Through the processes of transcription and translation, information from genes is used to make proteins.
An mRNA message is decoded into a polypeptide chain during translation (protein). Ribosomes are responsible for translation. The cell uses information from messenger RNA to make proteins during translation.
In the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are located, messenger RNA connects to them after being produced in the nucleus.The cell uses information from messenger RNA to create proteins during translation, also known as protein synthesis. During this process, the cell utilizes all three major types of RNA.
One of the core concepts of molecular biology is the information flow from DNA to RNA to proteins. It is referred to as the "central dogma" since it is so crucial.
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please help
which statement is correct about the krebs cycle?
a. it occurs in the cytoplasm of cells
b. it produces electron carriers that supply the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration
c. it is a phase of anaerobic respiration that is performed by bacteria
d. it is the light-independent reaction in photosynthesis
Carbohydrates will ferment in the following order from fastest to slowest. A. Sucrose fructose glucose starch water Water starch sucrose fructose glucose C Glucose sucrose fructose starch water D. Glucose fructose sucrose starch water What is your strategy? A. To determine the rate of fermentation, will measure the change in color of the solution_ To determine the rate of fermentation, will measure the height of the COz bubble produced. To determine the rate of fermentation, will measure the temperature of the solution D. To determine the rate of fermentation, will measure the pH of the solution.
Glucose will be the first one to ferment and will do so most quickly. The second carbohydrate has the slowest rate of fermentation and produces the least gas. And that is the starch and informed him that water was the only thing he should walk as.
What sugars ferment most quickly?Glycolysis occurs with all sugars. Because glucose is a Carbohydrates and does not need to be broken down, it ferments in yeast the fastest and most effectively of the three sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose). Because it is already in a useful state, it can be used right away in the glycolysis cycle.
Which ferments more quickly, glucose or sucrose?According to studies, some yeast and sugar varieties ferment at a higher rate than others. Our conclusion was that a monosaccharide's The rate of fermentation of a monosaccharide (glucose) would increase faster than that of a disaccharide (sucrose).
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(Please explain the correct answer-- I picked letter A)
The highest surface wind speeds occur when there is a:
A) 4 millibar air pressure difference between 2 nearby locations
B) 4 millibar air pressure difference between 2 distant locations
C) 20 millibar air pressure difference between 2 nearby locations
D) 20 millibar air pressure difference between 2 distant locations
if cracked fissured vibrated or otherwise disturbed soil is not
if the soil has cracks, fissures, vibrates, or has been type B.
What kind of soil is cohesive yet has been tampered with or cracked?Type B soil is cohesive, frequently broken or disturbed, and has fragments that don't adhere to one another as well as Type A soil. Between 0.5 and 1.5 tons per square foot, Type B soil has a medium unconfined compressive strength.
What does Type 1 soil mean?Type A Soils, b. i. Cohesive soils classified as Type A Soils have an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square foot (tsf) (144 kPa) or more. Typical examples of Type A cohesive soils are clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam, and, occasionally, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam.
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the cells located in the leaves of plants contain large amounts of chloroplasts.what is the purpose of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Plants can catch the energy of the Sun in the form of energy-rich molecules thanks to organelles called chloroplasts; cell walls allow plants to have stiff structures as diverse as wood trunks and flexible leaflets; and vacuoles allow plant cells to alter size.
What are the primary functions of chloroplasts in plant cells?Photosynthesis and oxygen-release activities in chloroplasts provide energy, which supports plant growth and crop output. As a result, chloroplasts are in charge of producing active molecules such as amino acids, phytohormones, nucleotides, vitamins, lipids, and secondary metabolites.
They are in charge of photosynthesis, which is the process of converting light energy into sugar and other organic compounds that plants and algae utilize as sustenance.
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In an experiment, a student measures the force acting on a toy car and the toy car’s acceleration. Based the data collected a conclusion was drawn by the student that the amount of force applied affects acceleration. What reasoning led to the interpretation of the data and the conclusion?
A) As distance increases, the rate acceleration increases. As distance increases, the rate acceleration increases.
B) As distance increases, the rate acceleration decreases. As distance increases, the rate acceleration decreases.
