Colorful, Inc. declared a total dividend of $40,000 in 2019. First, the dividend payable to the preferred stockholders is calculated, which amounts to $7,000.
To determine the total amount that will be paid to common stockholders, we need to understand the dividend distribution hierarchy between preferred stock and common stock. First, let's calculate the dividend payable to the preferred stockholders. The preferred stock is cumulative, meaning that any unpaid dividends accumulate and must be paid before common stockholders receive dividends.
Preferred Stock Dividend Payable:
Dividend Rate = 10%
Par Value of Preferred Stock = $100.00
Shares of Preferred Stock = 700
Preferred Stock Dividend Payable = (Dividend Rate) x (Par Value of Preferred Stock) x (Shares of Preferred Stock)
Preferred Stock Dividend Payable = (0.10) x ($100.00) x (700) = $7,000
Since Colorful had its first profitable year in 2019 and declared a total dividend of $40,000, we can allocate the remaining amount to the common stockholders after paying the preferred stockholders.
Total Amount Paid to Common Stockholders = Total Dividend - Preferred Stock Dividend Payable
Total Amount Paid to Common Stockholders = $40,000 - $7,000 = $33,000
Therefore, the total amount that will be paid to common stockholders is $33,000. The remaining amount, $33,000, will be paid to the common stockholders. This distribution follows the dividend hierarchy where preferred stockholders receive their dividends before common stockholders.
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B2: COSTS and PROFITS with ......20 points. (a) Suppose we have the following production function: Q=K¹1/2L1/2 Suppose K is fixed in the short-run at 16. Let r= $20 and w= $20. State the firm's short-run cost minimization problem given the fixed input. COBB-DOUGLAS...................... (b) Derive the short-run cost function so that we have costs as a function of Q: eg C(Q) = ? Show your work/reasoning. (c) Show that average costs first fall then rise with greater output. You can do this in a table or mathematically. Why does AC fall then rise? (d) What do we mean by a shut-down price? How is the shut-down price related to average variable costs? Explain. (e) What is the shut-down price if r= $20 and w=$20? Explain. (1 points) (f) Let P = $12. State the firm's profit maximizing problem. (g) Find optimal output. You can do this in a table or mathematically. Should the firm shut-down? Explain.
(a) The firm's short-run cost minimization problem is to determine the optimal combination of labor (L) that minimizes the total cost for producing a given quantity of output (Q), considering that capital (K) is fixed at 16 units. The cost minimization problem can be stated as:
Minimize C = wL + rK, subject to Q = K^(1/2)L^(1/2)
(b) To derive the short-run cost function, we need to eliminate one of the variables (K or L) from the production function. Since K is fixed at 16 units, we can substitute K = 16 into the production function:
Q = (16)^(1/2)L^(1/2)
Q = 4L^(1/2)
Solving for L, we get:
L = (Q/4)^2
Substituting this expression for L into the cost function, we have:
C(Q) = wL + rK
C(Q) = w[(Q/4)^2] + r(16)
C(Q) = (w/16)Q^2 + 320
Thus, the short-run cost function is C(Q) = (w/16)Q^2 + 320.
(c) To show that average costs first fall then rise with greater output, we can calculate the average cost (AC) at different levels of output. Assuming fixed inputs and using the short-run cost function from part (b), we can construct a table:
Output (Q) | Total Cost (TC) | Average Cost (AC)
1 | 340 | 340
2 | 380 | 190
4 | 440 | 110
8 | 560 | 70
16 | 800 | 50
From the table, we can see that as output initially increases, average costs decrease. However, after a certain point, average costs start to rise. This is because in the short-run, with fixed inputs, there is a limit to the productivity gains from increasing output, resulting in diminishing returns and higher average costs.
(d) A shut-down price is the price at which a firm decides to temporarily cease operations and produce zero output in the short-run. It is determined by comparing the price (P) with the average variable cost (AVC). If the price falls below the average variable cost, the firm incurs losses on every unit produced and it may choose to shut down to minimize losses.
The shut-down price is related to average variable costs because the average variable cost represents the variable costs per unit of output. If the price falls below the average variable cost, it means that the revenue from selling each unit is not sufficient to cover the variable costs, leading to losses.
(e) If r = $20 and w = $20, the shut-down price can be determined by comparing the price with the average variable cost. Since the average variable cost is not given in the question, we cannot determine the exact shut-down price without further information.
(f) The firm's profit maximizing problem is to determine the optimal level of output (Q) that maximizes its profit. Given that the price (P) is $12, the profit maximizing problem can be stated as:
Maximize π = PQ - C(Q), where π represents profit.
(g) To find the optimal output, we need to equate marginal cost (MC) to the price (P) and determine the corresponding quantity. Since the marginal cost is the derivative of the cost function, we can calculate MC as:
MC(Q) = dC(Q)/dQ = (w/8)Q
Setting MC equal to P:
(w/8)Q = P
(w
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Your company needs to utilize supply chain management software to meet its responsibilities. Identify all of your software needs. - Price 2 – 3 solutions - Choose the software that best fits your company’s needs and defend your decision. 3. Identify your hardware solutions. – Price out ALL the equipment that you will need to fulfill your business’ responsibility (servers, switches, computers, tablets, etc.). 4. How will your employees be trained? Cost? 5. How will you connect with your stakeholders/partners/customers? - Will you acquire a CRM? - How will you correspond (email, social, etc.)? - Will you outsource or hire additional staff for this? Why? The Future 6. What is the company’s 5 year growth goal? How will the company stay current with growing technology? 7. In 5 years, your company will expand to at least 5 more locations, all are out of state. Will your software solution accommodate your expansion? How? 8. Will your hardware accommodate your expansion?
5-Year Growth Goal:
The company's 5-year growth goal is to expand to at least 5 more locations.
1. Software Needs:
To meet the responsibilities of supply chain management, the company requires software solutions that can effectively handle various aspects of the supply chain, including inventory management, order processing, logistics, and demand forecasting. Here are two to three software options along with their approximate prices:
a) SAP Supply Chain Management: SAP offers a comprehensive suite of supply chain management software solutions tailored to different business needs. The price for SAP Supply Chain Management can range from $50,000 to $150,000, depending on the specific modules and features required.
b) Oracle SCM Cloud: Oracle SCM Cloud provides end-to-end supply chain management functionality with features such as inventory optimization, transportation management, and supplier collaboration. The cost for Oracle SCM Cloud can range from $20,000 to $100,000 per year, depending on the scale of the deployment.
c) JDA Supply Chain Management: JDA offers a range of supply chain management solutions, including demand planning, warehouse management, and transportation optimization. The pricing for JDA solutions is typically customized based on the company's specific requirements and needs.
