Answer- The largest T under which both players choose "continue" till period T is T = 2. If T is 3 or greater, at least one player would prefer to stop rather than continue.
Explanation- 1. If T = 3, the payoff in the subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) can be calculated as follows:
- In period 1, player 1 has the choice to continue or stop. If player 1 continues, the asset value is 5, and player 1's payoff would be (3/5) * 5 = 3. Player 2 then has the choice to continue or stop. If player 2 stops, their payoff would be (2/5) * 5 = 2, and the game ends. However, player 2 would prefer to continue as they are impatient and would have a chance to earn more in the next period.
- In period 2, player 2 continues and the asset value becomes 10. Player 2's payoff would be (3/5) * 10 = 6. Player 1, in turn, has the choice to continue or stop. If player 1 stops, their payoff would be (2/5) * 10 = 4, and the game ends. Player 1, being impatient, would prefer to stop and earn 3 at this point rather than continue.
- Therefore, the subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) outcome is that player 1 stops at period 2, earning a payoff of 3, and player 2 continues till period 3, earning a payoff of 6.
2. If T = 20, the payoff in the subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) can be calculated as follows:
- In period 1, player 1 continues, and the asset value is 5. Player 1's payoff would be (3/5) * 5 = 3. Player 2 also continues.
- This pattern continues for the next 18 periods. At each period, the asset value increases by 5, and the players' payoffs increase accordingly. Player 1 earns (3/5) * (5t) at period t, and player 2 earns (2/5) * (5t) at period t.
- In the final period, T = 20, both players choose to continue. The asset value is 100, and each player's payoff would be (5/2) * 100 = 250.
- Therefore, in the subgame perfect equilibrium (SPE) with T = 20, both players continue till the final period and earn a payoff of 250 each.
3. The largest T under which both players choose "continue" till period T can be determined by analyzing the payoffs for each player. In this game, if the payoff from "continue" is greater than or equal to the payoff from "stop," players will prefer to continue.
- When both players continue, the payoffs increase by (3/5) * 5 = 3 for player 1 and (2/5) * 5 = 2 for player 2 at each period. Therefore, if T is such that continuing for T periods results in a higher payoff than stopping, both players will continue.
- To find the largest T, we need to determine the point at which the payoff from continuing becomes less than the payoff from stopping for at least one player. This occurs when (3/5) * (5T) < (2/5) * (5T), which simplifies to T < 3.
- Therefore, the largest T under which both players choose "continue" till period T is T = 2. If T is 3 or greater, at least one player would prefer to stop rather than continue.
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Discuss how Costco created value in different markets as it expanded internationally in 600 words.
Costco created value in different markets as it expanded internationally through its unique value proposition, efficient operations, and customer-centric approach.
Costco's international expansion strategy focused on creating value for customers in different markets. Here are the key ways in which Costco achieved this:
Unique value proposition: Costco differentiated itself by offering a membership-based model that provided customers with access to a wide range of high-quality products at competitive prices. The company emphasized bulk purchasing, which allowed it to negotiate lower prices from suppliers and pass on the cost savings to its members. This value proposition resonated with customers in different markets, who sought quality products at affordable prices.
Efficient operations: Costco's operational efficiency played a significant role in creating value. The company adopted a no-frill approach to store design, focusing on functionality and cost-effectiveness. By stocking a limited number of carefully selected products and employing economies of scale, Costco reduced its operational costs and maintained competitive prices. Efficient supply chain management and strong vendor relationships further contributed to cost savings and value creation.
Customer-centric approach: Costco prioritized customer satisfaction and loyalty in all its markets. The company emphasized excellent customer service, hassle-free return policies, and a pleasant shopping experience. By consistently delivering on these aspects, Costco built a loyal customer base and generated positive word-of-mouth, which further contributed to its success and value creation.
While there are no specific calculations involved in evaluating Costco's value creation in different markets, some key performance indicators can reflect its success. For example, metrics such as membership growth, sales per square foot, and customer satisfaction scores can indicate the value that Costco has delivered in each market. Additionally, financial indicators such as revenue growth, profit margins, and return on investment can also demonstrate the effectiveness of Costco's value creation strategies.
Costco's international expansion was driven by its ability to create value in different markets. Through its unique value proposition, efficient operations, and customer-centric approach, Costco attracted customers by offering high-quality products at competitive prices. The company's focus on operational efficiency and customer satisfaction further strengthened its value proposition. While specific calculations may vary across markets, metrics such as membership growth, sales per square foot, and customer satisfaction can provide insights into Costco's value creation success. Overall, Costco's commitment to delivering value has allowed it to thrive and become a global retail leader
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the atc curve is tangent to the tr curve.unanswered the afc curve is horizontal.unanswered the firm is earning a normal profit.unanswered mr equals mc.
In the scenario, average total cost curve is tangent to the total revenue curve, and the average fixed cost curve is horizontal. The firm is earning a normal profit, & marginal revenue equals the marginal cost.
Fixed cost refers to expenses that do not vary with the level of production or sales volume. These costs remain constant regardless of the quantity produced. Examples of fixed costs include rent, salaries of permanent employees, insurance premiums, and lease payments. Fixed costs do not change in the short run, even if production increases or decreases. They are incurred to maintain the production capacity and infrastructure of a business. Fixed costs are essential for the operation of a company but do not directly depend on the level of output.
