Option a is correct that is reduction in the amount of NADP available in plant cells in the light will ultimately result in decrease in rate of cyclic electron flow.
In cyclic electron flow (CEF), photosystem I is the area where electrons are recycled. A transthylakoid proton gradient (pH) is produced as a result, which causes the generation of ATP without a corresponding increase in NADPH within the chloroplast.
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Which of these is a polymer?
a single carbon atom
a strand of DNA
DNA is a polymer.
What is Polymer?
Any of group of organic or synthetic compounds known as polymers are made up of macromolecules, or very large molecules, which are just multiples of simpler chemical building blocks known as monomers. Numerous natural and man-made materials, as well as a large portion of the components in living things, are composed of polymers.
The polymer DNA. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA monomers, and the polymer is referred to as a "polynucleotide." Each nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a base with a nitrogen atom attached to it, and a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose.
Hence, DNA is a polymer.
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how many tetrads (bivalents) are formed in a cell with 20 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis i?
10 bivalents formed in a cell with 20 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis I.
Meiosis I is division of a cell in two stages that results in four cells, each with half the chromosomes of the original cell. Meiosis is cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and results in production of four gamete cells.
The paired chromosomes are called bivalents. During the prophase homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses. bivalent contain two chromosomes and four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent.
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at the sand bar, customers can nibble on snails ( ) with garlic butter and oysters on the half shell ( ) during their 'happy hour.' the happy patrons will be enjoying what types of mollusks?
Gastropods, bivalves. There are various distinctive traits that characterize the phylum Mollusk. A mantle with a mantle chamber, a shell (save where lost), visceral mass, foot, and radula are some of these distinguishing features.
What about mollusks?The mollusks contain numerous well-known creatures, such as clams, snails, slugs, and squid, as well as some uncommon creatures, such as tusk shells and chitons. Bivalve, gastropod, and cephalopod mollusks make up the three major mollusk subgroups. They are cephalopods, scaphopods, bivalves, and gastropods. Any member of the huge phylum (Mollusk) of invertebrate organisms having a soft, unequal body that is typically protected by a calcareous shell, including snails, clams, or squids. Jellyfish and octopi are examples of aquatic invertebrates. Both of these species fall under separate phyla due to their dissimilar morphology and physiology. Octopi belong to the phylum Mollusk, whereas jellyfish belong to the phylum Cnidaria. The gastropods (snails and slugs) make up 80% of all mollusk species and are by far the most abundant. One of the rarest and most exquisite mollusks in the entire world is the Blue Dragon. In the phylum Mollusk, the two most poisonous species are octopuses and cone snails. In the waters of the Indo-Pacific, cone snails are most dangerous. An extended proboscis used to inject a detached harpoon-like dart into the victim causes envenomation.Learn more about mollusks here:
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phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to: select all that apply. engulf many different pathogens. attack cells infected by a virus. produce multiple antibodies. present foreign antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses.
Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to:
engulf many different pathogens.present foreign antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses.Phagocytic cells are the type of immune cells that ingest the foreign pathogen and infected cells and therefore protect the body from infections. The example of phagocytic cells are: macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, etc. Besides, they can also present foreign antigens on their surface for recognition by lymphocytes for adaptive immune responses.
Adaptive immunity is the specific type of immunity which is acquired by the individual after birth. This can occur either by getting infected by the pathogen or by administration of vaccine.
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proton-pump inhibitors are drugs that block the secretions of gastric acids. which cells are affected by these drugs? proton-pump inhibitors are drugs that block the secretions of gastric acids. which cells are affected by these drugs? diffuse neuroendocrine system (dnes) cells mucous neck cells chief cells parietal cells
Drugs called parietal cells prevent the stomach juices from being secreted.
Proton pump inhibitors transport what kinds of chemicals into the stomach?Acid activates proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which are prodrugs. Gastric H+, K+-ATPase and activated PPI are bonded covalently by a disulfide bond. PPIs bind to Cys813, which is the main location that inhibits the acid pump enzyme.
