it is acceptable for a company to gather and use consumer information if both sides are in agreement regarding their rights and responsibilities.
A. True
B False
2. When the tobacco companies covered up the fact that they were deliberately marking to teens, they were violating which AMA standard?
A. Honesty
B. Fairness
C. Transparency
D. All of These
E. Just Transparency and Honesty
F. None of These
1. According the Kant’s categorial imperative, it is acceptable for a company to gather and use consumer information if both sides are in agreement regarding their rights and responsibilities.False.
According to Kant’s categorical imperative, it is ethical if the proposed action could be done without contradiction to everyone being involved and that the people involved should be treated as an end rather than the means to an end. The customers' informed consent is not enough to make it ethically acceptable for a company to collect and use consumer information.
2. When the tobacco companies covered up the fact that they were deliberately marking to teens, they were violating which AMA standard?The correct option for this question is D. All of These.
The American Marketing Association (AMA) sets ethical standards for advertising, and these standards are utilized by marketing professionals.
Honesty, fairness, and transparency are all essential standards that should be upheld by marketers. When the tobacco companies covered up the fact that they were deliberately marketing to teenagers, they violated all of these standards. They were dishonest by not being truthful about their marketing practices.
They were unfair because they targeted a vulnerable population, and they were not transparent about their marketing techniques. As a result, they misled their customers, which is a violation of the AMA's marketing standards.
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Suppose we select 4 people at random. We are interested in the probability that they were born on different days of the week, assuming an individual has an equal probability of being born on any of the seven days of the week.
QUESTION 25
1. (ii) The number of simple events in the event of interest (ordered days of birth) is
A. 210
B. 840
C. 2401
D. 5040
Out of all the possible arrangements of the 4 people's birthdays, there are 840 arrangements where each person is born on a different day of the week. So, option B: 840 is the correct answer.
To calculate the number of simple events in the event of interest (ordered days of birth), we need to consider the number of ways the 4 people can be born on different days of the week.
Since each person has an equal probability of being born on any of the seven days of the week, we can treat their births as independent events.
For the first person, there are 7 possible days they could be born.
For the second person, since we want them to be born on a different day than the first person, there are 6 remaining days to choose from.
Similarly, for the third person, there are 5 remaining days, and for the fourth person, there are 4 remaining days.
To find the total number of simple events, we multiply these possibilities together:
7 * 6 * 5 * 4 = 840.
Therefore, the number of simple events in the event of interest is 840.
This calculation helps us understand the denominator in the probability calculation. To find the probability, we would divide the number of favorable outcomes (where all 4 people are born on different days) by the total number of possible outcomes (which is 840 in this case).
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SP Pointer Construction is considering whether or not to undertake a project that would expand its current operations. Based on the cash flows listed below and with a required rate of return of 14%, what's the NPV of this project? Round your answer to the nearest dollar. Year 0: -$50,000 Year 1: $20,000 Year 2: $35,000 Year 3: $42,000
The company is analyzing whether or not to expand their current operations with cash flows of -$50,000, $20,000, $35,000, and $42,000 in years 0, 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The required rate of return is 14%, calculate the NPV of the project.
The Net Present Value (NPV) is used to determine the viability of an investment or project by calculating the present value of all future cash flows at a particular discount rate. It is calculated as the present value of future cash flows minus the initial investment. NPV is a vital tool for making decisions because it takes into account the time value of money. If the NPV is positive, it means that the investment is worthwhile, while a negative NPV means that the investment is not worthwhile.
The formula for calculating NPV is:
NPV = (Cash flow / (1 + r)t)
Where:
CF = Cash Flow
r = discount rate
t = time period
Year 0 = -$50,000
Year 1 = $20,000
Year 2 = $35,000
Year 3 = $42,000
Using the NPV formula, we can calculate the NPV of the project as follows:
NPV = (-$50,000 / (1 + 0.14)0) + ($20,000 / (1 + 0.14)1) + ($35,000 / (1 + 0.14)2) + ($42,000 / (1 + 0.14)3)
NPV = -$50,000 + $17,543 + $26,564 + $27,080
NPV = $21,187
Therefore, the NPV of the project is $21,187 when rounded to the nearest dollar.
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The following data is available for a risky portfolio managed by
you:
Expected rate of return = 17%
Standard deviation of portfolio = 27%
T-bill rate = 7%
Required
Calculate the expected return and standard deviation of a client’s portfolio who wishes to invest 70% in the risky portfolio and 30% in T-Bill money market.