C) As force increases, the rate acceleration increases. As force increases, the rate acceleration increases.
D) As force increases, the rate acceleration decreases. As force increases, the rate acceleration decreases.
C) As force increases, the rate acceleration increases. As force increases, the rate acceleration increases.
According to Newton's second law of motion, the force applied to an object is directly proportional to the acceleration it experiences. This means that if you apply more force to an object, it will accelerate more quickly. Conversely, if you apply less force to an object, it will accelerate more slowly.
So in this case, if the student measured an increase in force and an increase in acceleration, it is reasonable to conclude that the amount of force applied affects the acceleration of the toy car. This is the interpretation of the data that led to the conclusion.
platelets are:___.
a. red cells that lack a nucleus
b. blue cells that have a nucleus.
c. tiny cells with a polynucleus.
d. cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.
e. large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus.
Red blood cells make up the bottom red layer, while platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) make up the middle white layer (RBCs).
Red cells without a nucleus are platelets, right?Platelets lack a nucleus of their own because they are not cells. However, they do have a lot of granules (or vesicles). The liver and kidneys secrete the hormone thrombopoietin, which controls the development of megakaryocytes and platelets.
Do platelets include nucleus DNA?Therefore, rather than being complete cells, platelets resemble cell fragments. The fact that platelets lack a nucleus and supporting DNA material is arguably one of the greatest arguments in favor of this theory (apart from the mitochondrial genome).
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a hemoglobin molecule is composed of
Two alpha chains with 141 amino acid residues each and two beta chains with 146 amino acid residues each make up the four polypeptide chains that make up a hemoglobin molecule.
Who or what makes up hemoglobin?Alpha and beta polypeptide chains combine to form the two identical dimers that make up the tetramer hemoglobin. Hydrophobic interactions firmly attach the polypeptide chains to one another. The two dimers are bound together by weaker polar connections and are mobile with respect to one another.
Do four heme molecules exist in hemoglobin?Four polypeptide chains (Alpha 1, Beta 1, Alpha 2, Beta 2) that are noncovalently linked to one another make up the hemoglobin molecule. The heme-iron complexes number four. One Fe++ atom is included in a heme group in each chain.
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if a patient presents with an elevated lymphocyte count compared to other white blood cells, they likely have a(n) choose one: a. viral infection. b. allergy. c. parasite infection. d. bacterial infection.
If a patient presents with an elevated lymphocyte count compared to other white blood cells, they likely have a bacterial infection.
If your doctor determines that your lymphocyte count is high, the test end result is probably proof of one of the following conditions: infection (bacterial, viral, different) most cancers of the blood or lymphatic device. An autoimmune sickness inflicting ongoing (continual) infection.
Lymphocytes assist fight off diseases, so it is normal to look a brief growth after an infection. A count number considerably higher than three,000 lymphocytes in a microliter of blood is generally taken into consideration to be lymphocytosis in adults.
Lymphocytosis often outcomes from viral infections. micro organism and parasites can also reason infection, ensuing in a excessive lymphocyte depend. Infectious reasons of lymphocytosis include: Epstein-Barr virus (the virus that causes mononucleosis).
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match each of the following characteristics to the lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, or both.: Lytic Lysogenic Both the phage genome replicates with the host DNA the host DNA is degraded the phage genome enters the host cell the bacterial cell wall is broken open the bacterial genome contains the integrated phage genome
In the lytic cycle, viruses produce new copies of themselves inside a host cell before bursting outside the cell.
The viral genome is incorporated into the host cell's DNA during the lysogenic cycle, causing internal infection. In the lytic cycle, viruses produce new copies of themselves inside a host cell before bursting outside the cell.Bacteriophages insert their DNA, or genetic material, into bacterial cells both the lysogenic and lytic cycles, and then exploit the machinery of the cells to duplicate and spread. The viral genome is incorporated into the host cell's DNA during the lysogenic cycle, causing internal infection.The viral genome integrates into the host genome during the lysogenic cycle and continues there during replication till the lytic cycle is initiated.
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what cell type is frequently bi-nucleated, contains membranous plaques and other specializations to to protect the organ from with hyperosmotic toxic components of urine in the bladder and ureter?
The ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder. They are made of smooth muscle fibers. Uretic peristalsis is the name of this procedure. The smooth muscular contraction in the ureter tubes during ureter peristalsis results in the continual movement of urine toward the bladder.
The ureter is 25–30 cm long and 3–4 mm in diameter in adults. One of the vital organs of the urinary tract that regulates the movement of urine is the ureter.The two ducts or structures that link the kidneys and bladder are referred to as the ureters. These smooth muscle structures' primary job is to move or convey urine from the kidney, where it is produced and filtered through blood, to the bladder, where it is stored before passing through the urethra for elimination. The ureters also start in the renal pelvis, a region of the kidneys, before moving downward to the bladder. The ureter, then, is the organ responsible for transferring urine from the kidney to the bladder.
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mary hanson, a 2-year-old, was brought to the doctor's office by her mother after she discovered two swollen and painful lumps in mary's groin. staphylococcus aureus was cultured from phagocytic cells obtained from the affected lesions and granulomas were noted. additional tests revealed that neutrophils from mary do not activate respiratory bursts after phagocytosis. the most likely protein defect causing the inability to generate reactive oxygen intermediates during the respiratory burst in mary's neutrophils would be
The most plausible protein flaw responsible for Mary's neutrophils' failure to produce reactive oxygen intermediates during the respiratory burst would be granulomatous.
Two-year-old Mary Hanson was taken to the doctor by her mother after she saw two uncomfortable and swelling lumps in Mary's groin. Granulomas were discovered after staphylococcus aureus was cultivated from phagocytic cells taken from the afflicted lesions. Additional research showed that after phagocytosis, Mary's neutrophils do not initiate respiratory bursts.
Biopsies of a 67-year-old man with several skin lesions that developed over a 2-year period revealed granulomatous dermatitis with accompanying tiny yeasts. The findings of the urine antigen test were negative for Histoplasma infection, and no fungi or other possible pathogens grew in the cultures made from the biopsies. The results of the chest roentgenogram were normal. An analysis of the morphology indicated characteristics of a Malassezia species.
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find the mass of a 50ml quantity of water if the density of the water is 100g/ml.
Answer: 5000 g
Explanation: As the equation for density is D = M/V we can plug in our available units:
Density (D) = 100
Volume (V) = 50
ml is milliliters which means that that is our volume.
If you plug in these numbers you are left with the equation:
100= M/50
Solving this for M:
x50 100 = M/50 x50
5000 = m
This leads us to 5000 grams (from our density amount which is g/ml).
what process generates many b cells and t cells that are activated against specific antigens?
Antigen-specific T cells and B cells are encouraged to proliferate by the process of clonal selection.
Absence of any memory population leads to a full-fledged spontaneous proliferation in which T cells with higher affinity to MHC-self-antigens (and commensal antigens) are triggered for proliferation.In humoral immunity, antigens bind to antibodies, activating B cells to produce plasma cells and memory B cells. Antigens then recognise them so they can be eliminated. The antigen is swallowed by macrophages during cell-mediated immunity, which then exposes it on their surface. Helper T cells cling to macrophages and stimulate them.
For example, cytotoxic T cells can kill infected cells, and macrophages can eliminate intracellular infections as part of cell-mediated immune responses.
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drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages in which the lagging strand is synthesized.
1. DNA polymerase begins synthesizing the lagging strand by adding nucleotides to a short segment of RNA.
2. After each piece of the lagging stand is complete, it is released from DNA polymerase.
3. A different DNA polymerase replaces the RNA segments with DNA.
4. DNA ligase seals the gaps between the pieces, and eventually forms continuous strand.
How are lag strands produced?
Instead of being formed as continuous duplex DNA, lagging strands are instead created as isolated, small DNA fragments known as "Okazaki fragments." In order to create an Okazaki fragment, a primer comprised of RNA-DNA needs to be produced by polymerase (Pol) -primase.
