Explain the relationship of oxidation numbers to electron confguration for Groups IA through VITA. How can an atom's electron configuration be predicted on the basis of its location in the periodic table?
Answers
The oxidation numbers of the elements show us the number of electrons lost or gained which is traceable from the electron configuration which in turn depends on the group that the atom belongs to.
What is the oxidation number?
The oxidation number is the number of charges that an atom appears to have. We know that the elements that we find in the groups IA through VIA only have a narrow range of oxidation numbers. This is because the oxidation numbers does depend on the number of electrons that the atom can be able to loose or gain at a time.
We know that each of the groups are known by the maximum number of electrons that can be found on the outermost shell of the atom. This is part of the electron configuration of the atom. Thus, if we know the group that an atom belongs to, we can at least tell the outer electron configuration of the atom because we know that all the atoms in that group have the same outer electron configuration.
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Related Questions
You are making a glass of Kool-Aid. You put 2 tablespoons of sugar, stir it until all the sugar is dissolved and then taste it. You realize it is not sweet enough so you add 10 more tablespoons of sugar and stir it. You notice that there are still solids in the glass. Do these solids indicate that a chemical reaction occurred?
Yes because you saw solids form and the color change, which indicates a chemical reaction.
No because the solids are not a new substance.
Yes because the solids are a new substance that formed between the Kool-Aid and water.
No because a chemical reaction has to show a change in denisty.
Answers
The solids are a new substance which indicate that a new substance is formed between the Kool-Aid and water as the chemical reaction has occurred between these two substances.
What is a chemical reaction?Chemical reaction is defined as a reaction which occur when a substance combines with another substance to form a new substance.Alternatively, when a substance breaks down or decomposes to give new substances it is also considered to be a chemical reaction.
There are several characteristics of chemical reactions like change in color, change in state , change in odor and change in composition . During chemical reaction there is also formation of precipitate an insoluble mass of substance or even evolution of gases.
There are three types of chemical reactions:
1) inorganic reactions
2)organic reactions
3) biochemical reactions
During chemical reactions atoms are rearranged and reactions are accompanied by an energy change as new substances are formed.
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In Spain, the legal blood alcohol limit is 250 of alcohol per 1 L of breath. What is this alcohol concentration in parts per billion, ppb?
Answers
The alcohol concentration in parts per billion, ppb given that the alcohol limit is 250 of alcohol per 1 L of breath is 25×10¹⁰ ppb
How do I determin the concentration in ppb?The concentration of substance in parts per million, ppb can be obtained by using the filling formula:
Concentration (in ppb) = (amount of solute / volume) × 10⁹
With the above formula, we can obtain the alcohol concentration in parts per billion, ppb as shown below:
The concentration of the vitamin C in ppb can be obtained as follow:
Amount of alcohol = 250Volume = 1 LConcentration (in ppb) =?Concentration (in ppb) = (amount of solute / volume) × 10⁹
Concentration (in ppb) = (250 / 1) × 10⁹
Concentration (in ppb) = 25×10¹⁰ ppb
Thus, the concentration in ppm is 25×10¹⁰ ppb
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what absorbance did you record for spinach at 400 nm?6.25 points question 2what absorbance did you record for spinach at 420 nm?6.25 points question 3what absorbance did you record for spinach at 440 nm?
Answers
It was discovered that the photosynthetic pigment in spinach best absorbed light between the wavelengths of 400 and 450 nm as well as at 650 nm. Additionally, it was discovered that this green phototroph barely absorbed light at wavelengths about 550 nm.
What is Absorbance ?The logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a sample is known as absorbance. As an alternative, absorbance can be defined as "the negative logarithm of one minus absorptance, as measured on a homogeneous sample," for samples that scatter light.
The opposite of transmittance, or absorbance (A), indicates how much light the sample absorbed. Additionally known as "optical density." A logarithmic function of T is used to compute absorbance: A = log10 (1/T) = log10 (Io/I).The concentration of the molecule (C) and the sample's path length (L), which is typically equal to the cuvette's path length, combined make up the three factors that affect an absorbance value. The extinction coefficient () is the next factor.What is the absorbance of Spinach ?The disks will rise as a result of bubbles developing on their surface when the leaves create oxygen. The leaves eventually sink if the cup's light source is taken away.