2. Software Selection:
Considering the company's needs, the chosen software solution is SAP Supply Chain Management. SAP is known for its robust and integrated supply chain management capabilities, enabling effective control and visibility across the entire supply chain. The company's specific requirements, such as inventory management and order processing, can be effectively addressed by SAP's comprehensive suite of modules. Additionally, SAP has a strong market presence and a track record of successful implementations in various industries, making it a reliable choice.
3. Hardware Solutions:
To fulfill the company's hardware needs, the following equipment is required
- Servers: Depending on the company's size and requirements, the cost of servers can range from $5,000 to $20,000 each.
- Switches: The cost of switches can vary based on the number of ports and features required. A reliable enterprise-grade switch can range from $500 to $2,000.
- Computers: The cost of computers will depend on the number of users and their specifications. An average desktop computer can range from $500 to $1,500 per unit.
- Tablets: If tablets are required for mobility and on-the-go access, the cost per tablet can range from $200 to $1,000.
It is important to note that hardware costs can vary significantly based on the specific brand, configuration, and vendor.
4. Employee Training:
To ensure that employees are proficient in using the supply chain management software, training programs will be conducted. The cost of employee training will depend on various factors such as the duration of the training, the number of employees to be trained, and the training methodology. On average, the cost of employee training for supply chain management software can range from $1,000 to $5,000 per employee.
5. Connecting with Stakeholders/Partners/Customers:
To connect with stakeholders, partners, and customers, the following approaches will be taken:
- Customer Relationship Management (CRM): Implementing a CRM system will enable effective management of customer relationships, sales, and marketing activities. The cost of CRM software can range from $50 to $200 per user per month, depending on the features and scalability required.
- Correspondence: Communication with stakeholders and customers can be facilitated through various channels such as email, social media platforms, and instant messaging applications. These communication channels are typically already available and may not require additional costs.
- Staffing: Depending on the volume and complexity of customer interactions, additional staff may be required to manage customer relationships effectively. The decision to outsource or hire additional staff will depend on the specific needs and cost considerations.
The Future:
6. 5-Year Growth Goal:
The company's 5-year growth goal is to expand to at least 5 more locations.
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Explain cultural, demographic and social impacts on performance management.
Answer:
Cultural, demographic, and social factors significantly influence performance management within organizations.
Explanation:
Cultural differences shape the expectations, norms, and values related to performance.
Demographic factors, such as age, gender, and education, impact individuals' perspectives on feedback and recognition. Social dynamics, including power structures and social relationships, influence performance evaluations. Organizations must consider these impacts to ensure effective performance management. They should promote cultural sensitivity, recognizing and respecting diverse cultural backgrounds.
Customizing performance management approaches to individual demographic groups helps meet their specific needs. Transparent communication channels, clear expectations, and continuous feedback foster a positive social environment. Training programs on cultural competence and unbiased evaluation techniques mitigate potential negative impacts. Regular evaluation and improvement of performance management practices ensure fairness and align with organizational goals. By addressing these impacts, organizations can enhance performance management's effectiveness and create an inclusive and supportive work environment.
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Explain the concept of depreciation and state THREE (3) reasons for providing depreciation to non-current assets.
Depreciation is the reduction in the worth of non-current assets due to wear and tear, obsolescence, or usage. It is the way of determining the expense of long-term property and assets in the company's balance sheet. This indicates that the value of the assets will decrease as time passes by, and as such, it is crucial to maintain the values of the asset in the financial reports of the company.
Depreciation is recorded in the financial statements of the company in order to provide a clear understanding of the actual worth of the asset owned by the company. In order to provide a long-term view of the company's finances, depreciation is required to be computed in an accurate and consistent manner. It helps in presenting an accurate picture of the company’s financial position to its stakeholders.By recording depreciation expense, companies can reduce their taxable income, which reduces their tax liability, thereby saving cash for the company.Companies that provide depreciation to non-current assets can plan for the future in terms of investments, maintenance, repairs and upgrades, without the need for external financing.
Depreciation is the accounting technique used to measure the decline in the value of assets due to use, wear and tear, or obsolescence. In other words, it is an accounting technique that determines the decrease in the value of an asset over a period of time. It helps in presenting an accurate picture of the company’s financial position to its stakeholders.Secondly, companies that provide depreciation to non-current assets can plan for the future in terms of investments, maintenance, repairs and upgrades, without the need for external financing. This is because they have already taken into account the wear and tear of the assets and set aside funds to replace or repair the assets when necessary.Finally, companies can use depreciation to spread the cost of the asset over its useful life. This can help in reducing the impact of the cost of the asset on the company’s financial statements. By spreading the cost of the asset over its useful life, companies can ensure that their financial statements provide an accurate picture of their financial position.
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researchers working for a certain airline are investigating the weight of carry-on bags. the researchers will use the mean weight of a random sample of 800 carry-on bags to estimate the mean weight of all carry-on bags for the airline. which of the following best describes the effect on the bias and the variance of the estimator if the researchers increase the sample size to 1,300 ? responses
Option (c): Both the bias and the variance of the estimator decrease.
If the researchers working for a certain airline are investigating the weight of carry-on bags, the researchers will use the mean weight of a random sample of 800 carry-on bags to estimate the mean weight of all carry-on bags for the airline. The effect on the bias and the variance of the estimator if the researchers increase the sample size to 1,300 is as follows:
Effect on bias: The bias decreases with the increase in the sample size, i.e., when the sample size increases from 800 to 1300, the bias decreases. Hence, an increase in sample size will reduce the bias and increase the accuracy of the estimator.
Effect on variance: The variance of the estimator also decreases with the increase in sample size, i.e., when the sample size increases from 800 to 1300, the variance decreases. Hence, an increase in sample size will reduce the variance and make the estimator more precise.
Therefore, both bias and variance decrease when the sample size increases from 800 to 1300. Hence, the option (c) is the correct response.
Option (c): Both the bias and the variance of the estimator decrease.
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Read Appendix 7-A and answer the following questions.
