A series of genetic diseases collectively referred to as sickle cell disease includes sickle cell anemia. Red blood cells, which deliver oxygen to every region of the body, are affected in terms of structure.
Normal hemoglobin-containing red blood cells are smooth, disk-shaped, and malleable, like doughnuts without holes. They are easily able to cross blood vessels. Sickle cell hemoglobin-containing cells are rigid and sticky.
When they run out of oxygen, they take the form of a sickle or a crescent, similar to the letter C. These cells adhere to one another and have a hard time passing via blood arteries.
Small blood arteries and the flow of healthy, regular, oxygen-carrying blood may be obstructed by this. The obstruction may be painful.
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based on the data collected 10 years later, is this population of finches currently evolving? how do you know?
Option 1 is the correct answer ( yes because more individuals in the population exhibit the SS genotype than would be expected if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
If the allele and genotype frequencies of a population remain same generation after generation then the population will remain in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and we can say that the population is not evolving.At the beginning the the number of individuals with SS genotype (short beak) is 321, the number of individuals with LL genotype (long beak) is 245 and the number of individuals with SL genotype (medium beak) is 562. The total population size is 1128.
So, the genotype frequency of SS individuals = [tex]\frac{321}{1128}[/tex] = 0.28
The genotype frequency of LL individuals = [tex]\frac{245}{1128}[/tex] = 0.22
The genotype frequency of SL individuals = [tex]\frac{562}{1128}[/tex] = 0.5
After 10 years the total population size becomes 1346. The number of individuals with SS genotype (short beak) becomes 452, the number of individuals with LL genotype (long beak) is 195 and the number of individuals with SL genotype (medium beak) is 699.
So, the genotype frequency of SS individuals = [tex]\frac{452}{1346}[/tex] = 0.34
The genotype frequency of LL individuals =[tex]\frac{195}{1346}[/tex] = 0.14
The genotype frequency of SL individuals = [tex]\frac{699}{1346}[/tex] = 0.52As the genotype frequency of each genotypes will be changed after 10 years that means we can say that the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. So, evolution occurs in this population.
The genotype frequency of SS genotype increased after 10 years that means more individuals with short beak and SS genotype at present in the population after 10 years of evolution.
option 1 is the right answer.
Other incorrect options are:
2. As the genotype frequencies are not remain same, that means the population will not remain in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
3. After 10 years the number of individuals with genotype SS becomes increased, not decreased and it causes evolution of the population.
4. After 10 years of evolution the number of individuals with genotype LL becomes decreased, not increased.
Question )-
In a certain population of finches, a single gene controls beak length. There are two possible alleles: S, which leads to a short beak, and L, which leads to a long beak. Individuals with the genotype SS will have a short beak, individuals with the genotype LL will have a long beak, and individuals with the genotype SL will have a medium-length beak. Scientists measure that in this population of 1,128 total birds, 321 birds have short beaks, 562 have medium-length beaks, and 245 have long beaks.Ten years later, the measurements are repeated. This time, there were 1,346 birds in the population. 452 have short beaks, 699 have medium-length beaks, and 195 have long beaks.Based on the data collected 10 years later, is this population of finches currently evolving? How do you know?
A. yes because more individuals in the population exhibit the SS genotype than would be expected if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
B. no because the number of individuals that exhibit the SL genotype matches what would be expected if the population was in in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
C. no because fewer individuals in the population exhibit the SS genotype than would be expected if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
D. yes because more individuals in the population exhibit the LL genotype than would be expected if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? phospholipids and cellulose nucleic acids and proteins phospholipids and proteins proteins and cellulose
The types of molecules that are the major structural components of the cell membrane are phospholipids and proteins.
The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer composed mainly of phospholipids, which are arranged in a double layer with their hydrophobic tails facing inward and their hydrophilic heads facing outward.
Proteins are also important components of the cell membrane, and they play a variety of roles including acting as channels for the transport of ions and other small molecules, serving as enzymes or receptors, and helping to maintain the structure and stability of the membrane.
Nucleic acids and cellulose are not typically found in the cell membrane.