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given the table below that shows student's examples of proposed models of the atom: which model correctly describes the locations of protons and electrons in the wave-mechanical model of the atom?
Answers
The model accurately depicts where protons and electrons are in the wave. The proton is in the nucleus and the electron is where it is most likely to be. This is the mechanical model of the atom.
The electron was expected to move in circular orbits according to the Bohr model. On the other hand, orbitals are used in the wave mechanical model to characterise the electron positions. The two are not the same. Protons are located inside the nucleus in the wave mechanical model of an atom, but electrons are present where they are most likely to be.
A subatomic particle with a negative charge is an electron. A subatomic particle having a positive charge is called a proton. The strong nuclear force holds protons together in the nucleus of an atom. A type of subatomic particle without charge is the neutron (they are neutral).
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the ph of saliva is normally in the range of 6.4 to 7.0. however, when a person is ill, the person's saliva becomes more acidic. (a) when marco is sick, he tests the ph of his saliva and finds that it is 6.1. what is the hydrogen ion concentration of his saliva? (round your answer to seven decimal places.) m (b) will the hydrogen ion concentration in marco's saliva increase or decrease as he gets better? increase decrease (c) after marco recovers, he tests the ph of his saliva, and it is 6.5. was the saliva more acidic or less acidic when he was sick? more acidic less acidic
Answers
A quantity that can be determined by using logarithms is a substance's pH. The base-10 logarithm can be used to calculate this. We multiply the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration by a negative number.
The hydrogen ion concentration of his saliva is 0.0000013 gram moles per liter.
Marco's saliva is said to have a pH of 5.9. We can solve for this number since we have an equation that determines the pH from the hydrogen ion concentration.
We must use the inverse of this logarithm to obtain the value of this variable because the pH is calculated using the logarithm with a base of 10. To do this, raise both sides by a factor of 10.
What is Saliva and what is it's pH ?The pH of saliva typically ranges from 6.2 to 7.6, with 6.7 being the average. The mouth's pH is not below 6.3 while it is at rest. Saliva helps to keep the pH of the mouth cavity close to neutral (6.7–7.3). There are two ways that saliva helps to keep the pH balanced.
Potential Hydrogen, or pH, is an acronym that indicates how much hydrogen is present in liquids and how active the hydrogen ion is.
An acidic pH is A pH of less than 7 results in acidic saliva, which can seriously harm your smile. Your smile will likely experience acid erosion when you have acidic saliva, which can eventually cause enamel loss, tooth decay, and cavities.
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which is the major product of the reaction of ethyl grignard and propiophenone (ethyl phenyl ketone)?
Answers
2-Methyl-butan-2-ol is the major product of the reaction of ethyl grignard and propiophenone (ethyl phenyl ketone).
What type of reaction is Grignard?The nucleophile in a keto or aldehyde is coupled to alkyl, ethyl ester, vinyl, or allylic halides in the Fermentation process, an organo combination of carbon monoxide. It takes place in this process for carbon-carbon bonds to form.
What purpose does Grignard reagent serve?It is possible to count the halogen atoms in a halide compound using Grignard reagents. For the chemical examination of several glycerides as well as numerous cross-coupling processes for the synthesis of various dioxide and carbon-heteroatom linkages, Grignard degradation is employed.
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a soluble iodide was dissolved in water. then an excess of silver nitrate, , was added to precipitate all of the iodide ion as silver iodide, . if g of the soluble iodide gave g of silver iodide, how many grams of iodine are in the sample of soluble iodide? what is the mass percentage of iodine, , in the compound?
Answers
Answer:
a: 1.181grams of iodine are present in the sample of soluble iodide.
b: 76.44 percent iodine is the mass percentage of iodine when excess silver nitrate was added to precipitate all of the iodide ions
Explanation:
We know that when silver reacts with halides it forms precipitate, silver when reacts with iodine it forms a yellow coloured precipitate of silver iodide which is an inorganic compound soluble in water. One odd characteristic of silver iodide is that it is photosensitive and may form metallic/dark silver if exposed to light. One of the most renowned albeit controversial use of silver iodide is that it is used to generate rain through clouds
Ag+ (aqueous)+ I−(aqueous) →AgI(s) yellow precipitate
2.185g x (1 mole of AgI / 234.77 AgI) x (1 mole Iodine/1 mole AgI) x (126g of Iodine/1 mole of I)
= 1.181g
b)Now, mass percentage can be obtained by using the following formula
mass percentage = mass of solute/mass of solution x 100
iodine mass percent = (mass of iodine/mass of soluble iodide) x 100
= (1.181/1.545) x 100 = 76.44 %
mass percentage is the mass of the element/solute divided by the mass of compound or solution ,then the result is multiplied to get the answer. It can be defined as the weight of solute in a particular weight of solution.