Assuming you are a compensation manager, and you are filling a manager position with a salary of $60,000 under our new selective hiring approach (versus $50,000 under the old system). You predict that the salary increase will boost the performance (increase Z from .80 to 1.75). Also, the validity coefficient performance predictor (r) is 0.5, the standard deviation of the dollar value of different performance (SDy) is $30,000, and cost per application (C) is 500, and the selection ratio (SR) is 0.25.
Based on the information provided above, what is the utility of the old system?
What is the utility of the new system?
Based on the results, as well as the benefit factor (40% on top of every dollar of direct pay), which system will you choose? Why?
The utility of the old system is calculated as follows:u= z(r * SDy /C)Where z = standard normal distribution value of the reliability coefficient and ranges from -3 to +3 (or -∞ to +∞) for r = 0 to 1. It is an estimate of the percentage of an ideal gain (100%) in the criterion that can be expected from using the selection method.
r = the correlation coefficient between test scores and job performance. In this case, r = 0.5.SDy = the standard deviation of job performance in dollars. It is $30,000 in this scenario.C = the total cost per applicant or hire. It is $500.Selection ratio (SR) is the number of employees selected divided by the number of applicants or candidates. It is 0.25, according to the information provided above.We can calculate the utility of the old system using the formula:u= z(r * SDy /C) = z(0.5 * $30,000/$500) = 6.0 * 0.10 = 0.60 or 60%
The utility of the old system is 60%.Utility of the new system
The utility of the new system can be calculated using the formula:u = z(r * SDy /C)u= z[(1.75 - 0.80) * (0.5 * $30,000) / $500]u= z(0.975 * $30,000/$500)u= z(58.50)The utility of the new system can be calculated as:u = 9.21 * 0.10u = 0.92 or 92%
The utility of the new system is 92%.Based on the results, as well as the benefit factor (40% on top of every dollar of direct pay), the new system will be chosen because it has a higher utility (92%) than the old system (60%).Moreover, the benefit factor is applied to the total dollar amount of direct pay, which is $60,000 under the new system. It is calculated as follows:Benefit factor = 40%Benefit factor on top of every dollar of direct pay = 0.40 * $60,000 = $24,000The total pay for the new system would be $60,000 + $24,000 = $84,000. Since the new system has a higher utility, it would be the preferred choice, even with the higher cost.
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Carla Vista Company reported net income of $51,840 in 2020 and $76,800 in 2021. However, ending inventory was overstated by $5,760 in 2020.
Compute the correct net income for Carla Vista Company for 2020 and 2021.
2020 correct net income
$enter a dollar amount 2021 correct net income
$enter a dollar amount
The correct net income for Carla Vista Company in 2020 is $46,080.The correct net income for Carla Vista Company in 2021 is $76,800.
To compute the correct net income for Carla Vista Company in 2020 and 2021, we need to adjust for the overstated ending inventory in 2020.
In 2020, the reported net income was $51,840. However, ending inventory was overstated by $5,760. Since ending inventory is an asset, an over statement reduces the cost of goods sold (COGS) and increases net income. To correct this, we need to decrease net income by the amount of the overstatement.
The adjustment for the overstated ending inventory in 2020 would be:
Adjusted Net Income 2020 = Reported Net Income 2020 - Overstatement of Ending Inventory 2020
Adjusted Net Income 2020 = $51,840 - $5,760
Adjusted Net Income 2020 = $46,080
Therefore, the correct net income for Carla Vista Company in 2020 is $46,080.
In 2021, no adjustment is mentioned, so the reported net income of $76,800 can be considered as the correct net income.
Therefore, the correct net income for Carla Vista Company in 2021 is $76,800.
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what interests you about working in accounts payable at a company like ours?
Accounts payable is an exciting field that requires precision and attention to detail. It also allows you to work with numbers and financial records, which I find interesting.
Accounts payable is an essential part of the accounting and finance department of any company. It involves processing and recording financial transactions, such as bills and invoices, to ensure that vendors are paid accurately and on time.Working in accounts payable requires a high level of attention to detail since the accuracy of financial records is critical. I find this aspect of the job particularly interesting as it allows me to develop and hone my skills in record-keeping and accounting.
Also, I find the opportunity to work with numbers and financial records intriguing. I enjoy using my analytical skills to examine financial statements, identify patterns and trends, and make informed decisions.In addition to these reasons, working in accounts payable at a company like yours would provide a unique learning opportunity. As a company that operates in different industries, I would be exposed to different financial transactions, business models, and accounting practices. This exposure would enable me to expand my knowledge and understanding of the business world, which I find fascinating.
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Question 1 SATI Anew equipment requires a weet of $150.000 genomen income of $20.000 for the first years therefore by $10,000 forming Me Of 10 yearsTo foco Westment under a pack contowe (wie you the box)
The given statement discusses the investment requirement for the new equipment, including the cost of investment, projected income, and payback period. Let us try to understand the statement in detail - A new equipment requires an investment of $150,000.
The projected income in the first year is $20,000, which indicates a payback period of 7.5 years ($150,000/$20,000). However, it is mentioned that the income will increase by $10,000 for each of the next 10 years, implying a total projected income of $20,000 + ($10,000 x 10) = $120,000. This would mean that the total payback period would be 1.25 years ($150,000/$120,000).
Therefore, the payback period has decreased from 7.5 years to 1.25 years due to the increased projected income over the next 10 years. The statement mentions that this investment will be made under a pack contract. The terms of the pack contract are not mentioned in the statement, but it is understood that a pack contract would offer some benefits or incentives to the investor.
Therefore, we can say that the given statement provides an overview of the investment required, the projected income, and the payback period for a new equipment purchase under a pack contract.
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Sydney Corporation is considering the following projects, all of which are independent of one another. Available funds are limited to $1 million in this capital budgeting period. If the goal of the firm is to maximize shareholder wealth, which projects should definitely NOT be accepted Project Initial Outlay PV of Cash Inflows 1 $650,000 $600,000 2 500,000 625,000 3 400,000 450,000 4 300,000 350,000 250,000 275,000 200,000 235,000 150,000 140,000 50,000 52,500 5678
Based on the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth and NPV, the projects that should definitely NOT be accepted by Sydney Corporation are projects 3 and 4.
To determine this, we need to calculate the profitability index (PI) for each project. The profitability index is calculated by dividing the present value of cash inflows by the initial outlay.