How do proton pump inhibitors impact stomach acid?Gastric H,K-ATPase is blocked by proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which reduces the production of gastric acid. As part of combination regimens, this effect allows for the healing of peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and Helicobacter pylori eradication.
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Which of the body plans is described as animals that can be split into two equal pieces that are mirror images of each other? (choose all that apply)
cephalization
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
asymmetry
Bilateral symmetry is described as animals that can be split into two equal pieces that are mirror images of each other (option C).
What is symmetry in biology?Symmetry is the exact correspondence on either side of a dividing line, plane, center or axis.
Symmetry can either be radial or bilateral depending on the plane. Radial symmetry is the form of symmetry in which identical parts are arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis.
Bilateral symmetry is the property of being symmetrical about a vertical plane. It is when the body plan can be divided along a plane that splits the animal's body into right and left sides that are mirror images of each other.
Therefore, when an animal can be divided into two equal planes that are mirror images, this is known as bilateral symmetry.
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Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
which fcr inhibits naive b lymphocyte antigen activation when preexisting antibody to that antigen is present?
CD4+ T cell fcr inhibits naive b lymphocyte antigen activation when preexisting antibody to that antigen is present.
What is B Lymphocyte ?white blood cells of a certain type that produce antibodies. The immune system's B lymphocytes are created from stem cells in the bone marrow. also known as a B cell.
T lymphocytes are necessary for cell-mediated immunity, while B lymphocytes are in charge of humoral immunity. The role of the natural killer cell is in cell-mediated and cytotoxic immunity.
Transitional, naïve, plasma, and memory B cells are the four primary types of B cells, and each has a distinct function in the maturation process.
What is Antigen ?An antigen in immunology is a molecule, molecular structure, foreign particle, pollen grain, etc. that can attach to a particular antibody or T-cell receptor. An immunological reaction may be brought on by the presence of antigens in the body.
Any substance that triggers the production of antibodies by your immune system is referred to as an antigen. This indicates that your immune system is attempting to combat the chemical because it does not recognize it. A substance from the environment, such as chemicals, germs, viruses, or pollen, can
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in a culture of green alga that is carrying out photosynthesis in the presence of co2 in the laboratory, what would happen to the levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate in the minutes after the lights were turned off and the cultures were plunged into darkness?
In the absence of light during photosynthesis, the levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate decreases while the levels of 3-phosphoglycerate increases.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by the plant by using the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide and producing sugar as well as by-product oxygen. This process occurs in two phases: the light reaction and the dark reaction.
3-phosphoglycerate is the first product formed during the Calvin cycle in the carboxylation reaction. It accumulates in the absence of light because the plant has the constant source of carbon dioxide from the environment and ATP is no required for this reaction. However, for RUBP, regeneration ATP is required which will not be synthesized in the absence of light.
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After an initial infection, b-cells recognize the measles virus. How is this helpful in human immune response?.
Answer: Accelerates Immune Response in the event the antigen is present again.
Explanation:
B-cells function is to memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during initial infection such that if the memory B cell later encounters the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response.
which hormone is incorrectly paired with its effect? insulin - increases number of glut transporters in skeletal muscle cells cholecystokinin - stimulates release of bile from gall bladder glucagon - increases blood glucose levels gastrin - stimulates stomach motility secretin - stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas
The hormone which is incorrectly paired with its effect is: secretin - stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
The correct statement is: While cholecystokinin (CCK) increases the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas, secretin stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate (HCO3).
A hormone called cholecystokinin (CCK) serves as a component of your digestive tract. Your small intestine releases it (secretes it) during digestion. It is sometimes referred to as pancreozymin. Although its role in the brain and central nervous system is not fully known, cholecystokinin (CCK) is also present there.
Secretin is a hormone that controls the body's water balance and affects the environment of the duodenum by controlling secretions from the liver, and stomach. The S cells of the duodenum, which are found in the digestive glands, generate this peptide hormone.
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which complications of traditional gene therapy can be overcome by the crispr-cas9 system? check all that apply.
Using theories of gene, we got that Immune response to viral vectors, Retroviruses activating oncogenes, Inserted genes disrupting off-target genes are the main complications of traditional gene therapy which can be overcome by the crispy-casp9 system.
