Q1. What is the difference between a floating exchange rate, a soft peg, a hard peg, and dollarization? Floating Exchange Rate: A floating exchange rate is a type of exchange rate system in which the value of a currency is determined by market forces such as supply and demand.
In a floating exchange rate systm, the exchange rate is allowed to fluctuate based on changes in the market. Soft Peg: A soft peg is a type of exchange rate system in which the value of a currency is allowed to fluctuate within a range that is set by a central bank or other authority. The range is usually quite wide, and the currency is allowed to float within it, but it is not allowed to move outside of it. Hard Peg: A hard peg is a type of exchange rate system in which the value of a currency is fixed to another currency or to a commodity such as gold. The currency is not allowed to fluctuate, and the central bank or other authority must take action to maintain the fixed rate. Dollarization: Dollarization is a type of exchange rate system in which a country adopts the currency of another country as its official currency. In dollarization, the country gives up control over its monetary policy and the exchange rate.Q2. In principle, the benefits of international trade to a country exceed the costs, no matter whether the country is importing or exporting. In practice, it is not always possible to compensate the losers in a country, for example, workers who lose their jobs due to foreign imports. In your opinion, does that mean that trade should be inhibited to prevent the losses?In my opinion, trade should not be inhibited to prevent the losses. The benefits of international trade are immense, and it is essential for the growth and development of countries. However, it is also essential to compensate the losers in a country.
Governments should take steps to help workers who lose their jobs due to foreign imports, such as providing training or financial assistance to help them transition to new jobs or industries. This will help to ensure that the benefits of international trade are shared more evenly, and that the losers are not left behind. In conclusion, while it is not always possible to compensate the losers in a country, inhibiting trade is not the solution. Governments should take steps to help those who are negatively affected by trade to ensure that the benefits are shared more evenly.
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dear teacher,
please help me to answer the questions below in simple sentences,
subject-food and beverage management
Assess the business environment that can positively influence the success of the business.
The business environment plays a crucial role in the success of a food and beverage business. This assessment focuses on identifying and analyzing factors that have a positive impact on the business's success.
To assess the business environment that can positively influence the success of a food and beverage business, several key factors should be considered.
Market Demand and Trends: Analyzing the current and future market demand for food and beverage offerings is essential. Identifying trends and preferences of target customers, such as increased demand for healthy options or a growing interest in sustainable practices, can provide opportunities for success.
Competitive Landscape: Assessing the competitive environment helps identify market gaps and potential areas for differentiation. Understanding competitors' strengths and weaknesses allows businesses to position themselves strategically and offer unique value propositions.
Regulatory and Legal Factors: Compliance with health and safety regulations, licensing requirements, and food quality standards is crucial. Businesses that proactively adhere to regulations and stay updated on changing legal requirements create a positive image and build trust among customers.
Economic Factors: Economic conditions, such as disposable income levels and consumer spending patterns, impact the success of a food and beverage business. A favorable economic climate with stable growth and increased consumer purchasing power can create opportunities for business growth.
Technological Advances: Embracing technology in operations, customer service, and marketing can positively influence the success of a business. Utilizing online platforms, mobile apps for ordering and delivery, and data analytics for personalized customer experiences can enhance competitiveness and operational efficiency.
Social and Cultural Factors: Understanding the social and cultural context in which the business operates is vital. Consideration of local customs, preferences, and dietary habits can help tailor the offerings to the target market, fostering customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth.
By assessing these factors, businesses can identify opportunities, develop strategies to capitalize on them and create an environment conducive to their success in the food and beverage industry. It is crucial for businesses to regularly review and adapt to changes in the business environment to maintain a competitive edge and sustain long-term success.
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Assuming rapid approval in most countries, how would you allocate the vaccine units in the first two years to either individual countries or country groups? What factors external to the company would change your allocation decision? Answer in detail.
Answer:
Explanation:
Allocating vaccine units in the first two years to individual countries or country groups would require careful consideration of various factors. While the specific allocation strategy may vary based on the company's objectives and circumstances, here are some key considerations and external factors that could influence the decision:
Population Size and Vulnerability: Population size and vulnerability to the disease would be a crucial factor. Countries with larger populations or higher vulnerability, such as those with a significant number of elderly or immunocompromised individuals, may receive a higher allocation to ensure adequate coverage and protection.
Disease Burden and Transmission Risk: The prevalence of the disease and the transmission risk in different countries or regions would impact allocation decisions. Areas with high disease burden or rapid transmission rates may be prioritized to mitigate the spread and reduce the overall impact of the disease.
Healthcare Infrastructure: The existing healthcare infrastructure and capacity of countries would be a vital consideration. Allocating more vaccine units to countries with limited healthcare resources can help strengthen their ability to handle the disease, reduce severe cases, and prevent overwhelming healthcare systems.
Economic Impact: The economic impact of the disease on different countries is another factor to consider. Countries heavily impacted by the pandemic, experiencing significant economic losses, or facing challenges in economic recovery may be prioritized to support their efforts in mitigating the economic consequences of the disease.
International Commitments and Equity: Global commitments to equitable vaccine distribution, such as the COVAX initiative, would influence allocation decisions. Companies may prioritize allocating a portion of vaccine units to countries or regions with limited access to vaccines, ensuring a more equitable distribution and addressing global health disparities.
Epidemiological Data and Outbreak Patterns: Real-time epidemiological data, outbreak patterns, and the emergence of new variants may impact allocation decisions. Shifting vaccine units to regions experiencing sudden outbreaks or variants of concern can help contain the spread and mitigate the potential impact.
Regulatory Approvals and Market Demand: External factors such as rapid regulatory approvals in specific countries or regions and market demand for vaccines may influence allocation decisions. Companies may consider allocating more units to countries with quick approval processes or high demand to maximize the impact and reach of their vaccines.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaborative efforts with governments, international organizations, and public health agencies could influence allocation decisions. Working closely with these stakeholders can provide insights into specific country needs, distribution networks, and priority populations, enabling more informed and targeted allocation strategies.
It is important to note that these factors are interconnected, and a comprehensive approach that balances public health objectives, global equity, and practical considerations would be necessary. Flexibility in allocation strategies, responsiveness to changing circumstances, and adherence to ethical principles of fairness and transparency are crucial in making allocation decisions.
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Question 51 Grapevine Bank receives a deposit of $200,000. Its required reserve ratio is 12 percent. How much of this deposit is available to be loaned to borrowers? O $12.000 O $200,000 O $176.000 O $24,000 Question 52 Pinnacle Finance Bank has a 12 percent reserve requirement ratio. What is Pinnacle Finance's money multiplier? O 1.2 O 12 O 8.33 O 6 Question 53 If Pinnacle Finance Bank receives a new cash deposit of $150,000, and it has a required reserve ratio of 12 percent, how much total money could potentially be created from that deposit? O $18,000 O $1,800,000 O $1,250,000 O $150,000
In the given scenarios, the available amount to be loaned to borrowers depends on the required reserve ratio set by the banks. The money multiplier represents the potential increase in the money supply based on the reserve ratio. When a new cash deposit is made, the total money that can potentially be created is determined by applying the money multiplier to the deposit amount.
