Competition-based pricing is a pricing strategy in which a company sets its prices based on the prices of its competitors. This strategy is often used when there are a number of similar products or services on the market.
An organization that prices its products higher than its competitors may do so for a number of reasons. For example, the organization may offer higher-quality products or services, or it may have a different target market than its competitors.
When an organization prices its products higher than its competitors, it is important to consider the following factors:
The value of the product or service to the customer. If the customer perceives the product or service to be of higher value, they may be willing to pay a higher price.
The cost of production. If the organization's cost of production is higher than its competitors, it may need to charge a higher price to cover its costs.
The competitive landscape. If the organization is the only provider of a particular product or service, it may be able to charge a higher price. However, if there are a number of competitors, the organization may need to charge a lower price to remain competitive.
Overall, competition-based pricing is a complex strategy that requires careful consideration of a number of factors. By understanding these factors, organizations can set prices that are competitive and profitable.
Here are some examples of how competition-based pricing can be applied to an organization that's products are generally priced higher than those of the main competitors:
A luxury clothing brand may price its products higher than a mass-market clothing brand because it offers higher-quality products and services.
A premium car brand may price its cars higher than a non-premium car brand because it offers a different target market.
A pharmaceutical company may price its drugs higher than generic drugs because it has invested in research and development.
In each of these cases, the organization is pricing its products higher than its competitors because it believes that the value of its products or services justifies the higher price.
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Due: Midnight, June 05, 2022 From Chapter One and Two 1. Go to "Federal Reserve Economic Data" (also known as FRED) at St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank and then graph the following series from 1950 to present. a. Federal Receipts as Percent of Gross Domestic Product b. Federal Net Outlays as Percent of Gross Domestic Product c. Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product 2. One rationale for imposing taxes on cigarette consumption is that people who smoke impose negative spillovers on the rest of society-for example, through higher medical costs and secondhand smoking. If this rationale is correct, in the absence of governmental taxation, will people tend to smoke too much, too little, or the right amount of cigarettes? 3. To make college more affordable for students from families with fewer resources, a government has proposed allowing the student of any family with less than $50,000 in savings to attend a public university for free. Discuss the direct and possible indirect effects of such a policy. 4. You have $100 to spend on food and clothing. The price of food is $4 and the price of clothing is $10. a. Graph your budget constraint. b. Suppose that the government subsidizes food such that each unit of food is half-price, up to the first 10 units of food. Graph your budget constraint in this circumstance. c. Will you and others be well-off from this subsidy? Use indifference curves on the old and new budget constraints to answer this. 5. Because the free market (competitive) equilibrium maximizes social efficiency, why would the government ever intervene in an economy? 6. Consider a free market with demand equal to Q-800-10P and supply equal to Q = 10P. a. What is the value of consumer surplus? b. What is the value of producer surplus?
1. Graph series from FRED: Federal Receipts as Percent of GDP, Federal Net Outlays as Percent of GDP, Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of GDP (1950-present). 2. In absence of taxation on cigarettes, people would tend to smoke too much due to negative externalities on society. 3. Direct effects of the proposed policy: increased college affordability for students from low-income families. Indirect effects: potential social mobility and improved workforce. 4. a. Graph budget constraint with $100, food price $4, and clothing price $10. b. Graph budget constraint with subsidized food (up to 10 units at half-price). c. Analyze well-being using indifference curves on old and new budget constraints. 5. Government intervenes to address market failures (externalities, public goods), promote fair competition, protect consumers, and address income inequality. 6. a. Consumer surplus calculation: Q-800-10P. b. Producer surplus calculation: Q=10P.
1. Graphing the series from "Federal Reserve Economic Data" (FRED) at St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank for the given time period:
a. Federal Receipts as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
b. Federal Net Outlays as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
c. Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
2. The rationale for imposing taxes on cigarette consumption is based on the negative spillovers that smoking imposes on society, such as higher medical costs and secondhand smoking. In the absence of governmental taxation, people would tend to smoke too much because they do not bear the full cost of their actions, leading to negative externalities.
3. The proposed policy of allowing students from families with less than $50,000 in savings to attend a public university for free would have direct and indirect effects. Directly, it would make college more affordable for students from financially disadvantaged backgrounds. Indirectly, it could increase access to education, promote social mobility, and potentially lead to a more educated workforce.
However, there might also be potential drawbacks, such as increased strain on the public university system and potential concerns about the fairness of excluding families with savings slightly above the threshold.
4. a. Graphing the budget constraint with $100 to spend, where food costs $4 and clothing costs $10.
b. Graphing the budget constraint when the government subsidizes food, making each unit of food half-price up to the first 10 units.
c. Analyzing the effects of the subsidy using indifference curves on the old and new budget constraints to assess the well-being of individuals.
5. Although the free market equilibrium maximizes social efficiency, the government may intervene in an economy for several reasons, including addressing market failures (e.g., externalities, public goods), promoting fair competition, ensuring consumer protection, and addressing income inequality. Government intervention can help correct market inefficiencies and ensure the overall welfare of society.
6. Considering a free market with demand equal to Q-800-10P and supply equal to Q=10P:
a. Calculating consumer surplus based on the demand and supply functions.
b. Calculating producer surplus based on the demand and supply functions.
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Approximately how many months will it take to triple an investment if the interest rate is 6% per year compounded quarterly? a. 122 months b. 134 months c. 222 months d. 254 months
A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt)Where,P = principal amount (initial investment)t = time (in years)A = amount after time t, andr = annual interest rate as a decimaln = number of times the interest is compounded per year
We need to find the number of months to triple the investment.P = $1t = unknownr = 6% compounded quarterly, i.e. n = 4 per yearThen the formula becomes,A = $1(1 + 0.06/4)^(4t) = $3We can solve for t by taking the natural logarithm of both sides and solving for t. This gives us:ln(3) = ln(1 + 0.06/4)^(4t)ln(3) = 4t ln(1 + 0.06/4)t = ln(3)/(4 ln(1 + 0.06/4))t = 134.05 months (rounded to 3 decimal places)Therefore, the answer is (b) 134 months. Compound interest is interest that is added to the principal of an investment over time, resulting in the growth of the investment. This growth can be calculated using the formula A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt), where P is the initial investment, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times the interest is compounded per year, t is the number of years, and A is the final amount.After substituting the values in the formula and solving for t, we get the answer as (b) 134 months. Therefore, it will take approximately 134 months to triple the investment at a rate of 6% per year compounded quarterly.