A gene is basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes may act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many of the genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from the few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. An international research effort called Human Genome Project, which worked to determine the sequence of human genome and identify the genes that it contains, estimated that the humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.
Hence, the complications of traditional gene therapy can be overcome by the crispr-cas9 system are:
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Which of these could lead to the conversion of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?.
Activation is the process through which a proto-oncogene becomes an oncogene. A number of genetic processes, such as transduction and insertional mutagenesis, can activate proto-oncogenes.
What function do oncogenes serve in cancer?They also control the cell cycle & apoptosis, as well as cell development, differentiation, and proliferation. Growth factors, growth factors, signal transducers, transcriptional, apoptotic regulators, and chromatin remodelers are some of the byproducts of oncogenes.
What sort of oncogene is that?The HER2 gene, which generates the HER2 protein, is an illustration of an oncogene. This protein aids in regulating the growth and division of healthy breast cells. Extra copies of the this gene may result in an overproduction of the HER2 protein, which accelerates cell growth.
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the results of a test cross reveal that all the offspring resemble the parent being tested. this parent must be:
The results of a test cross reveal that all the offspring resemble the parent being tested. this parent must be homozygous.
If an organism carries two copies of the same dominant allele, it can be homozygous dominant, while if it carries two copies of the same recessive allele, it can be homozygous recessive. An organism is heterozygous if it possesses two distinct alleles for a gene. The fusion of the gametes of both parents can result in the creation of offspring. if all of the offspring from a test cross look like the parent being tested. Because all of the gametes of the parents carry the same allele, which fuses to produce the same offspring, this parent must be homozygous.
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describe the electrical responses produced by rods and cones, and explain how these responses are produced.
Rods are responsible for eyesight in . In addition to having poor spatial acuity, they do not mediate colour vision.
Cones and rods: how do they react to light?Rods are responsible for eyesight in . In addition to having poor spatial acuity, they do not mediate colour vision. Cones are involved in high spatial acuity, colour vision, and activity at higher light levels (photopic vision).
How does action potential develop in rods and cones?Without any indication of action potentials, rods and cones hyperpolarize in response to light. As it turns out, rod and cone synapses release neurotransmitters in a manner similar to that of any other cell.
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What helps to transport materials across the membrane, can open and close, or even change shape?.
how do these data on the interactions of species of trees within a forest at a particular successional stage, support hypotheses and conclusions about how species interactions can drive/govern/control succession?
Interspecific relations support hypotheses and conclusions about how species like trees within a forest at a particular successional stage can drive/govern/control succession.
The relationship between one species and another inside a community has advanced through their intelligence, based on the prerequisite and the mode of sustenance and protection additionally on the propensities of species.
The connections between individuals of distinctive populaces are named interspecific relations.
Competitive intelligence between woodland trees is driven by species’ characteristic pecking order, not phylogenetic or utilitarian likeness: suggestions for woodland community assembly.
We assessed these hypotheses utilizing two approaches:
(1) by evaluating interaction qualities between species sets from the tree development information and
(2) by testing whether changes in community structure along successional arrangements compare most unequivocally with one hypothesis over another.
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some species of pathogenic bacteria are able to attack specific cells in the human body due to structures called
Some species of pathogenic bacteria are able to attack specific cells in the human body due to structures called adhesion factors.
Adhesins are parts or extensions of bacteria's cell surfaces that help with adhesion or adherence to other cells or surfaces, typically in the host they are invading or inhabiting. One class of virulence factor is adhesives. Adherence is a crucial stage in the pathogenesis or infection of bacteria that is necessary for colonising a new host. Another potential target for bacterial infection prevention or treatment is adhesion and bacterial adhesins.
Different bacterial species have evolved various methods of attaching receptor-specific proteins to the surface of the bacteria through the processes of evolution. Bacterial adhesins today come in a wide variety of kinds and subclasses, which can be seen in the literature. A fimbria or a pilus is the characteristic structure of a bacterial adhesion. An intramembranous structural protein that serves as a scaffold for multiple extracellular adhesins to adhere to makes up the majority of the bacterial adhesion. The structural protein itself, however, can occasionally function as an adhesion if a piece of the protein extends into the ECM, just like in the instance of the CFA1 fimbriae.
