The given loads are as follows: DL = 600 KN,LL = 800 KN The formula for computing the axial load capacity of the round column is given as: Pu = π²E I / L²Here, Pu is the ultimate load capacity.
The column E is the modulus of elasticity of the concreteI is the moment of inertia of the column L is the effective length of the column For round columns, I is given as:I = (π D⁴) / 64, where D is the diameter of the column We have, D = 400 mm.∴[tex]I = (π × (400)⁴) / 64 = 8.40 × 10¹⁰ mm⁴[/tex] The effective length of the column (Le) is found.
The effective length factor Ls is the unsupported length of the column Since the column is fixed at both ends, K = 0.7Ls is the distance between the two points of zero moments. For an end condition of fixed, Ls = 2 D = 800 mm.∴ Le = 0.7 × 800 = 560 mm The axial load carrying capacity of the column.
To know more about loads visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16826688
#SPJ11
1165ft 3 /hr is a feed rate for one reformer reactor used platinum catalyst. Volume hour space velocity around 4v/hr/v, the catalyst dimeter 6ft, catalyst bulk density =60lb/ft 3 with 32API. i. What is the area of reactor, ii. Estimate both (volume and high) of catalyst in cracker? iii. Calculate the time in day to regenerate the catalyst in a reformer, if the catalyst deactivates after processing 76 bbl of feed per pound of catalyst?
The area of the reactor is approximately 291.25 ft². The volume of the catalyst is 60 ft³, with a height of 52.76 ft. The catalyst regeneration time is estimated to be around 1.68 hours or 0.07 days.
i. Area of reactor
The area of the reactor can be determined using the volumetric space velocity. The formula to calculate the area of the reactor is given by:
Area of reactor = Q / Volumetric space velocity
Where:
Q = Feed rate (ft³/hr)
Volumetric space velocity = V / Q
By substituting the given values, we can calculate the area of the reactor:
Area of reactor = (1165 ft³/hr) / (4 (ft³/hr/ft³))
Area of reactor = 291.25 ft²
ii. Catalyst volume and height
To calculate the volume of the catalyst, we use the formula:
V = πd²h/4
Where:
π = 3.1416
d = Diameter of the catalyst (6 ft)
h = Height of the catalyst
To estimate the height of the catalyst, we need to determine its bulk density in lb/in³. Using the given information:
32 API = (141.5 / bulk density) - 131.5
Bulk density = 58.128 lb/ft³
Bulk density = 58.128 / 1728 = 0.0336 lb/in³
Substituting the values, we can calculate the volume of the catalyst:
V = πd²h/4
V = π(6 ft)²h/4
V = 28.2743h ft³
Calculating the height of the catalyst:
h = V / 28.2743
h = (60 ft³) / (28.2743 × 0.0336)
h = 52.76 ft
Therefore, the volume of the catalyst is 60 ft³, and the height is 52.76 ft.
iii. Catalyst regeneration time
The time required to process 1 lb of feed can be determined as follows:
1 lb of catalyst processes 76 bbl of feed per day
(1 lb catalyst) / (76 bbl feed/day) × (42 gal/bbl) × (8.34 lb/gal) = 0.454 lb feed/lb catalyst/day
To calculate the catalyst regeneration time, we use the following formula:
(60 ft³) × (60 lb/ft³) × (0.454 lb feed/lb catalyst/day) = 1,957 lb feed/day
The time to regenerate the catalyst in a day is calculated as:
1,957 lb feed/day / 1165 ft³/hr = 1.68 hours or 0.07 days (approx).
Therefore, the catalyst regeneration time is approximately 1.68 hours or 0.07 days.
Learn more about area of the reactor
https://brainly.com/question/29123819
#SPJ11
The slendemess ratio of a column determines if it is short, intermediate or long column Select the correct response: I don't know True False None enough data
The slenderness ratio is a measure of how slender a column is. It is defined as the effective length of a column divided by the least radius of gyration of its cross-section.
A column with a high slenderness ratio is considered more prone to buckling. The slenderness ratio is an important aspect of column design since it determines whether the column will be classified as a short column, intermediate column, or long column. For short columns, the slenderness ratio is less than or equal to 10, while for intermediate columns, the slenderns esratio is between 10 and 30. For long columns, the slenderness ratio is greater than 30.In conclusion, the slenderness ratio of a column determines whether it is classified as a short, intermediate, or long column. It is calculated by dividing the effective length of the column by the least radius of gyration of its cross-section.
To know more about effective length visit:
brainly.com/question/31839241
#SPJ11
1. Department of Transportation sometimes choose Design-Build delivery method for a project to
A. chose the best quality contractor
B. reduce the project time
C. avoid budget overrun
2. The solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is
A. request for bid
B. request for information
C. request for proposal
D. request for qualification
D. avoid the bidding process
The Department of Transportation (DOT) uses Design-Build delivery method for projects to choose the best quality contractor, reduce the project time, and avoid budget overruns. the solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is request for proposal (RFP).
Design-Build is a construction delivery method that entails hiring a single entity to manage both the design and construction of a project. Design-Build can result in faster project completion times, fewer claims and disputes, fewer change orders, and better quality. In the U.S.
The solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is the request for proposal (RFP). The RFP is a detailed, written document that defines the scope of the project, the services required, the contract terms, and conditions, and any other relevant information.
The Department of Transportation sometimes chooses the Design-Build delivery method for projects to choose the best quality contractor, reduce project time, and avoid budget overruns. The solicitation document used for a Design-Build project is the request for proposal (RFP).
To know more about solicitation visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/28180167
#SPJ11
Compare typical single beam UVNis and IR (either dispersive or Fourier transform) instruments in terms of both their respective configurations as well as differences in specific components. / Vergelyk tipiese enkelbundel UVNis en IR (óf dispersiewe of Fourier transform) instrumente in terme van beide hul onderskeie konfigurasies asook verskille in spesifieke komponente.
Single beam UVNis and IR instruments differ in their configurations and specific components. Single beam UVNis instruments use a single beam of light passing through a sample cell, while IR instruments can be utilizing different methods for analyzing light.
Single beam UVNis (Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared) instruments and IR (Infrared) instruments are both widely used in spectroscopy for analyzing the interaction of light with matter. However, they differ in their configurations and specific components.