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↳ A Moving to another question will save this response. Question 4 These machines, descended from the battle tank will accelerate deforestation, develop suburbs and give access to natural resources: O Excavators, loaders, snowmobiles, construction cranes. Helicopters, submarines, hovercraft, gliders. lawnmowers, chainsaws, wood chippers, earth packers. Bulldozers, harvesters, logging trucks, skidders. Moving to another question will save this response Question 3 of 5 estion 3 10 points Save Ar The Anthropocene age has made an irreversible mark on the geological record of the planet due to human activity. What are the man-made factors responsible for these markers in the geological record? O Coal exploitation, atomic power, petroleum extraction. O World War 1. World War 2 and hydroelectric dams O Slavery, colonization, the assembly line and consumerism O Interstate highways, Levit homes and solar power Question 3 of 5 A Moving to another question will save this response. H Q a DELL FIG 10 E PA P12 Se whers MA Digi Tum
The term Anthropocene represents the present geological age of the Earth, which is influenced by the human activities. These activities have made an irreversible impact on the planet's geological record. The man-made factors responsible for these markers in the geological record are:Coal exploitation, atomic power, petroleum extraction are the man-made factors responsible for these markers in the geological record of the planet.
These human activities have led to the accumulation of toxic chemicals, soil depletion, climate change, and ozone depletion. Such activities have caused significant damage to the natural ecosystems and brought negative impacts on various life forms.
Human activities such as mining and oil drilling have caused disruptions to the natural water cycle, leading to water scarcity. Industrialization and transportation have also contributed to air pollution and habitat fragmentation. In conclusion, human activities have had an irreversible impact on the geological record of the planet, which requires the attention of the current generation to take action.
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a) General Corporation has 100 million outstanding shares with a share price of $5, and it has outstanding debt with a market value of $300 million. Investors expect a 6% return on debt and 12% return on stock. With the consideration of Modigliani and Miller (MM) Position II without tax,
(i) if General Corporation issues new shares of $300 million to redeem all outstanding debt, what is the revised expected return of the stock?
(ii) if General Corporation issues $100 million of new debts to repurchase 20 million of the stock, what is the revised expected return of the stock?
b) Katy Corporation wants to have a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 10%. The cost of debt is 5%, the cost of equity is 12%, and the tax rate is 20%. There is no other capital except the mentioned debt and equity. With the given information, calculate the debt-equity ratio to achieve the targeted WACC.
c) Jason Limited has 100 units of outstanding bonds with a coupon rate of 10%, in which the market price and the face value of each bond is $2,000. It is expected that the earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) of the firm would remain constant at $400,000 each year, and the unlevered cost of capital is at 20%. Calculate the firm value of Jason Limited with the consideration of Modigliani and Miller (MM) Proposition 1 with tax if the tax rate is 25%.
i) Revised expected return of the stock in case General Corporation issues new shares of $300 million to redeem all outstanding debtThe value of the outstanding debt is $300 million. It can be redeemed by issuing $300 million worth of new shares.
Therefore, the number of new shares that need to be issued to redeem all outstanding debt
= ($300 million) / ($5 per share) = 60 million shares.
The total number of shares after the issuance of new shares
= 100 million + 60 million = 160 million shares.The revised expected return of the stock is:Revised expected return of stock = [(100/160) × 12%] = 7.5%ii) Revised expected return of the stock if General Corporation issues $100 million of new debts to repurchase 20 million of the stockIt is given that General Corporation will issue $100 million of new debt to repurchase 20 million of the stock. The total value of the outstanding shares of General Corporation
= (100 million) × ($5) = $500 million
The value of the outstanding debt of General Corporation = $300 million.The debt-equity ratio of General Corporation = ($300 million) / ($500 million) = 0.6.
Now, we have to calculate the equity ratio, which can be calculated as follows:
Equity ratio = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4
The expected return on stock is 12%, and the cost of debt is 6%.Therefore, the revised expected return of the stock is: Revised expected return of stock
= 12% − [0.4 × (12% − 6%)] = 9.6%
b) Debt-equity ratio to achieve the targeted WACC of 10%Let D be the amount of debt and E be the amount of equity.
D + E = Total capital = 100%.
Thus, the debt-equity ratio is:
D/E = (1 − E/D) = (1 − (1 + 0.12)/(1 + 0.05)) = 0.74
Therefore, the debt-equity ratio to achieve the targeted WACC of 10% is 0.74
.c) Firm value of Jason LimitedThe face value and the market price of each bond = $2,000.The number of bonds issued by Jason Limited = 100.The total market value of the outstanding bonds
= ($2,000 per bond) × (100 bonds) = $200,000.
The EBIT of the company is $400,000, and the unlevered cost of capital is 20%.The interest payment on the bond is $200,000 × 10% = $20,000 per year.
The value of the firm can be calculated using the following formula:
VU = EBIT / rU
where,VU is the firm value without debt.EBIT is earnings before interest and tax.rU is the unlevered cost of capital.The value of VU can be calculated as follows:
VU = EBIT / rU= $400,000 / 20% = $2,000,000
The value of the firm with debt (VL) can be calculated using the following formula:
VL = VU + TD
where,T is the tax rate.D is the value of outstanding debt.
D = ($2,000 per bond) × (100 bonds) = $200,000
T is given as 25%.
Therefore,VL = $2,000,000 + ($200,000 × 25%)= $2,050,000.
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One-year Treasury securities yield 3.65%. The market anticipates that 1 year from now, 1-year Treasury securities will yield 5.55%. If the pure expectations theory is correct, what is the yield today for 2-year Treasury securities? Calculate the yield using a geometric average. Do not round your intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.
___%
The yield today for 2-year Treasury securities, according to the pure expectations theory, is approximately 4.50%.
The pure expectations theory states that the yield on a longer-term bond is equal to the geometric average of the expected yields on shorter-term bonds.
Given:
Yield on 1-year Treasury securities today = 3.65%
Expected yield on 1-year Treasury securities in 1 year = 5.55%
To calculate the yield today for 2-year Treasury securities, we need to find the geometric average of these two yields.
Geometric Average = √(Yield today * Expected yield in 1 year)
Geometric Average = √(3.65% * 5.55%)
Calculating the geometric average:
Geometric Average = √(0.0365 * 0.0555)
Geometric Average ≈ √0.00202675
Geometric Average ≈ 0.0450
Converting the result to a percentage:
Geometric Average ≈ 4.50%
Therefore, the yield today for 2-year Treasury securities, according to the pure expectations theory, is approximately 4.50%.