Question 51: The amount available to be loaned to borrowers is determined by subtracting the required reserves from the deposit. In this case, the deposit is $200,000 and the required reserve ratio is 12%. Therefore, the available amount to be loaned is $200,000 - ($200,000 x 12%) = $176,000.
Question 52: The money multiplier is calculated by dividing 1 by the reserve ratio. In this case, the reserve requirement ratio is 12%, so the money multiplier is 1 / 0.12 = 8.33.
Question 53: To calculate the total money that can potentially be created, we multiply the new cash deposit by the money multiplier. In this case, the new cash deposit is $150,000 and the money multiplier is 8.33. Therefore, the total potential money created is $150,000 x 8.33 = $1,249,500.
By understanding the reserve requirements and applying the money multiplier, banks can determine the amount available for loans and the potential increase in the money supply based on new deposits. These calculations are important for managing the lending capacity and liquidity of banks.
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The following standard costs per unit, of one product, have been taken from the records of Bahrain Company:
Direct materials 5 kgs at $3 per kg
Direct labor 2.5 hours at $10 per hour
Actual data for Jast month.
Units produced: 12.000
Direct materials used: 35,000 kgs
Direct labor hours: 22,000
Direct labor rate per hour: $9
Direct materials purchased: 100,000 kgs
Direct material price: 54 per kg
Required:
(a) Compute the price and efficiency variances for direct materials and direct labor. Direct material price variance to be calculated at the time of purchase is marks
(b) Prepare the journal entries to record the price and efficiency variances for direct materials and direct labor
(a) To compute the price and efficiency variances for direct materials and direct labor, we'll first calculate the standard cost and actual cost for each component.
Standard cost of direct materials:
5 kgs * $3 per kg = $15 per unit
Actual cost of direct materials:
35,000 kgs * $54 per kg = $1,890,000
Direct material price variance:
Actual cost - (Standard cost * Actual quantity)
$1,890,000 - ($15 * 35,000) = $1,890,000 - $525,000 = $1,365,000 (Favorable)
Direct material efficiency variance:
(Standard cost * Actual quantity) - (Standard cost * Standard quantity)
($15 * 35,000) - ($15 * 12,000) = $525,000 - $180,000 = $345,000 (Unfavorable)
Standard cost of direct labor:
2.5 hours * $10 per hour = $25 per unit
Actual cost of direct labor:
22,000 hours * $9 per hour = $198,000
Direct labor rate variance:
Actual cost - (Standard cost * Actual hours)
$198,000 - ($25 * 22,000) = $198,000 - $550,000 = $352,000 (Unfavorable)
Direct labor efficiency variance:
(Standard cost * Actual hours) - (Standard cost * Standard hours)
($25 * 22,000) - ($25 * 12,000) = $550,000 - $300,000 = $250,000 (Unfavorable)
(b) To record the price and efficiency variances for direct materials and direct labor, we'll use the following journal entries:
For direct material price variance:
Debit: Direct Material Price Variance ($1,365,000)
Credit: Accounts Payable ($1,365,000)
For direct material efficiency variance:
Debit: Work in Process ($345,000)
Credit: Direct Material Efficiency Variance ($345,000)
For direct labor rate variance:
Debit: Direct Labor Rate Variance ($352,000)
Credit: Salaries and Wages Payable ($352,000)
For direct labor efficiency variance:
Debit: Work in Process ($250,000)
Credit: Direct Labor Efficiency Variance ($250,000)
These journal entries will help record and track the variances associated with direct materials and direct labor.
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Are press releases still relevant today? How can a press release
be more effectively used?
Yes,press releases are still relevant today and can be effectively used to disseminate information to the media and public.
Press releases are still relevant today as they are an effective way to distribute information to the media and general public. The internet has made it easier to distribute press releases, with various online distribution services available. Press releases can be more effectively used by following these guidelines:1. Use a catchy headline: A press release should have a headline that grabs the attention of the reader.2. Write in the third person: A press release should be written in the third person to give it a more objective tone.3. Keep it concise: A press release should be no more than one page long and should contain all the relevant information.4. Provide quotes: Including quotes from company representatives can make a press release more interesting and credible.5. Include multimedia: Adding images, videos, or infographics can make a press release more engaging.6. Optimize for search engines: Including keywords can help a press release rank higher in search engine results.7. Share on social media: Sharing a press release on social media can help increase its reach.Overall, press releases are still relevant today and can be effectively used to disseminate information to the media and public.
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Our goal for this discussion is to revlew the purpose behind and the reasons for establishing the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). What is the SEC and the principal legislation the agency enforces? Within your response, make sure to discuss the SEC's organization and structure, Including the agency's responsibility from an accounting standpoint, namely regarding U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAP). What role does the SEC have in the development of accounting theory and practices?
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a U.S. government agency established in 1934 through the Securities Exchange Act.
Its purpose is to protect investors and maintain fair markets. The principal legislation it enforces includes the Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The SEC is organized into divisions, including the Division of Corporation Finance and Division of Enforcement.
From an accounting standpoint, the SEC oversees financial reporting compliance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP). It works with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in developing accounting standards, reviewing and approving their issuance, and providing guidance and interpretations to ensure accurate and transparent financial reporting.
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If a firm has TFC = $500, and TC = $800 when output is 20 units, how much is the AVC per unit of output? a. $15 b. $25 c. $65 d. $16
The AVC (Average Variable Cost) per unit of output is $15 (option A).
The Average Variable Cost (AVC) is calculated by dividing the Total Variable Cost (TVC) by the quantity of output. To determine the AVC per unit of output, we need to calculate the TVC and divide it by the number of units produced.
Given information:
Total Fixed Cost (TFC) = $500
Total Cost (TC) = $800
Quantity of output = 20 units
To calculate the TVC, we subtract the TFC from the TC:
TVC = TC - TFC
TVC = $800 - $500
TVC = $300
Now, we can calculate the AVC per unit of output by dividing the TVC by the quantity of output:
AVC = TVC / Quantity of output
AVC = $300 / 20 units
AVC = $15 per unit of output
The AVC per unit of output is $15. Therefore, the correct answer is a. $15 (option A).
