An object with mass 3.2 kg is moving in one dimension subject to a time-dependent force given by the function F (1) = 3.172. At t = 2.1 s, its velocity is -18.8 m/s in the -x direction.
To solve this problem, we can use the following equation:
F = ma
where
F is the force acting on the object
m is the mass of the object
a is the acceleration of the object
We know that the force acting on the object is given by the function F(t) = 3.172. We also know that the mass of the object is 3.2 kg. We can use these values to find the acceleration of the object:
a = F/m = 3.172 N/kg = 0.988 m/s²
We know that the object is moving in the -x direction at a speed of 8.8 m/s at t = 1.0 s. We can use this information to find the object's velocity at t = 2.1 s:
v = u + at
where
v is the object's velocity at t = 2.1 s
u is the object's velocity at t = 1.0 s
a is the acceleration of the object
Substituting the known values, we get:
v = -8.8 m/s + 0.988 m/s² * 2.1 s = -18.8 m/s
Therefore, the object's velocity at t = 2.1 s is -18.8 m/s.
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Given: G=6.67259×10 ^−11 Nm2 /kg2 . A 470 kg geosynchronous satellite orbits a planet similar to Earth at a radius 1.94×10 ^5 km from the planet's center. Its angular speed at this radius is the same as the rotational speed of the Earth, and so they appear stationary in the sky. That is, the period of the satellite is 24 h. What is the force acting on this satellite? Answer in units of N. 016 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points What is the mass of this planet? Answer in units of kg.
Therefore, the mass of the planet is 5.95 × 10^24 kg.
The force acting on the satellite is the centripetal force, which is given by the formula:
F = mv^2 / r
where
* F is the force in newtons
* m is the mass of the satellite in kilograms
* v is the velocity of the satellite in meters per second
* r is the radius of the orbit in meters
We know that the mass of the satellite is 470 kg and the radius of the orbit is 1.94 × 10^5 km. We also know that the period of the satellite is 24 hours, which is equal to 24 × 3600 = 86400 seconds.
The velocity of the satellite can be calculated using the following formula:
v = r * ω
where
* v is the velocity in meters per second
* r is the radius of the orbit in meters
* ω is the angular velocity in radians per second
The angular velocity can be calculated using the following formula:
ω = 2π / T
where
* ω is the angular velocity in radians per second
* T is the period of the orbit in seconds
Plugging in the values we know, we get:
ω = 2π / 86400 = 7.27 × 10^-5 rad/s
Plugging in this value and the other known values, we can calculate the centripetal force:
F = 470 kg * (7.27 × 10^-5 rad/s)^2 / 1.94 × 10^5 m = 2.71 × 10^-3 N
Therefore, the force acting on the satellite is 2.71 × 10^-3 N.
To calculate the mass of the planet, we can use the following formula:
GMm = F
where
* G is the gravitational constant
* M is the mass of the planet in kilograms
* m is the mass of the satellite in kilograms
* F is the centripetal force in newtons
Plugging in the known values, we get:
(6.67259 × 10^-11 Nm^2 /kg^2) * M * 470 kg = 2.71 × 10^-3 N
M = 5.95 × 10^24 kg
Therefore, the mass of the planet is 5.95 × 10^24 kg.
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Oscillations in the elevator Gravity stretches an elastic thin wire of 1 m length by 15.5 mm as 500 g mass is attached. Determine the oscillation period, if the wire is initially stretched a little more. Which length does a pendulum thread need to have, if the pendulum should have the same period? Now put the pendulum into an elevator. The elevator accelerates and is going up: The velocity increases linearly in time during the first 3 s until reaching 24 m/s. Sketch the deflections of the pendulum versus time t in the elevator frame of reference 0.5 s before the elevator starts until 0.5 s after the start. The initial deflection is 1°. How will the deflection amplitude change qualitatively? What sort of motions of the pendulum can be observed if the elevator is going down with 9.81 m/s²?
If the elevator is going down with an acceleration of 9.81 m/s² (equal to the acceleration due to gravity), the pendulum will not experience any additional pseudo-force.
To determine the oscillation period of the elastic wire, we can use Hooke's law:
F = k * x
where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement.
Given that the wire is stretched by 15.5 mm (or 0.0155 m) with a 500 g (or 0.5 kg) mass attached, we can calculate the force:
F = m * g = 0.5 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 = 4.905 N
We can now solve for the spring constant:
k = F / x = 4.905 N / 0.0155 m = 316.45 N/m
The oscillation period can be calculated using the formula:
T = 2π * √(m / k)
T = 2π * √(0.5 kg / 316.45 N/m) ≈ 0.999 s
If the wire is initially stretched a little more, the oscillation period will remain the same since it depends only on the mass and the spring constant.
To find the length of the pendulum thread that would have the same period, we can use the formula for the period of a simple pendulum:
T = 2π * √(L / g)
Where L is the length of the pendulum thread and g is the acceleration due to gravity (approximately 9.81 m/s²).
Rearranging the formula, we can solve for L:
L = (T / (2π))^2 * g = (0.999 s / (2π))^2 * 9.81 m/s² ≈ 0.248 m
Therefore, the pendulum thread needs to have a length of approximately 0.248 m to have the same period as the elastic wire.
If the pendulum is put into an elevator that is accelerating upwards, the deflection of the pendulum versus time will change. Initially, before the elevator starts, the deflection will be 1°. As the elevator accelerates upwards, the deflection will increase due to the pseudo-force acting on the pendulum. The deflection will follow a sinusoidal pattern, with the amplitude gradually increasing until the elevator reaches its maximum velocity. The deflection will then start decreasing as the elevator decelerates or comes to a stop.
If the elevator is going down with an acceleration of 9.81 m/s² (equal to the acceleration due to gravity), the pendulum will not experience any additional pseudo-force. In this case, the pendulum will behave as if it is in a stationary frame of reference, and the deflection will follow a simple harmonic motion with a constant amplitude, similar to the case without any acceleration.
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The maximum speed a car can drive in a circle without sliding is limited by the friction force between tire and road surface. The coefficient of static friction between car tire and a circular track is 0.97. How long does it take a 2000-kg car to complete one circle if the car is driving at 85% of the maximum speed around this 100 m radius track? (Hint: find the maximum speed
first.) Is the answer different if the car mass is 3000 kg? Why?