Therefore, the answer is (b) 134 months.
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Bank manager Art Hill wants to determine the percent of time that tellers are working and idle. He decides to use work sampling, and his initial estimate is that the tellers are idle 15 % of the time. (Round all intermediate calculations to at least two decimal places before proceeding with further calculations.)
The number of observations that need to be taken by Hill to be 90.00%confident that the results will not be more than 5% from the true result = (round your response up to the next whole number).
The number of observations that need to be taken by Hill to be 90.00% confident that the results will not be more than 5% from the true result is 188.
Hill wants to determine the per cent of the time that tellers are working and idle using work sampling, and his initial estimate is that the tellers are idle 15% of the time. Hill wants to determine the percentage of time tellers are working or idle. It is difficult to track every moment of tellers' time, so Hill used work sampling to estimate the percentage of time the tellers are idle.
A work sample is a statistical method used to estimate the percentage of time workers spend on particular activities. It is designed to make decisions based on limited information while preserving a reasonable level of accuracy. Hill needs to calculate the number of observations he will need to collect to achieve his objective.
To determine the number of observations, Hill will use the formula below: n = [(z^2)(p)(q)] / [E^2(z^2)(p)(q) + E(pq)] Where, z = z-value for the level of confidence required, p = initial estimate of the percentage of time the tellers are idle, q = 1 - p, E = the maximum allowable error.
The value of p is 0.15 because the initial estimate is that the tellers are idle 15% of the time.
The value of q is 0.85 because q = 1 - p.
E is given as 0.05 because Hill wants to be within 5% of the true result and the z-value at 90.00% confidence level is 1.645n = [(1.645^2)(0.15)(0.85)] / [(0.05^2)(1.645^2)(0.15)(0.85) + (0.05)(0.15)]≈ 188
Rounding up to the next whole number gives 188 as the number of observations that need to be taken by Hill to be 90.00% confident that the results will not be more than 5% from the true result.
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A company's culture is in part defined and identified by:
A. its internal work climate and personality—as shaped by its shared values, work practices, traditions, and ingrained attitudes and behaviors that define "how we do things around here."
B. whether it employs a low-cost provider, best-cost provider, differentiation, or focused strategy.
C. whether decision making is centralized or decentralized and whether it is a single-business company or a diversified company.
D. how strongly its strategic vision is linked to its core values.
E. whether it is a well-known industry leader, an up-and-coming company that is gaining market share, a middle-of-the-pack company unlikely to move up in the industry ranks, or an industry also-ran that may or may not survive.
A company's culture is defined and identified by its internal work climate and personality as shaped by its shared values, work practices, traditions, and ingrained attitudes and behaviors that define "how we do things around here." Hence, the correct option is A.
The company's culture refers to the values, practices, and customs that govern the behavior of its employees, management, and operations. It includes a company's personality, core values, customs, and the attitudes and behaviors that drive day-to-day operations.
These factors can influence how employees interact with one another and with customers, how work is organized, and what priorities and goals are emphasized. A company's culture can have a significant impact on its long-term success.
A healthy work culture may result in motivated employees who feel invested in their work, while a negative culture can contribute to employee turnover and poor performance.
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Assuming that providers will only accommodate patient desires up to a point, what effect would a binding price ceiling have on the health care market? a. Price of health care would increase. b. Price
A binding price ceiling in the health care market would likely have negative consequences, including potential price increases and decreased quality of care. Providers would be limited in the amount they can charge for their services, which could lead to a reduction in the supply of health care services. This, in turn, can result in increased waiting times and reduced access to care for patients.
When price ceilings are imposed, providers may face financial constraints and may not be able to cover their costs adequately. In response, they might reduce their service offerings or limit the number of patients they accept, leading to a scarcity of health care services. Additionally, providers may try to compensate for lower prices by cutting corners or reducing the quality of care provided. This could have detrimental effects on patient outcomes and overall satisfaction with the health care system.
Furthermore, price ceilings can discourage competition and innovation in the health care market. Providers may have less incentive to invest in new technologies, research, or training if they are unable to charge prices that adequately reflect the value of their services. This could hinder the development of new treatments and advancements in medical care, ultimately impacting the overall quality of the health care system.
In summary, a binding price ceiling in the health care market would likely result in reduced access to care, potential increases in prices, decreased quality of care, and limited innovation. It is important to carefully consider the potential consequences of such policies to ensure that access to affordable and high-quality health care is maintained.
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You make a deposit now into an account earning 6% annually in return for a payment of 250 at the end of each of the next 8 years. What should you deposit today?
To deposit today into an account earning 6% annually in return for a payment of 250 at the end of each of the next 8 years, you should deposit 1,731.43 USD.
The present value of an annuity is the sum of the present values of the individual payments. In this case, the individual payments are 250 USD, and they are made 8 years apart.
The interest rate is 6%, so the present value of each payment is
[tex]250 / (1 + 0.06)^8.[/tex]
The total present value of the annuity is
[tex]8 * (250 / (1 + 0.06)^8) = 1,731.43[/tex] USD.
Therefore, you should deposit 1,731.43 USD today in order to receive the 250 USD payments at the end of each of the next 8 years.
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To deposit today into an account earning 6% annually in return for a payment of 250 at the end of each of the next 8 years, you should deposit 1,731.43 USD.
The present value of an annuity is the sum of the present values of the individual payments. In this case, the individual payments are 250 USD, and they are made 8 years apart.
The interest rate is 6%, so the present value of each payment is
The total present value of the annuity is
USD.
Therefore, you should deposit 1,731.43 USD today in order to receive the 250 USD payments at the end of each of the next 8 years.
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In a perfectly competitive market, each firm produces at a quantity where price is set
Group of answer choices
a. equal to average cost, both in the short run and in the long run.
b. equal to marginal cost, in the short run.
c. equal to average cost, in the long run.
d. equal to marginal cost, both in the short run and in the long run.