In a typical single beam UVNis instrument, a single beam of light passes through a sample cell containing the substance to be analyzed. The light beam is split into two paths: the sample beam that passes through the sample cell and the reference beam that bypasses the sample. The intensity of both beams is measured separately by a detector, and the ratio of their intensities is used to determine the absorption or transmission of light by the sample. This configuration allows for accurate measurement of the sample's optical properties.
On the other hand, IR instruments can be either dispersive or Fourier transform (FT) instruments. Dispersive IR instruments use a prism or a diffraction grating to disperse the infrared light into its different wavelengths. The dispersed light is then detected by a detector array, and the resulting spectrum is used for analysis.
FT-IR instruments, on the other hand, use an interferometer to measure the interference pattern produced by combining the sample and reference beams. This pattern is then mathematically transformed into a spectrum using a Fourier transformation. FT-IR instruments offer advantages such as higher spectral resolution and faster data acquisition.
In terms of specific components, single beam UVNis instruments typically consist of a light source (such as a lamp), a monochromator for selecting specific wavelengths, a sample cell, a detector, and a data analysis system. IR instruments, whether dispersive or FT, also include a source (such as a globar or a laser), an interferometer (for FT-IR instruments), a detector, and a data analysis system.
However, FT-IR instruments additionally require a beam splitter and a mirror for generating the interference pattern.
Learn more about FTIR instrument
brainly.com/question/30280289
#SPJ11
Estimate the flood discharge through a rectangular channel of (8m) wide, if the depth of water at two section of (150m) a part was (2.95 m and 2.8 m). and the drop in the water surface elevation was found to be (0.15m), (n-0.025), K, = 0.6 for contraction.
The flood discharge through a rectangular channel of 8m wide, if the depth of water at two sections 150m apart was 2.95m and 2.8m can be estimated as shown below:Given.
Width of rectangular channel = 8mDepth of water at the first section, y1 = 2.95mDepth of water at the second section, [tex]y2 = 2.8m[/tex]Distance between the two sections = 150mDrop in water surface elevation = 0.15mCoefficient of contraction, K, = 0.6Value of n = 0.025Let us assume that the flow rate is more than 100.
Hence, the normal depth is to be estimated using the Manning's equation as shown below: Q = A V Where ,Q = Discharge A = Cross-sectional area V = Velocity Let us consider the discharge to be Q Let the hydraulic radius be given by [tex]R = A/P[/tex], where P is the wetted perimeter Manning's equation can be written.
To know more about discharge visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24060655
#SPJ11
The results of two drained tri axial tests on a saturated clay are recorded as follows:
Specimen A: Chamber-confining pressure = 104 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 210 kPa
Specimen B:
Chamber-confining pressure = 170 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 324 kPa
1 Compute the angle of friction.
2 Compute the cohesion of soil.
3 If the clay specimen above is tested in a tri axial apparatus with a chamber- confining pressure of 248 kPa, compute the major principal stress at failure.
1. Computation of the angle of frictionUsing the drained tri-axial test results given below, it is required to calculate the angle of friction:Specimen A:
Chamber-confining pressure = 104 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 210 kPa Specimen B:Chamber-confining pressure = 170 kPa Deviator stress at failure = 324 kPa.
The relationship between the angle of friction and deviator stress is given by the following equation:
Computation of the cohesion of soilThe cohesion of soil is given by the following equation:$C = \sigma_1 \; sin^2 \frac{φ}{2} - \sigma_3 \; cos^2 \frac{φ}{2}$
where σ1 and σ3 are the principal stresses For specimen A, assuming σ3 = 0, the cohesion of soil is given by:$C = \sigma_1 \; sin^2 \frac{φ}{2}$Using Mohr's circle, we can obtain σ1 as follows:
To know more about Deviator visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32343308
#SPJ11
The difference between the time available to do a job and the time required to do the job, is known as
a) Float
b) Constraint
c) Duration
d) Event
The difference between the time available to do a job and the time to do the job, is known as float.What is Float?Float is defined as the of time by which a task or series of tasks can be postponed without altering the task's completion date, and it's calculated by subtracting the early start date of the task from its late start date.
The four options you've provided, a), b), c) and d), are all Project Management terms. But from the options provided, only the term "Float" is more than 100.How to calculate float?In project management, float is the amount of time that a project start date can be postponed without delaying the scheduled completion date of the project. The float may be calculated using the following formula:Float = (LS - ES) - (LF - EF)Where,ES = Early StartLS = Late StartEF = Early FinishLF = Late Finish.
To know more about job visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32282738
#SPJ11
Determinte the required reinforcement for a beam that has a section of b=300 mm and ts) a total depth h=600 mm to resist Mu=696 KN . m. Given: f' c= 30 Nmm2 and fy =420 N/mm2.
Given data: Total depth of the beam, h = 600mmWidth of the beam, b = 300mmUltimate bending moment, Mu = 696 KN.mGrade of concrete, f’c = 30 N/mm2Grade of steel, fy = 420 N/mm2The formula to calculate the required area of steel to resist bending moment Mu for a rectangular beam is, Ast
= (Mu * 10^6) / (0.87 * fy * (d - 0.42 * x)) Where,d = Total depth of the beam x = Depth of neutral axis = h / 2 - ((h / 2)^2 - (Mu * 10^6) / (0.87 * f'c * b * d))^0.5Substituting the given values in the above equation, x = 0.245mAst = (696 * 10^6) / (0.87 * 420 * (0.6 - 0.42 * 0.245)) Ast = 1208.75 mm2Therefore, the required area of steel is 1208.75 mm2.
To determine the reinforcement required for a beam having a section of b = 300 mm and total depth h = 600 mm to resist Mu = 696 KN. m, the formula for calculating the required area of steel to resist bending moment Mu for a rectangular beam is used.
To know more about rectangular visit:
https://brainly.com/question/21416050
#SPJ11
Heat transfer
1) Please list the different modes (types) of heat transfer? Please provide definition, drawing and equations of each mode?
The three modes of heat transfer are conduction (transfer through direct contact), convection (transfer through fluid motion), and radiation (transfer through electromagnetic waves emitted by a hot body).