For project 3:
PI = PV of Cash Inflows / Initial Outlay = $450,000 / $400,000 = 1.125
For project 4:
PI = PV of Cash Inflows / Initial Outlay = ($350,000 + $250,000 + $200,000 + $150,000 + $50,000) / $300,000 = 1.667
The profitability index measures the amount of wealth created per dollar invested. A higher PI indicates a more attractive project in terms of maximizing shareholder wealth.
Comparing the PIs, project 3 has a profitability index of 1.125, while project 4 has a higher profitability index of 1.667. Therefore, project 3 should not be accepted as it generates less wealth per dollar invested compared to project 4.
Projects 3 and 4 should not be accepted by Sydney Corporation if the goal is to maximize shareholder wealth. The company should focus on accepting projects with higher profitability indices to make the most efficient use of their limited funds.
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The Solow model, if the per worker production function of function of Japan is given as Y/N = 1.5(K/N)^0.5, the depreciation rate as 10%, the population growth rate as 2% and the savings function is given as S= 0.05Y:
1. Calculate the balanced growth( steady state) capital labour ratio(K/N).
2.What us the balanced growth(steady state) output per worker( Y/N)?
1. The balanced growth (steady state) capital-labor ratio (K/N) can be calculated by setting the investment (savings) equal to the depreciation rate and the population growth rate. In this case, the savings function is given as S = 0.05Y, where Y/N represents the output per worker. Therefore, the investment per worker (I/N) is equal to 0.05Y. The depreciation rate is given as 10%, which can be expressed as 0.1. Similarly, the population growth rate is given as 2%, or 0.02. In the steady state, investment per worker is equal to the depreciation rate plus population growth rate: I/N = (0.05Y) = (0.1 + 0.02)K/N. Solving this equation, we can find the balanced growth capital-labor ratio (K/N).
2. The balanced growth (steady state) output per worker (Y/N) can be calculated using the per worker production function. In this case, the production function is given as Y/N = 1.5(K/N)^0.5. At the steady state, the capital-labor ratio (K/N) remains constant. Thus, we can substitute the balanced growth capital-labor ratio (K/N) obtained in the first step into the production function. By plugging in the calculated value of K/N, we can determine the balanced growth output per worker (Y/N).
In summary, to calculate the balanced growth capital-labor ratio (K/N), we equate investment per worker (I/N) to the sum of the depreciation rate and the population growth rate. Subsequently, we substitute the obtained K/N value into the per worker production function to determine the balanced growth output per worker (Y/N).
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0 / 1 pts Incorrect Question 9 Which of the following is true about how federal government spending evolved over the 20th century? Expenditure on the social safety net as a share of government spending has been on the decline Military expenditure has been a growing share of federal spending since World War Federal spending as a share of GDP has increased rapidly since the 1970s. federal sending as a share of GDP has slowly but steadily choses WORD WAT
Out of the s given, the statement that "federal spending as a share of GDP has increased rapidly since the 1970s" is generally accurate.
In the 20th century, federal spending in the United States has indeed increased as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), although the rate of increase has not been constant throughout the century. Several factors have contributed to this growth, including increased spending on social programs, defense, and other government initiatives.
However, it is important to note that without further context or specific data, it is challenging to provide a comprehensive analysis of federal government spending over the entire 20th century. Government spending priorities and allocations can vary significantly over time, influenced by economic conditions, political factors, and changing societal needs. A more detailed examination would be required to accurately assess the evolution of federal spending in specific areas, such as the social safety net or military expenditure, throughout the 20th century.
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why is the process of assessing project feasibility so important
The process of assessing project feasibility is important because it helps determine the viability and potential success of a project before committing resources and effort.
Assessing project feasibility involves evaluating various aspects such as technical feasibility, financial viability, market potential, and operational feasibility. By conducting a comprehensive feasibility analysis, organizations can identify potential risks, challenges, and opportunities associated with the project. This allows them to make informed decisions and prioritize projects that have a higher likelihood of achieving the desired outcomes.
The feasibility assessment helps in identifying any potential issues or obstacles that may hinder the project's progress or impact its profitability. It enables organizations to assess whether the project aligns with their strategic objectives and if they have the necessary resources, skills, and capabilities to execute it successfully. By considering factors such as market demand, competitive landscape, financial projections, and technical requirements, organizations can make more informed decisions about whether to proceed with the project or explore alternative options.
Ultimately, conducting a thorough project feasibility assessment minimizes the risk of investing resources in projects that are unlikely to deliver the desired results. It helps organizations make informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and increase the chances of project success.
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Delta Merchandising, Inc., has provided the for the year just ended: following information
Net sales $128,500
Beginning inventory $24,000
Purchases $80,000
Gross margin $38,550
What was the ending inventory for the company at year-end?
a. $65,450
b. $24,500
c. $14,050
d. $9,950
To determine the ending inventory for the company at year-end, we can use the formula:
Ending Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Cost of Goods Sold
First, we need to calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). COGS can be obtained by subtracting the Gross Margin from the Net Sales:
COGS = Net Sales - Gross Margin
COGS = $128,500 - $38,550
COGS = $89,950
Now, we can calculate the ending inventory:
Ending Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - COGS
Ending Inventory = $24,000 + $80,000 - $89,950
Ending Inventory = $14,050
Therefore, the ending inventory for the company at year-end is $14,050.
The correct answer is option (c) $14,050.
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The Pontiac Assembly is a factory which uses labour and capital to build trucks according to the technology f(L,K) = 1L¹²K²¹ During a war, the government demands that the Pontiac Assembly produces 1 trucks for the military this year. The factory is currently renting 3 units of capital. Due to various limitations, the amount of capital the factory uses cannot be changed. The wage paid for each unit of labour is 6 and rent for each unit of capital is 7. Assume trucks, labour and capital are continuous variables. Represent labour in the horizontal axis and capital in the vertical axis. Answer the following: If rounding is needed, round your answers to 3 decimal places. a) Let Lo be the smallest amount of labour the factory must use to meet its production target. What is Lo? b) Suppose the factory employs Lo units of labour. What is the Marginal Product of Capital at this point? c) Suppose the factory employs Lo units of labour. What is the Technical Rate of Substitution MPL MPK at this point? d) After the war, the Pontiac Assembly sells trucks in a competitive market. The current market price for a truck is 60. The factory still cannot change the amount of capital it employs, but it controls the amount of labour it employs. How many trucks will the Pontiac Assembly produce to maximise profit? Note that the only decision variable this firm controls is the amount of labour it hires. Hint: express the profit function using the production function.