It takes approximately 225.6 s for the 2000-kg car to complete one circle around this 100 m radius track and if the car mass is 3000 kg , then the maximum speed is different because the maximum speed a car can drive in a circle without sliding is independent of the car's mass. This is because the gravitational force on the car is balanced by the normal force from the road surface, which is proportional to the car's mass.
(a) The maximum speed for a car to drive in a circle without sliding is given as follows : Vmax=√(μRg)
where μ is the coefficient of static friction, R is the radius of the circle, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
So, we can substitute the given values to find
Vmax =√(0.97×100×9.8) = 31.05m/s
Now we can use the following equation to find the time it takes for the 2000-kg car to complete one circle :
T = 2πr/v = 2πr/(0.85×Vmax) where r is the radius of the circle.
We can substitute the given values and solve for T :
T=2π(100)/(0.85×31.05) = 225.6 s
Thus, it takes approximately 225.6 s for the 2000-kg car to complete one circle around this 100 m radius track.
(b) The answer is different if the car mass is 3000 kg because the maximum speed a car can drive in a circle without sliding is independent of the car's mass. This is because the gravitational force on the car is balanced by the normal force from the road surface, which is proportional to the car's mass.
Therefore, the answer to the previous part of the question remains the same regardless of the car's mass.
Thus, the correct answers are (a) 225.6 s (b) if the car mass is 3000 kg , then the maximum speed is different .
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Recently a spaceXs lunch vehicle was consting at a constant velocity of 15 m/s in the y direction relative to a space station. The pilot of the vehicle tres a special RCS reaction control system) thruster, which causes it to accelerate at 7 m/s in the direction. After as the pilot shuts off the RCS thruster. After the RCS thruster is turned off, find the magnitude of the vehicle's velocity in ex direction
The magnitude of the vehicle's velocity in the x-direction remains unchanged and is 0 m/s.
The magnitude of the vehicle's velocity in the x-direction can be determined by analyzing the given information. Since the vehicle was initially moving at a constant velocity of 15 m/s in the y-direction relative to the space station, we can conclude that there is no change in the x-direction velocity. The RCS thruster's acceleration in the y-direction does not affect the vehicle's velocity in the x-direction. The thruster's action solely contributes to the vehicle's change in velocity along the y-axis. Thus, even after the RCS thruster is turned off, the vehicle maintains its original velocity in the x-direction, resulting in a magnitude of 0 m/s.
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QUESTION 7 At an orange juice plant, orange juice pulp with a density of 1.25 g/mi passes through a pumping station where it is raised vertically by 575m at the rate 11,040.000 as per day. The liquid enters and leaves the pumping station at the same speed and through pass of opaal diameter. Determine the outpu mechanical power (in W) of the sit station fgnore any energy loss due to friction QUESTION An estimated force-time curve for a baseball struck by a bot is shown in the figure (file in Course Content) Let max 16,000 N. 15 ms, and th-2 ms. From this curve, determine the average force (in kN) exerted on the bal QUESTION 9 A billiard ball moving at 5.20 m/s strikes a stationary ball of the same mass. After the collision, the first ball moves at 4.41 m/s at an angle of respect to the original line of motion. Assuming an elastic collision (and ignoring friction and rotational motion), find the struck ball's speed after the collision QUESTION 10 3 points 5 points S points
As the liquid enters and leaves the pumping station at the same speed, it means that there is no net work done, and the output mechanical power of the sit station is zero (0).
The maximum force (Fmax) is 16,000 N, time is 15 ms, and t1/2 is 2 ms.From the graph, we can calculate the average force exerted on the baseball using the formula;Favg
= [tex]∆p/∆t[/tex]where ∆p
= mv - mu is the change in momentum, which can be calculated using the formula; ∆p
= m(v-u)
= F∆t, where F is the force and ∆t is the time.Favg
= [tex]F∆t/∆t[/tex]
= FThe average force exerted on the baseball is equal to the maximum force, Favg
= Fmax
= 16,000 N.Question 9:
The billiard ball moving at 5.20 m/s strikes a stationary ball of the same mass. After the collision, the first ball moves at 4.41 m/s at an angle of θ
= 37° to the original line of motion. Conservation of momentum and kinetic energy can be applied to solve this problem.Before the collision, the momentum of the system is given as;p
= mu + 0
= muAfter the collision, the momentum of the system is given as;p'
= m1v1' + m2v2'where v1' and v2' are the final velocities of the two balls, and m1 and m2 are the masses of the two balls.Using the conservation of momentum, we can equate these two expressions;p
= p'mu
= [tex]m1v1' + m2v2'... (1)[/tex]
Kinetic energy is also conserved in elastic collisions.
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In the circuit shown in (Figure 1). E = 64.0 V. R1 = 40.02 R2 = 28.02, and L = 0.320 H. Figure 1 of 1 E st a b w RI -W R2 c 0000 L d Part A Switch S is closed. At some time t afterward the current in the inductor is increasing at a rate of di/dt = 50.0 A/s. At this instant, what is the current in through R.? Express your answer in amperes. Vo AXO ? А Submit Request Answer Part B Switch S is closed. At some time t afterward the current in the inductor is increasing at a rate of di/dt = 50.0/1. At this instant, what is the current is through R? Express your answer in amperes, 10 AED ܗ ܕܙܶ А Submit Request Answer Part C After the switch has been closed a long time, it is opened again. Just after it is opened, what is the current through R; ? Express your answer in amperes. IVO AL ? A A Submit Request Answer Provide Feedback
The current through resistor R in the given circuit is 10.0 A when the switch is closed and the current in the inductor is increasing at a rate of 50.0 A/s. After the switch has been closed for a long time.
In the given circuit, we have E = 64.0 V, R1 = 40.02 Ω, R2 = 28.02 Ω, and L = 0.320 H.
When the switch is closed, the circuit reaches a steady-state condition. At this instant, the current through resistor R (I_R) can be calculated using Ohm's Law:
I_R = E / (R1 + R2)
Substituting the given values:
I_R = 64.0 V / (40.02 Ω + 28.02 Ω) = 10.0 A
So, the current through resistor R is 10.0 A.
The rate of change of current in the INDUCTOR (di/dt) is given as 50.0 A/s. Since the inductor opposes changes in current, the current through resistor R will also change at the same rate. the current through resistor R is increasing at a rate of 50.0 A/s.
After the switch has been closed for a long time, the inductor reaches a steady-state condition, and the current through it becomes constant. When the switch is opened again, the inductor behaves like a short circuit, and no current flows through it. Thus, the current through resistor R becomes zero (0.0 A) just after the switch is opened.