The three different modes (types) of heat transfer are as follows:Conduction: It occurs when two bodies at different temperatures come into contact with one another. The heat transfers from the hot object to the cold object via conduction. The heat flow direction is from higher temperature to lower temperature. It occurs in solids only and in metals, heat transfer occurs through the free electrons. The formula for heat conduction is given by:Q/t = kAΔT/Lwhere Q/t is the heat flow rate, k is the thermal conductivity, A is the surface area, ΔT is the temperature difference, and L is the thickness.Convection: This is the type of heat transfer that occurs due to the motion of fluids. Convection takes place in liquids and gases. Convection occurs due to density differences caused by the temperature differences. Natural convection occurs without any external force, whereas forced convection takes place due to the external force. The formula for heat convection is given by:Q/t = hA(Ts-T∞)where Q/t is the heat flow rate, h is the convection heat transfer coefficient, A is the surface area, Ts is the surface temperature, and T∞ is the fluid temperature.Radiation: It occurs due to the emission of electromagnetic waves by the body that is at a high temperature. Radiation does not require any medium to transfer heat. It occurs in a vacuum. The rate of heat transfer by radiation depends on the surface emissivity, temperature, and surface area. The formula for heat radiation is given by:Q/t = σAε(Ts^4 - T∞^4)where Q/t is the heat flow rate, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, A is the surface area, ε is the emissivity of the surface, Ts is the surface temperature, and T∞ is the fluid temperature.
Learn more about radiation here :-
https://brainly.com/question/31106159
#SPJ11
Answer the following Questions 1. A group of students in Civil engineering department were asked to design a neighbourhood for their final year project. In their first meeting one of the members suggested to use graphs and its characteristic to get an intuition about the design before proceeding to a software. The design suppose to contain five houses, one garden and mosque. The meeting ended with the following:
(a) The design will be simple. The two houses are connected with all other three houses. The garden and mosque are isolated.
(b) Two houses are surrounded by road and connected by the garden with only one road for each. The rest of the houses are pendent.
(c) The design based on one way road. It starts from garden then reaches five houses, three of
them designed to have return to the garden. The mosque is far away and located inside a big
round about.
Answer the following questions:
i. Draw a graph for the design in (a). What is the type of graph? explain.
ii. Draw a graph for the design in (b). What is the type of graph? Explain.
iii. Draw a graph for the design in (c). What is the type of graph? explain.
iv. If the five houses have four roads for each. What will be the total number of roads?
v. If the design based on one way road, the road getting in and out from each house. What will be the total number of roads?
The graph for the design in (a) is connected and simple. The type of graph is a tree because it contains a path between two vertices that are connected by exactly one path.
The graph for the design in (b) is not connected, and it is a forest graph. The type of graph is a forest because it contains many trees, where each tree is a component. The graph for the design in (c) is connected and simple. The type of graph is a path because it is a graph with vertices and edges, but there are no cycles, loops, or branches. Therefore, the graph is a linear arrangement of vertices connected by edges.
If the five houses have four roads for each, the total number of roads will be 20 because each house has four roads, so the total number of roads for the five houses is (5 x 4 = 20).(v) If the design is based on one-way road, the road getting in and out from each house, then the total number of roads will be 40 because each house has two roads.
To know more about design visit:
https://brainly.com/question/17147499
#SPJ11
Which of the followings statements is true when comparing double decining balance depreclation to straight-ine depreciation? a. Straight-line deductions will be greater than double declining balance deductions in all years of the asset's depreciable life. b. Double declining balance deductions will be less than straight-line deductions in early years of the asset's depreciable life but greater in later years. c. Double declining balance deductions will be greater than straight-line deductions in all years of the asset's depreciable life. d. Double declining balance deductions will be greater than straight-line deductions in early years of the asset's depreciable life but less in later years.
Double declining balance depreciation is an accelerated depreciation method in which an asset's book value is multiplied by a fixed depreciation rate.
The process is continued until the book value of the asset reaches zero, and it is frequently utilized to depreciate assets that lose value quickly over time. Straight-line depreciation is a method of depreciation in which the same amount of depreciation is applied every year over the life of the asset. The most significant difference between double declining balance and straight-line depreciation is that the former results in a more rapid write-off of the asset's book value.The correct answer to the given question is option (b) Double declining balance deductions will be less than straight-line deductions in early years of the asset's depreciable life but greater in later years. Double declining balance deductions will be less than straight-line deductions in the early years of the asset's depreciable life but greater in later years.
TO know more about book visit:
brainly.com/question/15113495
#SPJ11
A steel rod is 3m long and 60mm diameter. An axial pull of 150kN is suddenly applied to the
rod. Calculate the instantaneous stress induced and also the instantaneous elongation produced in the
rod. Take E-200GN/mm
A steel rod is 3m long and has a diameter of 60mm. If an axial pull of 150kN is applied to the rod, The value of E is 200GN/mm.
Instantaneous stress induced:
The instantaneous stress induced in the steel rod can be calculated using the formula:[tex]σ = P/A[/tex], where σ is the stress, P is the axial force and A is the cross-sectional area of the rod. The cross-sectional area of the rod is given as:
[tex]A = π/4 * d² = π/4 * (60)² = 2827.43 mm²[/tex]
Thus, the instantaneous stress induced is:
[tex]σ = P/A = 150000/2827.43 ≈ 53.04 N/mm² or MPa[/tex]
Instantaneous elongation produced:
The instantaneous elongation produced in the steel rod can be calculated using the formula:[tex]δ = PL/AE[/tex], where δ is the elongation, P is the axial force, L is the length of the rod, A is the cross-sectional area of the rod, and E is the Young's modulus of elasticity for the material. Substituting the values:
[tex]δ = PL/AE = 150000*3000/(2827.43*200000) = 0.798 mm[/tex] (approx.)
Therefore, the instantaneous stress induced in the rod is 53.04 MPa, and the instantaneous elongation produced in the rod is 0.798 mm.
To know more about elongation visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/32416877
#SPJ11
Questions 15 and 16 are related to the following: A construction company buys a truck for $25,000. Salvage value after useful life of 5 years is $15,000. 15. Use linear depreciation. What is depreciation value for the second year? a. $14,000 b. $1200 C. $2000 d. $8000 16. Use MACRS. What is depreciation value for the third year? a. $6,400 b. $4,800 C. $4,000 d. $3,000
15. Using linear depreciation, depreciation value for the second year can be calculated as follows: Depreciation per year = (Cost of asset - Salvage value) / Useful life Depreciation per year = ($25,000 - $15,000) / 5Depreciation per year = $2,000Depreciation value for the second year = Depreciation per year × Number of years.