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determine the inventory turnover ratio and average days to sell inventory for the current year. (use 365 days a year. round your intermediate calculations and final answers to 2 decimal places.)
The Inventory turnover ratio is determined to check the number of times the inventory is sold during a particular period. It is computed by dividing the cost of goods sold by the average inventory during a particular period. The formula for calculating the inventory turnover ratio is given below:
Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold / Average inventoryThe Average days to sell inventory is determined to find out the number of days required to sell the entire inventory. It is calculated by dividing the total number of days in a year by the inventory turnover ratio. The formula for calculating the average days to sell inventory is given below:
Average days to sell inventory = 365 days / Inventory turnover ratioGiven,Cost of goods sold = $ 50,000Average inventory = $ 12,000Inventory turnover ratio = Cost of goods sold / Average inventoryInventory turnover ratio = $ 50,000 / $ 12,000 = 4.17Therefore, the inventory turnover ratio for the current year is 4.17.The Average days to sell inventory isAverage days to sell inventory = 365 days / Inventory turnover ratioAverage days to sell inventory = 365 days / 4.17 = 87.51Thus, the inventory turnover ratio is 4.17 and the average days to sell inventory is 87.51.
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B MC Qu. 13-25 (Algo) Industries X and Y both have... Industries X and Y both have four-firm concentration ratios of 63 percent, but the Herfindahi Index for X s 1,273, while that for Y 1,19%. These data suggest Multiple Choice 43:02 greater market power in than in X ces Greater market power in any both industries are monopolistically competitive that price competition is stronger in X than in Y
Hirschman Index for X is 1,273, while that for Y is 1,190, these data suggest greater market power in X than in Y. The correct option is: Greater market power in X than in Y.
How to determine market power?Market power is the capacity to affect or influence market prices by any company. It measures how far the price of a good or service would be higher than in a competitive market.
Some market power indices are Four-firm concentration ratio and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI).The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) calculates market concentration and can be used to determine market power. It is calculated by adding up the squared market shares of all firms in the industry.
The four-firm concentration ratio is another index that shows how the top four companies' output value in an industry compares to the overall market output value. Industries X and Y have a 63 percent four-firm concentration ratio, which indicates that four firms control 63 percent of the market share in each industry.
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for Industry X is 1,273, while for Industry Y is 1,190. Both are less than 1,500, indicating that neither is a highly concentrated industry.
However, Industry X has a higher HHI score, indicating greater market power than Industry Y.
So, the data suggests that greater market power is present in Industry X than in Industry Y.
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After completing MMK365, you are hired to help with data analyses work in a "Marketing Insights" firm. You are asked to help decide which of the following issues can be solved by conducting a regression analysis. From the list below identify the issues that can be addressed with regression analysis (including the linear probability model). (1) Predict whether a customer will churn in the future. (2) Segment the market based on the income and age simultaneously. (3) Calculate the average grocery spending of Australian households. (4) Investigate how advertising affects firm's sales. (5) Investigate the effect of service quality on customers' satisfaction. (6) Explore how price promotion affects firm's profit. Answer here:
Regression analysis issues can be addressed with regression analysis:Predict whether a customer will churn in the future.Investigate how advertising affects firm's sales.Investigate the effect of service quality on customers' satisfaction. (1,4,5,6)
It is a data analysis technique used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between the dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
Explore how price promotion affects firm's profit. Thus, options (1), (4), (5), and (6) can be addressed by conducting a regression analysis. While, option (2) cannot be solved using regression analysis, because segmenting the market based on two variables at the same time is better accomplished with a clustering technique.
Option (3) can be solved using descriptive statistics, such as mean, median, mode, or standard deviation. (1,4,5,6)
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Suppose that in an economy the frictional unemployment rate is 3.1 percent, the natural unemployment rate is 4.5 percent, and the cyclical unemployment rate is 1 percent. The structural unemployment rate is percent and the actual unemployment rate (in this economy) is percent O a. 7.6; 6.6 O b.1.4:55 O c.3.5: 1.4 wored d. 1.4:3.5
The structural unemployment rate in the given economy can be calculated by subtracting the sum of frictional and cyclical unemployment rates from the natural unemployment rate. The actual unemployment rate is the sum of structural, frictional, and cyclical unemployment rates. The correct answer option is not provided in the given choices.
The structural unemployment rate can be found by subtracting the sum of the frictional and cyclical unemployment rates from the natural unemployment rate. In this case, the natural unemployment rate is 4.5 percent, the frictional unemployment rate is 3.1 percent, and the cyclical unemployment rate is 1 percent.
Structural unemployment rate = Natural unemployment rate - (Frictional unemployment rate + Cyclical unemployment rate)
Structural unemployment rate = 4.5% - (3.1% + 1%) = 4.5% - 4.1% = 0.4%
The actual unemployment rate is the sum of structural, frictional, and cyclical unemployment rates.
Actual unemployment rate = Structural unemployment rate + Frictional unemployment rate + Cyclical unemployment rate
Actual unemployment rate = 0.4% + 3.1% + 1% = 4.5%
Therefore, the structural unemployment rate in the given economy is 0.4%, and the actual unemployment rate is 4.5%. None of the provided answer options (a, b, c, or d) match the correct values.
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Julie brought a home 3 years ago and lived in it the past 3 years. She purchased it for 100,000. In the current year she sold the home for 650,000. How is the gain treated?
Group of answer choices
a. entire 550,000 excluded as home residence exclusion
b. 250,000 exclusion as home residence exclusion, 300,000 taxed as ordinary income
c. 250,000 exclusion as home residence exclusion, 300,000 taxed as capital asset
d. 100,000 exclusion as home residence exclusion, 450,000 taxed as capital asset
The gain from the sale of Julie's home is treated as follows: Option c. 250,000 exclusion as home residence exclusion, 300,000 taxed as capital asset.