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Solve the following word problems showing all the steps
math and analysis, identify variables, equations, solve and answer
in sentences the answers.
Calculate the height of a building from which a person drops from the roof
a rock and it takes 5s to fall to the ground.
We are given the time that a rock falls from the roof of a building to the ground. We can use kinematic equations to determine the height of the building.
Let us assume that the rock is dropped from rest and air resistance is negligible. Identifying the variables: Let h be the height of the building (in meters). Let t be the time it takes for the rock to hit the ground (in seconds). Let g be the acceleration due to gravity (-9.81 m/s²). Let vi be the initial velocity of the rock (0 m/s). Let vf be the final velocity of the rock just before it hits the ground.
Let's write the kinematic equations: vf = vi + gt. Since the rock is dropped from rest, vi = 0, so the equation becomes:v f = gt. We can use this equation to find the final velocity of the rock:vf = gt = (-9.81 m/s²)(5 s) = -49.05 m/s. Since the final velocity is negative, this means that the rock is moving downwards with a speed of 49.05 m/s just before it hits the ground. Now we can use another kinematic equation to find the height of the building:h = vi t + 1/2 gt²Since the rock is dropped from rest, vi = 0, so the equation becomes:h = 1/2 gt²Plugging in the values:g = -9.81 m/s²t = 5 sh = 1/2 (-9.81 m/s²)(5 s)² = 122.625 m. The height of the building is 122.625 meters.Answer: The height of the building is 122.625 meters.
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A satellite in Earth orbit has a mass of 100 kg and is at an altitude of 2.00 × 10⁶m.(b) What is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the satellite?
The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the satellite is approximately 1.32 × 10⁴ N.
The gravitational force between two objects can be calculated using the formula:
F = G * (m1 * m2) / r²
where F is the gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant (approximately 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N m²/kg²), m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between their centers of mass.
In this case, the mass of the satellite (m1) is 100 kg, and the distance between the satellite and the center of the Earth (r) is the sum of the Earth's radius (6.37 × 10⁶ m) and the altitude of the satellite (2.00 × 10⁶ m), which equals 8.37 × 10⁶ m.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
F = (6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N m²/kg²) * (100 kg * 5.97 × 10²⁴ kg) / (8.37 × 10⁶ m)²
≈ 1.32 × 10⁴ N
The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on the satellite is approximately 1.32 × 10⁴ N. This force keeps the satellite in orbit around the Earth.
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A 36.1-kg block of ice at 0°C is sliding on a horizontal surface. The initial speed of the ice is 8.31 m/s and the final speed is 2.03 m/s. Assume that the part of the block that melts has a very small mass and that all the heat generated by kinetic friction goes into the block of ice, and determine the mass of ice that melts into water at 0 °C.
Answer:
The mass of ice that melts is 1.715 grams.
Explanation:
The kinetic friction force is responsible for slowing down the block of ice. The work done by the kinetic friction force is converted into heat, which melts some of the ice.
The amount of heat generated by kinetic friction can be calculated using the following equation:
Q = μk * m * g * d
Where:
Q is the amount of heat generated (in joules)
μk is the coefficient of kinetic friction (between ice and the surface)
m is the mass of the block of ice (in kilograms)
g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²)
d is the distance traveled by the block of ice (in meters)
We can use the following values in the equation:
μk = 0.02
m = 36.1 kg
g = 9.8 m/s²
d = (8.31 m/s - 2.03 m/s) * 10 = 62.7 m
Q = 0.02 * 36.1 kg * 9.8 m/s² * 62.7 m = 1715 J
This amount of heat is enough to melt 1.715 grams of ice.
Therefore, the mass of ice that melts is 1.715 grams.
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"All ""Edges"" are ""Boundaries"" within the visual field. True False
The statement "All ""Edges"" are ""Boundaries"" within the visual field" is indeed true.
Edges and boundaries can be distinguished from one another, but they are not mutually exclusive. Edges are areas where there is a sudden change in brightness or hue between neighboring areas. The boundaries are the areas that enclose objects or surfaces.
Edges are a sort of boundary since they separate one region of the image from another. Edges are often utilized to identify objects and extract object-related information from images. Edges provide vital information for characterizing the contours of objects in an image and are required for tasks such as image segmentation and object recognition.
In the visual field, all edges serve as boundaries since they separate the area of the image that has a specific color or brightness from that which has another color or brightness. Therefore, the given statement is true, i.e. All ""Edges"" are ""Boundaries"" within the visual field.
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What is the separation between two slits for which 635 nm light has its first minimum at an angle of 30.3°?
To find the separation between two slits that causes the first minimum of 635 nm light to occur at a specific angle, we can use the formula for double-slit interference. By rearranging the formula and substituting the known values, we can calculate the separation between the slits.
The formula for double-slit interference is given by:
sin(θ) = m * λ / d
Where:
θ is the angle at which the first minimum occurs
m is the order of the minimum (in this case, m = 1)
λ is the wavelength of light
d is the separation between the slits
By rearranging the formula and substituting the known values (θ = 30.3°, λ = 635 nm, m = 1), we can solve for the separation between the slits (d). This will give us the required distance between the slits to achieve the first minimum at the given angle for 635 nm light.
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Determine the number of moles of oxygen gas in the following
container.
The container holds 2.90 m3 at 17.84oF and
an a gauge pressure of 16.63kPa.
The number of moles of oxygen gas in the container is determined by the ideal gas law, using the given volume, temperature, and pressure 0.993 moles.
To determine the number of moles of oxygen gas in the container, we can use the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
First, let's convert the given temperature from Fahrenheit to Kelvin:
T(K) = (T(°F) + 459.67) × (5/9)
T(K) = (17.84 + 459.67) × (5/9)
T(K) ≈ 259.46 K
Next, we convert the given pressure from kilopascals (kPa) to pascals (Pa):
P(Pa) = P(kPa) × 1000
P(Pa) = 16.63 kPa × 1000
P(Pa) = 16630 Pa
Now, we can rearrange the ideal gas law equation to solve for n (number of moles):
n = PV / RT
Substituting the known values:
n = (16630 Pa) × (2.90 m³) / ((8.314 J/(mol·K)) × (259.46 K))
Simplifying the equation:
n ≈ 0.993 moles
Therefore, the number of moles of oxygen gas in the container is approximately 0.993 moles.