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there are 24 species of hornbills that live in africa, all descended from a common ancestor. there are differences in nesting behavior, feeding morphology, and the habitats in which they are found, which include forests, woodlands, and savannahs. which statement best reflects how ecology and competition could have played a role in diversification of the hornbill lineages? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices resource partitioning may have occurred between different groups, resulting in competitive exclusion and speciation during the evolutionary history of hornbills. resource partitioning could have provided a selective force resulting in multiple speciation events over the evolutionary history of hornbills. competitive exclusion due to interspecific competition may have occurred between different groups, resulting in speciation during the evolutionary history of hornbills. competitive exclusion could have provided a selective force resulting in multiple speciation events over the evolutionary history of hornbills.
Resource partitioning may have occurred between different groups, resulting in competitive exclusion and speciation during the evolutionary history of hornbills. thus correct option (A)
Several species of birds have huge, horn-like bills, and these birds are known as hornbills. There are 54 species of hornbill, with 31 species found in Asia and 23 in Africa, predominantly in tropical rain forests and savannahs. East of the Wallace Line, just four species are present. About 15 million years ago, hornbills first emerged in the fossil record. They appear in several tribes' mythologies from Southeast Asia and Indonesia. The hill tribes of Borneo believe that rhinoceros hornbills carry souls to the afterlife. Every five to seven years, hornbills are celebrated in western Borneo. They serve as faithfulness symbols on Sumba.Hornbills are found only in the Old World. Toucans are regarded as their New World equivalent. The largest hornbill are the size of turkeys. The smallest is the size of doves. Many large ones have horn-like casques on their bill. Some bird live as long as 45 years.As a result of deforestation, habitat loss, and poaching for their bills, feathers, and flesh, several hornbill species are endangered or threatened. Some people have died after ingesting poisons placed out for animals. Others are kidnapped by poachers, who may fetch up to $1,000 per chick for the eggs of certain species.To learn more about hornbill visit:
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select the highlighted phrases that accurately represent english naturalist a. r. wallace’s experience in papua new guinea.
They employ their own labor as well as that of family members or other group members to cultivate the land. In hunter-gatherer cultures, food is obtained through hunting, fishing, and foraging for wild plants and other nutrients like honey
Malinowski established the benchmark for ethnographic fieldwork in sociocultural anthropology with his research in a local setting, conducted in the local tongue, data collection through participant observation, and inductive rather than deductive analysis. Up until around 12,000 years ago, all humans engaged in hunting and gathering.
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Three organisms have part of a gene for a digestive enzyme sequenced, and homologous parts of those sequences are shown below. One organism is a fungus and the other two are green algae.
Organism | Sequence
1 | AGATTCGATTCGCTTTAAA
2 | ACAGTCGAT_CGGCATAAA
3 | AGAT_CGATTCGGTTTAAA
Based on this data, identify which organisms are which and explain why.
Organism 1 and 3 have homologous genome sequence while 2 is different and belongs to fungus.
What is homologous sequence?The biological homology that exists between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences is referred to as sequence homology. This homology is characterized in terms of common ancestry throughout the course of the evolution of life. Although sequences of homologous genes can be quite similar to one another, this does not necessarily indicate that the genes are homologous.
An key instrument for evaluating the structure, function, and evolution of proteins is a method known as inference of homology from protein sequences.
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Human blood types are, in part, determined by the ABO system. the allele frequency for blood type IA is 0.3, and IB is 0.1. What is the frequency of B-type individuals in a population?
This indicates that although each person can only have two different alleles, there are three different alleles present in the population: IA, IB, and i. the frequency is 0.6.
What percentage of the population carries the IA allele?There are three alleles of the human gene that determines the ABO blood group. The frequency of the IA allele in a population of 1000 persons is.3, whereas the number of those with type O blood in the population is .36.
What name is given to the shifts in population allele frequencies over generations?Genetic drift is the generational shift in allele frequencies in a population that results from random events. Genetic drift is actually a change brought on by "sampling error" while choosing the alleles for the following generation from the gene pool of the current generation.
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Eutherian mammals are uniquely defined by
O having fur.
O the young developing in a pouch.
O laying eggs.
O having a placenta.
O longer gestation periods because of more highly developed placentas. o
Eutherian mammals are uniquely defined by: having fur, having placenta, longer gestation periods because of more highly developed placentas.
A grouping of mammals could be made based on placentation. A single maternal layer (endometrium), an exterior embryonic layer (chorion), and an inner embryonic layer make up the placenta that surrounds the foetus.