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What event is common to all signal transduction pathways?
a) Cyclic nucleotides are formed.
b) Protons are transferred between molecules.
c) Phosphates are transferred between molecules.
d) Proteins change in conformation / activity.
e) Calcium ions bind to / activate proteins
The event event is common to all signal transduction pathways is Proteins change in conformation / activity.
Most signaling pathways pathways entail the attachment of signaling molecules, or ligands, to receptors that set off cellular activities. Receptor activation, which results from a change inside the conformation of either a receptor as a result of the binding of a secondary messenger to the receptor,
Protein phosphorylation, which is a process of signal transmission that is frequently occurring, is performed by enzymes called protein kinases. A desired cellular reaction is produced by signal transduction.
Therefore, the correct answer is option (d)
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What kind of RNA could have the same effect as the methylation?
A. rRNA
B. tRNA
C. mRNA
D. siRNA
siRNA (Small interfering RNA )is the kind of RNA could have the same effect as the methylation.
One of the several epigenetic processes is DNA methylation. Epigenetics describes inheritable DNA alterations that don't alter the DNA's actual sequence. That implies that these modifications may be undone.A reversible post-translational RNA modification known as RNA methylation has epigenetically significant effects on a number of biological processes. It can be found in a variety of RNAs, including viral RNA, tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, tmRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA. A variety of RNA-methyltransferases use various catalytic methods to methylate RNA.Small interfering RNA (siRNA), also known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a kind of double-stranded non-coding RNA molecule that functions through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Its usual length is 20–24 base pairs (commonly 21), making it comparable to miRNA.
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5. it was stated that the rh antigens are so sparsely scattered on the red cell surface that igg molecules bound to the rh antigens are too far apart to fix c1q. therefore, complement-mediated hemolysis cannot be invoked to explain hemolytic disease of the newborn. by what mechanism are the red cells destroyed?
Complement-mediated hemolysis cannot be invoked to explain the hemolytic disease of the newborn. The macrophages destroy the antibody-coated red cells.
One of the most complex blood groups known to humans is the Rh group. In the field of transfusion medicine, it has surpassed the ABO blood group in importance since its discovery 60 years ago, when it was mistakenly given the name Rhesus. Because it is the primary cause of hemolytic disease in the newborn (HDN), it has remained of primary importance in obstetrics.
IgG1 or IgG3-coated red blood cells adhere tightly to the Fc receptors of macrophages in the spleen's red pulp, the liver's Kupffer cells, and other tissues.
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it's the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and structurally it varies it's the glue of the body; includes tendons, ligaments, fat, bones, cartilage, blood
In the sentence, connective tissue is referred to, which is renowned for its variety, abundance, and widespread dispersion throughout the body.
Through its numerous constituents, including tendons, ligaments, fat, bones, cartilage, and blood, connective tissue acts as the "glue" of the body by offering support and structural stability.
Connective tissue is a class of biological tissue that is widely distributed throughout the body and is distinguished by its diversity and abundance. By joining, sustaining, and dividing different tissues and organs, it acts as a structural support system and gives the body stability. There are many parts that make up connective tissue, including tendons (which connect muscle to bone), ligaments (which connect bone to bone), fat (which gives energy and cushioning), and bones (which support and protect).
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explain how the body could carry out its metabolic activities without enzymes. what conditions would need to be changed to make metabolism possible with no enzymes?
I don't believe any improbable circumstance can take the place of enzymes. As for your query, the human body cannot function without enzymes in vivo, therefore metabolism can only occur in a lab setting.
Under the circumstances in cells, the majority of chemical processes within animals would be impossible.
For instance, most creatures have body temperatures that are too low to allow reactions to happen quickly enough to support life processes. Additionally, reactants could be present at levels so low that a collision between them is implausible. Therefore, a catalyst is required to boost the pace of the majority of biological reactions.
Chemicals that hasten chemical processes are known as catalysts. Enzymes are the name for catalysts in living things. Enzymes are essentially biological catalysts. The biological catalysts known as enzymes are extraordinarily effective and highly specialized. I believe that without enzymes, the chemical processes necessary for maintaining the body just could not happen quickly enough.