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2) A woman stands on the edge of a cliff and throws a 0.6-kg stone vertically downward with an initial speed of 10 m/s. The instant before the stone hits the ground below, it has 350 J of kinetic energy. Find the height of the cliff(10 points). If she were to throw the stone horizontally outward from the cliff with the same initial speed of 10 m/s, how much kinetic energy would it have just before it hits the ground (10 points)?
(a) The height of the cliff is 59.3 meters.
(b) If the stone is thrown horizontally outward, it will have 350 J of kinetic energy just before hitting the ground.
To calculate the height of the cliff, we can use the principle of conservation of mechanical energy.
(a) When the stone is thrown vertically downward, it undergoes free fall and its initial kinetic energy is converted into potential energy as it reaches the ground.
The initial kinetic energy of the stone is given as 350 J. At the highest point of its trajectory, all of this kinetic energy is converted into potential energy.
Using the equation for potential energy:
Potential Energy = mgh
where m is the mass of the stone (0.6 kg), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²), and h is the height of the cliff.
Solving for h, we have:
h = Potential Energy / (mg)
h = 350 J / (0.6 kg × 9.8 m/s²) ≈ 59.3 meters
Therefore, the height of the cliff is approximately 59.3 meters.
(b) When the stone is thrown horizontally outward from the cliff, it follows a projectile motion. The initial kinetic energy of the stone remains the same, but it is entirely in the form of horizontal kinetic energy.
The vertical component of the stone's velocity does not affect its kinetic energy. Therefore, the stone will have the same amount of kinetic energy just before hitting the ground as in the previous case, which is 350 J.
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Jenny has conducted a virtual lab experiment using a simulation and completed associated lab assignment, In the simulation she colded two balsat 100% stoty 50% elasticity and 0% elasticity For each elasticity setting, she measured the initial before collision) and final (after collision) velocities of each ball and recorded in the datatable. For analysis, sho calculated the total initial momentum and total final momentum of the balls. She also calculated total initial and final kinetic energies. All calculations are recorded in the results tables. Al the end of the analysis, the compared the initial momentum to final momentum, and initial kinetic energy to final energy Which of the following cannot be considered as the purpose objactive of this experiment? test the conservation of momentum test the conservation of kinetic energy understand the effect of gravity on collisions classify the colision types study the plastic and inelastic collisions
The objective that cannot be considered as the purpose of this experiment is to understand the effect of gravity on collisions.
The purpose objectives of the experiment can be identified as follows:
1. Test the conservation of momentum.
2. Test the conservation of kinetic energy.
4. Classify the collision types.
5. Study plastic and inelastic collisions.
The objective that cannot be considered as the purpose of this experiment is:
3. Understand the effect of gravity on collisions.
The experiment primarily focuses on momentum and kinetic energy conservation and the classification of collision types, rather than specifically studying the effect of gravity on collisions.
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A 43 kg crate full of very cute baby chicks is placed on an incline that is 31° below the horizontal. The crate is connected to a spring that is anchored to a vertical wall, such that the spring is
parallel to the surface of the incline. (a) ( ) If the crate was connected to the spring at equilibrium length, and then allowed to stretch the spring until the crate comes to rest, determine the spring constant. Assume
that the incline is frictionless and that the change in length of the spring is 1.13 m. (b) If there is friction between the incline and the crate, would the spring stretch more, or less than if the incline is frictionless? You must use concepts pertaining to work
and energy to receive full credit
(a) The spring constant is calculated to be (2 * 43 kg * 9.8 m/s^2 * 1.13 m * sin(31°)) / (1.13 m)^2, using the given values.
(b) If there is friction between the incline and the crate, the spring would stretch less compared to a frictionless incline due to the additional work required to overcome friction.
(a) To determine the spring constant, we can use the concept of potential energy stored in the spring. When the crate is at rest, the gravitational potential energy is converted into potential energy stored in the spring.
The gravitational potential energy can be calculated as:
PE_gravity = m * g * h
where m is the mass of the crate (43 kg), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s^2), and h is the vertical height of the incline.
h = L * sin(theta)
where L is the change in length of the spring (1.13 m) and theta is the angle of the incline (31°). Therefore, h = 1.13 m * sin(31°).
The potential energy stored in the spring can be calculated as:
PE_spring = (1/2) * k * x^2
where k is the spring constant and x is the change in length of the spring (1.13 m).
Since the crate comes to rest, the potential energy stored in the spring is equal to the gravitational potential energy:
PE_gravity = PE_spring
m * g * h = (1/2) * k * x^2
Solving for k, we have:
k = (2 * m * g * h) / x^2
Substituting the given values, we can calculate the spring constant.
(b) If there is friction between the incline and the crate, the spring would stretch less than if the incline were frictionless. The presence of friction would result in additional work being done to overcome the frictional force, which reduces the amount of work done in stretching the spring. As a result, the spring would stretch less in the presence of friction compared to a frictionless incline.
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1. Pressure is described as ___ per unit area. a. Flow b. Pounds c. Force d. Inches 2. Pressure is increased when: a. The number of molecules per unit area is decreased Heavier molecules per unit area are introduced b. c. Molecules begin to move faster d. The number of molecules are spread out over a larger ur 3. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is__ _psia? a. 0 b. 2 C. 14.7 d. 27.73
1. Pressure is described as ___ per unit area.
a. Flow
b. Pounds
c. Force
d. Inches
The correct answer is c. Force. Pressure is the force exerted per unit area.
2. Pressure is increased when:
a. The number of molecules per unit area is decreased
b. Heavier molecules per unit area are introduced
c. Molecules begin to move faster
d. The number of molecules are spread out over a larger area
The correct answer is c. Molecules begin to move faster. When molecules move faster, they collide with surfaces more frequently and with greater force, resulting in an increase in pressure.
Atmospheric pressure at sea level is __ psia?
a. 0
b. 2
c. 14.7
d. 27.73
The correct answer is c. 14.7. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia).
The circuit shown has been connected for a long time. If C= 3 uF and = 18 V, then calculate the charge Q (in µC) in the capacitor. ww www 122 13.2 14.4 9.6 07.2 10.8 E 4Ω
The charge Q in the capacitor can be calculated using the formula Q = C * V, where C is the capacitance and V is the voltage across the capacitor. In this case, with a capacitance of 3 uF and a voltage of 18 V, the charge Q in the capacitor is 54 µC.
