an example of a solid tumor originating from epithelial tissue is (B) adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Examples of tumors and where they grow:
Rhabdomyosarcoma is cancer that grows in the skeletal muscles. This type of cancer is rare and affects children more often.
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a malignant epithelial tumor of the lung with glandular differentiation. Epidemiologically, lung adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of all carcinomas that occur in women and 45% in men.
Ewing sarcoma is a malignancy that can occur in bone and soft tissue. In bone, Ewing's sarcoma usually occurs in the pelvis, femur, tibia, and skeleton.
Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that originates from smooth muscle and generally occurs in the smooth muscle of the uterus (leiomyoma or uterine myoma).
Chondrosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the bones or sometimes in the soft tissue near the bones.
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What are the three main approaches of biodiversity conservation?.
A biodiversity conservation is a procedure for maintaining a species or habitat in a particular state. It is a means whereby humankind secures wildlife in a favorable condition for contemplation, education or research, in perpetuity.
Three approaches of biodiversity conservation are:
•The Classic Approach understands local people to be a threat to environmental conservation and therefore people occupying landed intended for conservation have historically and presently been evicted from their land.
•The Populist Approach understands that conservation requires the participation and the empowerment of local people in order to reach both social and environmental aims.
•The Neoliberal Approach sees the need for value to be placed on biodiversity in order for conservation to be incorporated in the economic systems and be successful as a tool of economic development.
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what information can be obtained by working with a punnett square? check all that apply. a. possible genotypes of offspring b. possible phenotypes of offspring c. possible gametes of parents d. possible advantages of trait
By using a punnett square, it is possible to determine potential alleles of parents.A punnett square is a visual representation of all possible allele combinations from a genetic cross (recombination). This chart may be used to deduce the children's phenotypes from their genetics.
A punnet square is produced by crossing the particular genotype alleles of the same genes in the male parent with the specific alleles of the female parent. The results will display the possible genotypes and phenotypes of kids. For a certain hereditary disease, this punnet square can be used to symbolize both the carriers and the afflicted kids.
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why is corn, instead of some other feedstock such as switchgrass, used to produce ethanol in the u.s.?
The simple sugars of corn are easier to convert to ethanol than the complex cellulose of switchgrass.
Ethanol in Corn-based ethanol contains very little of the energy needed to make it, but fuel made from switchgrass, a native grassland plant found in the Great Plains region, contains and contains more than five times the energy required to produce it. The value of corn as a feedstock for ethanol production is due to the large amount of carbohydrates, especially starch, contained in corn (Table 1). Starch can be processed fairly easily to break it down into simple sugars, which can then be fed to yeast to make ethanol.
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cytoplasm is the material inside the plasma membrane of a cell (excluding the nucleus), and Protoplasm is all of the living substances within a cell.
Cytoplasm is the material inside the plasma membrane of a cell (excluding the nucleus), and Protoplasm is all of the living substances within a cell.
What is Cytoplasm?The gelatinous liquid that makes up a cell's interior is called cytoplasm. It is made up of different organic compounds, salts, and water. The cytoplasm is kept apart from some internal organelles, like the nucleus and mitochondria, by membranes.
What is a Protoplasm?The live component of a cell, called protoplasm, is encased in a plasma membrane. It is a mixture of macromolecules like proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, as well as tiny molecules like ions, monosaccharides, and amino acids.
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What liquids can I use for my science project? Its a density project and I am trying to find liquids that are not flammable (which means it is not a liquid that catches on fire for no reason), I can use liquids like water, juice, or anything just no flammable liquids at all. It can be syrup, honey, or anything however I am using honey so yeah.
Mercury liquid can be used in science project because mercury has very high density.
What is density?Density is defined as The measure of the material that used to verify that how tightly the material is packed. It is very crucial concept as it allows us to determine weather the substance will float in water of the substance will shrink.
There are two factor that affect density that is mass and volume. Density can be expressed as
Density = mass / volume
It means density is directly proportional to mass and inversely proportional to volume.
Thus, mercury liquid can be used in science project because mercury has very high density.
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which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an ap axial oblique projection of the cervical spine
The foramen and pedicle closest to the IR is demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine.