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the endangered species act is considered one of the strongest environmental law because it: a. mandates the listing of species that are endangered b. it develops a procedure that must be followed for a species to be listed c. it requires that habitat of listed species be protected d. it requires that all countries of the world acknowledge species listed as endangered e. it requires that migratory species habitat be protected in both countries that the species are found in (breeding grounds country and overwintering countries)
The endangered species Act is considered one of rhe strongest environmental law because option D: it requires that all countries of the world acknowledge species listed as endangered.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and/or the NOAA Fisheries Service must be consulted by federal agencies to ensure that any actions they authorise, fund, or carry out are not likely to endanger the existence of any listed species or cause the destruction or adverse modification of any designated critical habitat of such species, according to the law. As a result, option D is the best one.
The law forbids any activity that results in the "taking" of any listed endangered fish or wildlife species. Similar restrictions apply to the import, export, interstate, and international trade of the species listed.
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Why isn't there more information about the dangers of sugar?
Answer:
It's wide use in consumable goods
Explanation:
Why there is little information is because Sugar is vastly use in most consumed goods, which if its dangers are being regularly announced may decline it's demand and cause a great downfall for those engaging in its trade
PLEASE HELPPPPP
Identify the process that occurs in this organelle, and explain the importance of this process to the survival
of organisms.
Answer:
Explanation:
its c
Which term best describes the pattern of distribution for the human
population shown in the picture?
A. Clustered
B Random
C. Sparse
D. Even
During contraction, the internal chambers of the heart become smaller, which forces roughly 50-75 percent of the blood into the __________.
During contraction, internal chambers of the heart become smaller, that forces 50-75 percent of the blood into the ventricles.
What is the function of ventricles?The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart's chambers and pumps oxygenated blood to tissues all over the body whereas, the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
The first and second ventricles are lateral ventricles and these C-shaped structures are located on each side of cerebral cortex. The third ventricle is a narrow and funnel-shaped structure situated between right and left thalamus.
Diastole and systole are phases of the cardiac cycle n which systole occurs when the heart contracts to pump the blood out and diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction.
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what provides the most common indicator of activation of the short-term energy system? group of answer choices oxygen depletion significantly increased performance blood lactate level muscle fiber twitching
Oxygen depletion is the most typical sign of stimulation of the short-term power system.
Oxygen depletion is the decline in the amount of dissolved oxygen in water, primarily as a result of pollution (countable and immeasurable, plural oxygen depletions). The main reason for low oxygen in the water (DO) is phosphorus-induced excessive algal development. Another ingredient that can aid in the development of algae is nitrogen. Dissolved oxygen is used up during the decomposition and death of the algae. You may suffer headache, disorientation, or restlessness when your bloodstream oxygen level drops below a specific point. Anemia is one of the typical causes of hypoxemia. ARDS (Acute respiratory syndrome) . Giddiness, mental disorientation, loss of judgment, lack of cohesion, weakness, nausea, fainting, and loss of consciousness are some of the side effects of low oxygen concentrations.
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which of the following foods contains phytates? a. rhubarb b. beet greens c. sweet potatoes d. legumes
Legume are the food that contains phytates.
Phytates phytic acid is found in whole grains, seeds, legumes, some nut It helps to lower the absorption of iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium.
Phytic acid are commonly found is found in sesame seeds, linseeds, and sunflower seeds. Dry fruits contain a high amount of phytic acid in its natural form. that is why the soaking of nuts in water or dehydrating them at a low temperature breaks down some of the phytic acid. Legumes a class of vegetables that includes beans, peas and lentils are among the most versatile and nutritious foods available.
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How are atoms held together in molecules?
A.They combine to form polymers
B. They form covalent bonds
C. They break hydrogen bonds
D. they form ions
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Atoms are held together with chemical bonds, and also known as covalent bonds.
which condition or factor for coronary artery disease (cad) suggests a greater genetic contribution than environmental contribution to its development? quizleet
Beginning to be understood are the genetic components that underlie the significance of inheritance in atherosclerosis.