The Pontiac Assembly factory aims to produce 1 truck for the military, given a production function f(L,K) = 1L¹²K²¹. The wage rate for labor is $6 and the rental rate for capital is $7. The questions ask for the smallest amount of labor needed to meet the production target (Lo), the marginal product of capital at that labor level, the technical rate of substitution between labor and capital, and the optimal labor input to maximize profit when the market price for a truck is $60.
To determine the smallest amount of labor required to meet the production target of 1 truck, we need to set the production function equal to 1 and solve for labor (L). With f(L,K) = 1L¹²K²¹ and K fixed at 3 units, we can calculate the minimum labor input (Lo) by substituting the values into the production function.
The marginal product of capital (MPK) at the labor input of Lo can be obtained by taking the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital (K) while holding labor (L) constant. This will give us the additional output generated from each additional unit of capital at the given labor level.
The technical rate of substitution (TRS) between labor (L) and capital (K) at the labor input of Lo is determined by taking the ratio of the marginal product of labor (MPL) to the marginal product of capital (MPK) at that labor level. TRS represents the rate at which labor can be substituted for capital while maintaining a constant level of output.
To maximize profit, the Pontiac Assembly firm needs to determine the optimal labor input that maximizes the difference between revenue and cost. The profit function can be expressed as the difference between total revenue (market price times quantity produced) and total cost (the sum of labor cost and fixed capital cost). By differentiating the profit function with respect to labor and setting it equal to zero, we can find the labor input that maximizes profit.
We can analyze the labor requirement, capital productivity, the substitution relationship between labor and capital, and the profit-maximizing labor input for the Pontiac Assembly factory in producing trucks for the military.
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Financial data for Beaker Company for last year appear below: Beaker Company Statements of Financial Position. Beginning Balance Ending Balance Assets: Cash $ 331,000 Accounts receivable Inventory 169,000 263,000 $ 505,256 185,000 220,000 Plant and equipment (net) 451,000 Investment in Cedar Company Land (undeveloped) 266,000 365,000 388,000 288,000 365,000 Total assets $ 1,845,000 $ 1,959,256 Liabilities and owners' equity: $ 190,000 $ 199,000 Accounts payable Long-term debt Owners' equity 868,000 787,000 868,000 902,256 Total liabilities and owners' equity $ 1,845,000 $ 1,959,256 Beaker Company Income Statement Sales Less operating expenses. $2,080,000 1,518,400 561,600 Net operating income Less interest and taxes: Interest expense Tax expense $ 100,400 190,944 291,344 Net income $ 270,256 The company paid dividends of $155,000 last year. The "Investment in Cedar Company" on the statement of financial position represents an investment in the stock of another company. Required: a. Compute the company's margin, turnover, and return on investment for last year. b. The Board of Directors of Beaker Company has set a minimum required return of 40%. What was the company's residual income last year? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B Compute the company's margin, turnover, and return on investment for last year. (Round your Percentage and Turnover answers to two decimal places.) % Margin Turnover Return on investment % < Required A Required B > ences Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required A Required B The Board of Directors of Beaker Company has set a minimum required return of 40%. What was the company's residual Income last year? (Round your intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places.) Residual income < Required A Required B >
Margin, turnover and return on investment for the company last year:Margin:Margin represents the ability of the company to generate profit from the sale of goods. It shows the profit as a percentage of sales. The formula for calculating margin is Net income / Sales.
Given that net income is $270,256 and sales is $2,080,000.Margin = $270,256/$2,080,000Margin = 0.13 or 13% Turnover:Turnover shows the number of times inventory is sold in a year. It is calculated by dividing sales by inventory. Given that sales is $2,080,000 and inventory at the start of the year was $169,000 and inventory at the end of the year was $220,000, the average inventory is ($169,000+$220,000)/2 = $194,500.Turnover = $2,080,000/$194,500Turnover = 10.68 timesReturn on Investment:Return on Investment (ROI) is a measure of profitability that evaluates the performance of a company by dividing the net income by the investment made in the company. ROI = Net income / Investment made in the company.
Given that net income is $270,256 and investment made in the company is $1,845,000. ROI = $270,256/$1,845,000ROI = 0.1466 or 14.66%.Residual income for the company last year:The formula for calculating residual income is Net income - (Minimum required return x Average invested capital). The minimum required return is 40%. Therefore, the minimum required return is 0.40 x $1,845,000 = $738,000.The average invested capital is ($505,256+$288,000)/2 = $396,628.Residual income = $270,256 - ($738,000 x $396,628)Residual income = $28,788.35Therefore, the company's residual income last year was $28,788.35.
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Which of the following is least likely to be an independent contractor? An assembly line worker. A boxer. A mason. A freelance court reporter. A day laborer was hired to help build a wall.
An independent contractor is a self-employed person who is hired to complete work for a client or company.So A) an assembly line worker is least likely to be an independent contractor.
An independent contractor is someone who can determine their own hours, choose their own clients, and decide what work they will perform. Independent contractors are generally not considered employees of the company that hired them, and are thus responsible for paying their own taxes and benefits. They are also usually paid per project, rather than receiving a salary or hourly wage.
Assembly line workers are employees who work in manufacturing plants and are responsible for assembling products on a production line. Assembly line workers work in a repetitive job that requires them to perform the same task over and over again as the product moves down the assembly line. They are typically paid an hourly wage or a salary, and are considered to be employees of the company that they work for.
Assembly line workers are least likely to be independent contractors because they work in a repetitive job that requires them to perform the same task over and over again as the product moves down the assembly line. They do not have control over their own hours, and they do not choose their own clients. They are typically paid an hourly wage or a salary, which is indicative of an employer-employee relationship.
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term that define the level of risks on a project as define by the project risk score
Risk level refers to the degree of risk associated with a project, determined by the project risk score, which considers various factors to assess the overall risk.
The term that defines the level of risks on a project, as defined by the project risk score is risk level. Risk level refers to the degree of risk involved in a particular scenario or project. It's a metric used to determine the level of risk associated with a specific project, which is determined using the project risk score.Project Risk ScoreThe project risk score is a measure used to determine the level of risk in a project. It considers various factors such as budget, project scope, timelines, and other factors to determine the overall risk score of the project.Once the risk score is calculated, it can be used to determine the risk level of the project, which is typically classified into low, medium, or high-risk levels. The risk level of a project is important to determine the level of mitigation actions that are required to be put in place to address the risks associated with the project.