The positioning of the intervertebral foramina present on the cervical spine is positioned axially and this can be studied using the medical diagnostic technique of Radiography.
On the AP reviews of the cervical spine of the bodies, C3 to C7 can be easily visualized. However in younger bodies, C1 - C2 is easily visualized. Along with these the uncovertebral (Luschka) joints and the intervertebral disk spaces are also well demonstrated.
The anatomical structures are best demonstrated by the AP axial oblique projection are farthest away intervertebral foramina in the film and those structures demonstrated by PA axial oblique projection are nearest intervertebral foramina in the film .
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cilia are thin, very small tail-like projection that extend outward from the cell body question 1 options: true false
Several terrestrial adaptations contributed to the success of seed plants.
Animals that are like protists are called protozoa. They are multicellular microorganisms that live free or parasitic.
Flagellates are protozoa with one or a small number of long, whip-like hairs called flagella that are used for locomotion. Cilia are very small, slender, tail-like projections that extend outward from the protozoan cell body.
Protozoa are seeds single-celled eukaryotes that share some traits with animals. They move like animals and are heterotrophs.
There is an example of a Trypanosoma flagellate, which causes African sleeping sickness.
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A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes If a cell of a diploid species that normally has 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following sets of chromosomes?
Three pairs of chromosomes make up a triploid cell. When a normally diploid animal with 42 chromosomes per cell becomes triploid, the cell should have 63 chromosomes in 21 sets of three.
Why can't a cell with three sets of chromosomes—triploid—undergo meiosis?Because one set of chromosomes (A or B) lacks a homologous set to couple with during synapsis of meiosis, bananas, like other odd polyploids (with three sets of chromosomes), are sterile and seedless.
Are these cells haploid or diploid, and if so, how many homologous pairs does each cell have?Stage S: There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each human somatic cell, one from the mother and one from the father.
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The distribution of chloroplasts within each algal cell was approximately the same.
What assumptions did Engelmann make in order to conclude that red and violet-blue light were more effective than green light in driving photosynthesis?
The number of bacteria clustered at each wavelength (color) was approximately proportional to the amount of oxygen being produced by that portion of the algea.
What assumptions did Engelmann make in order to conclude that red and violet-blue light were more effective than green light in driving photosynthesis?
There were roughly the same numbers of chloroplasts in every algae cell. The amount of oxygen produced by this region of the algae was roughly inversely proportional to the number of bacteria grouped at each wavelength (colour).
What presumptions did Engelmann make in order to come to the conclusion that red and violet-blue light were better at promoting photosynthesis than green light?They reflect yellow and red light while absorbing blue-green light. Eating carrots helps your body absorb the carotenoids, which are pigments.
The blue (425-450 nm) and red ranges of visible light contain the best photosynthesis-friendly wavelengths (600–700 nm). The ideal light sources for photosynthesis should therefore ideally emit light in the blue and red ranges.
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the structures of the limbic system are linked together because of their position within the cerebrum, even though they have a variety of functions.
The limbic system is a functional grouping rather than an anatomical one.
Major role of the epithalamus is to connect the limbic system to other parts of the brain. Other role of its components include the secretion of melatonin and secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland with the help of the pineal gland circadian rhythms, and regulation of motor pathways and emotions.
Limbic system is made to be an important constituent for the body's and its response towards the stress, because they are highly connected to the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.
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What are the 5 example of biological hazard?.
Biological hazards include viruses such as Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Japanese encephalitis, toxins derived from biological sources, spores, fungi, and insects.
Bacteria, viruses, parasites, and molds or fungi are examples of biological health hazards. They can endanger human health if inhaled, eaten, or come into contact with skin. They can cause food poisoning, tetanus, respiratory infections, and parasite infections.
Organisms or substances produced by organisms that endanger human health are classified as biological hazards. They are a major concern in food processing because they are responsible for the majority of food-borne illness outbreaks. Infectious waste, animal waste, used sharps, discarded vaccines, and pathological waste are all examples of biohazardous waste.
Human blood and blood products in liquid or semi-liquid form, as well as everything saturated with it, are some of the most common biohazards, particularly those with which we deal.