Under the tax laws in the United States, homeowners can qualify for a home residence exclusion on the gain from the sale of their primary residence. This exclusion allows individuals to exclude up to $250,000 of gain ($500,000 for married couples filing jointly) from the sale of their home.
In Julie's case, she lived in the home for the past 3 years and sold it for $650,000, resulting in a gain of $550,000 ($650,000 - $100,000). Since the gain exceeds the maximum exclusion amount of $250,000, Julie can exclude the first $250,000 of the gain from taxation. The remaining $300,000 ($550,000 - $250,000) would be subject to taxation as a capital asset.
Therefore, option c is the correct answer: 250,000 exclusion as home residence exclusion, 300,000 taxed as capital asset.
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e 2022 a. Define economics. Illustrate the concepts of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost, with example b. Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics, with suitable examples. (10) 1 A BI E E
Economics explores the allocation of scarce resources, the choices individuals and societies make in the face of scarcity, and the opportunity cost of those choices. It encompasses both microeconomics, which examines individual economic units, and macroeconomics, which analyzes the overall economy and its aggregate variables.
a) Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost are fundamental concepts in economics.
Scarcity refers to the limited availability of resources compared to the unlimited wants and needs of individuals and society. Choice is the process of selecting among alternative options when faced with scarcity. Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative forgone when making a choice.
b) Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two branches of economics that focus on different levels of analysis. Microeconomics examines the behavior of individual economic units such as households, firms, and industries.
It analyzes how individuals make decisions regarding resource allocation, production, and consumption. Examples of microeconomic topics include supply and demand, market competition, and pricing decisions.
On the other hand, macroeconomics studies the behavior of the overall economy. It analyzes aggregate economic variables such as national income, unemployment, inflation, and economic growth.
Macroeconomics focuses on the factors influencing the economy as a whole and the government's role in stabilizing and managing the economy. Examples of macroeconomic topics include fiscal policy, monetary policy, and international trade.
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Use the information below to answer the following questions. Fact 11.3.1 An economy has a fixed price level, no imports, and no income taxes. MPC is 0.5 and real GDP is $200 billion, Businesses increase investment by $2 bir Consider Fact 11.3.1. The increase in real GDP is A $202 billion OB $4 billion OC. $1.6 billion OD. $2 billion OE $404 billion
The increase in real GDP is $2 billion. So, the correct answer will be D.
According to Fact 11.3.1, an increase in investment of $2 billion is mentioned. Given that the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is 0.5, we can determine the impact on real GDP. The MPC represents the portion of each additional dollar of income that is typically spent on consumption. In this case, since the investment is an injection into the economy, it will lead to an increase in income and subsequent consumption.
To calculate the increase in real GDP, we multiply the change in investment ($2 billion) by the multiplier, which is the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save (MPS). Since MPS = 1 - MPC, we can determine that MPS is 0.5 as well (1 - 0.5 = 0.5).
Using the formula for the multiplier (1 / MPS), we find that the multiplier is 2 (1 / 0.5 = 2). Multiplying the change in investment ($2 billion) by the multiplier (2) gives us the increase in real GDP: $2 billion.
Therefore, the increase in real GDP is $2 billion.
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You are giving a speech to persuade your audience that your favorite restaurant is the best place to eat. Think about the mental dialogue with your audience. What is 1 question or objection your audience might have to your argument and how would you address it in your speech?
As the speaker, you need to anticipate potential objections or questions your audience might have and address them in your speech.
What is in this case?In the case of persuading the audience that your favorite restaurant is the best place to eat, one objection your audience might have is that they have had a bad experience at the restaurant before or have heard negative reviews from others.
This can be addressed by acknowledging their concerns and highlighting any recent improvements or positive reviews that the restaurant has received. For example, you can say, "I understand that some of you might have had a negative experience at the restaurant before or heard negative reviews from others.
However, I have visited the restaurant multiple times and have had nothing but positive experiences. Furthermore, the restaurant has recently received rave reviews from reputable food critics, which proves that the quality of their food and service has only gotten better."
By addressing this objection, you can reassure your audience that your favorite restaurant is indeed the best place to eat and encourage them to give it another try.
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Which of the following assets is most liquid? 1. Currency and coins. 2. Checking accounts. 3. Short-term government bonds.
4.Savings accounts.
Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be turned into cash or near-cash without losing value or any notable decrease in its price. For instance, an individual can convert currency into cash immediately, whereas real estate is a much less liquid asset as it may take time and money to find a buyer who is willing to pay the asking price.
The assets that are considered most liquid are currency and coins, checking accounts, short-term government bonds and saving accounts.
1. Currency and coins: Currency and coins are considered the most liquid asset because they are in high demand and can be used to purchase any goods and services. They are universally recognized and easily accessible. An individual can readily use cash to buy any item without having to go through the trouble of finding a buyer for the cash.
2. Checking accounts: Checking accounts are also considered as liquid assets. They are easy to access and can be used to purchase goods and services with a debit card, check, or online payment. With checking accounts, individuals can withdraw cash from an ATM, get a cashier’s check, or transfer money to other accounts.
3. Short-term government bonds: Government bonds are also considered as liquid assets, particularly the short-term bonds. They are highly secure and easy to trade. Government bonds can be sold before their maturity date without any significant loss in their value. Government bonds have a lower yield than other bonds, but they have less risk of default than other bonds.
4. Savings accounts: Savings accounts are less liquid than checking accounts because they have withdrawal limits and typically earn lower interest rates. Funds from a savings account may also take a few days to transfer to a checking account.
However, savings accounts are still considered as liquid assets because the funds can be withdrawn at any time without penalty. To conclude, among the assets listed in the options, currency and coins are the most liquid assets. The other options, such as checking accounts, short-term government bonds, and savings accounts, are also considered as liquid assets, but they are less liquid than currency and coins.