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bank president spencer had approved significant loan amounts to berry for the purpose of developing a shopping center. spencer was satisfied that the land collateralizing the shopping center loan was sufficient, and spencer was not particularly concerned about that loan. berry, however, requested an additional loan for the purpose of starting a temporary employee agency. berry offered to collateralize that loan with office equipment, but spencer was uneasy that such collateral was insufficient. if spencer decides to go forward with the loan involving the temporary employee agency, which of the following is true regarding spencer's options? a. spencer should only request a cross-default provision because article 9 makes cross-collateralization provisions unenforceable. b. spencer should request a guarantee from a solvent person or entity because article 9 makes both cross-default and cross-collateralization provisions illegal. c. spencer should only request a cross-collateralization provision because article 9 makes cross-default provisions unenforceable. d. spencer should request a cross-default provision and also a cross-collateralization provision.
Spencer should request a cross-default provision and also a cross-collateralization provision. Option d is correct.
A cross-default is a provision in a loan agreement or bond issue that states that if the borrower defaults on one obligation, it will be regarded as having defaulted on another obligation. If a borrower defaults on one debt, for example, a cross-default clause may be invoked, allowing the lender to demand that the borrower repay all of its outstanding debts.
Lenders use cross-default provisions to safeguard themselves from the risk of default when lending to businesses that have multiple sources of debt.
Cross-collateralization is when a creditor is given the right to utilize collateral from one loan to cover defaults on another loan provided by the same creditor. The collateral from the first loan may be used to secure the second loan.
Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) regulates secured transactions. It applies to transactions in which one party uses collateral to secure a loan or another type of debt. It establishes rules for creating, perfecting, and enforcing security interests. The goal is to provide predictability and consistency in commercial transactions, particularly in the context of secured lending.
So, Spencer should request a cross-default provision and also a cross-collateralization provision because Article 9 makes both legal. Option d is correct.
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In an organization with an inert culture, a (blank) style of leadership is most likely used to motivate and control behavior of employees.
Group of answer choices
transformational
directive
participative
adaptive
supportive
In an organization with an inert culture, a directive style of leadership is most likely used to motivate and control the behavior of employees.
A directive style of leadership is characterized by leaders who provide specific instructions to their employees on what they should do and how they should do it. In such a style of leadership, the leader has a high degree of control over the decision-making process and is often the one who makes the final decision.In an organization with an inert culture:An inert culture is a culture that resists change and innovation. Organizations with inert cultures may be more resistant to new ideas and may have a more rigid way of doing things. In such cultures, a directive style of leadership is most likely used to motivate and control the behavior of employees.Directive leaders are often seen as authoritarian or controlling, but in an organization with an inert culture, this style of leadership may be necessary to get things done. A directive leader may be more effective in such a culture because they are able to provide clear instructions and guidance to employees who may be resistant to change or innovation.
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The average cost of a gallon of unleaded gasoline in Southern Indian and Louisville Metro area was reported to be $3.10 in www.gasbuddy.com . During the period of rapid changing prices, the websites gets updated frequently. Assume the standard deviation as $0.18 for the price of a gallon. A survey conducted by 50 students from IUS indicates the sample mean price of a gallon of gasoline is $3.25. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine whether the mean gasoline price is different than the price of gasoline reported by the gas buddy website at 0.05 level of significance. Use the 'p' value approach to test your hypothesis. 1. State your null and alternate hypothesis. 2. Compute the test statistic. 3. Decision rule - Use critical value approach.. 4. Conclusion.
Answer:
Null and Alternative Hypotheses:
The null hypothesis (H0) states that the mean gasoline price is not different than the price reported by the gasbuddy website:
H0: μ = $3.10
Explanation:
The alternative hypothesis (Ha) states that the mean gasoline price is different than the price reported by the gasbuddy website:
Ha: μ ≠ $3.10
Compute the Test Statistic:
To compute the test statistic, we can use the formula for the z-score:
z = (x - μ) / (σ / √n)
Where:
x = Sample mean price of a gallon of gasoline ($3.25)
μ = Population mean price of a gallon of gasoline ($3.10)
σ = Standard deviation of the population ($0.18)
n = Sample size (50)
Substituting the values into the formula:
z = ($3.25 - $3.10) / ($0.18 / √50)
z = $0.15 / ($0.18 / 7.071)
z ≈ 1.178
Decision Rule - Use Critical Value Approach:
At a significance level of 0.05, we will use a two-tailed test. The critical z-value for a 0.025 significance level (each tail) is approximately ±1.96.
If the calculated test statistic (z) falls outside the range of -1.96 to 1.96, we reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Conclusion:
The calculated test statistic of 1.178 falls within the range of -1.96 to 1.96. Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to conclude that the mean gasoline price is different than the price reported by the GasBuddy website at the 0.05 level of significance.
Note: This conclusion is based on the assumption that the sample is representative and satisfies the conditions for conducting a hypothesis test.
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"The Lalonde report was the first government document recognizing the role of individual behavior in health. " True or False.
"True", The Lalonde report was the first official document to acknowledge the significance of personal behavior's for health.
The Lalonde report is a well-known report that laid the groundwork for the health promotion movement in the 1970s. It was released in Canada in 1974 by the Federal Government of Canada's Minister of Health and Welfare, Marc Lalonde. It is significant for numerous reasons, including being the first government report that emphasized the importance of personal health choices and ways to help people improve their own health.
It emphasized four interdependent areas of health determination, including lifestyle, healthcare organization, environment, and heredity.
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Q 9
Table 3-4
Labour hours needed to make one unit: Amount produced in 24 hours:
Baskets Birdhouses Baskets Birdhouses
Alberta 6 2 4 12
Manitoba 3 4 8 6
Refer to the table 3-4. If Alberta and Manitoba trade based on the principle of comparative advantage, what will be exported?
Select one:
a. Alberta will export both goods, and Manitoba will export neither good.
b. Alberta will export birdhouses, and Manitoba will export baskets.
c. Alberta will export baskets, and Manitoba will export birdhouses.
d. Alberta will export neither good, and Manitoba will export both goods.
Q 10
Table 3-5
Labour hours needed to make one unit: Amount produced in 40 hours:
Cheese Bread Cheese Bread
England 1 2 40 20
Spain 2 8 20 5
Refer to Table 3-5. Which country has a comparative or absolute advantage in each product?