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which of the following statements about the environment is false? which of the following statements about the environment is false? the environment includes a physical location in space and time. organisms modify the environment. organisms interact with the environment. each population of organisms tends to remain isolated from the rest of the populations in the environment. there are many complex interactions among organisms within environments.
Answer:
Explanation:
organisms interact with the environment
The false statement is that each population of organisms in an environment tends to remain isolated. Populations interact through processes like predation, competition, and symbiosis. They also engage in gene flow.
Explanation:The statement 'each population of organisms tends to remain isolated from the rest of the populations in the environment' is false. In an environment, organisms belonging to different populations interact with each other through various processes like predation, competition, symbiosis, etc. These interactions are essential for the survival and stability of the ecosystem as a whole. Even populations of the same species do not stay isolated and engage in gene flow - the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another.
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What would happen to a signaling pathway if phosphatases had reduced levels of function? a) There would be no change in the persistence of the response to the pathway. b) The response to the signal would persist longer after activation. c) The response to the signal would be shorter after activation.
b) The response to the signal would persist longer after activation. Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, and thus play a key role in regulating the activity of signaling pathways.
If phosphatases have reduced levels of function, this would result in a reduction in the rate at which signaling proteins are deactivated, causing the response to persist for a longer time after activation.
This would result in a longer response to the signal compared to normal function of the phosphatases.
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which is not a layer of the alientary canal
The renal capsule is not a layer of the alimentary canal.
The alimentary canal is the series of tubes that run from the mouth to the anus and are involved in digestion and the absorption of nutrients.
The layers of the alimentary canal include the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The renal capsule is a layer that surrounds the kidney, and it is not part of the alimentary canal. Instead, the renal capsule helps to protect the kidney and regulate fluid balance in the body.
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If a property owner cuts less trees, how can they make more profit than a non-FSC certified owner?
By increasing the sustainability, FSC certified owner can make more profit
What is non-FSC certified owner?A property owner who cuts fewer trees may make more profit than a non-FSC certified owner in several ways:
Increased sustainability: By cutting fewer trees, the property owner is preserving forest resources and biodiversity, which can attract environmentally conscious consumers and increase the demand for their products.
Better reputation: FSC certification is an internationally recognized symbol of responsible forest management. By obtaining this certification, the property owner can improve their public image, increase their brand recognition, and increase consumer trust in their products.
Access to new markets: Many companies and governments now require their suppliers to source products from FSC certified forests. By becoming FSC certified, the property owner may gain access to new markets and customers, increasing their sales and profitability.
Reduced costs: By reducing the number of trees cut, the property owner may reduce the costs associated with logging and timber harvesting, such as transportation and processing expenses.
In summary, by cutting fewer trees and becoming FSC certified, a property owner can improve their sustainability, reputation, market access, and reduce costs, leading to increased profits.
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If you see an elephant and a silkworm, what can you know about the relative size of their genomes? A. The silkworm will have more DNA. B. The elephant will have more genes. C. The silkworm will have more genes per gene family. D. Nothing for certain without observation of these genomes.
While observing an elephant and a silkworm, one can know about their relative genome sizes is that: D. Nothing can be stated for certain without observation of these genomes.
Genome is the entire genetic makeup or constitution of an organism or even a population under observation. It comprises of the number of genes, their arrangement on the DNA strand, their expression etc. The genome size can be variable among different species.
Genes are the most basic factors that are inherited from one generation to another. The genes comprise of a pair of alleles that may or may not be of same type. The genes are a small part f the long strand of DNA. They contain information for the synthesis of proteins.
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which of the following statements about pattern formation are true? select the four statements that are true. view available hint(s)for part a which of the following statements about pattern formation are true?select the four statements that are true. positional information controls pattern formation. differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals. homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts. homeotic genes establish major body axes. pattern formation begins in adult animals. cells receive molecular signals that communicate their p
Options A, B, C, and F statements about pattern formation are true. Pattern formation begins in embryos, not adult animals. Therefore, option E is false.