Depreciation value for the second year = $2,000 × 2Depreciation value for the second year = $4,000Therefore, the correct answer is option C. $2,000.16. Using the Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS), depreciation value for the third year can be calculated as follows:
Depreciation rate for the third year = 1.96 × 15% = 29.4%Depreciation value for the third year = Depreciation rate × Adjusted basis Adjusted basis for the third year = Cost of asset - Depreciation for the first two years Adjusted basis for the third year = $25,000 - ($2,000 × 2)Adjusted basis for the third year = $21,000Depreciation value for the third year = 29.4% × $21,000Depreciation value for the third year = $6,174.
To know more about depreciation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30531944
#SPJ11
A Contractor Has A Job Which Should Be Completed In 100 Days. At Present, He Has 80 Men On The Job And It Is Estimated That They Will Finish The Work In 130 Days. Of The 80 Men, 50 Are Each Paid ₱120.00 A Day, 25 At ₱180.00 A Day, And 5 At ₱250.00 A Day. For Each Day Beyond The Original 100 Days, A Contractor Has To Pay ₱500.00 Liquidated Damages.A) How Many
A contractor has a job which should be completed in 100 days. At present, he has 80 men on the job and it is estimated that they will finish the work in 130 days. Of the 80 men, 50 are each paid ₱120.00 a day, 25 at ₱180.00 a day, and 5 at ₱250.00 a day. For each day beyond the original 100 days, a contractor has to pay ₱500.00 liquidated damages.
a) How many more men should the contactor add so that he would complete the work on time?
b) If of the additional men, 2 are paid ₱180.00 a day, and the rest at ₱120.00 a day, would the contractor save money by employing more men and not paying the fine?
A contractor has a job that should be completed in 100 days. At present, he has 80 men on the job and it is estimated that they will finish the work in 130 days. Of the 80 men, 50 are each paid ₱120.00 a day, 25 at ₱180.00 a day, and 5 at ₱250.00 a day. For each day beyond the original 100 days, a contractor has to pay ₱500.00.
liquidated damages.(a) How many more men should the contractor add so that he would complete the work on time?In the first case, we see that the contractor already has 80 men and they are working for 130 days to complete the job. So, we can use the following formula to determine the additional number of workers required to finish the work in 100 days.
b) If of the additional men, 2 are paid ₱180.00 a day, and the rest at ₱120.00 a day, would the contractor save money by employing more men and not paying the fine Let’s assume that the contractor adds 440 workers, of which 2 are paid ₱180.00 a day and the rest are paid ₱120.00 a day.
The total cost of the new workers is, therefore, ₱9600.00 + ₱4500.00 + ₱49800.00 = ₱63,900.00.The cost of liquidated damages would be calculated as follows: $$LD = (130-100) \cdot 500 = ₱15,000.00$$.
Therefore, the contractor would save money if he employs more men and not pays the fine. The contractor’s savings would be:$$Savings = LD - Additional cost$$$$= 15000.00 - 63900.00 $$$$= -48900.00$$
Thus, we can see that the contractor would save ₱48,900.00 by employing more men and not paying the fine.
To know more about contractor visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31457618
#SPJ11
Describe and discuss the challenges a Spanish construction company specialising in designing and delivering sustainable energy power plants would need to consider when seeking to grow organically in Egypt. The company has no experience of operating in Egypt but has worked extensively in the United Arab Emirates. The annual turnover of the company in 2020 was €2 billion, employing 6,000 people across all their operating divisions.
If a Spanish construction company specialized in designing and delivering sustainable energy power plants wants to expand organically in Egypt, it will face various challenges that it will have to consider and handle. This company has no prior experience operating in Egypt, but it has worked significantly in the United Arab Emirates.
1. Political and economic instability: Egypt has undergone political turmoil and economic instability in recent years, with the country experiencing significant socio-economic changes. Egypt has been experiencing changes in government and economic instability for the last ten years. Before considering expansion, the Spanish construction company should look into political and economic stability and the current situation in the country.
2. Foreign laws and regulations: There are a variety of regulations and restrictions on international businesses operating in Egypt. The Spanish construction company must consider the Egyptian legal system's intricacies and the cultural variations it may experience before entering the Egyptian market.
3. Cultural Differences: Egypt's diverse culture and values must be respected by the Spanish construction company. It's critical to be familiar with Egyptian cultural norms and traditions, as well as the local language.
To know more about worked significantly visit:
brainly.com/question/29333698
#SPJ11
What is the MINIMUM shank diameter permitted for screws used to anchor masonry veneer to steel backing?
1. 0.121 in.
2. 0.190 in.
3. 0.260 in.
4. 0.311 in.
The correct answer to the given question is option 2, which is "0.190 in."The shank diameter permitted for screws used to anchor masonry veneer to steel backing is 0.190 in.
Screws are frequently used to anchor masonry veneer to steel backing. The minimum shank diameter allowed for such screws is specified in the code. The shank diameter of the screw should be verified since masonry veneer can be used as a veneer over a variety of substrates. The screw should have a minimum shank diameter of 0.190 inches, as defined by the code. It's worth noting that shank diameters that aren't explicitly specified in the code may be utilized as long as they're equal in diameter or larger than the minimum shank diameter permitted by the code. The code also specifies the length and spacing of screws used to anchor masonry veneer to steel backing. Therefore, the correct answer to the given question is option 2, which is "0.190 in."The shank diameter permitted for screws used to anchor masonry veneer to steel backing is 0.190 in.
To learn more about shank, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16931159
#SPJ11
Estimate the minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation in Question 1 if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40psig, Repeat question 1 with the following information: (Qn 1 info: A hydroelectric water dam with 1000000 m
3
capacity is built 50 m above sea level, 2 km away from the sea. A pump, powered by renewable energy, is used to pump water from the sea to fill up the dam at a maximum flow rate of 20 m
3
/s. When energy is required, the water from the dam will be released to the sea, flowing through a turbine at the same flow rate. Both pump and turbine have an effective height of 1 m and efficiency of 85%. Assuming frictionless flow) (i) The water dam is connected to the sea with stainless steel pipes (ii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the pump (iii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the turbine
The minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation, considering a minimum pressure requirement of 40 psig at the turbine, is 1.5 meters (Diameter of the Pipe) for steel pipes and 1.35 meters (Diameter of the Pipe) for stainless steel pipes.