Select one:
a. England has a comparative advantage in bread, and Spain has an absolute advantage in cheese.
b. England has a comparative advantage in cheese, and Spain has an absolute advantage in both goods.
c. England has a comparative advantage in both goods, and Spain has an absolute advantage in cheese.
d. England has a comparative advantage in bread, and Spain has an absolute advantage in neither good.
The concept of comparative advantage is based on the premise that trade benefits all participating nations. When a country specializes in a product in which it has a comparative advantage, it can produce more efficiently than other countries.
As a result, it can produce the same goods and services at a lower cost. As a result, countries may benefit from trade by exporting goods and services for which they have a comparative advantage. Alberta needs fewer labor hours than Manitoba to manufacture one unit of Birdhouses. Manitoba, on the other hand, requires fewer labor hours to make one unit of Baskets than Alberta. It can be deduced from this that Alberta will export birdhouses, and Manitoba will export baskets.
England requires fewer labor hours than Spain to manufacture one unit of Cheese. England also requires fewer labor hours than Spain to manufacture one unit of Bread. England has a comparative advantage in both goods, while Spain has an absolute advantage in cheese. It can, therefore, be concluded that England has a comparative advantage in both goods, and Spain has an absolute advantage in cheese. Option (c) England has a comparative advantage in both goods, and Spain has an absolute advantage in cheese is the correct answer.
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Create a case for or against cryptocurrency
becoming among the leading exchanged currencies used in trade
globally.
Your group should only choose one: You can only
argue for or against cryptocurrenc
Case Against Cryptocurrency Becoming a Leading Exchanged Currency Globally. Cryptocurrency, while gaining popularity and recognition in recent years, faces several challenges that make it unsuitable for becoming among the leading exchanged currencies used in global trade. Here are some arguments against cryptocurrency's widespread adoption:
Volatility: Cryptocurrencies are notorious for their high volatility, with prices fluctuating significantly within short periods. This instability poses risks for businesses engaged in international trade, as it introduces uncertainty in the value of transactions. A currency's stability is crucial for facilitating trade and providing a reliable medium of exchange, which cryptocurrencies currently struggle to offer.Lack of Regulation: Cryptocurrencies operate outside the traditional financial system, resulting in a lack of regulatory oversight. The absence of a centralized authority and consistent regulatory framework raises concerns regarding security, fraud, and money laundering. Governments and financial institutions may be hesitant to adopt a currency that operates in a regulatory gray area, potentially exposing them to legal and financial risks.Scalability and Efficiency: The current infrastructure of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, faces challenges in terms of scalability and transaction speed. As transaction volumes increase, the blockchain networks supporting cryptocurrencies may become congested, leading to delays and higher transaction costs. This limitation hinders the seamless and efficient flow of funds required for global trade.Lack of Acceptance: While the adoption of cryptocurrencies is growing, they still lack widespread acceptance among businesses and consumers. Many merchants do not accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment, limiting their usefulness in everyday transactions. Without broader acceptance, cryptocurrencies face an uphill battle in becoming a leading exchanged currency used in global trade.Potential for Fraud and Hacking: Cryptocurrencies are susceptible to hacking and fraud due to their digital nature and lack of centralized control. Numerous cases of cryptocurrency exchange hacks and scams have occurred, leading to significant financial losses. Such incidents erode trust and confidence in cryptocurrencies, deterring their adoption as a mainstream currency.In conclusion, while cryptocurrencies offer some unique features and benefits, several challenges hinder their potential to become among the leading exchanged currencies used in global trade.
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A currency depreciation on the foreign exchange market will: encourage imports to the country whose currency has depreciated. discourage imports to the country whose currency has depreciated. discourage exports to the country whose currency has depreciated. encourage foreign travel by the citizens of the country whose currency has depreciated. All of the following would add to the demand for U.S. dollars except: long-term capital inflows. foreign travel by United States citizens. exports of commodities from the United States. travel by foreigners on United States airlines.
A currency depreciation on the foreign exchange market will: encourage exports from the country whose currency has depreciated and discourage imports to the country whose currency has depreciated.
All of the following would add to the demand for U.S. dollars except: exports of commodities from the United States.
Currency refers to a medium of exchange that is widely accepted in a specific geographic region or country as a form of payment for goods, services, and debts. It serves as a unit of account, facilitating the valuation and comparison of different goods and services. Currencies can be physical, such as banknotes and coins, or digital in the form of electronic transactions. Each currency has its own value relative to other currencies, which is determined by factors like supply and demand, economic conditions, interest rates, and geopolitical events. Foreign exchange markets enable the conversion of one currency into another, facilitating international trade, investment, and travel.
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Match the following:
Prompts :
Selling price is $3. PAR value is $2.5
Selling price is $3. PAR value is $4
Selling price is $3. PAR value is $3
Selling price is $3. PAR value not available
Submitted Answers
Choose a match:
Discount NO-PAR value
Common stocks
No premium nor discount
Premium
Preferred stocks
Selling price and PAR value determine the presence of premium, discount, common stocks, or preferred stocks in investments.
Selling price is $3. PAR value is $2.5 - No premium nor discount
Selling price is $3. PAR value is $4 - Premium
Selling price is $3. PAR value is $3 - Common stocks
Selling price is $3. PAR value not available - Preferred stocks
In the first prompt, where the selling price is $3 and the PAR value is $2.5, there is no premium nor discount. This means that the selling price is equal to the PAR value.
In the second prompt, where the selling price is $3 and the PAR value is $4, there is a premium. The selling price is higher than the PAR value.
In the third prompt, where the selling price is $3 and the PAR value is $3, it refers to common stocks. Common stocks represent ownership in a company and do not have a fixed PAR value.
In the fourth prompt, where the PAR value is not available, it refers to preferred stocks. Preferred stocks have a predetermined dividend and usually do not have a PAR value associated with them.
These matches demonstrate the relationship between selling price, PAR value, and the types of stocks.
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One reason for studying operations and supply chain management (OSCM) is which of the following? OSCM is essential for understanding organizational behavior. Most business graduates do OSCM work regardless of their job title. All managers should understand the basic principles that guide the design of transformation processes. OSCM is a required course in all business degree programs. OSCM is the most rigorous business discipline. Which of the following is not a characteristic that distinguishes services from goods? Service jobs are unskilled. A service is intangible. Services are perishable. Services are heterogeneous. O None of these choices are correct
One reason for studying operations and supply chain management (OSCM) is that all managers should understand the basic principles that guide the design of transformation processes.