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Which property would cesium most likely have?
It is hard.
It is ductile.
It is a gas.
It has low reactivity.
Answers
Answer:
It is ductile.
Explanation:
Cesium belongs to group 1 on the periodic table, meaning it is an alkali metal, not a gas. Alkali metals are soft, malleable, and ductile. They are good conductors of heat and highly reactive in nature, meaning cesium is also highly reactive. Therefore, the only option that would make sense is "It is ductile."
DART sent images from a camera to record its progress.
How were the collision and the results of the collision recorded?
Answers
DART sent images from a camera to record its progress. The collision and the results of the collision were recorded by the International Space Station.
What is DART?DART stands for Double Asteroid Redirection Test. The investigative team of the (DART) mission indicates that the spacecraft's kinetic contact with its target asteroid, Dimorphos, successfully changed the asteroid's orbit.
Asteroid is a small planet in our Solar System. Asteroids range in size and shape from 1-meter boulders to a dwarf planet almost 1000 kilometers in diameter; they are stony, metallic, or ice worlds with no atmosphere.
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1 ) Is this system at equilibrium?
2) As the system moves towards equilibrium (from reactants to products), what happens to the concentration of B and the concentration of A?
Answers
1. The answer to the statement above" Is this system at equilibrium " is yes as the reaction rate for both forward and reverse reaction are all equal.
2. From the above given task, as the equilibrium system moves from the reactants to the products, the concentration of the reactants and products are absolutely constant at equilibrium.Why the reaction system above is at equilibrium?It follows that from the reactions above, the concentration of A above is 1.5M and that of B is also 1.5, the resultant concentration is still 1.5M. This implies that the concentration of the A and B are constant throughout in the equilibrium reaction.
The major reason why the concentrations of B and that of A are the same is simply because both the forward and backward reactions are the same in all areas.
The major significance of equilibrium reactions is that it helps us to understand the direction of chemical reaction
So therefore, we can now confirm from the explanation above that a system is said to be at equilibrium when there is no change in the amounts or concentration of the reactants and products.
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acetylene () is used in welding torches, because it produces an extremely hot flame when it burns. how many grams of carbon dioxide are formed in the combustion of 6.50 g of acetylene?
Answers
Acetylene (C₂H₂) is used in welding torches, because it produces an extremely hot flame when it burns. grams of carbon dioxide are formed in the combustion of 6.50 g of acetylene is 22 g.
the balanced reaction is given as :
2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ -----> 4CO₂ + 2H₂O
mass of C₂H₂ = 6.50 g
molar mass of C₂H₂ = 26 g/mol
number of moles of C₂H₂ = mass / molar mass
= 6.50 / 26
= 0.25 mol
2 moles of C₂H₂ produced 4 moles of CO₂
0.25 mol of C₂H₂ produced = (4 / 2) × 0.25 = 0.5 mol of CO₂ .
mass of CO₂ = molar mass × moles
= 44 × 0.5
= 22 g
Thus, Acetylene (C₂H₂) is used in welding torches, because it produces an extremely hot flame when it burns. grams of carbon dioxide are formed in the combustion of 6.50 g of acetylene is 22 g.
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copper(i) iodide (cui) is often added to table salt as a dietary source of iodine. how many moles of cui are contained in 1.00 lb (454 g) of table salt containing 0.0100% cui by mass?
Answers
Copper(i) iodide added to table salt as a dietary source of iodine. 0.238mm of CuI are contained in 1.00 lb (454 g) of table salt containing 0.0100% CuI.
What is molar mass?Mass per mole is a definition of molar mass. Molar mass is the total mass of all atoms in substance that makes up a mole. It is measured in gram-per-mole units.
In the case of single elements or individual atoms, the molar mass is just the element's mass given in atomic mass units. Atom's atomic mass and molar mass are exactly equal.