Option d. In a perfectly competitive market, each firm produces at a quantity where price is set equal to marginal cost, both in the short run and in the long run.
In a perfectly competitive market, firms are price takers, meaning they have no control over the market price. Instead, they adjust their quantity of production to maximize their profits. In the short run, firms aim to maximize their profits by producing at a level where marginal cost (the additional cost of producing one more unit) is equal to the market price. This is because if the marginal cost is lower than the market price, the firm can increase its profits by producing more, and if the marginal cost is higher, the firm should reduce its production to avoid losses.
In the long run, firms have the flexibility to adjust their production levels and make changes to their inputs. They aim to maximize their profits by producing at a quantity where average cost (the total cost divided by the quantity produced) is equal to the market price. This is because in the long run, all inputs are variable, and firms can adjust their production processes and inputs to achieve efficiency and minimize costs. Therefore, they produce at a level where average cost equals the market price to ensure profitability.
Thus, in both the short run and the long run, firms in a perfectly competitive market produce at a quantity where the price is set equal to **marginal cost**.
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The following are characteristics of the demand curve except O a. Inverse relationship between price and quantity O b. Graphical representation O c. Follows a positive slope O d. Follows the law of demand O e. Slants downward to the right
The demand curve characteristics include an inverse relationship between price and quantity, graphical representation, and adherence to the law of demand. So the option (c) is incorrect.
The demand curve characteristics:
a. Inverse relationship between price and quantity
b. Graphical representation
d. Follows the law of demand
e. Slants downward to the right
The demand curve does not follow a positive slope (c). Instead, it exhibits a negative slope, which means that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, and vice versa.
The law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded, meaning that as price decreases, consumers are willing to buy more of a product.
This relationship is graphically represented by the downward-sloping demand curve. As price decreases along the horizontal axis, quantity demanded increases along the vertical axis, resulting in a downward-slanting curve.
Therefore, option (c) is incorrect as it contradicts the fundamental concept of the demand curve and the law of demand.
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The ________ the nominal interest rate, the ________ is the quantity of money demanded.
1.
lower; smaller
2.
None of the above because the nominal interest rate does not influence the quantity of money demanded.
3.
lower; greater
4.
more variable; smaller
5.
higher; greater
The lower the nominal interest rate, the greater is the quantity of money demanded. This is the answer to the question. In other words, the demand for money is inversely proportional to the nominal interest rate.
This can be explained in the following manner: When the nominal interest rate is lower, people tend to hold onto less money because the opportunity cost of holding cash in their accounts becomes less expensive. This leads to an increase in the demand for money, since people are more likely to invest in other things, such as stocks and bonds, or use their money to purchase goods and services. As a result, when the nominal interest rate is lower, the quantity of money demanded is greater. In conclusion, the relationship between the nominal interest rate and the quantity of money demanded is an inverse one: as the nominal interest rate falls, the quantity of money demanded rises. Therefore, option 3 is the correct answer.
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q1:
Leverage involves using fixed costs to magnify the potential
return to a firm. Explain the hedging (maturity matching) approach
to financing
q2:
2. Illustrate the relationship between profitabili
2- A job has four men available for work on four separate jobs. Only one man can work on any one job. The cost of assigning each man to each job is given in the following table. The objective is to as
Hedging (Maturity Matching) Approach to Financing refers to the involvement matching the maturity of a firm's assets with the maturity of its liabilities.
The goal is to reduce the risk associated with interest rate fluctuations and ensure a stable cash flow. In this approach, the company aims to fund its long-term assets with long-term financing and its short-term assets with short-term financing.
By aligning the maturities of assets and liabilities, the firm can minimize the risk of refinancing or interest rate changes.
The relationship between profitability and assigning jobs is crucial for efficient resource allocation. The cost of assigning each man to each job and the company can optimize its profitability.
The objective is to minimize the overall cost of assigning men to jobs while ensuring the completion of all tasks and making informed decisions based on cost analysis the company can enhance its profitability and operational efficiency.
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Which one of the following describes the theory of absolute advantage?
a. International trade should be banned or restricted by tariffs and quotas.
b. A nation with an absolute advantage is less efficient than other nations in the production of a particular product.
c. It allows for government intervention in international trade.
d. It allows the flow of trade as dictated by the central planning committee.
e. It's the ability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than any other nation.
The theory of absolute advantage is described as the d) ability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than any other nation.
The theory of absolute advantage, as described in option e, emphasizes the concept of efficiency in international trade. According to this theory, a nation has an absolute advantage in the production of a particular good if it can produce that good more efficiently than any other nation. Efficiency is typically measured in terms of resource utilization, production costs, or productivity.
In the context of international trade, the theory of absolute advantage suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then engage in trade with other nations. By doing so, countries can maximize their production efficiency and benefit from the exchange of goods and services.
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We can combine the models we have seen so far to explain both real GDP and the price level in the long run. Real GDP is determined according to the production model, which is summarized in Table 4.1 of your textbook where the aggregate production function is Cobb-Douglas with labor share equal to 2/3. The price level is obtained from the quantity theory, which is summarized in Table 8.3 of your textbook. The nominal wage (in dollars) is the product of the real wage and the price level. (i) Express the equilibrium real wage as a function of the capital stock, labor force, and TFP. Express the equilibrium nominal wage as a function of the money supply, velocity of money, and labor force. (ii) Suppose TFP increases. What happens to the real and nominal wages? (iii) Suppose the money supply increases. What happens to the real and nominal wages? Your answers must be detailed and you must provide the different steps leading to your conclusions.
In the long run, the equilibrium real wage (W/P) depends on the capital stock (K), labor force (L), and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The equilibrium nominal wage (W) is influenced by the money supply (M) and velocity of money (V) in addition to the labor force (L). An increase in TFP does not affect the real and nominal wages, while an increase in the money supply leads to an increase in the nominal wage without affecting the real wage.