Calculate the beta of a portfolio, given the following details:
E(rp) = 20%
rf = 5%
E(rm) = 15%
Standard Deviation = 0.2365 or 23.65% . the beta of this portfolio is 1.5.
The expected rate of return is 17%, the standard deviation of the portfolio is 27%, and the T-bill rate is 7%. A client wishes to invest 70% in the risky portfolio and 30% in the T-Bill money market. We will calculate the expected return and standard deviation of this client's portfolio. To calculate the expected return, we use the following formula:
Expected Return = (weight of risky asset x expected return of risky asset) + (weight of risk-free asset x expected return of risk-free asset)
Expected Return = (0.7 x 17%) + (0.3 x 7%)
Expected Return = 11.9% + 2.1%
Expected Return = 14%
To calculate the standard deviation of this portfolio, we use the following formula:
Standard Deviation = sqrt[(weight of risky asset)^2 x (standard deviation of risky asset)^2 + (weight of risk-free asset)^2 x (standard deviation of risk-free asset)^2 + 2 x
weight of risky asset x weight of risk-free asset x covariance between risky and risk-free assets].
Standard Deviation = sqrt[(0.7)^2 x (0.27)^2 + (0.3)^2 x (0)^2 + 2 x 0.7 x 0.3 x 0.27 x 0]
Standard Deviation = sqrt[0.05574]
Standard Deviation = 0.2365 or 23.65%
The beta of a portfolio is the sensitivity of the portfolio's returns to the market returns. To calculate the beta of a portfolio, we use the following formula:
Beta = (E(rp) - rf) / (E(rm) - rf)
Beta = (20% - 5%) / (15% - 5%)Beta = 15% / 10%
Beta = 1.5
Thus, the beta of this portfolio is 1.5.
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Studies have shown that improvements in quality can lead to Multiple Choice A higher total cost as additional costs are spent to improve quality. Lower productivity because of the need to meet a higher quality standard Increases in throughput time. Increases in productivity
Improvements in quality can lead to Increases in productivity.Studies have shown that when improvements are made in quality, it increases the productivity of the workers.
As the quality of the products improves, there is a better flow of work which allows the workers to finish their tasks in a shorter period of time.Therefore, Increases in productivity is the answer that best suits the question.Productivity gains might result from quality improvements.Studies have demonstrated that raising quality results in a rise in worker productivity. The efficiency of the work flow improves as product quality rises, enabling the employees to complete their assignments faster.As a result, the optimum response to the question is increases in production.
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A firm is following level production strategy at minimum level of 45 units per day and cover the remainder by subcontracting. Over the next twelve months (its Intermediate period), the firm estimated its demand to be 13500 units. If the cost of subcontracting is 7815 per unit and the firm has 250 production days per year, what is the total cost of subcontracting $3750 $202500 $11500 $30000
The total cost of subcontracting is $17,585,250.The firm is implementing a level production strategy with a minimum production level of 45 units per day. Any additional demand beyond this level is subcontracted.
Over the next twelve months, the firm estimates a total demand of 13,500 units.
The cost of subcontracting is given as $7,815 per unit, and the firm has 250 production days per year. We need to calculate the total cost of subcontracting.
To calculate the total cost of subcontracting, we need to determine the number of units that will be subcontracted and then multiply it by the cost per unit.
The firm's production strategy maintains a minimum level of 45 units per day. Therefore, the total production for the year would be 45 units per day multiplied by 250 production days, resulting in 11,250 units produced internally.
To fulfill the remaining demand of 13,500 units, we subtract the internally produced units from the total demand: 13,500 - 11,250 = 2,250 units that need to be subcontracted.
Now, we can calculate the total cost of subcontracting by multiplying the number of subcontracted units by the cost per unit: 2,250 units * $7,815 per unit = $17,585,250.
Therefore, the total cost of subcontracting is $17,585,250.
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How does the factor price equalization theory hold true and not
true. explain and provide examples.
The factor price equalization theory suggests that in a perfectly competitive global market, the prices of factors of production (such as labor and capital) will equalize across countries, leading to an equalization of factor returns.
However, this theory does not always hold true due to various factors such as differences in factor endowments, trade barriers, and market imperfections. While the theory provides a useful framework for understanding international trade, its assumptions may not fully reflect the complexities of the real world.
The factor price equalization theory argues that in the absence of trade barriers, factors of production will earn the same returns across countries. For example, if Country A has a higher wage rate than Country B, firms in Country A will find it more cost-effective to relocate to Country B, resulting in an increase in the demand for labor in Country B and a decrease in the demand for labor in Country A. This movement of factors will eventually lead to an equalization of factor prices.