Q1: Estimate the minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40 psig.
Solution:
The information provided in the question is as follows:
Height of dam = 50 m
Water capacity of dam = 1000000 m^3
Distance between dam and sea = 2 km
Maximum flow rate of water = 20 m^3/s
Effective height of pump = 1 m
Efficiency of pump = 85%
Efficiency of turbine = 85%
Pressure required at the turbine = 40 psig
Pipe Material = Steel
Since the given pump has an effective height of 1m, the water level in the dam needs to be 51m to pump the water. Thus, the potential energy required to pump the water from the sea to the dam is equal to the potential energy gained by water when it flows down through the turbine. Hence, the height difference between the dam and sea is the head (pressure) generated. The height difference is 50 m – 0 m = 50 m.
The head generated = 50 m × 9.81 m/s^2 = 490.5 kPa = 71.07 psig
Total head = Head generated – Head loss
Head loss is neglected between the sea and pump and also between the sea and turbine.
Minimum pressure at the turbine = 40 psig
Thus, the pressure at the pump inlet is 40 + Head loss.
The pressure at the pump inlet must be sufficient to prevent cavitation. If the pressure at the inlet of the pump is lower than the vapor pressure of the fluid, then cavitation may occur. The vapor pressure of water at 60°C is 25.2 psig.
For pressure at inlet > vapor pressure
Head loss = Pressure at inlet - Pressure at the turbine = 40 + 25.2 - 71.07 = -5.87 psig
For pipe material steel, the friction loss at the maximum flow rate of 20 m^3/s through a 1 km long pipe can be calculated as:
Hf = 0.00002 × f × (L/D) × (V^2/2g)
Where Hf = head loss, f = friction factor, L = length of the pipe, D = diameter of the pipe, V = velocity of the fluid, and g = gravitational constant.
The above equation can be written as:
Q = (π/4) × D^2 × V
Substituting the value of V from the given flow rate and diameter of the pipe, we get:
D = 1.37 m
Let's take D = 1.5 m (Standard pipe diameter) for design purposes.
Hence, the minimum standard pipe size for hydropower generation if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40 psig is 1.5 meters (Diameter of the Pipe).
Q2: Repeat question 1 with the following information:
(i) The water dam is connected to the sea with stainless steel pipes
(ii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the pump
(iii) Ignore head loss between the sea and the turbine
Solution:
In this question, head loss between the sea and the pump, and also between the sea and turbine is neglected. The head generated is still 71.07 psig. The pump inlet pressure is equal to the turbine pressure, i.e., 40 psig. Therefore, the head loss will be:
Head loss = Pressure drop = 71.07 - 40 = 31.07 psig
The diameter of the pipe can be calculated in the same way as the previous question.
Q2 Answer: The minimum standard pipe
size for hydropower generation if the minimum pressure required at the turbine is 40 psig with stainless steel pipes is 1.35 meters (Diameter of the Pipe).
Learn more about hydropower generation
https://brainly.com/question/33513822
#SPJ11
Congratulations! You found employment working for an environmental engineering firm. Your company has been hired to conduct a slope stability analysis for a hillslope located in central California. The necessary observations made on the study slope are as follows:
Regolith cohesion = 1100 N/m²
Regolith thickness = 10 m
Density of regolith = 2200 kg/m³ Density of water = 1000 kg/m³
Slope angle on which regolith rests = 14 degrees Angle of internal friction = 15 degrees
Gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s²
The regolith is unsaturated.
There is a home situated at the top of the slope, about 20 m from the edge.
Given data: Regolith cohesion = 1100 N/m²Regolith thickness = 10 m Density of regolith = 2200 kg/m³Density of water = 1000 kg/m³Slope angle on which regolith rests = 14 degrees Angle of internal friction = 15 degrees Gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s²Regolith is unsaturated.
Home situated at the top of the slope, about 20 m from the edge .Slope stability analysis: It acts vertically downward and is given by: G=γHwhere γ is the density of the regolith and H is the thickness of the regolith. The gravitational force acting on the regolith is given by: G=2200×10×9.8=215600 N/m²Slope stability analysis: The safety factor (SF) is defined as the ratio of the resisting forces to the driving forces. The resisting forces are the shear strength of the regolith, while the driving forces are the gravitational force acting on the regolith. Therefore, the safety factor is given by: SF=S/G=1777.16/215600=0.0082The safety factor is less than 1, which implies that the slope is unstable and will fail.
Therefore, the slope stability analysis recommends stabilizing the slope. The stabilization methods that can be employed are:1. Reducing the slope angle by cutting the slope back.2. Building retaining walls to hold the slope in place.3. Using soil nails or anchors to reinforce the slope.4. Using vegetation to stabilize the slope. The stability of the home located at the top of the slope needs to be considered during the slope stabilization process. The stability analysis can be performed by considering the safety factor of the slope after stabilization.
To know more about internal visit:
brainly.com/question/27004586
#SPJ11
A short column is designed to carry a factored load (P) 2140 kN and factored moment (M) = 690 kN.m about the strong axis. Cost studies indicate that p-0.03 % is optimum with steel arrangement in two layers parallel to the axis of bending. Find the required dimensions b and h of the column. Use f=28 MPa, fy=420 MPa.
Factored load, P = 2140 k N Factored moment, M = 690 k N. m Percent of steel, p = 0.03%Maximum Compressive stress, f = 28 M Pa.
Characteristic strength, f y = 420 M Pa Let the dimensions of the column be breadth (b) and depth (h).From the given problem, the maximum compression stress is given by the formula fc = P / A + M h / I, where fc is the compressive stress, P is the axial load acting on the column, A is the area of the column, M is the bending moment acting on the column, h is the depth of the column, and I is the moment of inertia of the column section.
or the rectangular section, the area (A) is given by the formula A = b x hand the moment of inertia (I) is given by the formula I = (b x h³) / 12.The values of P and M are factored values of the axial load and bending moment, respectively. Therefore, the nominal values of the axial load and bending moment are calculated by dividing the factored.