The charge Q in a capacitor is directly proportional to the capacitance C and the voltage V across the capacitor. The formula to calculate the charge in a capacitor is Q = C * V.
Here, the capacitance C is given as 3 uF (microfarads) and the voltage V is 18 V. To find the charge Q, we simply multiply the capacitance and voltage values: Q = 3 uF * 18 V.
To perform the calculation, we need to ensure that the units are consistent. First, we convert the capacitance from microfarads (uF) to farads (F). Since 1 F is equal to 1,000,000 uF, 3 uF is equal to 3 *[tex]10^{-6}[/tex] F. Plugging this value into the formula, we get: Q = 3 * [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] F * 18 V.
Simplifying the expression, we have Q = 54 * [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] C. To convert the charge from coulombs (C) to microcoulombs (µC), we multiply by 10^6. Thus, Q = 54 * [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] C * 10^6 = 54 µC.
Therefore, the charge Q in the capacitor is 54 µC.
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Electrons from the main beam at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center can reach speeds as large as 0.9999999997 c. Let these electrons enter a detector 1 m long. Calculate the length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles.
The length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles is 0.010129 m.
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is a research institute that has developed an accelerator to generate high-energy electron and positron beams. These beams are then collided with each other or a fixed target to investigate subatomic particles and their properties. The electrons at this facility can reach a velocity of 0.9999999997 c.
The length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles is calculated as follows:Let’s start by calculating the velocity of the electrons. V= 0.9999999997 c.
Velocity can be defined as distance traveled per unit time. Hence, it is necessary to use the Lorentz factor to calculate the length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles.
Lorentz factor γ is given byγ = 1 / √(1 – v²/c²)where v is the velocity of the particle and c is the speed of light.γ = 1 / √(1 – (0.9999999997c)²/c²)γ = 98.7887
Now that we have the value of γ, we can calculate the length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles.The length of the detector as seen by an observer at rest is L = 1 m.
So, the length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles is given byL' = L / γL' = 1 m / 98.7887L' = 0.010129 m
Therefore, the length of the detector in the rest frame of one of the particles is 0.010129 m.
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Required information Sheena can row a boat at 200 mihin still water. She needs to cross a river that is 1.20 mi wide with a current flowing at 1.80 mi/h. Not having her calculator ready, she guesses that to go straight across, she should head upstream at an angle of 25.0" from the direction straight across the river. What is her speed with respect to the starting point on the bank? mih
Sheena's speed with respect to the starting point on the bank is approximately 183.06 mph.
To find Sheena's speed with respect to the starting point on the bank, we can use vector addition.
Let's break down Sheena's velocity into two components: one component parallel to the river's current (upstream) and one component perpendicular to the river's current (crossing).
1. Component parallel to the river's current (upstream):
Since Sheena is heading upstream at an angle of 25.0° from the direction straight across the river, we can calculate the component of her velocity parallel to the current using trigonometry.
Component parallel = Sheena's speed * cos(angle)
Given Sheena's speed in still water is 200 mph, the component parallel to the river's current is:
Component parallel = 200 mph * cos(25.0°)
2. Component perpendicular to the river's current (crossing):
The component perpendicular to the river's current is equal to the current's speed because Sheena wants to cross the river directly.
Component perpendicular = Current's speed
Given the current's speed is 1.80 mph, the component perpendicular to the river's current is:
Component perpendicular = 1.80 mph
Now, we can calculate Sheena's speed with respect to the starting point on the bank by adding the two components together:
Sheena's speed = Component parallel + Component perpendicular
Sheena's speed = (200 mph * cos(25.0°)) + 1.80 mph
Calculating the values:
Sheena's speed = (200 mph * 0.9063) + 1.80 mph
Sheena's speed = 181.26 mph + 1.80 mph
Sheena's speed ≈ 183.06 mph
Therefore, Sheena's speed with respect to the starting point on the bank is approximately 183.06 mph.
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Answer: A student conducts an experiment to investigate how the resistance of a resistor R (c) the electric circuit shown in Figure 11 affects the current flowing in the circuit. 1H R switch Figure 11 The ammeter readings for different values of the resistance are recorded in Table 1 Resistance / Q Current / A 1 4 2 2 3 1.3 4 Table 1 (i) Complete Table 1. (ii) The student keeps one condition constant in the experiment. Which condition is it? Answer: (iii) What conclusion can the student draw from Table 1?
A student conducts an experiment to investigate how the resistance of a resistor R (c) the electric circuit shown in Figure 11 affects the current flowing in the circuit.
The ammeter readings for different values of the resistance are recorded in Table 1Resistance / QCurrent / A14 223 1.34Table 1
(i) Complete Table 1.The completed table will be;
Resistance / QCurrent / A11 42 23 1.33 1.3 4Table 1
(ii) The student keeps one condition constant in the experiment. The condition that the student keeps constant is the current in the circuit. The current remains constant for all the values of resistance used in the experiment.
(iii) The conclusion that the student can draw from Table 1 is; As the resistance in the circuit increases, the current in the circuit decreases. The relationship between the resistance and current in the circuit is an inverse relationship.
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A diverging lens has a focal length of -30.0 cm. Locate the images for each of the following object distances. For each case, state whether the image is real or virtual and upright or inverted, and find the magnification. (a) 60.0 cm cm --Location of image-- O real, erect O real, inverted O virtual, erect O virtual, inverted X cm|--Location of image-- cm --Location of image-- magnification (b) 30.0 cm O real, erect O real, inverted O virtual, erect O virtual, inverted magnification (c) 15.0 cm O real, erect O real, inverted O virtual, erect O virtual, inverted magnification
(a) Object distance = 60.0 cm:Image location = 20.0 cm, Virtual, Upright, Magnification = -1/3. (b) Object distance = 30.0 cm. C) The image distance is 15.0 cm.
Image To locate the images formed by a diverging lens and determine their characteristics, we can use the lens formula and the magnification formula. The lens formula is given by: 1/f = 1/dₒ - 1/dᵢ where f is the focal length of the lens, dₒ is the object distance, and dᵢ is the image distance.The magnification formula is given by: magnification = -dᵢ/dₒ where magnification represents the ratio of the image height to the object height.