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The majority of consumer behavior research in the casino
gambling field has been based on the study of which five
sub-disciplines?
PLEASE WRITE 600-800 WORDS THANK YOU.
The majority of consumer behavior research in the casino industry is conducted in sub-disciplines such as marketing, management, and tourism.
These sub-disciplines are essential to understanding consumer behavior and preferences in the casino industry. Casino marketing research is aimed at identifying and understanding the needs and preferences of consumers in terms of casino games, entertainment, and amenities.
This includes understanding the demographics of customers, the type of games they play, and the factors that influence their decision to visit a particular casino. Management research, on the other hand, focuses on understanding how to optimize the casino experience for customers. This includes understanding the layout of the casino, the quality of service, and the overall customer experience.
Tourism research focuses on understanding the role of casinos in attracting tourists to a particular destination. This includes understanding the importance of the casino industry in the overall tourism sector and the impact of casinos on local communities. Overall, these sub-disciplines are essential in understanding the behavior of consumers in the casino industry and developing strategies to attract and retain customers.
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Match each type of tax with an example of its use.
A. Sales tax
B. Excise tax
C. Property tax
A. 5% charges on purchases of luxury goods
B. 10% tax charged on each gallon of gas
C. 0.5% charged on the value of a home
A. Sales tax: 5% charges on purchaseof luxury goodsB. Excise tax: 10% tax charged on each gallon of gas
tax: 0.5% charged on the value of a home
Sales tax is a tax imposed on the sale of goods or services and is typically calculated as a percentage of the purchase price. In this case, a 5% sales tax is charged on purchases of luxury goods, which means that 5% of the price of the luxury goods will be added as a tax.
Excise tax is a tax levied on specific goods or commodities, such as fuel, alcohol, tobacco, or certain luxury items. Here, a 10% excise tax is imposed on each gallon of gas, meaning that for every gallon of gas purchased, an additional 10% of its price is charged as tax.
Property tax is a tax imposed on the value of real estate or property owned by individuals or entities. In this example, a 0.5% property tax is charged based on the assessed value of a home. This means that 0.5% of the home's value is payable as tax annually.
These examples demonstrate how different types of taxes are applied in specific contexts to generate revenue for governments and provide funding for various public services and programs.
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For a particular item, a firm has established an order-up-to level of 265 units. Currently, there are 75 units in stock, 0 backorders and 85 units scheduled to be delivered tomorrow to the firm. How many units should be ordered? units.
To determine the number of units that should be ordered, we need to calculate the difference between the order-up-to level and the current inventory and scheduled deliveries.
Order-up-to level: 265 units
Current inventory: 75 units
Scheduled deliveries: 85 units
To calculate the units to be ordered, we add the order-up-to level to the scheduled deliveries and subtract the current inventory:
Units to be ordered = Order-up-to level + Scheduled deliveries - Current inventory
Units to be ordered = 265 + 85 - 75
Units to be ordered = 275
Therefore, the firm should order 275 units to maintain its inventory at the desired order-up-to level of 265 units.
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Many colleges offer on-campus meal plans that allow students to purchase a set number of meals per week; the meals are nonrefundable. Most students purchase a meal plan that allows students to eat 20 meals per week at on-campus dining locations. Toward the end of the week, you notice most students eating off campus despite not using all of their on-campus meals. Use the concept of marginal utility to explain student's behavior for spending money to eat off campus instead of consuming "free" on- campus meals. Why do students end up eating off campus instead of eating their on-campus meals? The marginal utility of consuming on-campus meals diminishes for each additional meal until eventually the marginal utility per dollar for off-campus meals equals the marginal utility for the next on-campus meal.
The students prefer to eat off-campus as they get the same level of satisfaction at a cheaper price.
Marginal utility is the extra satisfaction obtained by a consumer by consuming an extra unit of a commodity. The marginal utility of a commodity decreases as the consumption of the commodity increases. The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as a consumer increases the consumption of a good, the utility derived from each additional unit of that good declines over time.Many colleges offer on-campus meal plans that allow students to purchase a set number of meals per week; the meals are nonrefundable. Most students purchase a meal plan that allows students to eat 20 meals per week at on-campus dining locations. However, at the end of the week, most students tend to eat off-campus despite not using all of their on-campus meals. This phenomenon is related to the marginal utility. Initially, when students start eating on-campus meals, their marginal utility for these meals is high since they are new and provide them with satisfaction. However, as they continue eating the same meals over time, the marginal utility of consuming on-campus meals decreases for each additional meal. Eventually, the marginal utility per dollar for off-campus meals equals the marginal utility for the next on-campus meal.
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Why should bond investors be cautious when relying on yield to
maturity? Is it an accurate measure of rate of return for investors
who might not hold their bonds to maturity?
Bond investors should exercise caution when relying solely on yield to maturity (YTM) as a measure of rate of return because it assumes that the bond will be held until maturity and that all interest payments will be reinvested at the YTM.
However, this may not reflect the actual experience of investors who may choose to sell their bonds before maturity or may not be able to reinvest the coupon payments at the same YTM.
There are several reasons why YTM may not accurately represent the rate of return for investors who do not hold their bonds to maturity:
Interest Rate Changes: YTM assumes a constant interest rate environment throughout the bond's life. In reality, interest rates can fluctuate, affecting the market value of the bond. If interest rates rise, the bond's market price may decrease, resulting in a lower rate of return for investors who sell the bond before maturity.
Reinvestment Risk: YTM assumes that all coupon payments will be reinvested at the same YTM. However, future interest rates may be higher or lower than the YTM, impacting the actual rate of return. If interest rates decline, investors may face challenges in finding similarly high-yielding reinvestment opportunities.
Call Provisions: Some bonds have call provisions that allow the issuer to redeem the bonds before maturity. If a bond is called, the investor may receive the call price, which can be different from the face value, leading to a different rate of return than the YTM.