To know more about Factored visit:
https://brainly.com/question/24924507
#SPJ11
Disinfection:
The process of Ultraviolet Irradiation (generated by low pressure mercury vapor lamps) is the most widely used primary disinfection process in modern drinking water treatment plants in the United States and abroad, while chlorination is the most widely used approach for secondary disinfection (only applied in the United States)
a) Describe the reason(s) why UV Irradiation generated using LPMVL is an effective primary disinfectant. b) Why does UV Irradiation is not considered as an alternative secondary disinfectant?
UV Irradiation generated using LPMVL (Low Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamps) is an effective primary disinfectant because it can successfully disinfect microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa without adding any chemicals or altering the taste or odor of water.
UV irradiation alters the DNA or RNA of microorganisms, destroying their ability to reproduce and spread, thus, preventing diseases. It is one of the few primary disinfection methods that can inactivate Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Additionally, UV irradiation is safe, easy to operate, and maintain, and it does not produce harmful by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs).
UV Irradiation is not considered as an alternative secondary disinfectant because it is not persistent and cannot provide residual disinfection. Secondary disinfection is essential in ensuring that any microorganisms that may have survived the primary disinfection process are eliminated and that any potential contamination is prevented as the water moves through the distribution system to consumers.
Chlorine, can provide residual disinfection, ensuring that any microorganisms that may be introduced to the water are neutralized as the water moves through the pipeline.
To know more about microorganisms visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/18861725
#SPJ11
Which of these is a benefit of suspended growth systems over attached growth?
(a)The process is more stable and less susceptible to shock
(b)none of these
(c)The microbes have greater protection in the biofilm that is formed
(d)The concentration of microbes can be much higher giving greater efficiency
The correct answer is option (d).The benefit of suspended growth systems over attached growth are that the concentration of microbes can be much higher giving greater efficiency.
Suspended growth systems are wastewater treatment systems that involve the biological removal of waste by microorganisms that are suspended in wastewater. The organisms in this process metabolize the organic matter in the wastewater and convert it into biological cell tissue, water, and carbon dioxide.
Activated sludge and aerated lagoons are examples of suspended growth systems. Attached growth systems are wastewater treatment systems that involve microorganisms growing on a surface in the treatment process.
This increased concentration also means that the time required for wastewater treatment is reduced. Additionally, suspended growth systems are more flexible and can be used for a wider range of wastewater types than attached growth systems.
Therefore, The concentration of microbes can be much higher giving greater efficiency.
To know more about microorganisms visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/9004624
#SPJ11
A footing whose base is 0.76m and 0.61m from the ground surface is subjected for carrying a load. Using γ=18.08 kN/m3, C = 19.15 KPa, ø = 25 deg, Nc=25.13, Nq=12.72, Nγ=8.34. Find the ultimate bearing capacity (kPa) under general shear failure
The ultimate bearing capacity (kPa) under general shear failure in the footing is given by; qult = cNc + qNq + 0.5γBNγwhere c = 19.15 KPa, Nc = 25.13, q = 0, Nq = 12.72, γ = 18.08 kN/m³ and Nγ = 8.34.
Given that the base is 0.76m and 0.61m from the ground surface. Hence the width of the footing; B = 0.76 mThe depth of the footing ;D = Bγ = 0.76 × 18.08 = 13.76 cm
Depth of foundation = D + 0.61 = 13.76 + 6.1 = 19.86 cm ≈ 20 cm The net ultimate bearing capacity of soil; qn = qult × B × D = (cNc + qNq + 0.5γBNγ) × B × D = (19.15 × 25.13 + 0 + 0.5 × 18.08 × 8.34 × 0.76 × 25.13) × 0.76 × 0.20qn = 225.13 KPa
The ultimate bearing capacity of soil is 225.13 kPa (rounded off to two decimal places).
To know more about failure visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32672005
#SPJ11
A WTP receives (15140 m³/day) of water. Five clariflcculators unit each c (12) m outside diameter were used in the plant. If the detention time at th flocculation part is ( 25 ) min. ( assume the minimum values needed in th design):-
1- Calculate the dimensions of the inside flocculation part.
2- Calculate the( d.t) needed for settling parts of clariflcculators.
1. Dimensions of the inside flocculation part We have been provided with the flow rate of water that a water treatment plant (WTP) receives daily which is 15,140 m³/day, and the number of clari flocculators unit each of 12 meters outside diameter which is five (5). We are to calculate the dimensions of the inside flocculation part of the clari flocculators. The detention time at the flocculation part is given to be 25 minutes.
Let’s use the formula for surface area of a cylinder to solve for the inside diameter and height of the flocculation part.Surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr²Where r is the radius of the cylinderh is the height of the cylinderπ is the mathematical constant, pi which is approximately 3.14Surface area of the clariflocculators = flow rate / surface loading rateSurface loading rate is 10 – 20 m³/day.
m²Let’s assume the surface loading rate to be 10 m³/day.m²Surface area of clariflocculators = 15,140 / 10 = 1514 m²Total surface area of five clariflocculators = 1514 x 5 = 7570 m²Total outside surface area of five clariflocculators = πdLh + 5πd²/4Where d is the outside diameter of clariflocculatorh is the height of clariflocculator Total outside surface area of five clariflocculators = 5 x 3.14 x 12 x h + 5 x 3.14 x 12² / 4 = 2260.16h + 678.24
We know that the detention time of water at the flocculation part is 25 minutes but we can convert it to seconds which is a more preferable unit of time for calculation purpose.25 minutes = 25 x 60 seconds = 1500 secondsNow we can use the formula for volume of a cylinder to find the inside diameter and height of the flocculation part.Volume of a cylinder = πr²hLet the inside diameter be dI and the height of the flocculation part be HTotal volume of five clariflocculators = 15140 x 25 x 60 = 22,710,000 cm³ = 22,710,000 / 10³ = 22,710 mL.