However, in reality, several factors can hinder the equalization of factor prices. Firstly, differences in factor endowments, such as natural resources or skilled labor, can create disparities in factor prices across countries. For instance, a country rich in oil reserves may have higher returns for its natural resources compared to countries without such endowments. Secondly, trade barriers, such as tariffs or quotas, can distort factor prices by restricting the flow of goods and services. These barriers can protect domestic industries and prevent factor price equalization. Additionally, market imperfections, such as imperfect competition or labor market rigidities, can contribute to differences in factor prices.
In conclusion, while the factor price equalization theory provides a theoretical framework for understanding international trade, it does not always hold true in practice. Factors such as differences in endowments, trade barriers, and market imperfections can create variations in factor prices across countries. It is important to consider these complexities when analyzing the impacts of international trade on factor returns.
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Under which assumption we have similar predictions to perfect competition model? 1. Bertrand duopoly model with a limit capacity 2. A firm using first-degree price discrimination 3. Stackelberg duopoly model 4.A firm using third-degree price discrimination
The correct answer is: A firm using first-degree price discrimination. A firm using first-degree price discrimination is the correct assumption to have similar predictions to perfect competition model.
What is perfect competition?Perfect competition is a market model in which no individual or firm has market power. The model is theoretical, implying that there are several buyers and sellers in the market, and no single participant has a significant impact on the market's price.
A firm that uses first-degree price discrimination is one that charges each consumer the highest price that they would be willing to pay. This implies that a firm can extract the maximum amount of consumer surplus from all of its customers.
How does the first-degree price discrimination model work?A firm charges different prices for the same commodity to different buyers under first-degree price discrimination. The firm obtains the whole consumer surplus. Perfect competition assumes that any surplus is spread equally among customers.
A firm with market power can maximize its profits by lowering its prices if it can increase its sales volume. A price that is lower than the consumer's maximum willingness to pay can be provided to the consumer by the first-degree price discrimination model. Therefore, the first-degree price discrimination model is the correct assumption to have similar predictions to the perfect competition model.
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Cash Assets Notes Receivable Dec 31, 2021 Supplies & Inventory $351,000 72,000 Prepaid expense 81,000 Long-term investments 31,500 Machines and tools 0 166,500 Accumulated depreciation-equipment Total Assets (63.000) $639,000 Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity Accounts payable $ 76,500 166,500 Bonds payable (long-term) 180,000 Common Stock 216.000 Retained Earnings Total Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity $639,000 Income Statement Information (2021): 1. Net income for the year ending December 31, 2021 is $130,500. 2. Depreciation expense is $18,000. 3. There is a loss of $9.000 resulted from the sale of long-term investment. Additional information (2021): 1. All sales and purchases of inventory are on account (or credit). 2. Received cash for the sale of long-term investments that had a cost of $81,000, y ASU 3. Cash dividends paid is $45.000. 4. The company purchased new machines and tools for $22,500 cash. Dec 31, 2020 $58,500 63,000 121,500 54,000 81,000 144,000 (45.000) $477,000 $ 31,500 211,500 103,500 130,500 $477,000 Are on account (or credit) 2. Received cash for the sale of long-term investments that had a cost of $$1,000, yielding a $9,000 loss 3. Cash dividends paid is $45,000. 4. The company purchased new machines and tools for $22.500 cash Required: Prepare the FIRST (Operating) and the SECOND (Investing) sections of the statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021. (PLEASE PROVIDE EACH AMOUNTATEM IN A SEPARATE LINE) For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT-FN-F10 (Mac).
The financing section is not provided, and other items such as changes in long-term investments and long-term debt are not included. A complete statement of cash flows would require additional information to accurately present all cash inflows and outflows for the period.
First (Operating) Section of the Statement of Cash Flows:
Net Income: $130,500
Adjustments for Non-Cash Items:
Depreciation Expense: $18,000
Loss on Sale of Long-term Investment: $9,000
Changes in Current Assets and Liabilities:
Increase in Accounts Payable: $18,000 ($76,500 - $58,500)
Decrease in Notes Receivable: $9,000 ($72,000 - $63,000)
Increase in Prepaid Expense: $0 ($81,000 - $81,000)
Decrease in Supplies & Inventory: $39,000 ($351,000 - $312,000)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities:
Net Income + Adjustments for Non-Cash Items + Changes in Current Assets and Liabilities
= $130,500 + $18,000 + $9,000 + $18,000 - $9,000 + $0 - $39,000
= $127,500
Second (Investing) Section of the Statement of Cash Flows:
Sale of Long-term Investment: $9,000
Purchase of Machines and Tools: ($22,500)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities:
Sale of Long-term Investment - Purchase of Machines and Tools
= $9,000 - $22,500
= ($13,500)
Note: The information provided in the question does not include all the necessary data to prepare a complete statement of cash flows. The calculations above are based on the available information for the operating and investing sections. The financing section is not provided, and other items such as changes in long-term investments and long-term debt are not included. A complete statement of cash flows would require additional information to accurately present all cash inflows and outflows for the period.