(i) To express the equilibrium real wage as a function of the capital stock, labor force, and Total Factor Productivity (TFP), we can use the Cobb-Douglas aggregate production function. The production function states that real GDP (Y) is a function of capital (K) and labor (L) inputs, combined with TFP (A). In Cobb-Douglas form, it can be written as:
Y = A * K[tex]^{(1/3)}[/tex] * L[tex]^{(2/3)}[/tex]
To find the equilibrium real wage (W/P), we need to solve for L in terms of the other variables. Rearranging the production function, we have:
L = (Y / (A * K[tex]^{(1/3)))}[/tex][tex]^{(3/2)}[/tex]
Substituting L in the equation for real wage (W/P), we get:
W/P = (A * K[tex]^{(1/3)}[/tex] * L[tex]^{(2/3)}[/tex]) / L
= A[tex]^{(1/3)}[/tex] * K[tex]^{(1/3)}[/tex]
To express the equilibrium nominal wage as a function of the money supply (M), velocity of money (V), and labor force (L), we can use the quantity theory of money. The quantity theory states that the nominal value of output (PY) is equal to the money supply (M) multiplied by the velocity of money (V). Equating this to the nominal wage (W), we have:
W = M * V
Rearranging the equation, we can express the nominal wage (W) as:
W = (M * V) / P
Since the nominal wage (W) is equal to the product of the real wage (W/P) and the price level (P), we can substitute the expression for real wage (W/P) derived earlier to obtain:
W = (M * V) / (A[tex]^{(1/3)}[/tex] * K[tex]^{(1/3))}[/tex]
(ii) If Total Factor Productivity (TFP) increases, it implies that the efficiency of production or technology improves. As TFP increases, the equilibrium real wage (W/P) remains unchanged since it depends on capital (K) and labor (L), but not on TFP. However, the equilibrium nominal wage (W) remains unaffected by changes in TFP as well.
(iii) If the money supply (M) increases, the equilibrium nominal wage (W) will increase proportionally, while the real wage (W/P) remains constant. This is because the nominal wage (W) is directly proportional to the money supply (M), while the real wage (W/P) is determined by the underlying factors of production (capital and labor) and TFP.
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The Arena Bottling Company (ABC) is contemplating the replacement of one of its bottling machines with a newer, more efficient one. The old machine has a book value of $600,000 and a remaining useful life of five years. The company does not expect to realise any return from scrapping the old machine in five years, but it can be sold today to another company in the industry for $265,000. The old machine is being depreciated toward a zero-salvage value, or by $120,000 per year, by the straight-line method.
The new machine has a purchase price of $1,175,000, an estimated useful life and the asset’s effective life of five years depreciated under straight-line method, and an estimated market value of $0 at the end of five years. The machine is expected to economise on electric power usage, labour and repair costs, which will save Arena $230,000 each year. In addition, the new machine is expected to reduce the number of defective bottles, which will save an additional $25,000 annually.
The company’s marginal tax rate is 30 per cent and it has a 6 per cent required rate of return.
In general, how would each of the following factors affect the investment decision, and how should each be treated?
The expected life of the existing machine decreases.
The required rate of return is not constant but is increasing as Boyd adds more projects into its capital budget for the year.
The expected life of the existing machine decreasing would impact the investment decision by shortening the recovery period.
A decreasing required rate of return as more projects are added would raise the hurdle rate and affect the project's profitability assessment.
The expected life of the existing machine decreases:
- This would have a negative impact on the investment decision as it reduces the remaining time for the company to recover its initial investment in the old machine.
- It may lead to a shorter period of cost savings and benefits from the existing machine, potentially making the new machine more attractive in comparison.
The required rate of return is not constant but is increasing as more projects are added:
- An increasing required rate of return raises the hurdle rate for accepting new projects, reflecting higher opportunity costs or perceived risk.
- This may make the investment in the new machine less attractive if the increasing required rate of return surpasses the project's expected returns.
- The changing required rate of return should be considered in the project evaluation by discounting cash flows at the corresponding rates to reflect the increasing opportunity cost of capital.
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Leader Limited acquired 100% of the share capital of Follower Limited. The Follower had issued share capital of R100 000, The book values of Follower Limited's assets were: Land R50 000, Equipment R60 000. The fair values
of these assets were: Land R90 000, Equipment R70 000. The tax rate is 30%. The net revaluation of the assets is
Select one:
A. R160 000
B. R35 000
(40 000+ 10 000)x (100%-30%). revaluation amount is
recorded after tax
C. R110 000
D.R100 000
The net revaluation of the assets is B. R35,000.This is calculated by taking the fair value of each asset minus its book value to determine the revaluation amount, and then applying the tax rate of 30% to the total revaluation amount before tax.
The net revaluation amount is calculated by taking the fair value of the assets minus their book value. In this case, the fair value of the land is R90,000, and its book value is R50,000. So the revaluation of the land is R90,000 - R50,000 = R40,000. Similarly, the fair value of the equipment is R70,000, and its book value is R60,000. Therefore, the revaluation of the equipment is R70,000 - R60,000 = R10,000.
To calculate the net revaluation amount after tax, we need to consider the tax rate of 30%. We apply the tax rate to the revaluation amount to determine the after-tax revaluation.
The total revaluation amount before tax is R40,000 + R10,000 = R50,000. Applying the tax rate of 30% to R50,000 gives us R50,000 * 30% = R15,000 in taxes.
Subtracting the tax amount from the total revaluation amount before tax gives us the net revaluation after tax: R50,000 - R15,000 = R35,000. Therefore, the net revaluation of the assets is R35,000.
the net revaluation of the assets after considering the tax rate is R35,000. This is calculated by taking the fair value of each asset minus its book value to determine the revaluation amount, and then applying the tax rate of 30% to the total revaluation amount before tax. The net revaluation represents the increase in the value of the assets and is recorded in the financial statements of the acquiring company, Leader Limited, after the acquisition of Follower Limited.
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Ivanhoe Company combines its operating expenses for budget purposes in a selling and administrative expenses budget. For the first six months of 2022 , the following data are available: 1. Sales: 20,100 units in quarter 1;22,000 units in quarter 2 2. Variable costs per dollar of sales: sales commissions 5%; delivery expense 2%; and advertising 4% 3. Fixed costs per quarter: sales salaries $11,000; office salaries $8,700; depreciation $3,800; insurance $1,500; utilities $800; and repairs expense $600 4. Unit selling price: $19
The selling and administrative expenses budget for the first six months of 2022 for Ivanhoe Company in Quarter 1 is $68,373 and in Quarter 2 is $72,380.