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Macroeconomic information for an economy is given below. (a) How much productive did labor become from Year 1 to Year 2? (b) What was the inflation rate between Year 1 and Year 2? (c) What was the unemployment rate in Year 1? In Year 2? Please show your work. Year 1 8000 Output (pizzas) Employment (workers) 700 70 Unemployed (workers) Labor force (workers) 770 Price per pizza $8.00 Year 2 9000 800 100 900 $9 6 pts
(a) The labor productivity increased by 28.6% from Year 1 to Year 2. (b) The inflation rate between Year 1 and Year 2 was approximately 12.5%.(c) The unemployment rate was 9.09%, and 10.00% respectively.
Labor productivity is calculated as output per worker. We can find the labor productivity for Year 1 and Year 2 using the given information.
Labor productivity in Year 1:
Output per worker = 700 pizzas / 70 workers = 10 pizzas per worker
Labor productivity in Year 2:
Output per worker = 900 pizzas / 100 workers = 9 pizzas per worker
To calculate the change in labor productivity, we can use the following formula:
Change in labor productivity = ((Labor productivity in Year 2 - Labor productivity in Year 1) / Labor productivity in Year 1) * 100
Change in labor productivity = ((9 - 10) / 10) * 100 ≈ -10%
Therefore, labor productivity decreased by approximately 10% from Year 1 to Year 2.
(b) The inflation rate between Year 1 and Year 2 was 12.5%.
The inflation rate is calculated as the percentage change in the price level (price per pizza) from Year 1 to Year 2.
Inflation rate = ((Price per pizza in Year 2 - Price per pizza in Year 1) / Price per pizza in Year 1) * 100
Inflation rate = (($9 - $8) / $8) * 100 ≈ 12.5%
Therefore, the inflation rate between Year 1 and Year 2 was approximately 12.5%.
(c) The unemployment rate in Year 1 was 9.09%. The unemployment rate in Year 2 was 10.00%.
The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of unemployed workers divided by the labor force.
Unemployment rate in Year 1 = (70 / 770) * 100 ≈ 9.09%
Unemployment rate in Year 2 = (100 / 900) * 100 ≈ 10.00%
Therefore, the unemployment rate in Year 1 was approximately 9.09%, and the unemployment rate in Year 2 was approximately 10.00%.
(a) Labor productivity decreased by approximately 10% from Year 1 to Year 2.
(b) The inflation rate between Year 1 and Year 2 was approximately 12.5%.
(c) The unemployment rate in Year 1 was approximately 9.09%, and in Year 2 it was approximately 10.00%.
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QUESTION 29 A company using cost-plus pricing has an ROI of 24%, total sales of 20,000 units and a desired ROI per unit of HK$30. What was the amount of investment? HK$144,000 O HK$2,500,000 O HK$456,000 HK$789,475 QUESTION 30 and the cost of the materials used was £150. If the company's rate charged per hour of labor was Lawrence Legal Services recently billed a customer £690. Labor hours were £75, what material loading percentage was used? O 30% 50% 60% O 100%
A company using cost-plus pricing has an ROI of 24%, total sales of 20,000 units, and a desired ROI per unit of HK$30. What was the amount of investment?The formula to calculate the amount of investment using the cost-plus pricing method is: Cost per unit = (Total investment / Total units produced) + desired ROI per unit.
Using this formula, let us calculate the amount of investment for the given data provided,
Using the formula, we have the following information:ROI = 24%Total sales = 20,000 unitsDesired ROI per unit = HK$30.Substituting the values in the formula:(Total investment / Total units produced) + desired ROI per unit = Cost per unit0.24 = (Total investment / 20,000 units) + 30 HKDTotal investment / 20,000 units = 0.24 - 30 HKDTotal investment / 20,000 units = -29.76 HKDMultiplying both sides by 20,000 units we get:Total investment = (-29.76) x 20,000Total investment = -595,200The amount of investment is HK$595,200, which is negative. Therefore, this scenario is not feasible.
Answer: Not feasible.Question 30 - Lawrence Legal Services recently billed a customer £690. Labor hours were £75, and the cost of the materials used was £150. What material loading percentage was used?The formula for calculating the material loading percentage is:Material loading percentage = (Material cost / Labor cost) x 100Using this formula, let us calculate the material loading percentage for the given data provided,We have the following information:Labor cost = £75Material cost = £150Substitute these values in the formula,Material loading percentage = (Material cost / Labor cost) x 100Material loading percentage = (150 / 75) x 100Material loading percentage = 200%Hence, the material loading percentage used was 200%.Answer: 200%.
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A bank wishes to decide how many staff to schedule during its lunch period. During this period customers arrive at a rate of 6 per hour and the enquiries that customers have (such as opening new accounts, arranging loans, etc.) take on average 20 minutes to deal with. The bank manager feels that 3 staff should be on duty during this period but wants to make sure that the customers do not wait more than 3 minutes on average before they are served.
The manager has been told by his small daughter that the distributions that describe both arrival and processing times are likely to be exponential. Therefore:
5.1
Calculate the utilization of the system where u = ra/ (re x m).
(6)
5.2
Using the formula for waiting time for an M/M/ m system, calculate the average waiting time.
(14)
In this scenario, the bank manager wants to determine the optimal number of staff to schedule during the lunch period to ensure efficient customer service. u = λa / (λe × m), where λa is the arrival rate, λe is the service rate, and m is the number of servers.
To calculate the utilization of the system, we need to determine the arrival rate (λa), service rate (λe), and the number of servers (m). In this case, the arrival rate is given as 6 customers per hour, and the service rate can be calculated as the reciprocal of the average service time, which is 1/20 (since the service time follows an exponential distribution). Therefore, λe = 1/20. The manager wants to schedule 3 staff members, so m = 3.
Using the formula for utilization, u = λa / (λe × m), we can substitute the values to calculate the utilization. The utilization in this case is (6 / (1/20 × 3)) = 120.
To calculate the average waiting time, we can use the formula for an M/M/m system, which is Wq = ρ / (m(1 - ρ)) × (1 / λa - 1 / λe), where ρ represents the traffic intensity (ρ = λa / (λe × m)).
By substituting the values into the formula, we can calculate the average waiting time (Wq). However, the value for ρ is already calculated as 120 in the previous step. Therefore, we can substitute the values into the formula and calculate the average waiting time.
Calculating the exact average waiting time requires the knowledge of the traffic intensity (ρ). However, the given information does not provide the exact value of ρ, so it is not possible to calculate the average waiting time in this scenario without additional information.
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A company or individual who pays for the legal right to use the product,or service, or format of another is called a:*
a. lunatic.
b. franchisee.
c. franchising.
d. franchisor.
The correct answer is b. franchisee.
A franchisee is a company or individual who pays for the legal right to use the product, service, or format of another established and successful business, known as the franchisor. By becoming a franchisee, individuals or companies can operate under an established brand name and benefit from the franchisor's proven business model, support systems, and brand recognition.