Let's analyze each case:
(a) Object distance = 60.0 cm ,Using the lens formula: 1/f = 1/dₒ - 1/dᵢ
Substituting the given values: 1/-30.0 = 1/60.0 - 1/dᵢ
Solving for dᵢ: 1/dᵢ = 1/60.0 - 1/-30.0
1/dᵢ = (1 - (-2))/60.0
1/dᵢ = 3/60.0
dᵢ = 20.0 cm
The image distance is 20.0 cm.
The characteristics of the image:- Image is virtual (since the image distance is positive for a diverging lens). Image is upright (since the magnification is positive). Magnification = -dᵢ/dₒ = -20.0/60.0 = -1/3.
(b) Object distance = 30.0 cm,Using the lens formula:1/f = 1/dₒ - 1/dᵢ
Substituting the given values:1/-30.0 = 1/30.0 - 1/dᵢ,
Solving for dᵢ:1/dᵢ = 1/30.0 - 1/-30.0
1/dᵢ = (1 + 1)/30.0
1/dᵢ = 2/30.0
dᵢ = 15.0 cm
The image distance is 15.0 cm. The characteristics of the image: - Image is real (since the image distance is negative for a diverging lens). Image is inverted (since the magnification is negative). Magnification = -dᵢ/dₒ = -15.0/30.0 = -1/2.
(c) Object distance = 15.0 cm,Using the lens formula:1/f = 1/dₒ - 1/dᵢ,Substituting the given values:1/-30.0 = 1/15.0 - 1/dᵢ
Solving for dᵢ:1/dᵢ = 1/15.0 - 1/-30.0
1/dᵢ = (2 - 1)/15.0
1/dᵢ = 1/15.0
dᵢ = 15.0 cm
The image distance is 15.0 cm.
The characteristics of the image:- Image is real (since the image distance is negative for a diverging lens). Image is inverted (since the magnification is negative).Magnification = -dᵢ/dₒ = -15.0/15.0 = -1.
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A 2.00-nF capacitor with an initial charge of 4.64 μC is discharged through a 1.82-kn resistor. dQ (a) Calculate the current in the resistor 9.00 us after the resistor is connected across the terminals of the capacitor. (Let the positive direction of the current be define such that > 0.) dt mA (b) What charge remains on the capacitor after 8.00 µs? UC (c) What is the (magnitude of the) maximum current in the resistor? An uncharged capacitor and a resistor are connected in series to a source of emf. If E = 10.0 V, C = 24.0 μF, and R = 100 , find the following. (a) the time constant of the circuit 2.4 ms (b) the maximum charge on the capacitor 240 UC (c) the charge on the capacitor at a time equal to one time constant after the battery is connected μc
1. (a) The current in the resistor 9.00 µs after it is connected across the terminals of the capacitor is 2.32 mA.
(b) The charge remaining on the capacitor after 8.00 µs is 1.44 μC.
(c) The magnitude of the maximum current in the resistor is 1.27 mA.
2.
(a) The time constant of the circuit is 2.4 ms.
(b) The maximum charge on the capacitor is 240 μC.
(c) The charge on the capacitor at a time equal to one time constant after the battery is connected is 88.0 μC.
What is the current in the resistor?(a) Using the equation for the discharge of a capacitor in an RC circuit to calculate the current in the resistor 9.00 µs after it is connected across the terminals of the capacitor:
I(t) = (Q0 / C) * e^(-t / RC)
where:
I(t) is the current at time t
Q0 is the initial charge on the capacitor
C is the capacitance
R is the resistance
t is the time
Given:
Q0 = 4.64 μC
C = 2.00 nF = 2.00 * 10^-9 F
R = 1.82 kΩ = 1.82 * 10^3 Ω
t = 9.00 µs = 9.00 * 10^-6 s
Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the current:
I(t) = (4.64 μC / 2.00 nF) * e^(-9.00 µs / (1.82 kΩ * 2.00 nF))
I(t) ≈ 2.32 mA
(b) To find the charge remaining on the capacitor after 8.00 µs, we can use the formula:
Q(t) = Q0 * e^(-t / RC)
Given:
Q0 = 4.64 μC
C = 2.00 nF
R = 1.82 kΩ
t = 8.00 µs
Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the charge remaining:
Q(t) = 4.64 μC * e^(-8.00 µs / (1.82 kΩ * 2.00 nF))
Q(t) ≈ 1.44 μC
(c) The magnitude of the maximum current in the resistor is given by:
Imax = Q0 / (RC)
Given:
Q0 = 4.64 μC
C = 2.00 nF
R = 1.82 kΩ
Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the maximum current:
Imax = 4.64 μC / (1.82 kΩ * 2.00 nF)
Imax ≈ 1.27 mA
For the second part of your question:
(a) The time constant of the circuit is given by the product of resistance and capacitance:
τ = RC
Given:
R = 100 Ω
C = 24.0 μF = 24.0 * 10^-6 F
Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the time constant:
τ = 100 Ω * 24.0 * 10^-6 F
τ = 2.4 ms
(b) The maximum charge on the capacitor is given by the product of emf and capacitance:
Qmax = EC
Given:
E = 10.0 V
C = 24.0 μF
Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the maximum charge:
Qmax = 10.0 V * 24.0 * 10^-6 F
Qmax = 240 μC
Therefore, the maximum charge on the capacitor is 240 μC.
(c) The charge on the capacitor at a time equal to one time constant after the battery is connected is approximately 63.2% of the maximum charge:
Q(τ) = Qmax * e^(-1)
Given:
Qmax = 240 μC
Substituting the given values into the equation, we can calculate the charge at one time constant:
Q(τ) = 240 μC * e^(-1)
Q(τ) ≈ 88.0 μC
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A lead bullet with is fired at 66.0 m/s into a wood block and comes to rest inside the block. Suppose one quarter of the kinetic energy goes to the wood and the rest goes to the bullet, what do you expect the bullet's temperature to change by? The specific heat of lead is 128 J/kg ∙ K.
Group of answer choices
1.10 K
0.940 K
2.78 K
12.8 K
1.26 K
To calculate the change in temperature of the lead bullet, we need to determine the amount of energy transferred to the bullet and then use the specific heat capacity of lead. Calculating the expression, the change in temperature (ΔT) of the lead bullet is approximately 0.940 K.
We are given the initial velocity of the bullet, v = 66.0 m/s.
One quarter (1/4) of the kinetic energy goes to the wood, while the rest goes to the bullet.
Specific heat capacity of lead, c = 128 J/kg ∙ K.