Given,
Mass of table salt is 1.00 lb = 454 g
Copper(I) Iodine (CuI) present in the table is 0.0100% by mass or
CuI present in the 1 pound of salt = 0.01% of 454 g = 0.0454 grams
Now,
Molar mass of CuI = 63.54 grams + 126.90 grams
Molar mass of CuI = 190.44 grams
∴ number of moles of CuI present in 1 pound salt = Mass / Molar mass
Moles of CuI= 0.0454 / 190.44
Moles of CuI = 2.38 × 10⁻⁴ moles
Moles of CuI = 0.238 millimoles
∴ Moles of CuI present is 0.238mm.
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Which two elements will release the most energy when they combine to make a compound?
Answers
Answer:
The most vigorous reaction, between two elements for the formation of an ionic compound, in theory, would be between the most electronegative element and the least electronegative element, Fluorine and Francium respectively, according to the Pauling scale. So it would be 2Fr + F2 ->2FrF. But for a more practically reasonable choice, because Francium has a very short half-life, would be Caesium and Fluorine because Caesium is just right above Francium, being in the same group (Group 1 / IA). 2Cs + F2 -> 2CsF. In both cases, the outermost electron of the Caesium/Francium atom will be taken by the Fluorine atom, in the process, releasing a massive amount of energy.
Explanation:
Although chemical reactions can involve any of the other hundred-plus elements on the periodic table, it turns out that most of the familiar energy-releasing reactions involve only hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Consider again the reaction, which involves only hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Metals often react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. These compounds are composed of positive and negative ions formed by adding or subtracting electrons from neutral atoms and molecules. Nonmetals combine with each other to form covalent compounds, which exist as neutral molecules.
the combined gas law relates volume and temperature. the combined gas law relates volume and temperature. true false
Answers
True, Combined gas law does relates volume and temperature.
The combined gas law is effectively a restructuring of the ideal gas law, where both n (mols of gas) and R (already a constant) remain constant. It can be used to determine how changes in pressure, volume, or temperature can be used to calculate the conditions of the resulting system.
The combined gas law is a combination of the three previously known laws which are- Boyle’s law PV = K, Charles law V/T = K, and Gay-Lussac’s law P/T = K. Therefore, the formula of combined gas law is PV/T = K,
Where P = pressure, T = temperature, V = volume, K is constant.
One can adjust the formula for the combined gas law so as to compare two sets of conditions in one substance. In the equation, the figures for temperature (T), pressure (P), and volume (V) with subscripts of one are representative of the initial condition. Also, those with the subscripts of two are representative of the final condition.
So we can conclude that the combined gas law relates volume and temperature.
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2. What is the frequency of an electromagnetic wave that has an energy of 9.89 x 10-18 J?
a. Known values:
b. Equation:
C. Work:
d. Answer:
Answers
The frequency of electromagnetic waves with an energy of 9.89×10-18 J is 1.492 ×10^16 Hz.
What are electromagnetic waves?
These are the waves created due to the vibration caused between two fields, i.e., electric field and magnetic field.
In simple words, it originates from the oscillating magnetic and electric field. The electromagnetic spectrum gives us a range of frequency, wavelength and Energies.
It is used to classify the electromagnetic waves and arrange them according to their order of frequencies and wavelength.
Frequency = Energy/ Planck's constant
f= E/h
h=6.626×10^-34 J s
⇒9.89×10^-18/6.626×10^-34
⇒1.492×10^16 Hz.
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Write the structural formula of compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with OH group from ethane.
Answers
The structural formula of the compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with the OH group from ethane is Ethanol.
The alkane are the compound in which carbon atoms connected with single bond and carbon and hydrogen single bond . alkanes are called as saturated hydrocarbon. we use prefix eth for the two carbon atom and suffix ane for alkane .the ethane is alkane. The OH group is functional group called as hydroxy group. The suffix use for hydroxy group is ol.
CH₃ - CH₃ + OH -----> CH₃ - CH₂OH
ethane ethanol
Thus, The structural formula of the compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with the OH group from ethane is Ethanol.
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a five part per million standard has a percent transmission on a spectrometer of 34.780. what is the absorbance?
Answers
The absorbance of the sample with 34.780 percent transmittance is 3.54
What is transmittance?
Transmittance is the fraction of the incident light which passes through the sample and comes out successfully. In spectrometer, the detector detects the amount of light coming out of the sample and converts the reading into digital display. Absorbance is the fraction of the light which is being absorbed by the given sample.