Franchising is a business model that allows for the expansion of a successful business through the establishment of new locations or outlets operated by franchisees. The franchisee typically pays an initial franchise fee and ongoing royalty fees to the franchisor in exchange for the right to use their brand, trademarks, and operating systems.
Becoming a franchisee offers several advantages. Firstly, franchisees can leverage the reputation and brand recognition of the franchisor, which can lead to a faster start and increased customer trust. Additionally, franchisees receive training and ongoing support from the franchisor, including assistance with site selection, marketing, and operational guidance.
However, it is important for franchisees to carefully review the terms of the franchise agreement and understand their obligations and limitations. Franchisees must adhere to the franchisor's guidelines and standards to maintain consistency across all franchise locations.
Overall, being a franchisee can be a rewarding business opportunity for individuals or companies looking to enter a proven market with an established brand and support system.
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Which of the following statements is NOT true? In a two-good market, a country can only have absolute advantage in one good. O Trade is driven by comparative advantage. O Evaluating opportunity costs helps to determine comparative advantage. O Countries that focus on producing goods for which they have a comparative advantage specialize.
The statement that is NOT true is "In a two-good market, a country can only have absolute advantage in one good."
Absolute advantage refers to the ability of a country to produce a good using fewer resources than other countries. A country can have an absolute advantage in both goods or none. However, it does not mean that they should produce both of them. For instance, producing both goods may not be cost-effective in a two-good market. In this regard, countries must focus on the production of goods they have a comparative advantage in because it allows them to produce goods more efficiently than other countries. Therefore, the correct statement is that countries that focus on producing goods for which they have a comparative advantage specialize.
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i need help with engineering economy question;
Steven plans to withdraw his money RM 10,000 each year from his savings account at the
end of year 10 and Year 11. To make sure these withdrawals are possible, FOUR (4)
annuity amounts (A) will be deposited in a bank at the end of year 2, 3, 4, and 5. The bank’s
interest rate is 12% per year.
(a) Draw a cash-flow diagram for this situation
(b) Determine the value of the annual amount (A) at the end of year 2, 3, 4 and 5 that
should be deposited to withdraw the money at the end of year 10 and year 11 as
stated.
(a) Cash Flow Diagram: For the given problem, the cash flow diagram is as follows: (b) Calculation of the value of annual amount (A):
At first, we will calculate the Future Worth (F) of the two withdrawals that are to be made, i.e., at the end of Year 10 and Year 11.F = (P/A, i, n)(1+i)² + (P/A, i, n)(1+i)¹Where,P = RM 10,000, i = 0.12 (interest rate), n = 2, and A is the value of the annual amount that is to be determined.
For the withdrawals at the end of Year 10:F = (P/A, i, n)(1+i)² + (P/A, i, n)(1+i)¹=> 20,000 = (A/F, 0.12, 2)(1.12)² + (A/F, 0.12, 2)(1.12)¹We know that (A/F, i, n) = i/[(1+i)ⁿ - 1]=> (A/F, 0.12, 2) = 0.12/[(1.12)² - 1] = 0.0549
Putting this value in the above equation:20,000 = (0.0549)(1.2544A) + (0.0549)(1.12A)=> 20,000 = (0.187A)=> A = RM 106,696.81
At the end of Year 2, the annual amount (A) that should be deposited to withdraw the money at the end of Year 10 is RM 106,696.81.
For the withdrawals at the end of Year 11:F = (P/A, i, n)(1+i)² + (P/A, i, n)(1+i)¹=> 30,000 = (A/F, 0.12, 2)(1.12)² + (A/F, 0.12, 2)(1.12)¹
Putting the value of (A/F, 0.12, 2) in the above equation:30,000 = (0.0549)(1.2544A) + (0.0549)(1.12A) + (1.12A)=> 30,000 = (0.187A) + (1.12A)=> 30,000 = (1.307A)=> A = RM 22,963.54
At the end of Year 3, the annual amount (A) that should be deposited to withdraw the money at the end of Year 11 is RM 22,963.54.
Similarly, we can calculate the values of A for the other two years, as follows:At the end of Year 4: A = RM 15,885.17At the end of Year 5: A = RM 12,448.89
Therefore, the value of the annual amount (A) at the end of Year 2, 3, 4, and 5 that should be deposited to withdraw the money at the end of Year 10 and Year 11 is as follows:
At the end of Year 2: RM 106,696.81
At the end of Year 3: RM 22,963.54At the end of Year 4: RM 15,885.17At the end of Year 5: RM 12,448.89
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Economic Principles (CIALUI Combining Principle #2 and NS: Opportunity Cost & Trade Absolute Versus Comparative Advantage Which country has an absolute advantage in producing Baranas? Producing T-shirts? Original combination of Production Output per Month of Work Bananas T-Shirts Country A Country B Without Specialization With Specialization Output per Month of Work Output per month of Work Bananas T Shirts 1* 10 days (Next 20 days) Bananas (1 month) T-Shirts (1 month) Country A Country A Country B Country B TOTAL TOTAL Therefore, Trade Theory 1 Scenario #2: Country A has absolute advantage in both products With Specialiotion Output per month of Work Without Specialization Output per Month of Work Bananas T-Shirts (1" 10 days) (Next 20 days) Bananas (1 month) T-Shirts (1 month) Country A Country Country A Country TOTAL TOTAL Again, Scenario #26: Now what if they start to trade with each other? With Trade Output per Month of Work T-Shirts Bananas Country A Country B TOTAL Terms of trade
Country A has an absolute advantage in both products with specialization.