Pattern formation plays a major role in the growth and development of all living organisms. It is the process by which cells organize themselves into tissues, organs, and the body plan. It is regulated by several mechanisms, including positional information, differential gene expression, and homeotic genes.
Positional information is communicated to cells via molecular signals such as hormones, small molecules, and proteins, which determine the type of cell and the development of segment-specific body parts.
Differential gene expression helps to control the size and shape of organs, as well as to differentiate cells into specific types for tissue formation.
Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that regulate the development of segment-specific body parts, and establish major body axes.
Finally, cells receive signals that communicate their position and allow them to differentiate. These signals are usually spatial, meaning the location of the cell determines how it will differentiate. Pattern formation begins early in the development of an organism, not in adulthood.
Correct Question:
Which of the following statements about pattern formation are true?
A. Positional information controls pattern formation.
B. Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.
C. Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.
D. Homeotic genes establish major body axes.
E. Pattern formation begins in adult animals.
F. Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position.
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Which of the following is an example of genetic discrimination?
A. George asks his doctor to analyze his genetic profile.
B. Everyone at Malik's company is asked to take a genetic test.
C. Pablo has diabetes. He receives shots of genetically engineered insulin to treat his disease.
D. Brenda is dropped by her health insurance because she is a carrier for hemophilia.
Brenda is dropped off by her health insurance because she is a carrier of hemophilia is an example of genetic discrimination. Hence, option D is correct.
What is genetic discrimination?When people treat others differently because they have or are thought to have a gene mutation that causes or raises the risk of an inherited condition, this is known as genetic discrimination.
Direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment, and victimization are some types of genetic discrimination.
For example, Brenda is dropped off by her health insurance because she is a carrier of hemophilia. Therefore, option D is correct.
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what translation along the body diagonal of this cell would interchange the positions of the sodium and chlorine ions?
The translation along the body diagonal of the unit cell of NaCl would interchange the positions of the sodium and chloride ions.
This is because the body diagonal of the unit cell is equal to the sum of the edges of the unit cell, which is equal to the distance between the sodium and chloride ions. As such, a translation of the unit cell along this body diagonal would effectively swap the positions of the sodium and chloride ions.
NaCl, or sodium chloride, is a type of salt that is composed of sodium and chloride ions. It is a crystal lattice structure, which is composed of alternating sodium and chloride ions in an ionic bond. It is found naturally in seawater, and is also commonly used as a seasoning in cooking, and as a preservative in food products. NaCl has many uses in medicine, including as a disinfectant, in electrolyte solutions, and as an ingredient in certain medications.
It is also used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the production of certain plastics, and as a de-icing agent for roads and other surfaces.
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based on atmospheric stability considerations, do you think it would be best to burn agricultural debris in the early morning or the afternoon?
The best time to burn agricultural debris depends on atmospheric stability considerations, which refer to the vertical movement of air in the atmosphere. On stable days, air sinks.
Making it harder for smoke to rise and disperse. On the other hand, on unstable days, air rises and mixes easily, making it easier for smoke to rise and disperse. agricultural debris in the early atmospheric stability morning, when the air is typically stable, may result in a buildup of smoke and reduced visibility. Conversely, atmospheric stability burning in the afternoon, when the air is often more unstable, may result in better smoke dispersion and improved air quality. Thus, it would be best to burn agricultural debris in the afternoon based on atmospheric stability considerations.
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given that penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin? group of answer choices
Gram positive bacteria are the most vulnerable organism to inhibition by Penicillin.
There are various classes of antibiotics used for multiple microorganisms. Each antibiotic is specific to its action corresponding to particular bacteria or antigens. Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan thus making the cells more susceptible to osmotic lysis.
As gram positive bacteria contain an outer layer of peptidoglycan between membranes, penicillin works absolutely well in terms of this bacteria and that's why they are most vulnerable to penicillin antibiotics.
Penicillin as well as its derivatives, helps in dissolving the layer of peptidoglycan and thus making the cells leaky and weak.