Understanding OSCM helps managers make informed decisions regarding the efficient allocation of resources, effective coordination of activities, and improvement of productivity within an organization. While OSCM may not be essential for understanding organizational behavior or a required course in all business degree programs, it provides valuable insights into how organizations can optimize their operations and supply chain activities, regardless of the specific job title or industry.
Among the given options, the characteristic that does not distinguish services from goods is "Service jobs are unskilled." This statement is not accurate as service jobs can require a range of skills and qualifications depending on the nature of the service being provided. The distinguishing characteristics of services include intangibility (services cannot be touched or seen), perishability (services cannot be stored or inventoried), and heterogeneity (services can vary in quality and consistency). Therefore, the correct choice is "O None of these choices are correct" as none of the options accurately describe the distinguishing characteristics of services.
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Q1. Illustrate in detail how you would create and validate an assessment system.
Step 1: Determine the purpose of the assessment: Before creating an assessment system, it is important to determine the purpose of the assessment system. The purpose of the assessment system could be to evaluate students' knowledge or to measure their progress.
Step 2: Select the assessment type: After determining the purpose of the assessment, the next step is to select the type of assessment that will be used. The assessment types include multiple-choice, true or false, essay, short answer, etc.
Step 3: Develop the assessment items: The next step is to develop the assessment items. The assessment items should be aligned with the learning objectives and the standards that the students are expected to meet. The items should be clear, concise, and easy to understand.
Step 4: Establish a scoring system: The scoring system should be established to determine how the students will be scored. The scoring system should be based on the learning objectives and standards that the students are expected to meet.
Step 5: Pilot the assessment system: Before implementing the assessment system, it is important to pilot it to ensure that it meets the needs of both the teachers and the students. The pilot should be conducted with a group of students who are representative of the population that will be assessed.
Step 6: Collect and analyze data: After piloting the assessment system, data should be collected and analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the assessment system. The data collected should be used to refine the assessment system.
Step 7: Implement the assessment system: The final step is to implement the assessment system. The assessment system should be implemented in a manner that is consistent with the learning objectives and the standards that the students are expected to meet. The implementation should be monitored to ensure that it is meeting the needs of both the teachers and the students.
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During the last few years, Jana Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program that has been proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Jana's cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task: • The firm's tax rate is 25%. • The current price of Jana's 12% coupon, semiannual payment, noncallable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity is $1,153.72. Jana does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost. • The current price of the firm's 10%, $100 par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is $116.95. Jana would incur flotation costs equal to 5% of the proceeds on a new issue. • Jana's common stock is currently selling at $50 per share. There are 3 million outstanding common shares. Its last dividend (D0) was $3.12, and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 5.8% in the foreseeable future. Jana's beta is 1.2, the yield on T-bonds is 5.6%, and the market risk premium is estimated to be 6%. For the own-bond-yield- plus-judgmental-risk-premium approach, the firm uses a 3.2% judgmental risk premium. • Jana's target capital structure is 30% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 60% common equity. To help you structure the task, Leigh Jones has asked you to answer the following questions. a) Omitted b) What is the market interest rate on Jana's debt and what is the component cost of this debt for WACC purposes? a) Omitted b) What is the market interest rate on Jana's debt and what is the component cost of this debt for WACC purposes? c) 1) What is the firm's cost of preferred stock? 2) Jana's preferred stock is riskier to investors than its debt, yet the preferred's yield to investors is lower than the yield to maturity on the debt. Does this suggest that you have made a mistake? d) (1) Omitted (2) Omitted (3) Jana does not plan to issue new shares of common stock. Using the CAPM approach, what is Jana's estimated cost of equity? e) (1) What is the estimated cost of equity using the dividend growth approach? (2) Suppose the firm has historically earned 15% on equity (ROE) and retained 35% of earnings, and investors expect this situation to continue in the future. How could you use this information to estimate the future dividend growth rate, and what growth rate would you get? Is this consistent with the 5% growth rate given earlier?
The current interest rate at which borrowers can borrow money from lenders in the financial market is referred to as the market interest rate, sometimes known as the prevailing interest rate or the going rate.
b) Market interest rate on Jana's debt and the component cost of this debt for WACC purposes can be calculated as follows: Given, the current price of Jana's 12% coupon, semiannual payment, non-callable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity is $1153.72. Jana does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost.
Calculation of Market Interest Rate: Now, Let's calculate the market interest rate on Jana's debt by using the below formula: FV = 1000 (Bond's face value)Pmt = 60 (Bond's semi-annual payment= 12%*1000/2)N = 30 (Number of semiannual periods remaining till maturity)PV = -1153.72 (Bond's Current price)i = 5.06% (Semi-annual Yield to maturity).
Therefore, the semi-annual market interest rate on Jana's debt is 5.06%*2 = 10.12%. Calculation of Component cost of this debt for WACC purposes: Jana does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost. Therefore, the component cost of debt is equal to the Yield to maturity which is 10.12%. Hence, the component cost of Jana's debt for WACC purposes is 10.12%. Option a) is omitted.
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(a) Draw the economy in a long-run equilibrium according to the AD/AS model. Label the axes and all curves. Label the equilibrium in each graph with the letter "A". (b) On the graph, indicate the value of the natural level of output using, Y*, the current value of output, Yı, and the current price level, P₁. (c) Consider the impact of an increase in the money supply by the central bank. Include on your graph the short-run equilibrium. Label this "B". Also indicate the short-run equilibrium output, Y2, and price level, P2.
(a) In the AD/AS model, the long-run equilibrium occurs when aggregate demand (AD) intersects the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve. The axes of the graph should be labeled as Price Level (P) on the vertical axis and Real Output (Y) on the horizontal axis. Draw the LRAS curve as a vertical line at the level of potential output (Y*). The AD curve should intersect the LRAS curve at the equilibrium point labeled "A."
(b) To indicate the natural level of output (Y*), draw a vertical line from the intersection of AD and LRAS curves to the horizontal axis and label it as Y*. Mark the current value of output, Yı, on the horizontal axis, and the current price level, P₁, on the vertical axis.
(c) An increase in the money supply by the central bank will shift the AD curve to the right. Draw a new AD curve parallel to the original but shifted to the right. The intersection of the new AD curve with the LRAS curve represents the short-run equilibrium labeled as "B." Mark the short-run equilibrium output, Y2, and the corresponding price level, P2, on the graph.
Remember to label all curves and equilibria clearly to provide a comprehensive visualization of the AD/AS model.
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