Scenario #2: Country A has an absolute advantage in both products. A country has an absolute advantage in the production of a good when it can produce more of that good in a given amount of time or with fewer resources than another country. In the given scenario, Country A has an absolute advantage in both bananas and t-shirts when compared to Country B. The original combination of production output per month of work for Country A is one month of bananas and ten days of t-shirts, whereas, for Country B, it is one month of t-shirts and twenty days of bananas. However, after specialization, Country A can produce one month of bananas and one month of t-shirts, while Country B can only produce one month of t-shirts and twenty days of bananas. Therefore, in terms of absolute advantage, Country A has an advantage in both bananas and t-shirts over Country B. Hence, Scenario #2: Country A has an absolute advantage in both products with specialization. Output per month of work Without Specialization Output per Month of Work Bananas T-Shirts (1* 10 days) (Next 20 days) Bananas (1 month) T-Shirts (1 month) Country A Country B Country A Country B
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The Harris Company is the lessee on a four-year lease with the following payments at the end of each year: Year 1: Year 2: Year 3: Year 4: An appropriate discount rate is 7 percentage, yielding a present value of $86,637. $18.500 $23,500 $28,500 $33,500 a-1. If the lease is an operating lease, what will be the initial value of the right-of-use asset? Initial value of the right-of-use asset a-2. If the lease is an operating lease, what will be the initial value of the lease liability? Initial value of the lease liability a-3. If the lease is an operating lease, what will be the lease expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? Lease expense a-4. If the lease is an operating lease, what will be the interest expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? (Leave no cells blank - be certain to enter "0" wherever required.) Interest expense a-5. If the lease is an operating lease, what will be the amortization expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? (Leave no cells blank - be certain to enter "0" wherever required.) Amortization expense a-5. If the lease is an operating lease, what will be the amortization expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? (Leave no cells blank - be certain to enter "0" wherever required.) Amortization expense b-1. If the lease is a finance lease, what will be the initial value of the right-of-use asset? Initial value of the right-of-use asset b-2. If the lease is a finance lease, what will be the initial value of the lease liability? Initial value of the lease liability b-3. If the lease is a finance lease, what will be the lease expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? (Leave no cells blank - be certain to enter "0" wherever required.) Lease expense b-4. If the lease is a finance lease, what will be the interest expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar amount.) Interest expense b-5. If the lease is a finance lease, what will be the amortization expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1? (Round your answer to the nearest dollar amount.) Amortization expense
a-1. If the lease is an operating lease, the initial value of the right-of-use asset will be zero. In an operating lease, the lessee does not recognize the right-of-use asset on their balance sheet.
a-2. If the lease is an operating lease, the initial value of the lease liability will also be zero. In an operating lease, the lessee does not recognize a lease liability on their balance sheet.
a-3. If the lease is an operating lease, the lease expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1 will be $18,500, which is the payment made for that year.
a-4. If the lease is an operating lease, there will be no interest expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1 because the lessee does not recognize a lease liability.
a-5. If the lease is an operating lease, there will be no amortization expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1 because the lessee does not recognize a right-of-use asset.
b-1. If the lease is a finance lease, the initial value of the right-of-use asset will be $86,637, which is the present value of the lease payments.
b-2. If the lease is a finance lease, the initial value of the lease liability will also be $86,637, which is the present value of the lease payments.
b-3. If the lease is a finance lease, the lease expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1 will be $18,500, which is the payment made for that year.
b-4. If the lease is a finance lease, the interest expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1 will be $6,064, which is calculated as the beginning lease liability ($86,637) multiplied by the discount rate (7%).
b-5. If the lease is a finance lease, the amortization expense shown on the income statement at the end of year 1 will be $12,436, which is calculated as the lease expense ($18,500) minus the interest expense ($6,064).
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Suppose a single-product monopoly facing a linear demand q = a - p with a > 0. The monopoly incurs a constant marginal cost 0
In the case of a single-product monopoly facing a linear demand q = a - p with a > 0, the monopoly incurs a constant marginal cost 0.
This implies that the monopoly has the ability to charge a price that is higher than the marginal cost of producing the good. The objective of the monopoly would be to maximize profit by choosing the optimal price that balances the demand and cost of production. The optimal price will be found at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, which in this case is given by the formula:
MR = a - 2p.
To find the optimal price, the monopoly must solve for the profit-maximizing level of output, q*, which can be derived from the demand function as
q* = a/2 - p/2.
The optimal price, p*, can then be found by substituting the optimal level of output into the demand function, giving
p* = a/2 - q*/2 = 3a/8.
The monopoly's profit-maximizing level of output is
q* = a/4 and the corresponding optimal price is
p* = 3a/8.
At this price and output level, the monopoly earns a profit of (a/8)^2. This shows that a single-product monopoly can earn a positive profit even when it faces a linear demand curve, as long as it has the ability to charge a price that is higher than the marginal cost of production.
In conclusion, the optimal price and output level for a single-product monopoly facing a linear demand curve with a > 0 and constant marginal cost of 0 can be derived from the formulas q* = a/4 and p* = 3a/8, respectively.
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Flyer Corp. purchases a copyright for $40,000 in cash. The journal entry to record the purchase will include: O A. a credit to Notes Payable for $40,000. O B. a credit to Copyright for $40,000. OC. a debit to Cash for $40,000. OD. a debit to Copyright for $40,000.
The journal entry to record the purchase of a copyright for $40,000 in cash by Flyer Corp. will include a debit to Copyright for $40,000.
When an asset is acquired for cash, the journal entry follows the basic accounting equation, which states that assets increase with a debit entry and decrease with a credit entry. In this case, Flyer Corp. is purchasing a copyright, which is an intangible asset. To record the purchase, the company would debit the Copyright account to increase the asset by $40,000. The credit entry would represent the decrease in cash due to the cash payment made for the acquisition.
Therefore, option D, a debit to Copyright for $40,000, is the correct answer. This entry reflects the increase in the Copyright asset account as a result of the purchase transaction.
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review of resumes is most valid when the content of resumes is evaluated in
a) terms of incumbents competencies
b) conparison with other qualifications
c) terms of the industrial benchmarks
d) compaeison with other employees in an irganization
e) terms of elements if a job descriptions
Reviewing resumes is most valid when the content of resumes is evaluated in terms of elements of a job description.
When assessing resumes, it is important to evaluate how well the qualifications and experiences of the candidates align with the specific requirements and expectations outlined in the job description. By comparing the content of resumes to the elements of a job description, employers can determine the suitability of candidates for the position. This approach allows for a more objective and consistent evaluation, focusing on the relevant skills, competencies, and experiences needed for the job. Considering the job description ensures that the evaluation is directly tied to the specific requirements and responsibilities of the role, increasing the validity of the resume review process.
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Opportunity cost is what must be ______ in order to ______ something else. Opportunity cost forces consumers and producers to make ______.
First Blank Options:
Received
Given Up
Replaced
Opportunity cost is what must be given up in order to obtain something else. Opportunity cost forces consumers and producers to make choices.
Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a decision. It represents the benefits or opportunities that are sacrificed when choosing one option over another. By choosing to pursue a particular course of action, individuals or businesses are effectively giving up the benefits or resources they could have gained from choosing an alternative. This concept highlights the trade-offs inherent in decision-making and emphasizes the need to prioritize and allocate resources efficiently. Consumers and producers constantly face opportunity costs as they evaluate different options and make decisions based on their relative benefits and sacrifices.
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Please answer the questions below in no more than 500 words based on the following posed trade policy scenario: The US increases trade restrictions with China.
How does this affect Aggregate Demand and Supply?
What are the corresponding effects on Unemployment and Inflation as a result?
What fiscal and or monetary policies would you recommend to bring the economy back to Long Run Equilibrium?
Why would or why wouldn't you support this trade policy?