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Steven's class is making a model of the solar system. They are going to walk the planets to their correct locations out on the schoolyard. Steven represents the planet Saturn. If an AU in the student model is five feet, How many feet would Steven walk away from the Sun in their model?
Answer: 47.5 Feet
Explanation: I just did it
1. Describe what matter is made of?
2. Give a definition of diffusion?
3. Describe how you can tell if there are some flowers in a dark room?
4. Explain how you think oxygen might get from the air in your lungs into your lungs?
Answer:
Elements
Explanation:
the enzyme renin is produced by the kidney: a. when too much sodium is being reabsorbed b. in response to low plasma sodium levels c. to activate antidiuretic hormone d. to regulate secretion of hydrogen ions
The enzyme renin is produced by the kidney: b. in response to low plasma sodium levels.
Systemic vascular resistance and blood volume are crucially regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The RAAS is responsible for more long-term changes, whereas the baroreceptor reflex only responds in the short term to decreased arterial pressure. Prorenin is carried by specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in the kidney's afferent arterioles. Prorenin is cleaved into renin when JG cells are activated, whereas prorenin is secreted in its inactive form constitutively. These cells are activated in response to beta-activation, decreased sodium load in the distal convoluted tubule, or activation by macula densa cells in response to decreased blood pressure.
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Question
Which one of the following describes the climate of an area?
Responses
Fairbanks, Alaska typically gets about 130-180 cm of snow each year.
StartFragment, Fairbanks, Alaska typically gets about 130-180 cm of snow each year.,
The news reports that Miami will have a high of 85 and there is a 10% chance of precipitation.
The news reports that Miami will have a high of 85 and there is a 10% chance of precipitation., EndFragment,
We had a great time at David’s football game. It was 82 degrees and sunny.
Explanation:
The news reports that Miami will have a high of 85 and there is a 10% chance of precipitation" describes the climate of an area.
which defines spontaneous generation? multiple choice question. organisms continuously evolve. life arose from living matter. life arose from non-living matte
Life arose from non-living matter defines a spontaneous generation.
In this case, Option D is correct.
A debunked scientific theory known as spontaneous generation claimed that living things could develop from inanimate objects and that such occurrences were frequent and regular.
It was proposed that some forms, like fleas, could develop from inanimate substances like dust or that maggots could develop from decomposing human flesh. The Greek philosopher and naturalist Aristotle, who compiled and expanded the work of earlier natural philosophers and the various ancient explanations for the appearance of organisms, coherently synthesized the doctrine of spontaneous generation.
For two millennia, spontaneous generation was accepted as a scientific fact. Although questioned by the experiments of Italian biologists Francesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was not disproved until the work of the French.
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If the birth rate and death rate of the number of bacteria are proportiona to the number of bacteria present; what is the bacteria population as function of time? What is the limiting situation for increasing time (.e. co)? (Hint: let N(t) be the number of bacteria at any time Birth rate and death rate will be kb " N(t) andka" N(t) respectively, where kp andka are two different constants. The ODE to solve will be kb N - kd N = (kb ka) N, with an initial condition N(t = 0) = NoA)
The model takes into account the birth rate (kb N(t)) and death rate (kd N(t)) of bacteria, where kb and kd are two different constants and N(t) is the number of bacteria at any time.
The mathematical model that describes this situation is called an ordinary differential equation (ODE) and is written as kb N(t) - kd N(t) = (kb - kd) N(t). This equation states that the rate of change of the number of bacteria over time is equal to the difference between the birth rate and death rate of bacteria.
The limiting situation for increasing time occurs when the population of bacteria reaches a maximum value and can no longer increase. This occurs when the birth rate and death rate of bacteria are equal, meaning that the rate of change of the number of bacteria over time is zero.
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What are 4 differences between photosynthesis and respiration?
The differences between photosynthesis and respiration such as photosynthesis is an anabolic process whereas respiration is catabolic process.