Credit Risk: YTM does not consider the creditworthiness of the issuer. If the issuer's credit rating deteriorates, the market value of the bond may decline, affecting the investor's rate of return.
Given these factors, investors should consider other measures such as yield to call, current yield, and total return to assess the potential rate of return on their bond investments, especially if they do not plan to hold the bonds until maturity.
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What is meant by a price ceiling? Select one:
a. A product's VTC forms the upper bound of its price, which can be referred to as its price ceiling. O b. None of the above
c.. If there turns out to be very little space between these bounds VTC and Variable cost, then the product's price should be set right in that spot.
d. The level of a product's variable costs forms the lower bound of its price, which can be referred to as its price ceiling.
b. None of the above. The statement "None of the above" is the correct choice. Neither option a, c, nor d accurately describes what is meant by a price ceiling.
A price ceiling refers to a maximum legal limit set by a government or regulatory authority on the price that can be charged for a particular good or service. It is intended to protect consumers from excessively high prices and ensure affordability. When a price ceiling is imposed, it restricts the market forces from determining the price, and the actual price cannot exceed the ceiling set by the government.
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Calculation
Doug Bernard specializes in cross-rate arbitrage. He notices the following quotes:
- Swiss Franc/dollar = SFr1.4971/$
- Australian dollar/dollar = A$1.8215/$
- Australian dollar/Swiss franc = A$1.1440/SFr
Does Doug have an arbitrage opportunity based on these quotes? Explain how to conduct the arbitrage. Calculate the rate of return. (5 points)
Convert dollars to Australian dollars: Doug can exchange $1 for A$1.8215 based on the quote for the Australian dollar/dollar exchange rate.Convert Australian dollars to Swiss francs: Doug can exchange A$1 for SFr1.1440 based on the quote for the Australian dollar/Swiss franc exchange rate.
By going through this triangular route, Doug can end up with $1 again, effectively completing a loop. However, in this loop, he will have more dollars at the end than he started with. This means there is an arbitrage opportunity for Doug to profit from the discrepancies in the exchange rates.The rate of return can be calculated by comparing the initial amount in dollars to the final amount in dollars. In this case, the rate of return would be the percentage increase in the dollar amount after the arbitrage.
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Crane Energy Company has issued perpetual preferred stock with a stated (par) value of $100 and a dividend of 3.3 percent. If the required rate of return is 8.25 percent, what is the stock's current market price? (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 15.25.) Current market price $
The current market price of Crane Energy Company's perpetual preferred stock is $39.64.
To calculate the current market price of Crane Energy Company's perpetual preferred stock, we can use the formula for the price of a perpetual preferred stock:
Current Market Price = Dividend / Required Rate of Return
Given:
Dividend = 3.3% of $100 = $3.30
Required Rate of Return = 8.25%
Plugging in the values into the formula:
Current Market Price = $3.30 / 8.25% = $39.64
Therefore, the current market price of Crane Energy Company's perpetual preferred stock is $39.64.
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If the U.S. dollar-British pound exchange rate is $1.30 per pound, and the U.S. dollar-euro rate is $1.12 per euro: Instructions: Enter your response rounded to the nearest two decimal places. a. What is the pound-per-euro rate? [ per c (Click to select), and then b. If the pound-per-euro rate were above this rate, you could profit by converting Click to select) V (Click to select) V If the pound per euro rate were below this rate, you could make a profit by converting Click to select) (Click to select) and then [(Click to select) V
a. Pound-per-euro rate ≈ 1.16 per euro. To calculate the pound-per-euro rate, we need to divide the pound-dollar rate by the dollar-euro rate:
Pound-per-euro rate = Pound-dollar rate / Dollar-euro rate
Pound-per-euro rate = $1.30 per pound / $1.12 per euro
Pound-per-euro rate ≈ 1.16 per euro
b. If the pound-per-euro rate were above this rate (1.16 per euro), you could profit by converting dollars to pounds and then pounds to euros. This is because you would be able to exchange a higher amount of euros for each dollar.
If the pound-per-euro rate were below this rate (1.16 per euro), you could make a profit by converting euros to pounds and then pounds to dollars. This is because you would be able to exchange a higher amount of dollars for each euro.
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Find the sticker price in each row of the table
Base price options Destination charge Sticket price
$19,900 $2,400 $350 $
21,540 1,260 345
32,654 4,865 338
49,842 3,861 425
2. Devin and Marlika Randolph are shopping for a new minivan with all-wheel drive. Its base price is $25,635. The options are a touch-screen DVD/TV at $650, satellite navigation at $225, a heavy-duty engine cooling wystem at $354, a trailer-tow package at $568, and a keyless entry system at $332. The destination charge is $850. What is the minivan's sticker price? Find the missing prices.
3. Betty Richard's new sedan has n $43,895.60 MSRP ineluding title and processing fees. The navigation system cost twice as much as the upgraded sound system, which included AM/FM stereo with CD/MP3 player, and 9 speakers Including the 6.5% sales tax, the total cost of her now car was $48,346,31. Find the cost of the a) upgraded sound system, and b) navigation system.
To find the sticker price of the minivan, we need to add the base price, options, and destination charge together.
Base price: $25,635
Options:
Touch-screen DVD/TV: $650
Satellite navigation: $225
Heavy-duty engine cooling system: $354
Trailer-tow package: $568
Keyless entry system: $332
Destination charge: $850
Sticker price = Base price + Options + Destination charge
Sticker price = $25,635 + $650 + $225 + $354 + $568 + $332 + $850
Sticker price = $28,614
Therefore, the minivan's sticker price is $28,614.
Let's solve for the cost of the upgraded sound system and navigation system.
Given:
Total cost of the new car, including sales tax: $48,346.31
MSRP (including title and processing fees): $43,895.60
Let the cost of the upgraded sound system be x.
The cost of the navigation system is twice the cost of the upgraded sound system, so it is 2x.