To know more about flocculation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30676469
#SPJ11
a)Differentiated into a hierarchy of royalty, nobility, landlords and peasants
B)Present in medieval Europe
c)Marked by extreme inequality
D)Associaled with free movement across social levels
2: Quebec's Quiet Revolution:
a)Saw the government intervene to reform sectors such as health, education and social welfare
b)Was the movement to separate from Canada
c) Was a force of change that transformed Quebec society between 1850 and 1870s
d)Saw the shift in Quebec society from a radical society to a conservative one
Question 3:Govemment interventions in Quebec after the 1970s included which of the followinga)Universal health care system
b)Nationalization of all industries
c)Freeing of economic controls by the government
d)Privatization of unversile
1. In medieval Europe, social organization was characterized by extreme inequality. It was divided into royalty, nobility, landlords, and peasants, and free movement across social levels was not possible. Royalty occupied the top tier of society. The nobility, landlords, and peasants are the next levels.
The monarch of the realm was the highest-ranked individual in medieval European social hierarchy. The nobility is made up of high-ranking people who inherit their titles. Landlords are property owners who rent land or real estate to others. Peasants, on the other hand, are individuals who work on the land owned by nobility and landlords.
2. Quebec's Quiet Revolution was a period of significant social and economic change that occurred in Quebec, Canada, between 1960 and 1966. It was aimed at modernizing the province's economy and society. It was brought about by the government's intervention, which sought to reform various sectors such as health, education, and social welfare. Quebec's Quiet Revolution transformed the province into a modern, secular society.
3. Government interventions in Quebec after the 1970s included the creation of a universal healthcare system, as well as the privatization of various state-owned enterprises. The government's intervention also resulted in the freeing of economic controls and the nationalization of all industries in Quebec.
To know more about monarch visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/27006521
#SPJ11
A braced column of 6 m long fixed at both ends is proposed to carry a designed load of 1500 KN. In this design, column section of 203 x 203 x 60kgm¯¹ with grade S275 is used and the section is in Class 1.
(a) Calculate the effective length and slenderness ratio of the column section about the major axis. (CO1-PO2) (C4)
(b) Check the buckling resistance of the column. (CO2-PO5) (C4)
(a) Calculation of Effective Length of Column: Effective length is given by le = 1.0LThe given column is fixed at both ends. Therefore, the effective length will be le = L = 6 m Effective length of the column le = 6 m Calculation of slenderness ratio:
Slenderness ratio is given byλ = K * l / rwhere, K = effective length factorl = effective length of column r = radius of gyrationλ = slenderness ratio of the column Section area of the column A = b * hwhere, b = breadth of column
h = depth of column mFor the given section, b = h = 203 mm
A = section area Therefore, [tex]ry = √(7035.82367 * 10⁻⁴ / 4.1209 * 10⁻³) = 0.5240[/tex]m Slenderness ratio of column sectionλ = K * le / ry where, K = effective length factor = 1 for both fixed endsλ = 1 * 6 / 0.5240 = 11.45 about major axis.
To know more about slenderness visit:
https://brainly.com/question/27944552
#SPJ11
conditions that determine the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight are
The pitch attitude required for maintaining level flight is determined by factors such as lift, weight, speed, and angle of attack. Adjusting the pitch allows the pilot to balance these forces. Lift should equal weight, and the pitch needs adjustment if they are not balanced. The airspeed affects the pitch, with higher speeds requiring increased lift. Conversely, lower speeds require decreased lift. The angle of attack must also be considered to avoid stalling. Maintaining level flight involves adjusting the pitch attitude to achieve a balance between lift, weight, and speed.
In level flight, the pitch attitude required is determined by several factors, including the wing's lift, weight, and speed. The pilot can adjust the pitch to maintain level flight by changing the airspeed, angle of attack, or altitude.
The following are the conditions that determine the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight:
Lift: Lift is the force that keeps the aircraft aloft. In level flight, the lift must equal the weight of the aircraft. To maintain this balance, the aircraft's pitch attitude must be adjusted. If the lift is too low, the aircraft will descend, and if the lift is too high, the aircraft will climb.
Weight: Weight is the force that pulls the aircraft towards the ground. The weight of the aircraft must be equal to the lift in level flight. If the weight is too high, the aircraft will descend, and if it is too low, the aircraft will climb.
Speed: The airspeed of the aircraft also affects the pitch attitude required to maintain level flight. The faster the aircraft flies, the more lift is required to keep it in level flight. This means that the pitch attitude must be increased as the airspeed increases. Conversely, as the airspeed decreases, the pitch attitude must be decreased to maintain level flight.
Angle of Attack: The angle of attack is the angle between the wing and the relative wind. If the angle of attack is too high, the aircraft will stall. Therefore, the pitch attitude must be adjusted to maintain a safe angle of attack.
In conclusion, level flight is maintained by adjusting the pitch attitude of the aircraft to balance the forces of lift, weight, and speed.
Learn more about pitch attitude
https://brainly.com/question/1604278
#SPJ11
List three factors that increase compressive strength of intact rock material in laboratory testing: (3)
Compressive strength of rock is the ability of the rock material to resist failure under compressive loads. It is an important parameter to evaluate the stability of rock structures such as dams, tunnels, and foundations.
1. Mineralogy of the rock: The mineral composition of rock has a direct effect on its compressive strength. Rocks that are rich in quartz and feldspar minerals are generally stronger than those composed of softer minerals like clay and gypsum.
2. Porosity and density of the rock: The porosity and density of rock can affect its compressive strength. This is because porosity weakens the rock by providing planes of weakness for crack propagation, while density provides more interlocking between grains, thus enhancing the rock's strength.
3. Confining pressure: The confining pressure is the pressure applied to the rock specimen during the laboratory test. It represents the pressure that the rock would experience in the field due to the weight of overlying rock or soil.
the mineralogy of rock, its porosity and density, and the confining pressure are three important factors that affect the compressive strength of intact rock material in laboratory testing.
To know more about Compressive strength visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/31102674
#SPJ11
A sewer pipe, 2.5 m in diameter, roughness size n=0.014 and bed slope of 0.00017, is used to carry storm runoff. It has been decided to discharge this water into a concrete lined water course which is to have a best rectangular profile and is laid at the same slope. If the pipe flows at a maximum of 50% capacity determine the dimensions of the required channel.
The required dimensions of the rectangular channel are:b = 8.055 m, h = 0.6936 m. The pipe flows at a maximum of 50% capacity If the pipe flows at a maximum of 50% capacity, then the discharge is equal to one-half of the maximum discharge.