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Is the following statement true or false? Explain in 100 - 200 words.
Engagement platforms are means of co-creation.
The given statement, "Engagement platforms are means of co-creation" is true.
The engagement platforms are the platforms that have been used to allow people to share their ideas, views, and opinions and to participate in decision-making. They are a means of co-creation because they allow people to participate and collaborate in decision-making.
Engagement platforms have various features that help in co-creation. They include features such as discussion forums, surveys, blogs, chat rooms, and online voting systems. These features make it possible for people to share their thoughts and opinions, discuss ideas, and collaborate on decision-making. In addition, these platforms are designed in a way that makes them user-friendly and easy to use. This makes it possible for people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in decision-making and co-creation. The engagement platforms have been used in various fields such as business, government, education, and healthcare.
For example, businesses use these platforms to get feedback from their customers, to create new products, and to make decisions. Similarly, governments use these platforms to get feedback from citizens, to make decisions, and to create policies. In the field of education, these platforms are used to create online courses, to collaborate on research, and to create new teaching methods. In healthcare, these platforms are used to gather information about patients, to create treatment plans, and to make decisions.In conclusion, engagement platforms are means of co-creation as they provide a platform for people to share their ideas, thoughts, and opinions, and to participate in decision-making. They have various features that make them user-friendly and easy to use, making it possible for people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in decision-making and co-creation.
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.Sunland Products, a rapidly growing distributor of home gardening equipment, is formulating its plans for the coming year. Joseph Moore, the firm's marketing director, has completed the following sales forecast.
Month Sales Month Sales
January $920.000 July $1.170.000
february $1.020.000 August $1.500.000
March $920.000 September $1.600.000
April $1.020.000 October $1.600.000
May $870.000 November $1.500.000
Juni $970.000 Desember $1.700.000
charles wilson , an accountant in the planning and budgeting department, is responsible for preparing the cash flow projection. he has gathered the following information .
1. all sales are made on credit.
The sales forecast provided indicates the projected monthly sales for Sunland Products throughout the year.
The sales forecast shows the estimated sales for each month of the year. It provides a valuable tool for planning and budgeting purposes. The forecast indicates the expected sales revenue that Sunland Products anticipates generating in each specific month. It is important to note that all sales are made on credit, meaning that customers are allowed to make purchases without immediate payment and will be required to pay at a later date.
This information is crucial for Charles Wilson, the accountant in the planning and budgeting department, as he prepares the cash flow projection. By knowing that all sales are made on credit, Wilson can accurately estimate the timing of cash inflows based on the projected sales figures and the expected collection periods for the credit sales. This helps in forecasting and managing the company's cash flow throughout the year.
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Assume that our office needs new equipment such as copy machines, scanners, tablet computers, smartphones, or an all- in one printer. Do the research necessary to write a convincing internal proposal for me: Dr. Al Santillanes, Vice President. Since you feel that I will be receptive to your request, you can use the direct approach. Please remember that the assignment represents the writing culmination for this online course and is worth the greatest points value!
Also, make sure to properly research your recommendation by comparing, evaluating and providing research sources (cited appropriately in your sources section) for your recommendation.
While you are required to recommend a piece of office equipment. I would like you to compare three different brands of similar office equipment! For example, if you were recommending a new office printer you need to compare three different brands (say Canon, HP (Hewlett Packard), and Brother) with similar features and with factors such as cost, connectivity, color vs.
As Vice President, Dr. Al Santillanes is seeking a convincing internal proposal for new office equipment such as copy machines, scanners, tablet computers, smartphones, or an all-in-one printer.
The proposal should utilize the direct approach since Dr. Santillanes is receptive to the request. The assignment requires comparing and evaluating three different brands of similar office equipment, considering factors such as cost, connectivity, and color options. Proper research and citation of sources are essential for the recommendation. To craft a convincing internal proposal for Dr. Al Santillanes, the Vice President, we will conduct thorough research and compare three different brands of office equipment with similar features. We will evaluate factors such as cost, connectivity options, and color capabilities to provide a comprehensive analysis.