The US increasing trade restrictions with China would have significant effects on both aggregate demand and supply. Here are some of the ways in which these effects could manifest:
Aggregate Demand: When the US increases trade restrictions with China, this will cause a decrease in demand for Chinese goods. This will then cause a reduction in the demand for US dollars needed to purchase those goods. This, in turn, will cause a reduction in the demand for US goods and services because their prices will appear higher in terms of Chinese yuan.
Effects on Unemployment and Inflation: If the reduction in demand for Chinese goods is small, then the effects on unemployment and inflation may be minimal. However, if the reduction in demand for Chinese goods is significant, this could lead to higher unemployment and inflation.
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Select all of the following that are TRUE.
Question 6 options:
If the fixed expenses increase in a company, and all other factors remain unchanged, then we can expect the margin of safety to decrease.
At a given level of sales, a low contribution margin ratio will result in less net income than a high contribution margin ratio.
If fixed expenses increase by $15,000 per year, then the level of sales needed to break even will also increase by $15,000
Once the break-even point has been reached, increases in contribution margin will be reflected dollar for dollar in increased net income.
In determining contribution margin, all manufacturing costs are deducted.
The margin of safety percentage is equal to the margin of safety in dollars divided by the number of units sold.
The statements that are TRUE are the following
1. If the fixed expenses increase in a company, and all other factors remain unchanged, then we can expect the margin of safety to decrease.
2. At a given level of sales, a low contribution margin ratio will result in less net income than a high contribution margin ratio.
3. Once the break-even point has been reached, increases in contribution margin will be reflected dollar for dollar in increased net income.
When fixed expenses increase, the margin of safety, which represents the excess of sales over the break-even point, decreases. This is because a larger portion of sales is now required to cover the higher fixed expenses, reducing the buffer or margin of safety.
The contribution margin ratio is the percentage of each sales dollar that contributes to covering fixed expenses and generating profit. A higher contribution margin ratio means a larger proportion of each sales dollar is available to cover fixed expenses and generate net income, resulting in more net income compared to a lower contribution margin ratio.
Once the break-even point is reached, any increase in contribution margin, which is the difference between sales and variable expenses, directly adds to the net income. This is because fixed expenses have already been covered, so any additional contribution margin increases the net income dollar for dollar.
The remaining statements are false:
1. If fixed expenses increase by $15,000 per year, the level of sales needed to break even will remain the same. It is the contribution margin that needs to increase to cover the higher fixed expenses and reach the break-even point.
2. In determining contribution margin, only variable expenses are deducted, not all manufacturing costs.
3. The margin of safety percentage is calculated by dividing the margin of safety in dollars by the total sales, not the number of units sold.
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Seitz Glassware is trying to determine its growth rate for an annual cash dividend. The most recent dividend, Divo, was $0.30 per share. The stock's target return rate is 10%. What is the stock's price if a. the annual growth rate is 2%? b. the annual growth rate is 4%? c. the annual growth rate is 6%? d. the annual growth rate is 8%? e. the annual growth rate is 9%?
the stock's price would be $3.75 if the annual growth rate is 2%, $5.00 if the growth rate is 4%, $7.50 if the growth rate is 6%, $15.00 if the growth rate is 8%, and $30.00 if the growth rate is 9%.
To determine the stock's price at different annual growth rates, we can use the Gordon Growth Model, also known as the Dividend Discount Model (DDM). The formula for the Gordon Growth Model is:
Stock Price = Dividend / (Rate of Return - Growth Rate)
a. Annual growth rate of 2%:
Stock Price = $0.30 / (0.10 - 0.02) = $0.30 / 0.08 = $3.75
b. Annual growth rate of 4%:
Stock Price = $0.30 / (0.10 - 0.04) = $0.30 / 0.06 = $5.00
c. Annual growth rate of 6%:
Stock Price = $0.30 / (0.10 - 0.06) = $0.30 / 0.04 = $7.50
d. Annual growth rate of 8%:
Stock Price = $0.30 / (0.10 - 0.08) = $0.30 / 0.02 = $15.00
e. Annual growth rate of 9%:
Stock Price = $0.30 / (0.10 - 0.09) = $0.30 / 0.01 = $30.00
Therefore, the stock's price would be $3.75 if the annual growth rate is 2%, $5.00 if the growth rate is 4%, $7.50 if the growth rate is 6%, $15.00 if the growth rate is 8%, and $30.00 if the growth rate is 9%.
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the total cost of ownership of an information system refers to
The total cost of ownership of an information system encompasses all expenses incurred throughout its lifecycle, including acquisition, implementation, operation, and maintenance.
The total cost of ownership (TCO) of an information system refers to the overall expenses associated with owning and managing the system throughout its entire lifespan. TCO takes into account various cost factors, such as acquisition, implementation, operation, and maintenance.
The acquisition costs include the initial purchase price of hardware, software, and licenses, as well as any costs related to customization or integration with existing systems. Implementation costs involve activities like system installation, configuration, data migration, and user training.
Operating costs encompass ongoing expenses such as hardware and software maintenance, system administration, user support, and utilities. Maintenance costs cover software updates, bug fixes, and upgrades. TCO also includes costs associated with system downtime, security measures, and compliance with regulations.
Calculating the TCO provides organizations with a comprehensive understanding of the financial impact of an information system. By considering all expenses from acquisition to retirement, businesses can make informed decisions regarding budget allocation, resource planning, and system optimization. TCO analysis enables organizations to evaluate the long-term value and cost-effectiveness of an information system, helping them make informed decisions about investments, upgrades, and replacements.
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The total cost of ownership of an information system refers to the overall cost associated with acquiring, implementing, operating, and maintaining the system over its entire lifecycle.
The total cost of ownership (TCO) takes into account all expenses related to an information system beyond its initial purchase price. It includes costs incurred during the implementation phase, such as system customization, integration with existing infrastructure, and employee training. Operating costs, including hardware and software maintenance, licensing fees, and technical support, are also considered in the TCO.
Additionally, the TCO encompasses ongoing expenses associated with system updates, upgrades, and enhancements, as well as any necessary repairs or replacements. It takes into account factors like system downtime, productivity losses, and potential risks or security vulnerabilities.
By calculating the TCO, organizations can make informed decisions regarding their investments in information systems. It helps in evaluating the long-term financial impact and benefits of adopting a particular system, comparing different options, and optimizing resource allocation. The TCO analysis provides a comprehensive view of the financial implications associated with owning and managing an information system, enabling organizations to make strategic and cost-effective choices.
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when making a decision regarding the extent of planning, what an entrepreneur should consider?
Planning is a process that involves selecting missions and objectives, determining and outlining the strategies to attain them, and developing and allocating the resources required for the strategies to succeed.