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what type of signal could enter the cell by simple diffusion to activate a cytoplasmic receptor? glucose testosterone insulin atp all of the above
There are many different types of molecules that can diffuse across the cell membrane and activate a receptor. They include glucose, testosterone, insulin, and ATP. These molecules are all small and they all have the ability to bind to a receptor and activate it.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning that it allows some substances to enter the cell while keeping others out. This is accomplished by a variety of methods, including simple diffusion. In simple diffusion, molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process does not require energy, as the molecules are moving down their concentration gradient.
In order for a molecule to diffuse across the cell membrane, it must be small enough to fit through the pores in the membrane. Once inside the cell, the molecule can bind to a receptor, which is a protein that is located in the cytoplasm. The binding of the molecule to the receptor will activate the receptor, which will then initiate a response within the cell.
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the relationship between an alga and a fungus that constitutes a lichen can best be characterized as:
The relationship between an alga and a fungus that constitutes a lichen can best be characterized as mutualism and symbiosis.
Symbiosis is a type of interaction that occurs when two organisms engage with one another. A type of symbiosis is mutualism.
Mutualism refers to a connection in which the two species involved gain from one another and interact favorably.
This kind of relationship can also be seen in the relationship between fungus and algae. Algae receive water and nutrients from the fungus, and fungi receive food from algae created by photosynthesis.
Algae (and/or cyanobacteria) and fungi form advantageous partnerships known as lichens. The fungus is dominant in these symbiotic interactions and provides the lichen with its most crucial physical characteristics.
The complete question is:
The relationship between an alga and a fungus that constitutes a lichen can best be characterized as:
a) mutualism and symbiosis.
b) competition.
c) a symbiosis but not a mutualism.
d) a mutualism but not a symbiosis.
e) commensalism and symbiosis.
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Lit 5 fact (not entence) from the leon that upport the claim ""Biological molecule are complex tructure. "" (50 percent)
The 5 fact from th leon that support the claim ""Biological molecule are complex tructure. "" are that it is made up of proteins .
Part of the cause proteins are so complicated is that their constructing blocks are so diverse. Proteins are lengthy chains of man or woman portions referred to as amino acids. Living matters on Earth have a group of 20 amino acids they could use to construct those proteins.The systems of huge organic molecules which includes proteins and nucleic acids are complicated. In fact, relatively specialised computer-pushed images structures had been particularly created to show molecular systems visually.Read more about molecules :
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when the body begins releasing cortisol and endorphins, the heart rate accelerates and hearing and vision become more acute. what is the term for this?
When the body begins releasing cortisol and endorphins, the heart rate accelerates and hearing and vision become more acute , the term is called the fight-or-flight reaction.
What do you mean by cortisol and endorphins?
Cortisol: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone that your adrenal glands produce and release. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues. These signals tell your body what to do and when to do it.
Glucocorticoids are a type of steroid hormone. They suppress inflammation in all of your bodily tissues and control metabolism in your muscles, fat, liver and bones. Glucocorticoids also affect sleep-wake cycles.
Endorphins: Endorphins are hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress. They are produced in your brain and act as messengers in your body. Endorphins are produced to help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve mood. Endorphins can be boosted by exercising, eating, having sex, getting a massage and many other ways.
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The human genome project was launched in 1986 to better understand the human genome, when was it completed?.
To better comprehend the human genome, the human genome project was started in 1986 and finished in April 2003.
The first sequence of the human genome was the main goal of the Human Genome Project, a massive multinational scientific endeavour. The human genome project has several goals, one of which is to improve data analysis. finishing the sequence of the genome. the complete human genome has been discovered. This field may benefit from improved illness diagnostics, early disease diagnosis, gene therapy, and drug dosage control systems, among other things.
In order to explore the entire human genome, HGP was started.
In order to investigate and evaluate potential causes for long-lasting remedies, special emphasis was paid to DNA, which will likely cause disorders when mutation occurs.
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each unit of dna, known as a nucleotide , consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone attached to one of four nitrogenous bases. in a double-stranded helix, question blank 1 of 2 answer only pairs with thymine and question blank 2 of 2 answer only pairs with cytosine.