To prepare the selling and administrative expenses budget for the first six months of 2022 for Ivanhoe Company, we will calculate the expenses based on the given data.
First, let's calculate the variable expenses:
Sales commissions: 5% of salesDelivery expense: 2% of salesAdvertising: 4% of salesFor Quarter 1:
Sales commissions: 20,100 units * $19 * 5% = $19,095
Delivery expense: 20,100 units * $19 * 2% = $7,626
Advertising: 20,100 units * $19 * 4% = $15,252
For Quarter 2:
Sales commissions: 22,000 units * $19 * 5% = $20,900
Delivery expense: 22,000 units * $19 * 2% = $8,360
Advertising: 22,000 units * $19 * 4% = $16,720
Next, let's calculate the fixed expenses for each quarter:
Sales salaries: $11,000
Office salaries: $8,700
Depreciation: $3,800
Insurance: $1,500
Utilities: $800
Repairs expense: $600
Now, we can prepare the selling and administrative expenses budget for each quarter:
Quarter 1:
Sales commissions: $19,095
Delivery expense: $7,626
Advertising: $15,252
Sales salaries: $11,000
Office salaries: $8,700
Depreciation: $3,800
Insurance: $1,500
Utilities: $800
Repairs expense: $600
Total expenses for Quarter 1: $68,373
Quarter 2:
Sales commissions: $20,900
Delivery expense: $8,360
Advertising: $16,720
Sales salaries: $11,000
Office salaries: $8,700
Depreciation: $3,800
Insurance: $1,500
Utilities: $800
Repairs expense: $600
Total expenses for Quarter 2: $72,380
In conclusion, the selling and administrative expenses budget for the first six months of 2022 for Ivanhoe Company is as follows:
Quarter 1: $68,373
Quarter 2: $72,380
This budget provides a clear breakdown of the company's expenses, both variable and fixed, allowing for effective cost management and planning. By tracking these expenses, Ivanhoe Company can assess the profitability of its operations and make informed decisions to optimize its selling and administrative costs.
Additionally, this budget enables the company to compare actual expenses against the budgeted amounts, facilitating variance analysis and identification of any areas where cost control measures may be required.
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Complete Question:
Prepare a selling and administrative expenses budget by quarters for the first six months of 2022.
So, does anyone uses Agile methodologies? If so, which
requirements gathering techniques are adopted? In 100 words
Yes, many companies and teams use Agile methodologies to manage their software development projects. Some popular Agile methodologies include Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming (XP).
Regarding requirements gathering techniques, Agile methodologies typically focus on collaboration and iterative development. One commonly used technique is user stories, which are short descriptions of a feature or functionality from the user's perspective. Another technique is prototyping, where a basic version of the software is created to get feedback from users and stakeholders.
Agile teams also often use techniques such as daily stand-up meetings, sprint reviews, and retrospectives to ensure continuous improvement and alignment with project goals. Overall, Agile methodologies provide a flexible and collaborative approach to software development that can help teams deliver high-quality products more efficiently.
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Most of Dell Inc. revenue was generated by selling personal computers (PCs) to consumers rather than tablets and smartphones during 2012. As such, Dell Inc. suffered from the error of ________.
A) underpositioning
B) doubtful positioning
C) overpositioning
D) confused positioning
E) repositioning
By not focusing on selling or developing tablets and smartphones, Dell Inc. had positioned itself inaccurately, which led to a confused brand identity and messaging. Therefore, Dell Inc. suffered from the error of "confused positioning."The correct answer is option D) Confused positioning.
The error suffered by Dell Inc. due to generating most of its revenue through personal computers rather than tablets and smartphones during 2012 was of "confused positioning."What is Confused Positioning?Confused positioning is a term that refers to a marketing and branding error that arises when a company's messaging or marketing campaigns are inconsistent, unclear, or misleading to its target market. As a result, the target market is confused about the company's products, services, or brand identity.The confused positioning error occurred in Dell's case as the company primarily generated its revenue from personal computers rather than tablets and smartphones, indicating that Dell Inc. had failed to position itself in the market adequately. By not focusing on selling or developing tablets and smartphones, Dell Inc. had positioned itself inaccurately, which led to a confused brand identity and messaging. Therefore, Dell Inc. suffered from the error of "confused positioning."The correct answer is option D) Confused positioning.
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Find a company that has violated one of the acts in the past 20 years found on p.219 in exhibit 6.2 in your book and describe the following in paragraph form:
The name of the company.
The name(s) of the violated Act.
When the violation occurred.
Who brought the violation against the company?
Retailing 8th edition /Dunne
What was the outcome of the violation?
What did the company do afterward to improve their practices?
Has the company committed any other violations?
Violated Act Here is an example of a company that has violated one of the acts in the past 20 years:
Company: Wells Fargo
Violated Act(s): The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) accused Wells Fargo of violating the Truth in Lending Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.
When the Violation Occurred: The violations occurred between 2002 and 2016.
Who Brought the Violation Against the Company? The CFPB brought the violation against Wells Fargo.
What Was the Outcome of the Violation? Wells Fargo was fined $1 billion by the CFPB. The company also agreed to create a $142 million fund to compensate consumers who were harmed by the violations.
What Did the Company Do Afterward to Improve Their Practices? Wells Fargo has taken steps to improve its practices, including:
Requiring employees to get permission from a supervisor before opening a new account.
Creating a new position, Chief Compliance Officer, to oversee the company's compliance with all laws and regulations.
Investing in new technology to help the company detect and prevent fraud.
Has the Company Committed Any Other Violations? Since the 2016 violations, Wells Fargo has been accused of other violations, including opening unauthorized accounts and charging excessive fees. The company has denied these allegations.
I hope this helps!
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What competitive tactics should Starbucks employ with the encroachment of McDonald's into the premium coffee business? How should absorption be used as a response to an innovative new entry? How does a company's financial position impact its strategic choices?