Entrepreneurs should develop an understanding of their own goals and objectives. This entails specifying what they intend to accomplish and the results they want to achieve. Entrepreneurs must have a good understanding of their own strengths and limitations, as well as the external environment, including the market, competitors, and regulatory requirements, among other things.
Entrepreneurs should consider of their goals and objectives when making a decision about the extent of planning required to achieve their goals. It is also critical to understand the external environment and the sources of risk and uncertainty in order to make the best use of resources and develop effective strategies.
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If a firm has a monopoly over the sale of photographic paper and seeks to maximize profits, it: will set the price of the product equal to the average total cost of production. O will adjust the output of the product so that its marginal revenue equals its marginal cost. O will set the price of the product equal to the marginal cost of production. O adjusts the output of the product until demand becomes perfectly inelastic.
When a firm has a monopoly over the sale of photographic paper and seeks to maximize profits, it adjusts the output of the product so that its marginal revenue equals its marginal cost.A monopoly is a situation where a single company dominates the entire market.
In a monopolistic market, the single company produces goods or services that have no close substitutes. Since there is no close substitute, the firm can control the price and quantity of the goods or services.The goal of every business is to maximize profits. A monopoly seeks to achieve this goal by controlling the market and setting a price that maximizes its profits. The company should not set the price of the product equal to the average total cost of production or the marginal cost of production.
The company should adjust the output of the product until the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. At this level, the company is maximizing its profits. Hence, when a firm has a monopoly over the sale of photographic paper and seeks to maximize profits, it adjusts the output of the product so that its marginal revenue equals its marginal cost.
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If ABC company sells $400 worth of goods for $1,000 at 5/10, n/30 and % of the goods were returned for a refund, show the required entry(s) for the return.
the required entry for the return of goods in this scenario, we need to account for the refund and adjust the sales revenue and accounts receivable.
Assuming that a percentage of the goods sold were returned for a refund, let's calculate the specific amounts and prepare the necessary entry:
1. Calculate the amount of goods returned: Amount of goods returned = $400 (original sales amount) x (% of goods returned / 100)
2. Determine the refund amount:
Refund amount = Amount of goods returned x (1 - discount rate)
Now, let's prepare the entry for the return:
OA. Sales Returns and Allowances (contra-revenue account)OB. Accounts Receivable
The specific amounts will depend on the values provided for the discount rate and the percentage of goods returned.
For example, if 80% of the goods were returned and there was a 5% discount rate, the entry would be:
OA. Sales Returns and Allowances $320 (80% x $400)
OB. Accounts Receivable $952 (Original sale of $1,000 - $48 discount - $320 returned goods)
Note: The discount rate of 5% was used to calculate the refund amount by deducting the discount from the returned goods. If there was no discount applied to the returned goods, the refund amount would be equal to the amount of goods returned.
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choice of true or false:
Many firms choose to achieve target cost through adding additional profit centers.
Many firms are finding it is difficult to compete successfully on cost leadership or differentiation alone, and they must, in fact, compete on both design and cost.
Target cost can be defined as competitive price minus throughput margin per unit.
Capacity must be considered when analyzing the merits of a special order.
The statement “Many firms choose to achieve target cost through adding additional profit centers” is false. This is because a profit center is a department or unit that generates revenue, while target cost is a cost management strategy that focuses on the design and development of products to meet specific cost targets.
To achieve target cost, a firm must take a design-to-cost approach that involves reducing costs during the product design stage.The statement “Many firms are finding it is difficult to compete successfully on cost leadership or differentiation alone, and they must, in fact, compete on both design and cost” is true. This is because firms must have a balanced approach that combines cost leadership, differentiation, and product design.
A firm that can produce a product at a low cost and differentiate it from those of its competitors is likely to be successful.The statement “Target cost can be defined as competitive price minus throughput margin per unit” is true. This is because target cost is a cost management strategy that involves determining the maximum cost that can be incurred during the design and development of a product to meet a specific price target. The formula for target cost is Target Cost = Selling Price - Desired Profit Margin - Other Costs. In this formula, throughput margin is the same as desired profit margin.The statement “Capacity must be considered when analyzing the merits of a special order” is true. This is because a special order is an order that is different from the firm's standard products or services. In deciding whether to accept a special order, a firm must consider the costs and benefits of producing the order, including any additional capacity that may be required. The firm must ensure that it has sufficient capacity to produce the order and that the order is profitable. A firm must not accept a special order that would lead to a loss.The statement “Many firms choose to achieve target cost through adding additional profit centers” is false. The statement “Many firms are finding it is difficult to compete successfully on cost leadership or differentiation alone, and they must, in fact, compete on both design and cost” is true. The statement “Target cost can be defined as competitive price minus throughput margin per unit” is true. The statement “Capacity must be considered when analyzing the merits of a special order” is true. Target cost is a cost management strategy that focuses on the design and development of products to meet specific cost targets. To achieve target cost, a firm must take a design-to-cost approach that involves reducing costs during the product design stage. This strategy requires cross-functional collaboration between the design, engineering, and manufacturing departments of a firm. Many firms are finding it difficult to compete successfully on cost leadership or differentiation alone, and they must, in fact, compete on both design and cost. This is because customers are becoming more demanding and are looking for products that are high-quality, customized, and affordable. To meet these demands, firms must have a balanced approach that combines cost leadership, differentiation, and product design. A firm that can produce a product at a low cost and differentiate it from those of its competitors is likely to be successful. Target cost can be defined as competitive price minus throughput margin per unit. The formula for target cost is Target Cost = Selling Price - Desired Profit Margin - Other Costs. In this formula, throughput margin is the same as desired profit margin. The target cost approach is useful for firms that are operating in highly competitive markets where pricing pressure is high. To succeed in such markets, firms must have a deep understanding of their cost structure and must be able to reduce costs while maintaining product quality.Capacity must be considered when analyzing the merits of a special order. A special order is an order that is different from the firm's standard products or services. In deciding whether to accept a special order, a firm must consider the costs and benefits of producing the order, including any additional capacity that may be required. The firm must ensure that it has sufficient capacity to produce the order and that the order is profitable. A firm must not accept a special order that would lead to a loss.
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A company purchased factory equipment for $660000. It is estimated that the equipment will have a $75000 salvage value at the end of its estimated 5-year useful life. If the company uses the double-declining-balance method of depreciation, the amount of annual depreciation recorded for the second year after purchase would be O $234000. O $264000. O $158400. O $111360.
The amount of annual depreciation recorded for the second year after purchase would be $264000.
The double-declining-balance method of depreciation is a method in which the fixed asset is charged a higher amount of depreciation in the beginning and lesser amounts of depreciation as it gets older.