In a double-stranded helix, adenine pairs with thymine and question guanine pairs with cytosine.
A double-stranded helix: what is it?As it relates to genomics, the term "double helix" is used to describe the actual makeup of DNA. Two linked strands that wind around one another to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape make up a DNA molecule. Deoxyribose and phosphate groups alternately form the backbone of each strand.
The molecule that carries the genetic information necessary for an organism's growth and operation is called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short. DNA is made up of two linked strands that resemble a twisted ladder by winding around one another; this structure is called a double helix.
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which of the following statements about the ubiquitination of proteins are true? ubiquitin is a relatively small protein that is widely expressed in eukaryotic cells. it is covalently attached to target proteins in an atp-dependent reaction. a carboxyl group of ubiquitin forms amide bonds with free amines found on the target protein. target selection is determined by ubiquitin-protein ligases. view available hint(s)for part a which of the following statements about the ubiquitination of proteins are true? ubiquitin is a relatively small protein that is widely expressed in eukaryotic cells. it is covalently attached to target proteins in an atp-dependent reaction. a carboxyl group of ubiquitin forms amide bonds with free amines found on the target protein. target selection is determined by ubiquitin-protein ligases. only statements 2, 3, and 4 are correct. only statements 1, 2, and 4 are correct. only statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. all of the listed statements are correct.
Among the following statements about the ubiquitination of proteins option, (B) only statements 1,2, and 4 are correct.
Ubiquitin is a small protein, discovered in 1975, having 76 amino acids that work as a regulator. It is present in all eukaryotic cells and controls the protein movement inside the cell. It also helps to produce new proteins and get rid of old, broken ones.
Option (B) includes 1, 2, and 4 which are as follows.
1. Ubiquitin is a relatively small protein that is widely expressed in eukaryotic cells.
2. It is covalently attached to target proteins in an ATP-dependent reaction.
4. Target selection is determined by ubiquitin-protein ligases.
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What is an example of Central Dogma?.
An example of Central Dogma is when DNA makes RNA through transcription, and RNA makes protein through translation.
DNA → RNA → protein.
The greatest revolution in the Central Dogma was the discovery of retroviruses that transcribe RNA into DNA using a specialized enzyme called reverse transcriptase, making an exception to the Central Dogma.
A central tenet of molecular biology is the theory that genetic information flows in only one direction, either from DNA through RNA to proteins or from RNA directly to proteins.
The central dogma of molecular biology is that DNA encodes RNA, and RNA encodes proteins. At The Central Dogma, learn about the critical roles of messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA in the protein assembly process.
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What is the main site of ribosomal protein synthesis?.
The nucleolus, which houses ribosome assembly and the sites of rRNA transcription and processing, is the most noticeable substructure of the nucleus.
What is ribosomal protein?The locations in a cell where protein synthesis occurs are called ribosomes.
The precise amount of ribosomes present in a cell depends on how actively it synthesizes proteins.
Therefore, The two ribosomal subunits (one small and one big) that make up the finished ribosome are formed when ribosomal proteins reach the nucleolus and unite with the four rRNA strands.
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the process of makes an rna copy from a dna template. the rna is made by the enzyme which makes the rna from (3 or 5)' to (3 or 5)'. the process of makes a protein from an mrna. the protein is made by the which catalyzes the peptide bond between each amino acid. in bacterial cells these two processes occur in the cytoplasm. however, in eukaryotes the process occurs in the nucleus and the process occurs in the
The process of transcription makes an RNA copy from a DNA template. the RNA is made by the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which makes the RNA from 5' (3 or 5)' to 3' (3 or 5)'.
The core dogma of molecular biology is the processes of translation and transcription. The information encoded in the genes is transferred into the proteins via these two processes.