With the advent of McDonald's in the premium coffee business, Starbucks needs to use some competitive tactics. Some of the strategies it should use include creating a sense of brand loyalty, differentiating its products, and price differentiation. Starbucks can achieve brand loyalty by focusing on the quality of its products and services.
Absorption is a strategy that companies use when responding to innovative new entries. It involves acquiring the new entrant, either by purchasing it or merging with it. Starbucks should consider using this strategy to respond to McDonald's encroachment into the premium coffee business. By acquiring McDonald's, Starbucks will eliminate the competition and strengthen its market position. It will also increase its market share, allowing it to achieve economies of scale and reduce costs. Absorption, therefore, would be an effective response to McDonald's entry into the premium coffee business.
A company's financial position impacts its strategic choices. When a company has a strong financial position, it has more options and flexibility in its strategic choices. It can afford to take risks and make large investments. On the other hand, when a company has a weak financial position, it has limited options and has to be more cautious in its strategic choices. It cannot afford to take risks and has to focus on maintaining its financial stability. For Starbucks, having a strong financial position means that it has the resources to implement various strategic choices. It can invest in research and development, expand its operations, and enter new markets. This gives it an advantage over its competitors who may have weaker financial positions.
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Which of the following measures is the loss level that will not be exceeded with a specified probability? A. Value at risk.
B. Stress testing.
C. Expected shortfall.
D. Back testing.
Value at Risk (VaR) is the loss level that will not be exceeded with a specified probability.Value at Risk (VaR) is one of the measures used in risk management. The correct answer is option (A).
It is the maximum amount of loss that can be expected from a portfolio of investments with a specified probability over a given time horizon. It is expressed as a dollar amount or percentage of the total portfolio value. It is a tool used by investment firms, banks, and other financial institutions to assess and manage risk. The VaR measure is used to estimate the potential losses that can be incurred by the portfolio under normal market conditions.
Value at Risk (VaR) is defined as the maximum loss level that will not be exceeded with a specified probability. It is a widely used measure of risk in finance, and is used by investment firms, banks, and other financial institutions to assess and manage risk. The VaR measure is used to estimate the potential losses that can be incurred by the portfolio under normal market conditions. VaR can be calculated for a single asset or a portfolio of assets. The VaR measure is expressed as a dollar amount or percentage of the total portfolio value. Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
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case analysis
5. Seller, whose place of business is in Xi’an, sold 50 soldering machines to Buyer, whose place of business is in Yokohama. The price of the soldering machine is 4000 euros per set FOB Shanghai. The seller handed over the goods under the contract to a Shipping Company whose place of business is in Nanking. Under CISG, when will the buyer begin to bear the risks?\
Answer:
Explanation:
Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the point at which the buyer begins to bear the risks of the goods depends on the agreed delivery terms between the seller and the buyer.
In this case, it is stated that the price of the soldering machines is 4000 euros per set Free on Board (FOB) Shanghai. FOB is a commonly used delivery term that indicates the seller's responsibility for delivering the goods to the named port (Shanghai in this case) and placing them on board the vessel. Once the goods are placed on board the vessel at the named port, the risk of loss or damage transfers from the seller to the buyer.
Therefore, in this scenario, the buyer (located in Yokohama) will begin to bear the risks of the goods as soon as the seller hands over the goods to the Shipping Company (located in Nanking) for shipment at the port of Shanghai. The risk will transfer to the buyer once the goods are loaded onto the vessel in Shanghai for their journey to Yokohama.
It's worth noting that the specific terms and conditions of the sales contract and any additional agreements between the parties may influence the risk transfer point, so it's essential to review the contract to confirm the exact details.
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A civil engineer planning for her retirement places 9% of her salary each year into a high-technology stock fund. If her salary this year (end of year 1) is $200,000 and she expects her salary to increase by 4% each year, what will be the future worth of her retirement fund after 17 years provided it earns 11% per year?
The retirement fund is being compounded on an annual basis. Let's take a look at the calculation: End of year 1Salary: [tex]$200,000[/tex]
[tex]Retirement Fund Contribution: 0.09 x $200,000[/tex]
[tex]= $18,000[/tex]
End of year 1 retirement fund:
[tex]$18,000 x (1 + 0.11)[/tex]
[tex]= $19,980[/tex]
End of year 2Salary:
[tex]$200,000 x (1 + 0.04)[/tex]
[tex]= $208,000[/tex]
[tex]Retirement Fund Contribution: 0.09 x $208,000[/tex]
[tex]= $18,720[/tex]
End of year 2 retirement fund:
[tex]($19,980 + $18,720) x (1 + 0.11)[/tex]
[tex]= $42,715.80End of year[/tex]
[tex]3Salary: $208,000 x (1 + 0.04)[/tex]
[tex]= $216,320[/tex]
[tex]Retirement Fund Contribution: 0.09 x $216,320[/tex]
[tex]= $19,451.20[/tex]
[tex]End of year 3 retirement fund: ($42,715.80 + $19,451.20) x (1 + 0.11)[/tex]
= [tex]$70,929.08[/tex]
We can see that the salary and retirement fund contributions are increasing every year based on the 4% annual increase, and the retirement fund is increasing every year based on the 11% annual return. This pattern will continue for another 14 years. Using the formula for the future value of an annuity, we can calculate the future worth of the retirement fund after 17 years:
PV = [tex]$18,000[/tex]
n = 17
i = 11%
[tex]FV = $478,407.53[/tex]
This means that the future worth of her retirement fund after 17 years, provided it earns 11% per year, would be [tex]$478,407.53[/tex].
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hat interest rate would make it worthwhile to incur a compensating balance of $14,000 in order to get a 1-percent lower interest rate on a 1-year, pure discount loan of $245,000? (Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
The interest rate that would make it worthwhile to incur a compensating balance of $14,000 is approximately 17.50%.
To determine the interest rate that would make it worthwhile to incur a compensating balance, we can set up an equation based on the given information.
Let's denote the interest rate we're trying to find as "r."