To calculate the double-declining-balance depreciation amount, you need to follow these steps:
First, calculate the straight-line depreciation amount = (Cost of the Asset – Salvage Value) / Useful Life
Second, calculate the double-declining balance rate = 2 / Useful Life
Third, calculate the depreciation expense for the first year = Beginning Book Value x Double Declining Balance Rate
Depreciation expense for the second year = Beginning Book Value x Double Declining Balance Rate
For the given information, we have:
Cost of the equipment = $660000
Salvage Value = $75000
Useful Life = 5 years
Straight Line Depreciation = (Cost of the Asset – Salvage Value) / Useful Life
= ($660000 - $75000) / 5= $117000
Double Declining Balance Rate = 2 / Useful Life= 2 / 5= 0.4 (40%)
Depreciation Expense for the first year = Beginning Book Value x Double Declining Balance Rate
= $660000 x 0.4= $264000
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Corporate governance is the system of rules, practices and processes by which a company is directed and controlled. Corporate governance essentially involves balancing the interests of a company’s various stakeholders, such as shareholders, management, customers, suppliers, financiers, government and the community.
Required:
a. Explain briefly two (2) primary roles of board of directors. (2 marks)
b. The term ‘role duality’ describes a corporate leadership framework where one individual holds two positions as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson of the board of directors. Although duality is reportedly more prevalent in emerging economies, it is less popular or even prohibited in most developed countries. Demonstrate two (2) disadvantages of role duality. (2 marks)
c. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Principles of Corporate Governance originally adopted by the 30 member countries of the OECD in 1999. It has become a reference tool for countries all over the world. Discuss four (4) main areas of good corporate governance as designed by OECD. (4 marks)
Corporate governance plays a crucial role in directing and controlling a company. The board of directors has primary responsibilities in corporate governance, including oversight and strategic decision-making. Role duality, where one person holds both the CEO and Chairperson positions, can have disadvantages such as reduced independence and accountability. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance focus on four main areas: (1) Rights and equitable treatment of shareholders, (2) Interests of stakeholders, (3) Disclosure and transparency, and (4) Responsibilities of the board.
a. The two primary roles of the board of directors in corporate governance are:
Oversight: The board of directors is responsible for overseeing the company's operations and ensuring that it is managed in the best interests of shareholders and other stakeholders. This includes monitoring the company's performance, setting strategic goals, and evaluating management's performance.
Decision-Making: The board of directors plays a key role in making major decisions for the company. This includes approving corporate strategies, financial plans, and significant investments. The board also makes decisions regarding executive appointments, compensation, and succession planning.
b. The disadvantages of role duality, where one individual holds both the CEO and Chairperson positions, include:
Reduced Independence: Role duality can compromise the independence of the board. The Chairperson, who is also the CEO, may have a vested interest in maintaining their position and may influence board decisions in favor of their own agenda, potentially undermining checks and balances.
Lack of Accountability: Separation of the CEO and Chairperson roles allows for better accountability. When one person holds both positions, there is a risk of insufficient checks on management decisions, leading to potential conflicts of interest and reduced accountability to shareholders and other stakeholders.
c. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance focus on four main areas:
Rights and Equitable Treatment of Shareholders: This principle emphasizes the protection of shareholders' rights, including equitable treatment, access to information, and the right to participate in significant decisions. It promotes transparency and fairness in shareholder relationships.
Interests of Stakeholders: This principle recognizes the importance of considering the interests of all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and the local community. It promotes responsible business practices and long-term sustainability.
Disclosure and Transparency: This principle emphasizes the need for timely and accurate disclosure of relevant information to shareholders and stakeholders. It aims to enhance transparency, accountability, and investor confidence.
Responsibilities of the Board: This principle highlights the board's role in ensuring effective corporate governance. It emphasizes the importance of independent directors, their competence, and their ability to act in the best interests of the company and its stakeholders. The board should have clear responsibilities and establish appropriate committees to address specific issues.
By adhering to these principles, companies can enhance their corporate governance practices, strengthen stakeholder relationships, and promote trust and confidence in their operations.
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Bike n Work Co. is a shop that sells bike groupsets. In selling the product, the shop is applying only all-cash policy. However, due to increasingly fierce competition in the industry, the shop is considering of implementing a 30-day credit policy. At the moment, the shop sells 10 units of groupset every month. The current price and the variable cost per unit are IDR 12 million and IDR 8 million, respectively. If Bike n Work does switch to net 30 days on sales, it predicts that the quantity sold may rise by 40% and costs will increase by 25% per unit. Meanwhile, the groupset's price under the new policy will be (10+Y)% higher.
Question:
a. If the required return is 0.90 percent per month, should Bike n Work determine if the company should proceed or not.
b. Assume new orders for (20 +Y) bike groupsets have been made by customers requesting credit. Credit is extended for one period. Based on historical experience, payment for about 1 out of every 50 such orders is never collected. Assuming that this is a one-time order, should credit be extended? (Hint: use the predicted price and variable cost if the new policy is applied).
c. What is the break-even probability of default in part (b)?
. To determine whether Bike n Work should proceed with the switch to a 30-day credit policy, we need to calculate the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows under the new policy. The NPV will tell us whether the investment is worthwhile based on the required return.
First, let's calculate the cash flows under the new policy:
Quantity sold: 10 units * 1.4 = 14 units
Price increase: (10 + Y)% higher than IDR 12 million
Variable cost increase: 25% higher than IDR 8 million
Credit period: 30 days
The additional revenue from the price increase is given by: 14 units * (10 + Y)% * IDR 12 million
The additional variable costs are given by: 14 units * 25% * IDR 8 million
The cash inflow at the end of the credit period is: Additional revenue - Additional variable costs
The net present value (NPV) is calculated by discounting the cash inflow at the required return rate of 0.90% per month.
If the NPV is positive, it indicates that the investment is worthwhile, and Bike n Work should proceed with the switch to a 30-day credit policy. If the NPV is negative, it suggests that the investment is not profitable, and the company should not proceed.
b. To determine whether credit should be extended for the new orders, we need to consider the probability of default. Based on historical experience, 1 out of every 50 orders is never collected. Therefore, the probability of default is 1/50 or 0.02.
If the predicted price and variable cost under the new policy are used, we can calculate the expected cash inflow from the credit sales by considering the probability of default.
Expected cash inflow = Cash inflow at the end of the credit period * (1 - Probability of default)
If the expected cash inflow is greater than the cost associated with extending credit, it would be financially viable to extend credit. Otherwise, it would not be advisable.
c. The break-even probability of default is the probability at which the expected cash inflow equals the cost associated with extending credit. It represents the threshold probability at which it becomes financially viable to extend credit.
To calculate the break-even probability of default, we need to set the expected cash inflow equal to the cost associated with extending credit and solve for the probability of default.
Expected cash inflow = Cost associated with extending credit
By solving this equation for the probability of default, we can determine the break-even probability of default.
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