A number of risk variables, including plasma lipoprotein levels, inflammation, and vascular calcification, have been found to be modulated by genetic variation, such as mutations or common polymorphisms.Risk factors for CAD include obesity, inactivity, poor diet, and tobacco use. Your chance of developing CAD is also increased by a family history of the condition, particularly if the condition was present at a young age (50 or younger)Important genetic roots of coronary artery disease (CAD) are compared to environmental influences in terms of importance. On the basis of family and twin studies, a method that produces high-quality data, the heritability of CAD has been estimated to be between 40% and 60%.To know more about atherosclerosis
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a fish that has been salt cured develops a reddish slime on its skin. you discover its a species of bacteria decompsong the fish. how could you of bacteria
Numerous bacterial illnesses, including Flavobacterium Columnare, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas, frequently cause fin rot.
What is the cause of fin rot?One of the most avoidable illnesses in aquarium fish is fin and tail rot. Poor water quality is always the main contributor to Fin Rot, but fish stress is also a role. Fish are more prone to Fin and Tail Rot when handled, moved, crowded, or kept alongside fish that are more hostile.
Flavobacterium Columnare: what is its cause?Both overcrowding and cage abrasions are blamed for it. Aquaculture species, particularly catfish, trout, salmon, carp, tilapia, perch, and many aquarium species, as well as wild and ornamental fish, are all affected by the columnaris disease.
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The nurse places the stethoscope on the 3rd intercostal space at the left sternal border. Which area is the nurse auscultating for heart sounds?.
The nurses auscultated for heart sounds in the area of Erb point.
The fifth point of auscultation for the heart test, known as "Erb's point," which is occasionally given to the eminent German neurologist Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) without any supporting documentation, is positioned in the third intercostal gap near the sternum. At the third intercostal gap and the left lower sternal border is the auscultation location for heart sounds and heart murmurs known as Erb's point.
The spinal accessory nerve in the posterior nerve triangle is located at Erb's point (also known as the great auricular nerve) at the location where it enters the trapezius muscle. At the end of expiration, the third intercostal gap on the left (Erb's point) is often the ideal place to detect the murmur of aortic regurgitation because it is quiet, high-pitched, early diastolic and decrescendo.
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sa11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. johnsoniae, but not on e. coli. how would the outcome of this experiment have been different if psa11 and pdh223 conferred erythromycin resistance on both f. johnsoniae and e. coli? explain
sa11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. johnsoniae, but not on e. coli found to be resistant to high levels of erythromycin
When pDH223 and pSA11 were introduced into F. Erythromycin resistance develops in Johnsoniae bacteria, but not in E. coli. The erythromycin resistance gene enables these altered cells to thrive when cultured on erythromycin-containing agar plates. On the erythromycin-containing nutritional medium in a petri plate, other cells that are not transformed by these two plasmids containing erythromycin resistance genes cannot grow. As a result, we are able to distinguish between transformed and untransformed cells. We will obtain erythromycin-resistant F-containing pure colonies of pDH223 and pSA11. cells from Johnsonia.
Both F. johnsoniae and E. coli may grow on nutritional medium containing erythromycin after receiving these two plasmids, pSA11 and pDH223, through the process ofof transformation. Both cells can grow and form colonies when sample one is placed on a petri dish with nutritional medium.
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Glucose sugar, a large molecule, can ONLY pass through the cell membrane with the help of a __________ via the process of _______________________.
Glucose sugar, a large molecule, can ONLY pass through the cell membrane with the help of a carrier protein via the process of facilitated diffusion.
Which membrane must glucose pass through?A large class of membrane proteins known as glucose transporters aid in the enhanced diffusion of glucose across the plasma membrane.
Therefore, Large molecules make it challenging for glucose to diffuse across a membrane. As a result, it moves down the concentration gradient through enhanced diffusion across membranes. The glucose is bound by the carrier protein at the membrane, which changes its structure to make it easier to transfer.
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