The Manning formula is:
[tex]Q = (1/n)A(R^(2/3))(S^(1/2))[/tex] ,Q is the discharge (m³/s)A is the cross-sectional area (m²)n is the Manning's roughness coefficientR is the hydraulic radius (m)S is the bed slope (m/m)R = A/P, where P is the wetted perimeter of the pipe. For a circular pipe, P = πd. Therefore, the hydraulic radius of the pipe is:
[tex]R = A/P = (π/4)d²/(πd) = (1/4)d = 0.625 m[/tex]
Qmax = [tex]AVmax = 2A(R^(2/3))(S^(1/2))/(1/n) = 2.5³(π/4)(0.625)^(2/3)(0.00017)^(1/2)/(0.014) = 2.81 m³/s[/tex]
Therefore, the discharge into the concrete lined water course is one-half of this value, or:[tex]Q = 2.81/2 = 1.405 m³/s[/tex]The dimensions of the rectangular channel can be determined using the continuity equation.
The Manning formula can be used to determine the required width and depth of the channel. Substituting the given values, we have
[tex]Q = (1/n)A(R^(2/3))(S^(1/2))1.405 = (1/0.014)bh(2bh/(b+2h))^(2/3)(0.00017)^(1/2)[/tex]
Since the depth of the channel cannot be negative, the depth of the channel is h = 0.6936 m. Therefore, the required width of the channel is:
[tex]b = Q/(nhR^(2/3)(S^(1/2))) = 1.405/(0.014)(0.6936)(0.625)^(2/3)(0.00017)^(1/2) = 8.055 m[/tex]
To know more about dimensions visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/31460047
#SPJ11
1. Design a chlorine contact basin (serpentine) to disinfect 1 MGD flow and meet 4- log virus removal with a free chlorine residual of 0.1 mg/L (pH=7, Temp = 25C). Use a length:width ratio of approximately 20:1 and a depth of 4 to 6 feet.
2. Alter the design to achieve 3-log removal of Giardia cysts using free chlorine (still must treat 1 MGD, pH=7, T=25C). How would the design change if you used chlorine dioxide?
3. Design the disinfection system for an existing pipeline and storage tank as follows: the chlorine is added to the filter effluent in a 12-inch pipe that is 400 ft long and empties into a 2 MG storage tank. Flow rate is 2 MGD and you must achieve 4-log virus removal. Assume pH = 7, Temp = 20C and the tank is square with dimensions, L:W:H= 134:134:15ft You will select the chlorine residual and any internal modifications to the tank.
1) Volume = 4.5 liters
2) Volume required will be less .
Given,
Chlorine contact basin .
1)
Chlorine treatment chamber or tanks (pre or post treatment) is open to atmosphere with dimensions of 220X11X1.83 meters.
The volume is equal to 1MGD assuming US gallon of 4.5 liters.
2)
The chlorine dioxide (gas) is harmful to working persons (ClO₂) and has to be contained in a chamber. The ClO₂ explosive and catches fire hence preserved in chilled water tanks at 5 degree celsius. This also acts as disinfectant but the design principles are different. The volume space is far less compared to conventional chlorination tanks and very effective as disinfectant. It also has no smell unlike chlorine.
Know more about serpentine,
https://brainly.com/question/22285332
#SPJ4
A farmer on the Namoi River is developing flood irrigation for her cotton farm. She has an existing bore that she pumps 300 L/s from a sand aquifer beneath her property. The sand aquifer lies at 80 m depth and is 30 m thick. The hydraulic conductivity of the sand is 50 m/day and the storage coefficient of the sand aquifer is 0.00015. At the end of 100 days continuously pumping, the water level in her abstraction bore is 50 m below ground surface. To preventing the pump from running without water and being damaged she has set a low-level cut-out on the pump at 65 m below. ground, 5 m above the top of the pump. She now wishes to double the irrigated area by installing a second abstraction bore at a location 1000 m to the south of the first bore on the other side of her property. Assume that the aquifer properties remain the same over the property and that the aquifer is horizontal. (a) Draw a sketch of the problem. [3 marks] (b) What will be the additional drawdown at her existing bore due to this new bore pumping for the same 100 days? Provide your answers with 6 significant figures. [5 marks] (c) Will this be an issue for her existing pump? Qualify your answer. [2 marks] Her neighbour, seeing the increased profit from the larger irrigated area, also wishes to develop an abstraction bore from the same aquifer. The neighbour's preferred location is a site 300 m to the north of the farmer's first abstraction bore. Assume that this third bore will also pump at 300 L/s for 100 days and that the aquifer properties remain the same. (d) What will the drawdown at the original farmer's first bore now be? Provide your answers with 6 significant figures. [marks 5] (e) How do you think the farmer should approach the neighbour to resolve any possible future conflict?
(a) Sketch of the problem: The given problem requires to investigate the drawdown impact on the existing borehole if a new borehole is pumped continuously for the same time. Also, we need to estimate the drawdown of the first borehole when a new borehole is drilled in the north of the first borehole. Therefore, the conceptual model .
(b) Additional drawdown: The additional drawdown in the existing borehole due to the new borehole will be calculated using the Theis equation. The equation is as follows:
[tex]s = Q / (4 π T) (W(u) - W(ur)) = (25920 m3/day) / (4 π × 50 m/day) (0.416 - 0.0) = 263.8 m[/tex]
The additional drawdown in the existing borehole due to the second borehole will be 263.8 m.
(c) Issue for the existing pump: Yes, this could be an issue for the existing pump because the low-level cut-out on the pump is set at 65 m below the ground, which is 5 m above the top of the pump. The calculated additional drawdown (i.e., 263.8 m) is higher than the low-level cut-out, which could cause damage to the pump.
[tex]s = Q / (4 π T) (W(u) - W(ur)) = (25920 m3/day) / (4 π × 50 m/day) (0.416 - 0.108) = 160.8 m[/tex]
Therefore, the total drawdown in the existing borehole due to the second and third borehole will be:
[tex]Stotal = 263.8 + 160.8 = 424.6 m[/tex]
(e) Approach to resolve the future conflict: The farmer could approach the neighbor by explaining the possible consequences of abstraction bore and its impact on the surrounding aquifer. The farmer could also recommend the neighbor to seek professional advice from a hydrogeologist to understand the sustainable yield of the aquifer and its impact on the environment.
To know more about hydrogeologist visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/13428729
#SPJ11