The process of transcription makes an RNA copy from a DNA template. The RNA is made by the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which makes the RNA from 5' (3 or 5)' to 3' (3 or 5)'. The process of translation makes a protein from an mRNA. The protein is made by the peptidyl transferase which catalyzes the peptide bond between each amino acid. In bacterial cells, these two processes occur in the cytoplasm. however, in eukaryotes, the process of transcription occurs in the nucleus, and the process of translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
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Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves and their conversion to fluid waves through the ear and hearing apparatus. membrane Scala tympani oval window scala vestibuli Auricle Incus Secondary Auditory canal tympanic Cochlear duct Malleus membrane 10,
outer: pinna
middle: stapes, auditory tube, tensor tympani muscle
Inner: maculae, semicurcular canals, cirstae, vestibule, otolithic membrane
The ear canal, a tiny passageway that leads to the eardrum, is where sound waves enter the outer ear.
What are canal?Canal are defined as a tube-like route or passage connecting various body parts. Generally speaking, the alimentary canal is thought to be the path that food takes when it enters our bodies and leaves through the anus after being digested. The three canals are positioned almost at right angles to one another, even though their combined circumference is far larger than a semicircle.
Before hitting the eardrum and making it vibrate, sound waves that enter the ear pass through the external auditory canal. One of the middle ear's three tiny bones, the malleus, is joined to the eardrum. It also goes by the name "hammer," and it sends sound waves to the incus, which then sends them to the stapes.
Thus, sound waves enter the outer ear and pass through the ear canal, a small tunnel that connects to the eardrum.
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Is flea treatment every 3 months?.
Treating with Bravecto kills the fleas gift to your cat at the time of treatment, and keeps killing any new fleas that land on them for a full three months. No other spot-on lasts longer from one dose.
Fleas can still jump onto your doggy in the wintry weather, and your warm home might be the best surrounding for triggering flea eggs to hatch. So, if you're asking yourself “how often have I provided my pup flea remedy?”, the answer is each 4 weeks for optimal protection – yr-spherical, leaving no gaps.
This relies upon which product you use. we have flea spot-on treatments for dogs and cats that can be applied monthly or tablets that are ultimate for one month for cats and 1-three months for dogs. Worming drugs may be given every three months for grownup puppies and cats.
A unmarried utility can last for six months to a yr. fantastic care has to be taken not to permit products containing permethrin to come back into contact along with your dog and in no way use any spray in close proximity to a fish tank, as they are quite toxic to fish.
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Which of the following is a component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from harmful blood-borne substances?
A) tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
B) chemicals secreted by astrocytes
C) tight junctions between ependymal cells
D) thick basement membrane
Chemicals secreted by astrocytes in blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from harmful blood-borne substances.
The blood-brain barrier refers to the structural barrier between the capillaries and interstitial fluid of the brain. The function of the blood-brain barrier is to protect the brain from harmful molecules by tightly regulating what moves from the blood into the interstitial fluid.
The blood-brain barrier is made up of capillary endothelial cells and basement membrane, neuroglial membrane, and glial podocytes, that is projections of astrocytes cells.
Astrocytes secrete a wide range of classic neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones, as well as metabolic, trophic and plastic factors.
Chemicals secreted by astrocytes in blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from harmful blood-borne substances. Hence, the correct option is B.
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a dihybrid squash, ww yy, is selfed and produces 160 offspring. how many offspring are expected to have the white, yellow, and green phenotypes?
The offsprings of white, yellow, and green phenotypes will be:
120 white individuals30 yellow individuals10 green individuals Phenotypic frequencies are 12:3:1 for dominant white phenotypes and w alleles for colourful squash. Dominant epistasis.Both the dominant yellow and the recessive green phenotypes are coded by the Y allele.W allele will never conceal the phenotype that Y or y alleles.Dihybrid Cross
Parental) WwYy x WwYy
Gametes) WY Wy wY wy
WY Wy wY wy
Punnet Square)
WY Wy wY wy
WY WWYY WWYy WwYY WwYy
Wy WWYy WWyy WwYy Wwyy
wY WwYY WwYy wwYY wwYy
wy WwYy Wwyy wwYy wwyy
Frequency of F1 phenotypes)
Phenotype of whiteness: 12/16 = 120 people
Phenotype of yellow: 3/16 = 30 people.