The absorbance of the sample is,
A = 2 - log (-% T)
where, A = absorbance, %T = transmittance
A = 2 - log (-34.780) = 2 - (-1.54) = 3.54
Therefore, the absorbance of the sample having 34.780 percentage transmittance is 3.54.
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find the molality of the solution if 42 grams of potassium chloride (kcl) are dissolved in 3.6 kg of water.
Answers
When 42 grams of potassium chloride (kcl) are dissolved in 3.6 kilogram of water, the resulting solution has a molality of 0.156 m.
Describe molality.The term "molal concentration" is another word for molality. It measures the solute concentration in a solution. There are a variety of terminology that can be used to describe a solution's concentration, including molarity, molality, normality, formality, volume percentage, weight percentage, and parts per million. The term must determine the molecular weight of the solute and the mass of the solvent.
Molality is the best method for transferring concentration since the mass of the solute and solvent in the solution is constant.
Molality = moles of solute/ liters of solution
Moles of KCl = (42g KCl) x (1 mole KCl/74.5513 g) = 0.5633 moles KCl
Water in kg = 3.6 kg
m = 0.5633/3.6
m = 0.156
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Identify the following as metals, nonmetals or metalloids using the periodic table.
a. Silicon
b. fluorine
c. uranium
d. mercury
e. arsenic
f. iridium
Answers
a) metalloid
b) non-metal (halogen)
c) metal (actinides)
d) metal (transition metal)
e) metalloid
f) métal (transition metal)
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what is the stock system name for N2O3, CO, SO3
Answers
Answer:
N2O3= Dinitride Trioxide
CO= Carbon Oxide
SO3= Sulfide Trioxide
Explanation:
Di= 2
Tri= 3
what type of evidence have scientists collected and studied from deep ice cores that shows a correlation between changes in global climate with methane and carbon dioxide levels?
Answers
A correlation between changes in global climate with methane and carbon dioxide levels is Variations in ice layer color and thickness.
Ice cores provide direct information about how greenhouse gas concentrations have changed in the past, and also provide direct evidence that climate can change rapidly. By examining the gas trapped in the ice core, scientists learned the amount of carbon dioxide for the first time.
Global temperature has been associated with at least the last million years of Earth's history. A particularly powerful correlation technique is to use the composition of atmospheric gases trapped in ice bubbles. Since most gases remain in the atmosphere long enough to be well mixed on a global scale, ice cores around the world simultaneously exhibit the same atmospheric composition with trapped gas bubbles.
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which statement best describes groups and periods of the periodic table? select one: a. groups are vertical columns, while periods are horizontal rows. b. groups are mostly nonmetals, while periods are mostly metals. c. groups are horizontal rows, while periods are vertical columns. d. periods have similar properties, while the properties of groups gradually change.
Answers
The correct statement is "groups are vertical columns, while periods are horizontal rows".
The chemical elements are shown in tabular form on the periodic table, sometimes referred to as the periodic table containing the elements. It is frequently used in physics, chemistry, and some other sciences, and thus is frequently regarded as a symbol of chemistry.
The Periods were the horizontal rows of the periodic table. The periodic table contains seven distinct periods in all. They have the same amount of electron shells and thus are symbolized by the exact overall number of valence electron.
In a periodic table, the horizontal rows were known as periods, while the vertical columns were known as groups.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (a).
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Answer:
groups are vertical columns, while periods are horizontal rows
Explanation:
explain why atoms only emit certain wavelengths of light when they are excited. check all that apply.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Atoms emit light because excited electrons are returning to lower energy states, emitting the energy difference :- Bohr model. This energy always has a specific wavelength because the electrons can only exist in set orbits.
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#SPJ42. Which type of intermolecular force accounts for each of
these differences?
a) CH3OH boils at 65°C whereas CH₂SH boils at 6°C.
b) Xe is a liquid at atmospheric pressure and 120 K whereas Ar is a gas under the same conditions.
c)Kr, atomic mass is about 84 amu, boils at 120.9 K, whereas Cl₂, molecular mass about 71 amu, boils at
238 K.
Answers
At atmospheric pressure and 120 K, Xe is a liquid, whereas Ar is a gas at the same circumstances.
The right response is B.
What distinct intermolecular forces are there between each other?Intermolecular forces can be divided into three categories: hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces (LDF). Despite the fact that molecules can have any combination of these three types of intermolecular forces, all substances at least contain LDF.