First, let's find the kinetic energy of the bullet. The kinetic energy (KE) can be calculated using the formula: KE = (1/2) * m * v^2.
Since the mass of the bullet is not provided, we'll assume a mass of 1 kg for simplicity.
KE_bullet = (1/2) * 1 kg * (66.0 m/s)^2.
Next, let's calculate the energy transferred to the bullet: Energy_transferred_to_bullet = (3/4) * KE_bullet.
Now we can calculate the change in temperature of the bullet using the formula: ΔT = Energy_transferred_to_bullet / (m * c).
Since the mass of the bullet is 1 kg, we have: ΔT = Energy_transferred_to_bullet / (1 kg * 128 J/kg ∙ K).
Substituting the values: ΔT = [(3/4) * KE_bullet] / (1 kg * 128 J/kg ∙ K).
Evaluate the expression to find the change in temperature (ΔT) of the lead bullet.
Calculating the expression, the change in temperature (ΔT) of the lead bullet is approximately 0.940 K.
Therefore, the expected change in temperature of the bullet is 0.940 K.
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A sinusoidal voltage Δv = 37.5 sin(100t), where Δv is in volts and t is in seconds, is applied to a series RLC circuit with L = 140 mH, C = 99.0 µF, and R = 59.0 Ω.
(a) What is the impedance (in Ω) of the circuit? Ω
(b) What is the maximum current (in A)? A
(c) Determine the numerical value for (in rad/s) in the equation i = Imax sin(t − ). rad/s
(d) Determine the numerical value for (in rad) in the equation i = Imax sin(t − ). rad
(e) What If? For what value of the inductance (in H) in the circuit would the current lag the voltage by the same angle as that found in part (d)?
(f) What would be the maximum current (in A) in the circuit in this case?
Impedance = 130.19 ΩMaximum current = 0.20 A Angular frequency = 628.32 rad/sPhase shift = 2.20 × 10−4 radInductance = 0.015 HMaximum current = 0.26 A
(a)Impedance =Z = R + Xc − XlWhere,Xc = 1 / (2πfc) = 1 / (2π(100)(99.0 × 10−6)) = 159.15 ΩXl = 2πfL = 2π(100)(140 × 10−3) = 87.96 ΩSo,Z = 59.0 + 159.15 − 87.96 = 130.19 Ω
(b)Maximum current,Imax = Δv/Z = (37.5 / √2) / 130.19 = 0.20 A
(c)The impedance angle is given by,θ = tan-1((Xl - Xc)/R) Where,Xc = 159.15 ΩXl = 87.96 ΩR = 59.0 ΩSo,θ = tan-1((87.96 - 159.15)/59.0) = -54.67°Now,ω = 2πf = 2π(100) = 628.32 rad/s
So,i = Imax sin(ωt + θ) = 0.20 sin(628.32t - 54.67°)
(d)The time difference angle between the voltage and current is θ. Therefore, we have,θ = 100t - φWhere,φ = time difference / angular frequency = (time difference × 2πf) = φ / ωSo,φ = -54.67° / 180° × π / 628.32 rad/s = 2.20 × 10−4 rad
Now,i = Imax sin(ωt - φ) = 0.20 sin(628.32t - 0.000220 rad)(e)For the current to lag the voltage by 2.20 × 10−4 rad, we need an impedance angle of −54.67°. We can find this angle as,θ = tan-1((Xl - Xc)/R)
Where,Xc = 1 / (2πfc) = 1 / (2π(100)(99.0 × 10−6)) = 159.15 ΩR = 59.0 ΩSo,−54.67° = tan-1((Xl - 159.15)/59.0)So,Xl = Rtan(θ) + Xc = (59.0)tan(-54.67°) + 159.15 = 9.41 Ω
Hence, the required inductance is,L = Xl / (2πf) = 9.41 / (2π × 100) = 0.015 H(f)
Maximum current,Imax = Δv / Z = (37.5 / √2) / 107.11 = 0.26 A
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Jane goes out for a run. She runs 10 miles West for 2 hours, then she stops suddenly and turns and runs North for 30 minutes while speeding up at a rate of 4.0×10 ^−3 [ m/s 2
]. She stops again, then runs with constant velocity of 5[ m/s] at 40 degrees North of East for 5 miles. HINT: you MUST draw a picture and choose a vector basis. a) Convert all quantities given to SI units. Must show work! b) Write out the displacement vector for each leg of the trip in vector notation. c) Find Jane's average velocity for the entire run. d) Find Jane's average speed for the entire run.
c) Jane's average velocity for the entire run cannot be determined without the values of the angle and acceleration for the Northward leg.
d) Jane's average speed for the entire run is the total distance traveled (16093.4 + 8046.7) meters divided by the total time taken (7200 + 1800) seconds.
a) Converting the given quantities to SI units:
1 mile = 1609.34 meters
10 miles = 10 * 1609.34 meters = 16093.4 meters
2 hours = 2 * 3600 seconds = 7200 seconds
30 minutes = 30 * 60 seconds = 1800 seconds
5 miles = 5 * 1609.34 meters = 8046.7 meters
b) Displacement vectors for each leg of the trip:
1. Westward leg: Displacement vector = -16093.4 meters * i (since it is in the West direction)
2. Northward leg: Displacement vector = (30 minutes * 60 seconds * 5.0 x 10^-3 m/s^2 * (0.5 * 1800 seconds)^2) * j (since it is in the North direction and speeding up)
3. Eastward leg: Displacement vector = 8046.7 meters * cos(40 degrees) * i + 8046.7 meters * sin(40 degrees) * j (since it is at an angle of 40 degrees North of East)
c) Jane's average velocity for the entire run:
To find the average velocity, we need to calculate the total displacement and divide it by the total time.
Total displacement = Sum of individual displacement vectors
Total time = Sum of individual time intervals
Average velocity = Total displacement / Total time
d) Jane's average speed for the entire run:
Average speed = Total distance / Total time
Note: Average velocity considers both the magnitude and direction of motion, while average speed only considers the magnitude.
Please calculate the values for parts c) and d) using the provided information and formulas.
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Question 10 Bi-214 has a half-life of 19.7 minutes. A sample of 100g of Bi-124 is present initially. What mass of Bi-124 remains 98.5 minutes later? a A. 6.25 g B. 19,7 g C. 3.125g D. 20 g
10 Bi-214 has a half-life of 19.7 minutes. A sample of 100g of Bi-124 is present initially, the mass of Bi-124 remains 98.5 minutes later is C. 3.125g.