Phenotype of the green colour: 1/16 = 10 people
You can apply a three-step rule to determine how many kids are anticipated to have the white, yellow, and green phenotypes. Such is:
16 ——- 160 offsprings
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The complete question is ''Suppose two independently assorting genes are involved in the pathway that determines fruit color in squash. These genes interact with each other to produce the squash colors seen in the grocery store. At the first locus, the W allele codes for a dominant white phenotype, whereas the w allele codes for a colored squash. At the second locus, the allele Y codes for a dominant yellow phenotype, and the allele y codes for a recessive green phenotype. The phenotypes from the first locus will always mask the phenotype produced by the second locus if the dominant allele (W) is present at the first locus. This masking pattern is known as dominant epistasis. A dihybrid squash, Ww Yy, is selfed and produces 160 offspring. How many offspring are expected to have the white, yellow, and green phenotypes.
hich herb might interact with warfarin and coumarin, prolong bleeding time, and increase hemorrhage risk of hemorrhage? a. karela b. ginkgo biloba c. st. john's wort d. saw palmetto
The herb which might interact with warfarin and coumarin, prolong bleeding time, and increase hemorrhage risk of hemorrhage is ginkgo biloba; option B.
What are herbs?Herbs are plants whose parts are used for various purposes by man such as in medicine and cosmetics.
The parts of the plants that may be used include the leaves, seeds, or flowers. The use of these plants' parts may include flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume.
However, some of these herbs that are used in medicine usually interact with conventional drugs and medicines especially when they are taken together. Sometimes, these interactions may be beneficial interactions, whereas, in some other instances, these interactions may be detrimental to the health of the individual taking them.
For example, research shows that taking the herbs ginkgo biloba and St. John's wort with warfarin and coumarin may result in prolonged bleeding time.
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Which of the following processes transfers heat?
Answer: Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
Explanation:
which of the following ideological types looks to and favors more government activism/intervention in the economic realm to assist people who have difficulty meeting their own economic needs and who are economically disadvantaged?
Liberal ideologies look to and favor more government activism/intervention in the economic realm to assist people who have difficulty meeting their own economic needs.
Liberals frequently want greater government involvement in advancing social and economic equality.
The principles of individual rights, freedom, consent of the governed, political equality, and equality before the law form the foundation of liberalism, a political and moral philosophy. Depending on how they interpret these guiding ideas, liberals hold a variety of positions.
Liberalism is generally acknowledged to be built around the core liberal principles of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the separation of church and state, the right to due process, and equality before the law.
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which virus causes your skin to look yellow or jaundiced : group of answer choices trichinella spirosis salmonella e. coli hepatitis a
When you have the hepatitis virus, your skin appears yellow or jaundiced.
Hepatitis virus: what causes it?Hepatitis can be brought on by toxins, heavy alcohol consumption, some medications, and specific medical conditions. Hepatitis is frequently brought on by a virus, though. Hepatitis A, B, and C are the three viral hepatitis strains that are most prevalent in the United States.
Acute and chronic, or long-lasting, infections can be brought on by the hepatitis B, C, and D viruses. When your body is unable to combat the hepatitis virus and the virus does not go away, you develop chronic hepatitis. Cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer are just a few of the complications that chronic hepatitis can cause.
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Problem 9: In one form of inherited diabetes, the 18th amino acid in the insulin protein has changed from histidine to tyrosine. What classification of mutation is this? Use the codon chartTransformationA dimerTransversionTransitionDeletionFrameshift
The 18th amino acid of insulin protein was changed from histidine to tyrosine. This is frameshift mutation.
What types of mutations cause changes in amino acid sequences?Frameshift mutation changes in amino acid sequences. This type of mutation occurs when the reading frame of a gene is altered by the addition or loss of DNA bases.A reading frame consists of groups of three bases, each of which codes for an amino acid. Frameshift mutations rearrange these groups of bases and change the amino acid code.What is insulin amino acid sequence and what happens if insulin mutates? Human insulin is composed of 51 amino acids divided into two chains, commonly called A and B, of 21 and 30 amino acids, respectively. The chains are linked by three disulfide bridges, two of which form an interchain cystine at A7-B7 and A20-B19 and one an intrachain cystine at A6-A11.Insulin gene mutations are one of the major causes of neonatal diabetes. They can lead to proinsulin misfolding and its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This is thought to lead to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and trigger beta-cell apoptosis.To learn more about frameshift mutation visit:
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