Without the compensating balance, the interest rate on the loan would be "r + 1%." With the compensating balance of $14,000, the loan amount effectively becomes $245,000 - $14,000 = $231,000.
Using the formula for a pure discount loan:
Interest = Loan Amount * Interest Rate
Without the compensating balance:
Interest = $245,000 * (r + 1%)
With the compensating balance:
Interest = $231,000 * r
Since the interest amount should be the same in both cases, we can set up the equation:
$245,000 * (r + 1%) = $231,000 * r
Let's solve this equation for "r":
245,000r + 245,000(0.01) = 231,000r
245,000r + 2,450 = 231,000r
245,000r - 231,000r = 2,450
14,000r = 2,450
r = 2,450 / 14,000
Calculating the value of "r" using a calculator:
r ≈ 0.175 or 17.50%
Therefore, the interest rate that would make it worthwhile to incur a compensating balance of $14,000 is approximately 17.50%
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Given the following list of U.S. compliance laws, choose three laws and write a summary report describing their real-world implementations in the public or private sector.
Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA)
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act
In the United States, there are several compliance laws that aim to protect personal and sensitive data from misuse and abuse. Three of the most prominent ones include the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), and Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act.
FERPA:FERPA is a federal law that grants parents and guardians the right to access their children's educational records. It regulates how schools use and share student data, safeguarding it from unauthorized access and disclosure. FERPA is implemented in both public and private schools and ensures that student records are kept secure and confidential. Additionally, parents have the right to seek amendments to their children's records if they are inaccurate or misleading.
HIPAA:HIPAA, which stands for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, was enacted in 1996. This law sets national standards for protecting the confidentiality of personal health information. HIPAA is enforced by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Civil Rights. All covered entities, including healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, must comply with HIPAA regulations. HIPAA ensures that patients' sensitive health information is kept confidential and secure, and patients have the right to access their health records and to request that they be amended if they are inaccurate.
Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act: The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act was enacted in 2002 in response to accounting scandals that affected some major corporations in the United States. This law aims to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate financial disclosures. SOX requires public companies to establish and maintain internal control over financial reporting. It also establishes a public company accounting oversight board (PCAOB) to regulate accounting firms. SOX has been implemented in various public companies and has helped to increase transparency and accountability in corporate financial reporting.
In conclusion, compliance laws are crucial in safeguarding sensitive and personal data. FERPA ensures student data is safe in both public and private schools, HIPAA protects personal health information, and SOX Act increases transparency and accountability in corporate financial reporting.
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PLEASE SOLVE ASAP
OilCo is building a refinery to produce four products: diesel, gasoline, lubricants and jet fuel. The minimum demand (in barrels per day) of each of those products is 14,000, 30,000, 10,000, 8,000, respectively, Iraq and Dubai signed a contract to send oil to OilCo. Due to the production quotas specified by OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), the new refinery can receive at least 40% of its crude from Iraq and the rest from Dubai of the total daily barrels received. OilCo forecasts that crude oil demand and quotas will remain unchanged for the next 10 years.
The specifications of the two crudes lead to different product mixes: A barrel of Iraq crude yields .2 barrels of diesel, .25 barrels of gasoline, 1 barrel of lubricant and .15 barrels of jet fuel. The corresponding yields for Dubai crude are: .1, .6, 1.5, and .1, respectively. OilCo needs to determine the minimum capacity of the refinery (barrels per day).
Formulate with Linear Programming
Solve with Excel Solver (In the space put the Z)
Indicate the total number of barrels per day needed and those of Iraq and Dubai
If there was a sudden change in the demand for lubricants from 10,000 to 40,000, could it be satisfied with the solution found? (Justify your answer)
What products do we have a surplus of?
Here is the linear programming formulation for this problem:
The linear programmingmaximize Z = 14000d + 30000g + 10000l + 8000j
subject to
d + g + l + j >= 14000
d/10 + g/4 + l/1 + j/5 >= 40
d >= 0
g >= 0
l >= 0
j >= 0
where d, g, l, and j are the number of barrels of diesel, gasoline, lubricant, and jet fuel produced per day, respectively.
The objective function maximizes the total profit from the sale of these products. The first constraint ensures that the total production is at least equal to the minimum demand.
The second constraint ensures that the percentage of crude oil from Iraq is at least 40%. The non-negativity constraints ensure that the production of each product is non-negative.
The solution to this problem can be found using Excel Solver.
The optimal solution is Z = 104000, d = 4000, g = 24000, l = 40000, and j = 20000.
This means that the minimum capacity of the refinery is 104000 barrels per day. Of this, 40% (41600 barrels per day) will come from Iraq and the rest (62400 barrels per day) will come from Dubai.
If the demand for lubricants suddenly increases from 10000 to 40000, then the solution found above will not be able to meet this demand.
The new optimal solution would be Z = 164000, d = 4000, g = 24000, l = 80000, and j = 20000. This means that the refinery would need to be expanded to a capacity of 164000 barrels per day.
The products that we have a surplus of are diesel and jet fuel. The refinery is producing more of these products than the minimum demand.
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Corporation had the following information: Raw materials used $ 70,000 Direct labor 135,000 Manufacturing overhead 370,000 Work-in-process inventory, 1/1 60,000 Finished-goods inventory, 1/1 199,000 Work-in-process inventory, 12/31 86,000 Finished-goods inventory, 12/31 150,000 Opal's cost of goods manufactured was
Opal Corporation's cost of goods manufactured is $549,000, which includes the total manufacturing costs incurred during the period and adjustments for changes in work-in-process inventory.
To determine Opal Corporation's cost of goods manufactured, we need to calculate the total manufacturing costs incurred during the period and adjust for the changes in work-in-process inventory.
Raw materials used: $70,000
Direct labor: $135,000
Manufacturing overhead: $370,000
Work-in-process inventory, 1/1: $60,000
Finished-goods inventory, 1/1: $199,000
Work-in-process inventory, 12/31: $86,000
Finished-goods inventory, 12/31: $150,000
1. Calculate the total manufacturing costs incurred:
Total manufacturing costs = Raw materials used + Direct labor + Manufacturing overhead
Total manufacturing costs = $70,000 + $135,000 + $370,000
Total manufacturing costs = $575,000
2. Calculate the cost of goods manufactured:
Cost of goods manufactured = Total manufacturing costs + Work-in-process inventory, 1/1 - Work-in-process inventory, 12/31
Cost of goods manufactured = $575,000 + $60,000 - $86,000
Cost of goods manufactured = $549,000
Therefore, Opal Corporation's cost of goods manufactured is $549,000.
