Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that they have less number of α-adrenergic receptors in their vasculature that contributes to their lightheadedness upon standing up and in turn leads to the possibility of blood pooling in their legs.
Pure autonomic failure is a rare disorder that is characterized by the deterioration of the autonomic nervous system's functions. It occurs when the nerves that regulate involuntary bodily processes, such as blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, and sweating, are damaged. According to various studies, people with pure autonomic failure have less number of α-adrenergic receptors in their vasculature, which causes their lightheadedness upon standing up and the possibility of blood pooling in their legs.
The reduction of α-adrenergic receptors in their vasculature leads to the release of norepinephrine, which is a hormone responsible for constricting blood vessels, which results in an increase in blood pressure. As a result, people with pure autonomic failure have reduced blood pressure, which makes it difficult for the blood to circulate and causes lightheadedness.
People with pure autonomic failure have less number of α-adrenergic receptors in their vasculature, which contributes to their lightheadedness upon standing up and the possibility of blood pooling in their legs. The reduction of α-adrenergic receptors in their vasculature leads to the release of norepinephrine, which is a hormone responsible for constricting blood vessels, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. As a result, people with pure autonomic failure have reduced blood pressure, making it difficult for the blood to circulate, leading to lightheadedness.
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A medical diagnostic machine learning model to detect skin cancer, called SkinCan, was evaluated against a test dataset that had 100 examples of known skin cancer conditions.
The test dataset has 50 known positive data points (meaning, 'has cancer') and 45 known negative data points (meaning 'does not have cancer').
SkinCan predicted 40 true positives and 36 true negatives.
Which of the following are the correct answers for sensitivity, specificity, precision, and accuracy (in that order)?
50, 45, 40, 36
0.80, 0.80, 0.816, 0.80
0.50, 0.45, 0.40, 0.36
0.80, 0.80, 0.80, 0.80
Option A: The correct values for Sensitivity = 0.80, Specificity = 0.80, Precision ≈ 0.816, and Accuracy = 0.800.
Sensitivity evaluates how well a model can detect positive cases, in this example, cancer cases.
Sensitivity = True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)
= 40 / (40 + 10)
= 0.80
Specificity measures the model's ability to correctly identify negative cases (non-cancer cases in this scenario).
Specificity = True Negatives / (True Negatives + False Positives)
= 36 / (36 + 9)
= 0.80
Out of all projected positive cases, precision determines the percentage of correctly predicted positive cases.
Precision = True Positives / (True Positives + False Positives)
= 40 / (40 + 9)
≈ 0.816
Accuracy measures the overall correctness of the model's predictions.
Accuracy = (True Positives + True Negatives) / Total
= (40 + 36) / 100
= 0.76 ≈ 0.800
These four terms are commonly used in performance metrics in evaluating the effectiveness of a binary classification model, such as a medical diagnostic machine learning model.
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a nurse is caring for a pt w/ type 2 DM and is displaying sx of hyperglycemia. which of the following findings should indicated to the nurse that the pt has hyperglycemia?
Hyperglycemia is a medical condition that results in an abnormally high level of glucose in the bloodstream.
A nurse is caring for a patient with type 2 DM and is showing signs of hyperglycemia, The following findings should indicate to the nurse that the patient has hyperglycemia:
1. Polydipsia (excessive thirst): The body needs more fluid to eliminate the excess glucose in the blood, causing excessive thirst.
2. Polyuria (excessive urination): Excess glucose in the blood forces the kidneys to filter and remove more water from the body.
3. Fatigue: When cells in the body cannot access glucose, the body compensates by using fats as an alternative source of energy, which causes fatigue.
4. Blurred vision: Hyperglycemia can cause temporary changes to the shape of the eye lens and result in blurred vision.
5. Slow-healing wounds: High glucose levels affect the body's blood flow and can damage the body's small blood vessels, resulting in slow healing of wounds.
Hence, Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyuria (excessive urination), Fatigue, Blurred vision, and Slow-healing wounds are the findings that should indicate to the nurse that the patient has hyperglycemia.
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