The inner embryonic layer of eutherian mammals is an allantoic membrane, while that of metatherian mammals is a vitelline membrane.
Those mammals that don't have a placenta are known as prototherian mammals.
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you extract and sequence dna from human bones in a ancient village buried in ash. there is a high frequency of lct allele for lactase persistence. what could be concluded about this population? group of answer choices
Most likely, domesticated livestock were used by the people in this population for milk.
How can the rates of immigration and emigration be interpreted?Both the rate of immigration and the rate of emigration are equal. 5. Disease and parasitism, both of which depend on population density, have an impact on the rabbit population. The age distribution and exponential growth rate r of a stable population are both governed by vital rates, which also influence the structure of the population (mortality, fertility).
What does population size depend on birth rates and immigration and emigration?Births and immigration bring new people into a population. Both deaths and emigration cause them to lose people. How quickly a population expands depends on all of these factors.
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The most notable difference between PrPC (normal protein) and PrPSc (prion protein) is
a. PrPC is a much longer polypeptide chain, compared to PrPSc.
b. PrPC causes a cell to undergo rapid apoptosis.
c. PrPc folds appropriately whereas PrPSc does not fold correctly.
d. PrPc is a functional glycolytic enzymewhereas PrPSc is nonfunctiona
The most notable difference between PrPC (normal protein) and PrPSc (prion protein) is (c) PrPc folds appropriately whereas PrPSc does not fold correctly.
Prions are proteins that have been folded incorrectly and have the ability to pass on their incorrect folding pattern to normally folded forms of the same protein. They describe a number of deadly and contagious neurodegenerative disorders in both humans and numerous other animals. The PrPc protein is a typical component of brain tissue. Prion disorders are characterised by the transformation of normal PrPc into the misfolded form of PrPSc. PrPSc is an insoluble conformer that is rich in beta structure, whereas PrPSc is a normal protein that is rich in alpha helices.
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interspecific competition often leads to what disastrous outcome for the less fit species
Extinction is frequently caused by interspecific competition.
Less suited species may receive a smaller amount of the resources both species require. As a result, it is less probable that individuals from that species will survive, and it could even become extinct.
What is Interspecific competition?
The competition between members of various species is known as interspecific competition. We also recognize two types of competition under this category, but unlike intraspecific rivalry, which involves individuals from the same population, here the competition is between members of different species.
Additionally, there is interspecies rivalry between organisms of different species for resources. For instance, in ocean ecosystems, sharks, dolphins, and seabirds frequently consume the same species of fish. Direct and indirect competition both exist.
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The primary goal of conservation biology is to integrate human culture back into nature estimate the total number of species that exist catalog species maximize the land set aside for wildlife counter the loss of biodiversity
The primary goal of conservation biology is counter the loss of biodiversity
Conservation biology as a discipline aims to provide answers to specific questions that can be applied to management decisions. The main goal is to establish workable methods for preserving species and their biological communities.
The major goal of conservation biology is to: preserve the diversity of living organisms.
the goals of conservation biology Conservation biologists seek to maintain three important aspects of life on Earth: biological diversity, ecological integrity, and ecological health. Biological diversity is a measure of the diversity of all life at all levels of organisation.
Conservation may be classified as either in-situ conservation, which is protecting an endangered species in its natural habitat, or ex-situ conservation, which occurs outside the natural habitat. In-situ conservation involves protecting or restoring the habitat.
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A muscle strain is a sustained contraction of the muscle.
A muscle strain is not a sustained contraction of the muscle. Therefore, the given statement is false.
A muscle strain refers to the equivalent of a sprain to ligaments. A muscle strain can occur when muscle fibers cannot cope with the demands placed on them by exercise overload which leads to the tearing of the fibers. It is a contraction-induced injury where by muscle fibers tear due to extensive mechanical stress. This mostly happens as a result of an over-stretching or powerful eccentric contraction of the muscle. Thus, it is typical for non-contact sports with dynamic traits such as sprinting and jumping.
"
Complete question:
A muscle strain is a sustained contraction of the muscle.
True
False
"
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Which of the following correctly describes the synthesis of proteins?