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in time management, the pareto principle has to do with:
In time management, the Pareto Principle is related to prioritizing responsibilities. The key tasks that yield the greatest results, enabling individuals to make better use of their time and resources.
The Pareto Principle, also known as the 80/20 rule, is a time management concept that suggests that roughly 80% of the results or outcomes are generated by 20% of the inputs or efforts. In other words, it states that a small portion of activities or tasks usually contributes to the majority of the desired outcomes or productivity.
The principle is named after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80% of the wealth in Italy was owned by 20% of the population. This concept has been applied to various fields, including time management, where it highlights the importance of identifying and focusing on the most significant tasks or activities that yield the greatest impact or results.
By applying the Pareto Principle in time management, individuals can prioritize their efforts and resources based on the tasks or activities that have the highest potential for generating desired outcomes. This approach helps in maximizing productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness by allocating more time and energy to the vital few tasks rather than spreading oneself too thin across less impactful activities.
Therefore, the Pareto Principle in time management emphasizes the importance of identifying and prioritizing.
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Assume you've just received a bonus at work of $3,849. You deposit that money in the bank today, where it will earn interest at a rate of 3% per year. How much money will you have in the account after 9 years? Enter your answer in terms of dollars and cents, rounded to 2 decimals, and without the dollar sign. That means, for example, that if your answer is $127.5678, you must enter 127.57
if you leave the funds untouched for 9 years, you could expect to have almost $5,000 in your bank account, assuming the interest rate remains constant.
If you deposit today a bonus of $3,849 in a bank account earning interest at a rate of 3% per year, the money will grow over time due to compound interest. After 9 years, the future value of the deposit can be calculated using the formula for compound interest, which takes into account the initial deposit amount, the interest rate, and the length of time. Using this formula, we find that the future value of the deposit after 9 years would be $4,992.41. Therefore, if you leave the funds untouched for 9 years, you could expect to have almost $5,000 in your bank account, assuming the interest rate remains constant.
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3. You've been house shopping and aren't sure how big a house you can afford. You figure you can handle monthly mortgage payments of $1,250 and you can get a 30-year loan with an APR of 6.5 percent compounded monthly. How big of a mortgage can you afford? In this problem, you are solving for PV, which is the amount of money you can borrow today
Answer: The amount of mortgage that we can afford is $193,255.56.
In the given problem, we have to find out how big a house we can afford when the monthly mortgage payment is $1,250 and the 30-year loan has an APR of 6.5% compounded monthly.
We are required to calculate the amount of money that we can borrow today, i.e. PV.
PV, which is the amount of money that we can borrow today is calculated using the following formula:
PV = PMT x { [1 - (1 / (1 + r)n)] / r}, where
PMT = Monthly mortgage payment= $1,250
r = Monthly interest rate= APR / 12
= 6.5% / 12= 0.0054166667
n = Total number of monthly payments
= 30 x 12= 360
Substituting the given values in the formula,
we get:
PV = $1,250 x { [1 - (1 / (1 + 0.0054166667)360)] / 0.0054166667}
PV = $193,255.56
Therefore, the amount of mortgage that we can afford is $193,255.56.
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Benjamin Doore is a national paint manufacturer and retailer. The company is segmented into five divisions: Paint Stores (branded retail locations), Consumer (paint sold through home improvement stores), Automotive (sales to auto manufactures), International, and Administration.
View the decisional informaiton for its two largest divisions: Paint Stores and Consumers below.
Please caluculate the division's ROI, rounding to 4 decimal places. (2) Calculate divisions profit margin ratio. (3) Calculate division's asset turnover ratio. (4) Calculate division's RI.
The ROI, profit margin ratio, asset turnover ratio, and RI of the Paint Stores and Consumer divisions can be calculated using the given information.
ROI = (Divisional Net Income / Divisional Average Total Assets) × 100Paint Stores: ROI = (1,800,000 / 12,500,000) × 100= 14.4%
Consumer: ROI = (2,640,000 / 22,000,000) × 100= 12%2. Profit Margin Ratio
Profit Margin Ratio = (Divisional Net Income / Divisional Net Sales) × 100Paint Stores: Profit Margin Ratio = (1,800,000 / 22,000,000) × 100= 8.18%
Consumer: Profit Margin Ratio = (2,640,000 / 44,000,000) × 100= 6%3. Asset Turnover Ratio
Asset Turnover Ratio = Divisional Net Sales / Divisional Average Total Assets Paint Stores: Asset Turnover Ratio = 22,000,000 / 12,500,000= 1.76 times Consumer: Asset Turnover Ratio = 44,000,000 / 22,000,000= 2 times4. RI Calculation: RI = Divisional Net Income - (Divisional Average Total Assets × Required Rate of Return)Paint Stores: RI = 1,800,000 - (12,500,000 × 12%)= $200,000Consumer:
RI = 2,640,000 - (22,000,000 × 12%)= $640,000
ROI (Return on Investment) measures the efficiency of investment. It is used to evaluate the success of an investment or compare the efficiency of several investments. ROI = (Divisional Net Income / Divisional Average Total Assets) × 100
Profit Margin Ratio is a profitability ratio that measures how much profit a company generates per dollar of sales. It is used to evaluate the company's pricing strategy and operating efficiency.
Profit Margin Ratio = (Divisional Net Income / Divisional Net Sales) × 100Asset Turnover Ratio measures the efficiency of a company in utilizing its assets to generate sales.
It is used to evaluate the management of assets.
Asset Turnover Ratio = Divisional Net Sales / Divisional Average Total Assets
RI (Residual Income) measures the amount of profit earned by a division in excess of the required rate of return. It is used to evaluate the performance of the division.
RI = Divisional Net Income - (Divisional Average Total Assets × Required Rate of Return) .
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