What are other difference lies between photosynthesis and respiration?photosynthesis:
Chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis to occur much like it does in plants and some algae. In the chloroplast, photosynthesis takes place. It generates oxygen while absorbing carbon dioxide from the environment.respiration:
All living things' cells engage in respiration.The mitochondria are where the majority respiration occurs.This procedure creates carbon dioxide using oxygen.What are photosynthesis and respiration?All living things breathe, it's a continuous activity. Therefore, it is a process that changes oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide and water, producing energy for your body's cells in the process. On the contrary hand, chlorophyll-containing green plants participate in photosynthesis.
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Which genetic description will NOT contain Bart's hemoglobin at birth ?
A. Heterozygous alpha thalassemia-1/alpha thalassemia-2
B. Heterozygous alpha thalassemia-1
C. Homozygous alpha thalassemia-2
D. Heterozygous alpha thalassemia-2
The genetic description will NOT contain Bart's hemoglobin at birth A. Heterozygous alpha thalassemia-1/alpha thalassemia-2
Bart's hemoglobin at birth would be a heterozygous alpha thalassemia-1/alpha thalassemia-2. The phrase "heterozygous" means the gene for Bart's hemoglobin is in different forms.
Alpha thalassemia, also known as beta thalassemias or hereditary multiple myeloma, is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to produce and absorb hemoglobin.
People with this condition have either normal or reduced levels of hemoglobin because they cannot effectively produce enough of their own blood cells called erythrocytes (red cells).
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choose the phrase that describes what will happen to ph as hydrogen ion concentration increases
Multiple Choice a. pH will not change. b. pH will increase c. pH will decrease.
If hydrogen ion concentration increases pH will decrease so the option C is correct.
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is calculated as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.
In other words, the pH value decreases as the hydrogen ion concentration increases. So, as the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution increases, the pH value decreases, indicating that the solution is becoming more acidic.
This is why the phrase "pH will decrease" is the correct answer when describing what will happen to the pH as hydrogen ion concentration increases.
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what is the difference between nucleic acid 1 and 2 ap biology
Nucleic acid 1, or deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA), is a long, double- stranded patch that functions as the inheritable material of living organisms.
DNA contains the instructions for erecting proteins, the patch that carries out utmost of the functions of cells. DNA is composed of four different nucleotides — adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine — arranged in a double helix. Nucleic acid 2, or ribonucleic acid( RNA), is a single- stranded patch that's analogous to DNA and also plays an important part in protein conflation.
RNA is composed of four different nucleotides — adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil — and is responsible for the recap of inheritable information from DNA to proteins. RNA is also involved in other processes similar as gene regulation and information transfer. Unlike DNA, RNA is set up in both the nexus and cytoplasm of cells.
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In your own sentences explain incomplete dominance, codominance,polygenic trait and give an example of each.
You may watch Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Polygenic Traits, and Epistasis! video from Amoeba Sisters
Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele for a gene does not completely dominate the expression of the other allele. An example of incomplete dominance is the red and white snapdragon flowers. Codominance is a situation where both alleles of a gene are fully expressed. An example of codominance is the ABO blood group system in humans.
What are polygenetic traits?Polygenic traits are traits controlled by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect to the phenotype. An example of a polygenic trait is human height, which is influenced by many different genes, as well as environmental factors such as nutrition.
What is Epistasis?Epistasis is a phenomenon in genetics where one gene affects the expression of another gene. It occurs when the expression of one gene modifies the expression of another gene.
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where would you not find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor? where would you not find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor? all parasympathetic target organs all postganglionic neurons (cell bodies and dendrites) sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions adrenal medulla hormone producing cells
You would not find a cholinergic nicotinic receptor in all parasympathetic target organs, all postganglionic neurons (cell bodies and dendrites), sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells at neuromuscular junctions, and adrenal medulla hormone producing cells.
Cholinergic nicotinic receptors are located throughout the body and are involved in many important physiological processes. They are typically found on postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, in the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles, and in the adrenal medulla. They are also present in some endocrine organs and the central nervous system.
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What information can be gathered from two organisms whose fossils are being compared
Answer:
They can teach us where life and humans came from, show us how the Earth and our environment have changed through geological time, and how continents, now widely separated, were once connected. Fossils provide important evidence for evolution and the adaptation of plants and animals to their environments