DNA is transmitted to mRNA, which then attaches to a ribosome where it is translated into a protein.
DNA is translated to tRNA, whihc then attaches to a ribosome where it is transcribed into a protein.
DNA is transcribed to mRNA, which then attaches to a ribosome where it is translated into a protein.
DNA is transcribed to tRNA, which then attaches to a ribosome where it is translated into a protein.
The amino acid sequence for the protein is translated onto a ribosome in the cytoplasm after being transcribed from an RNA strand in the nucleus.
How would you define protein synthesis?Cells create proteins through a process known as protein synthesis. Transcription and translation take place simultaneously. Transcription is the process by which genetic information is transformed from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Its three steps are initiation, elongation, and termination.
What is the step-by-step procedure for making proteins?Initiation, elongation, and termination are its three stages.Following processing, the mRNA transports the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.The ribosome, which is made up of proteins and rRNA, is where translation happens.
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the inheritance of eye color indicates that. choose one or more answers. a. eye color is determined by what a pregnant woman eats. b. other characteristics, such as the texture at the back of the eye, can affect the phenotype. c. two different genes, oca2 and herc2, determine eye color
The inheritance of eye color suggests that other traits, such the texture at the rear of the eye, can have an impact on the phenotypic, making Option B the correct response.
The inheritance of eye color is categorized as a Mendelian feature in its most basic form. Eye color has a more complicated pattern of inheritance based on the observation of more than two phenotypes. Different tints of eye color brown, hazel, green, blue, gray, and, in a few rare instances, violet and red, are among the ranges traits of eye color. Phenotypes include things like blood type, eye color, and hair color. Your eye color may be brown if you have a brown-eye phenotype, and your hair will likely be brown if you have a brown-hair phenotype.
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QUESTION 5 Which of the following is not a lymphocyte? a.Natural killer cells b.T-cells c.B-cells d.Macrophages
Macrophages are not a lymphocyte. There are three primary kinds of lymphocytes: B cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells.
The T-cells, B-cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells are known as lymphocytes since they start from similar progenitor cells known as normal lymphoid progenitor cells. Lymphocytes are a sort of white platelet (or leukocyte). They assist a life form with battling diseases. They happen in a safe arrangement, everything being equal. In human grown-ups, lymphocytes make up about 20 to 40 percent of the complete number of white platelets. They are tracked down in the course and furthermore are packed in focal lymphoid organs and tissues, like the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, where the underlying safe reaction is probably going to happen.
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what does a sensory neuron not necessarily need to generate a signal? group of answer choices ions with concentration gradients a leaky channel a long axon neurotransmitter output
Sensory Neuron - Afferent neurons, also referred to as sensory neurons, are neurons in the nervous system that use their receptors to translate a particular kind of stimuli into action potentials or graded potentials.
It is known as sensory transduction. The dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord are home to the sensory neurons' cell bodies.
The inside of a neuron has a negative charge compared to the positive charge outside the cell when it is not transmitting messages. Ions, electrically charged atoms, keep the balance between positive and negative charges.
K+
K+ tends to leak out of cells through K+ leak channels due to the differential in its concentration. The unbalanced negative charge that K+ leaves behind as it leaves the cell creates an electrical field, or membrane potential, which tends to oppose further K+ efflux.
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how does the intestinal mucosa prevent the development of food allergies mounted against innocuous food antigens? group of answer choices it has several tolerogenic (aka immunosuppressive) mechanisms that inhibit immune activation to non-infectious material there are no adaptive immune cells (t or b cells) in the intestine no antibodies can cross the intestinal epithelium to initiate complement signaling all food antigens are broken down into individual atoms before reaching the intestine
There are no adaptive immune cells (t or b cells) in the intestine .
In general, the epithelial cells transport antibodies, particularly IgA, into the intestinal lumen and these specialized antibodies helps to contribute and act as a barrier by excluding the uptake of antigens or microbes.
So, in order to prevent a food allergy reaction it is required to completely avoid the food and any product that may contain any such ingredient. Intolerant Food never trigger the immune system and also not considered life threatening, although it may cause similar symptoms like diarrhea and stomach pain.
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