The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for the quantity of that substance to reduce to half of its original quantity. In this case, we are looking at the half-life of Bi-214, which is 19.7 minutes. This means that if we start with 100g of Bi-214, after 19.7 minutes, we will have 50g left. After another 19.7 minutes, we will have 25g left, and so on. Now, we are asked to find out what mass of Bi-214 remains after 98.5 minutes.
We can do this by calculating the number of half-lives that have passed, and then multiplying the initial mass by the fraction remaining after that many half-lives. In this case, we have: 98.5 / 19.7 = 5 half-lives.
So, after 5 half-lives, the fraction remaining is (1/2)^5 = 1/32.
Therefore, the mass remaining is: 100g x 1/32 = 3.125g. Hence, the correct option is C. 3.125g.
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Part A The exhausterature of a neat age is 220 C Wust be the high temeture Camiciency is to be Express your answer using two significant figures 2 EVO ANO T: 406 Submit Pretul Aww Best Aswat X Incorrect; Try Again: 2 attempts remaining
The high temperature efficiency of the neat engine is 39%. Given the exhausterature of a neat age is 220°C. We have to calculate the high temperature Camiciency using two significant figures. The formula for calculating efficiency is:
Efficiency = (Useful energy output / Energy input) × 100%
Where, Energy input = Heat supplied to the engine Useful energy output = Work done by the engine
We know that the exhausterature of a neat age is 220°C. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a heat engine depends on the temperature of the hot and cold reservoirs. The efficiency of a heat engine is given by:
Efficiency = (1 - Tc / Th) × 100% where, Tc = Temperature of cold reservoir in Kelvin Th = Temperature of hot reservoir in Kelvin The efficiency can be expressed in decimal or percentage.
We can use this formula to find the high temperature efficiency of a neat engine if we know the temperature of the cold reservoir. However, this formula does not account for the internal friction, heat loss, or any other inefficiencies. Thus, the actual efficiency of an engine will always be lower than the maximum theoretical efficiency.
Let's assume the temperature of the cold reservoir to be 25°C (298 K).
Th = (220 + 273) K = 493 K
Now, efficiency, η = (1 - Tc / Th) × 100%
= (1 - 298 / 493) × 100%
= 39.46%
≈ 39%
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Unpolarised light passes through two polaroid sheets. The axis
of the first is horizontal, and that of the second is 50◦ above the
horizontal. What percentage of the initial light is
transmitted?
Unpolarised light passes through two polaroid sheets. The axisof the first is horizontal, and that of the second is 50◦ above the horizontal. Approximately 75.6% of the initial light is transmitted through the two polaroid sheets.
When unpolarized light passes through two polaroid sheets with different orientations, the percentage of light transmitted can be determined using Malus' law.
Malus' law states that the intensity of transmitted light (I) through a polarizing filter is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle (θ) between the polarization direction of the filter and the direction of the incident light.
Given:
Axis of the first polaroid sheet: Horizontal
Axis of the second polaroid sheet: 50° above the horizontal
To calculate the percentage of the initial light transmitted, we need to find the angle between the polarization directions of the two sheets.
The angle between the two polarizing axes is 50°. Let's denote this angle as θ.
According to Malus' law, the intensity of transmitted light through the two polaroid sheets is given by:
I_transmitted = I_initial × cos²(θ)
Since the initial light is unpolarized, its intensity is evenly distributed in all directions. Therefore, the initial intensity (I_initial) is the same in all directions.
The percentage of the initial light transmitted is then given by:
Percentage transmitted = (I_transmitted / I_initial) × 100
Substituting the values into the equations, we have:
Percentage transmitted = cos²(50°) ×100
Calculating the value:
Percentage transmitted ≈ 75.6%
Therefore, approximately 75.6% of the initial light is transmitted through the two polaroid sheets.
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True or False
Coulomb's Law refers exclusively to point charges.
The given statement Coulomb's Law applies to point charges, as well as to charged objects that can be treated as point charges is false.
In its original form, Coulomb's Law describes the electrostatic force between two point charges. However, the law can also be used to approximate the electrostatic interaction between charged objects when their sizes are much smaller compared to the distance between them. In such cases, the charged objects can be effectively treated as point charges, and Coulomb's Law can be applied to calculate the electrostatic force between them.
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Ohanian H.C. Classical el... X 1. M. VISLIO anu w. L. mains, Am. J. rnys. 47, (1919). • Problems 1. Calculate the ratio of the strengths of the electric and gravitational forces between an electron and proton placed some distance apart.
The ratio of the strengths of the electric and gravitational forces between an electron and proton placed some distance apart is approximately 2.3 × 10³⁹. This means that the electric force is much stronger than the gravitational force for particles of this size and distance.
The ratio of the strengths of the electric and gravitational forces between an electron and proton placed some distance apart can be calculated using the formula for electric force and the formula for gravitational force, as shown below:
The electric force (Fe) between two charged objects can be calculated using the formula:
Fe = kq₁q₂/r²
where k is Coulomb's constant (k = 9 × 10⁹ Nm²/C²), q₁ and q₂ are the magnitudes of the charges on the two objects, and r is the distance between them.
On the other hand, the gravitational force (Fg) between two objects with masses m₁ and m₂ can be calculated using the formula:
Fg = Gm₁m₂/r²
where G is the universal gravitational constant (G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ Nm₂/kg²).
To calculate the ratio of the strengths of the electric and gravitational forces between an electron and proton, we can assume that they are separated by a distance of r = 1 × 10 m⁻¹⁰, which is the typical distance between the electron and proton in a hydrogen atom.
We can also assume that the magnitudes of the charges on the electron and proton are equal but opposite
(q₁ = -q₂ = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C). Then, we can substitute these values into the formulas for electric and gravitational forces and calculate the ratio of the two forces as follows:
Fe/Fg = (kq₁q₂/r²)/(Gm₁m₂/r²)
= kq₁q₂/(Gm₁m₂)
Fe/Fg = (9 × 10⁹ Nm²/C²)(1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C)²/(6.67 × 10-11 Nm²/kg²)(9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg)(1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg)
Fe/Fg = 2.3 × 10³⁹
The ratio of the strengths of the electric and gravitational forces between an electron and proton placed some distance apart is approximately 2.3 × 10³⁹. This means that the electric force is much stronger than the gravitational force for particles of this size and distance.
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