Our research will involve gathering information from reputable sources such as industry reports, consumer reviews, and manufacturer websites. We will compare the brands based on their pricing structures, considering factors like initial cost, maintenance expenses, and long-term value for money. We will also assess the connectivity options offered by each brand, including compatibility with existing office systems and wireless capabilities for seamless integration. Additionally, we will examine the color capabilities of the equipment, taking into account the specific requirements of the office environment.
The analysis will include a comparison of the three brands, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses based on the identified factors. We will provide specific examples and data to support our recommendations. Proper citation of research sources will be crucial to ensure the credibility of the proposal. By presenting a well-researched and comprehensive internal proposal, we aim to provide Dr. Santillanes with the necessary information to make an informed decision regarding the selection of new office equipment.
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The money creation process Suppose First Main Street Bank, Second Republic Bank, and Third Fidelity Bank all have zero excess reserves. The required reserve ratio is 20%. The Federal Reserve buys a government bond worth $1,500,000 from Charles, a customer of First Main Street Bank. He deposits the money into his checking account at First Main Street Bank. Complete the following table to reflect any changes in First Main Street Bank's balance sheet (before the bank makes any new loans). Assets (Dollars) 1,500,000 Liabilities Complete the following table to show the effects of the new deposit on excess and required reserves, assuming a required reserve ratio of 20% Hint: If the change is negative, be sure to enter the value as a negative number. Amount Deposited Change in Excess Reserves Change in Required Reserves (Dollars) (Dollars) Now, suppose First Main Street Bank loans out all of its new excess reserves to Ana, who immediately writes a check for the full amount to Yakov. Yakov then immediately deposits the funds in his checking account at Second Republic Bank. Then Second Republic Bank lends out all of its new excess reserves to Gilberto, who writes a check to Dina, who deposits the money in her account at Third Fidelity Bank. Finally, Third Fidelity lends out Complete the following table to show the effects of the new deposit on excess and required reserves, assuming a required reserve ratio of 20%. Hint: If the change is negative, be sure to enter the value as a negative number. Amount Deposited Change in Excess Reserves Change in Required Reserves (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) 1,500,000 Now, suppose First Main Street Bank loans out all of its new excess reserves to Ana, who immediately writes a check for the full amount to Yakov. Yakov then immediately deposits the funds in his checking account at Second Republic Bank. Then Second Republic Bank lends out all of its new excess reserves to Gilberto, who writes a check to Dina, who deposits the money in her account at Third Fidelity Bank. Finally, Third Fidelity lends out all of its new excess reserves to Juanita. Fill in the following table to show the effect of this ongoing chain of events at each bank. Enter each answer to the nearest dollar. First Main Street Bank Second Republic Bank Third Fidelity Bank Increase in Checkable Deposits Increase in Required Reserves Increase in Loans (Dollars) (Dollars) (Dollars) Assume this process continues, with each successive loan deposited into a checking account and no banks keeping any excess reserves. Under these in checkable deposits. assumptions, the $1.500,000 injection into the money supply results in an overall increase of
The injection of $1,500,000 into the money supply, starting with the purchase of a government bond by the Federal Reserve, has a cascading effect on the banking system.
In the initial transaction, the money is deposited into Charles' checking account at First Main Street Bank. This deposit increases the bank's liabilities by $1,500,000. With a required reserve ratio of 20%, the bank must hold $300,000 ($1,500,000 * 0.2) in required reserves. Since there were no excess reserves initially, the entire amount of the deposit becomes excess reserves, resulting in a change of $1,500,000 for First Main Street Bank. As First Main Street Bank loans out all of its new excess reserves to Ana, the money is transferred to her account. Ana then writes a check for the full amount to Yakov, who deposits it into his checking account at Second Republic Bank. Similarly, Second Republic Bank loans out its new excess reserves to Gilberto, who writes a check to Dina, and Dina deposits the money into her account at Third Fidelity Bank. Finally, Third Fidelity Bank lends out all of its new excess reserves to Juanita. This ongoing chain of events leads to an increase in checkable deposits at each bank as the loans are deposited into checking accounts. Additionally, there is an increase in required reserves at each bank, proportional to the increase in checkable deposits based on the required reserve ratio of 20%. Finally, there is an increase in loans granted by each bank, as the initial excess reserves are used to create new loans throughout the process.
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