The total cost of the car can be expressed as:
Total cost = MSRP + Sales tax
Substituting the given values:
$48,346.31 = $43,895.60 + Sales tax
To find the sales tax, we subtract the MSRP from the total cost:
Sales tax = $48,346.31 - $43,895.60
Sales tax = $4,450.71
Since the sales tax is 6.5% of the total cost, we can set up the equation:
Sales tax = 0.065 * Total cost
Substituting the values and solving for the total cost:
$4,450.71 = 0.065 * Total cost
Total cost = $4,450.71 / 0.065
Total cost ≈ $68,467.85
Now we can solve for the cost of the upgraded sound system and navigation system:
Upgraded sound system = x
Navigation system = 2x
Upgraded sound system + Navigation system + MSRP = Total cost
x + 2x + $43,895.60 = $68,467.85
Combining like terms:
3x + $43,895.60 = $68,467.85
Subtracting $43,895.60 from both sides:
3x = $68,467.85 - $43,895.60
3x = $24,572.25
Dividing by 3:
x ≈ $8,190.75
Therefore, the cost of the upgraded sound system is approximately $8,190.75, and the cost of the navigation system is approximately $16,381.50.
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Subject - Business Ethics
The reliance on digital communication in the business world surely has created ethical dilemmas involving information access and privacy. You could find yourself in a situation of needing to get information from a coworker's computer when that person was out of the office. You know you're not supposed to access others computers, but this coworker is a friend of yours and she has shared her password with you in the past. When you login, you discover that your coworker has been saving customer's credit card data on the computer, which is a violation of company policy.
Saving customer credit card data is a violation of customer privacy and company policy. You suspect the information may be being used for identity theft or credit card fraud.
Your company's code of ethics specifies that employees are responsible for reporting violations of the policy to management.
Your company's information technology specifies that employees should not share their passwords or login to accounts or equipment used by other employees.
If you turn in your coworker, you could also get in trouble since you only gained the information through violating a company policy.
If you don't turn in your coworker, the people whose credit card information she saved could be victimized by fraud or theft.
You will be risking your job by telling management what you saw on your coworker's computer.
Your loyalty is split between your coworker, the company and the customers.
This is a difficult dilemma to face, as is the case with all ethical dilemmas. If you choose to keep yourself out of trouble, will the fact that you know what your coworker has done continue to bother you? Will you be responsible in some way if customers are defrauded as a result of your coworker's actions?
Please write a two paragraph answer to describe what your final decision of action or inaction would be in this situation and why you choose that path.
I would approach management with the necessary evidence and provide a factual account of what I observed, allowing them to take appropriate action to address the situation.
In this situation, my final decision would be to take appropriate action and report the violation to management, despite the potential risks involved.
While it may be tempting to protect my coworker and avoid potential trouble, there are several factors that support the decision to report the violation:
1. Responsibility to Customers: As an employee, I have a responsibility to protect customer privacy and ensure their information is handled in accordance with company policy and legal requirements. By not reporting the violation, I would be neglecting this responsibility and potentially allowing customers to be exposed to fraud or theft. Their well-being and trust in the company should take precedence.
2. Upholding Company Code of Ethics: The company's code of ethics explicitly states that employees are responsible for reporting policy violations to management. By not reporting the incident, I would be disregarding this ethical obligation and potentially undermining the integrity of the company's ethical framework.
3. Long-Term Consequences: If I were to choose inaction and later discovered that customers were indeed defrauded or faced negative consequences due to my coworker's actions, I would likely feel a sense of guilt and regret. It is important to consider the potential long-term impact of our decisions and strive to make choices that align with our moral principles.
By reporting the violation, I acknowledge the potential risks involved but prioritize the well-being of customers and the integrity of the company. I would approach management with the necessary evidence and provide a factual account of what I observed, allowing them to take appropriate action to address the situation. It is essential to act ethically and fulfill our responsibilities even when faced with difficult choices.
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MNC Financing. The MNC will need financing to purchase the product or raw material from the new supplier. Yves Veggi
Discuss the amount of financing needed, explain how you arrived at the amount and how it will be spent.
Discuss the options for financing as discussed in class/lecture notes (bonds, stock, and bank).
You will choose to finance from the bank. Discuss why the option is most suited for your MNC.
Explain how your bank can protect itself from asymmetric information?
Explain the role of the financial report and how does it help financial institutions and investors when analyzing a financial decision?
The MNC will need financing to purchase the product or raw material from the new supplier. The amount of financing needed
The amount of financing needed will be determined by the amount of product or raw material the MNC needs to purchase from the new supplier. The amount can be calculated by multiplying the quantity needed by the cost per unit. For example, if the MNC needs 1,000 units of product and each unit costs $10, then the financing needed would be $10,000. How the financing will be spentThe financing will be spent on purchasing the product or raw material from the new supplier. The MNC will use the financing to pay the supplier for the goods that have been delivered. Options for financingThe options for financing as discussed in class/lecture notes are bonds, stock, and bank. However, for the given scenario, the best option is to finance from the bank. Reasons why bank financing is the best option for the MNC are:The MNC needs short-term financing for purchasing the product or raw material.Banks are experts in providing short-term financing.Banks offer lower interest rates than bonds and stocks.Banks do not require ownership in the MNC or a share in the profits.How banks can protect themselves from asymmetric informationBanks can protect themselves from asymmetric information by:Conducting thorough background checks on the MNC, its management, and its owners.Requiring collateral or a personal guarantee from the MNC or its owners.
Obtaining regular financial reports from the MNC and conducting financial analysis on the reports.Role of financial reportThe financial report plays a crucial role in helping financial institutions and investors when analyzing a financial decision. The financial report contains detailed financial information about the MNC, including its assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. Financial institutions and investors use this information to determine the financial health and performance of the MNC. They also use it to assess the risks associated with investing or lending to the MNC. Overall, the financial report helps financial institutions and investors make informed decisions about financing or investing in the MNC.