What are the four distinct intermolecular force types?These are the four principal intermolecular forces: Van der Waals dipole-dipole interactions > Ionic bonds > Hydrogen bonds > forces of Van der Waals dispersion.
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Chemical bonds contain a form of energy called chemical energy. Forming and breaking chemical bonds during reactions involves changes in energy.
---------------------------------------------------------
Identify if energy is released or absorbed when a chemical bond is broken. Then identify if energy is released or absorbed when a chemical bond is formed.
Answers
Explanation:
when a chemical bond is broken, the excess energy that was stored in the bond will be released whereas, for a bond to be formed energy is absorbed.
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consider a situation in which you analyze a mixture of the starting alcohol and the alkene product of an elimination reaction using tlc. if you used a reverse phase tlc plate, which compound would have the higher retention factor? group of answer choices the alkene
Answers
Alcohol would have the higher retention factor .
What is Alcohol ?A molecule that can be found in alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, and liquor. Additionally, it can be discovered in several medications, mouthwashes, home goods, and essential oils. It is produced through the chemical process of fermentation, which makes use of yeast and sugar.
The four different forms of alcohol are rubbing, isopropyl, denatured, and ethyl. Ethyl alcohol, commonly known as ethanol or grain alcohol, is the one that we are most familiar with and adore. It is produced by fermenting sugar and yeast and is a component of beer, wine, and alcoholic beverages.Alcohol found in beverages is known as ethanol. It is created when the carbohydrates in grains, fruits, and vegetables are fermented by yeast. For instance, the sugar in potatoes is used to make vodka and the sugar in grapes to make wine.To know more about Alcohol please click here ; https://brainly.com/question/947751
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the future value of a single sum: increases as the compound rate increases. increases as the compound rate decreases. decreases as the compound rate increases. increases as the number of compound periods decreases. decreases as the number of compound periods increases.
Answers
The future value of a single sum increases as the compound rate decreases.
Future value is the total amount received at a particular point in time if the initial investment and the interest earned on the initial investment are included.
Future value calculations are used for various accounting functions. The most common use is to understand how much money is in investment at a given point in time due to interest income.
The formula for the final value of the single sum is
Future value = P ( 1 + i )n
where P is the principal amount
i is the interest rate
n is the number of years
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The concentration of a solution of sodium hydroxide is 0.10 mol/dm3. What is the concentration of the solution in g/dm3?
Answers
The concentration of solution of sodium hydroxide is 4 g/dm³ as per the molar concentration concept, to convert mole/dm³ to g/dm³ multiply the concentration by molar mass, which is 40 g.
What is molar mass?Molar mass of a compound or a molecule is defined as the mass of the elements which are present in it.The molar mass is considered to be a bulk quantity not a molecular quantity. It is often an average of the of the masses at many instances.
The molecular mass and formula mass are used as synonym for the molar mass.It does not depend on the amount of substance which is present in the sample.It has units of gram/mole.
Molar masses of an element are given as relative atomic masses while that of compounds is the sum of relative atomic masses which are present in the compound.
The molar mass of sodium hydroxide is 40 g thus, concentration in mole/dm³×40, that is 0.10×40= 4 g/dm³.
Thus , the concentration in g/dm³ is 4 g/dm³.
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What is the product of the reaction between
Aluminum and lodine?
12 (iodine gas)?
Answers
Answers:
Aluminium Iodide
(AlI³)
Is a Covalent bond stronger than an Ionic Bond?
Answers
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
because of the close sharing of pairs of electrons
Because of the close sharing of pairs of electrons (one electron from each of two atoms), covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.
Explanation:Ionic bonds are formed by the complete transfer of electrons and covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons. The force between ionic bonds is electrostatic force, while that in covalent bonds is Van der Waals force. Generally, ionic bonds are much stronger than covalent bonds. In ionic bonds, there is a complete transfer of electrons between elements to form a stable compound. While in a covalent bond, there is only sharing of electrons between two elements to form a stable compound. The force that keeps the ions together is the electrostatic force and the force that keeps the elements together bonded with covalent bonds is the Van Der Waals force. As there is a complete transfer of electrons in ionic bonds, cations and anions are formed. Thus there exists a huge electrostatic force of attraction between these ions.