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On Dec. 31, 2020, ABC Corp issued 4-year, 7% bonds with $1,000,000 as par value. ABC Corp. received $1,120,000 in cash. The bond interest is paid semiannually on June 30 and December 31 every year. Compute the following: Total bonds premium. Interest paid in cash semiannually. The Semiannual amortization amount of the bond premium. Total bonds interest expense over the 4 years. Question 15 of 16 Moving to another question will save this response MacBook Pro
To calculate the total bond premium, we need to find the difference between the cash received and the par value of the bonds.
Total bonds premium = Cash received - Par value
Total bonds premium = $1,120,000 - $1,000,000
Total bonds premium = $120,000
The interest paid in cash semiannually can be calculated by multiplying the bond's par value by the stated interest rate and dividing it by two since the interest is paid semiannually.
Interest paid in cash semiannually = (Par value * Interest rate) / 2
Interest paid in cash semiannually = ($1,000,000 * 7%) / 2
Interest paid in cash semiannually = $35,000
The semiannual amortization amount of the bond premium can be calculated by dividing the total bond premium by the number of semiannual periods over the bond's life.
Semiannual amortization amount of the bond premium = Total bonds premium / (Number of years * Number of semiannual periods per year)
Semiannual amortization amount of the bond premium = $120,000 / (4 years * 2 semiannual periods per year)
Semiannual amortization amount of the bond premium = $7,500
The total bond interest expense over the 4 years is calculated by multiplying the bond's par value by the stated interest rate and the number of years.
Total bonds interest expense over the 4 years = Par value * Interest rate * Number of years
Total bonds interest expense over the 4 years = $1,000,000 * 7% * 4 years
Total bonds interest expense over the 4 years = $280,000
Therefore, the total bond premium is $120,000, the interest paid in cash semiannually is $35,000, the semiannual amortization amount of the bond premium is $7,500, and the total bond interest expense over the 4 years is $280,000.
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Check My Work eBook Problem Walk-Through Project L requires an initial outlay at t = 0.of $67,850, its expected cash inflows are $14,000 per year for 8 years, and its WACC is 10%. What is the project's IRR?
To calculate the project's internal rate of return (IRR), we need to find the discount rate that makes the present value of the project's cash inflows equal to its initial outlay.
Given:
- Initial outlay (t = 0): $67,850
- Cash inflows per year: $14,000
- Number of years: 8
- WACC (discount rate): 10%
We can calculate the present value (PV) of the cash inflows using the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity:
PV = Cash inflow × [1 - (1 + discount rate)^(-number of years)] / discount rate
We need to find the discount rate that makes the present value equal to the initial outlay. We can use trial and error or a financial calculator to find the rate. However, I can calculate it for you.
Using a financial calculator or software, we find that the IRR of the project is approximately 17.18%.
Therefore, the project's IRR is approximately 17.18%.
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Arturo Co receives a government grant representing 50% of the cost of a depreciating asset which costs $40,000. Required: How will the grant be recognized if Arturo Co depreciates the asset:
(a) Over four years straight line; or
(b) At 40% reducing balance? The residual value is nil.
The useful life is four years.
a. Each year, $5,000 ($20,000 divided by 4 years) would be deducted from the depreciable cost
b. The grant amount is still $20,000 (50% of the cost).
(a) Straight-line depreciation:
When using straight-line depreciation, the cost of the asset is allocated equally over its useful life. In this case, the asset costs $40,000, and since the government grant covers 50% of the cost, the grant amount would be $20,000.
To recognize the grant under straight-line depreciation, the grant amount would be recognized as a reduction in the cost of the asset. Each year, $5,000 ($20,000 divided by 4 years) would be deducted from the depreciable cost of the asset before calculating depreciation expense.
(b) Reducing balance depreciation:
With reducing balance depreciation, a fixed percentage of the net book value of the asset is depreciated each year. In this case, the grant amount is still $20,000 (50% of the cost).
To recognize the grant under reducing balance depreciation, the grant amount would be subtracted from the net book value of the asset before calculating depreciation each year. Since the residual value is nil, the net book value would be equal to the cost of the asset.
In the first year, $20,000 would be deducted from the cost of the asset before calculating depreciation expense. In subsequent years, the depreciation expense would be calculated based on the net book value of the asset after deducting the grant amount.
Overall, the grant would be recognized differently depending on the depreciation method used. In straight-line depreciation, the grant is recognized evenly over the useful life of the asset, while in reducing balance depreciation, the grant is deducted upfront before calculating depreciation expense.
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Which of the following is not a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier? Select one: a. Quality control procedures of suppliers b. Reputation and financial stability c. Lead time and on-time delivery d. Size of the supplier e. Flexibility in handling changes.
The following is not a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier: Size of the supplier. Key considerations when a company chooses a supplier.
What are the considerations?These key considerations are as follows:
Quality control procedures of suppliers.
Reputation and financial stability
Lead time and on-time delivery
Flexibility in handling changes.
Size of the supplier
Quality control procedures of suppliers-
Quality control procedures refer to the set of systematic measures that ensure that the products or services meet the required standards and customer expectations. This is a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier because it assures the company that the product supplied by the supplier is of high quality and is safe for consumption.
Reputation and financial stability-
Reputation and financial stability refer to the reputation and financial status of the supplier. This is a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier because it assures the company that the supplier is reliable and can deliver quality products on time.
Lead time and on-time delivery-
Lead time and on-time delivery refer to the duration taken to deliver products or services to the customer. This is a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier because it assures the company that the supplier can deliver products on time and in the right condition.
Flexibility in handling changes-
Flexibility in handling changes refers to the supplier's ability to make changes to the product or service if necessary. This is a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier because it assures the company that the supplier is flexible and can make changes when necessary.
Size of the supplier-
The size of the supplier is not a key consideration when a company chooses a supplier. However, it is worth noting that large suppliers tend to have a wider range of products and services than small suppliers.
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