Chronological order is the order in which the events happened, from first to final.
Chronology is a text shape that describes activities in the order they occur. words consisting of first, subsequent, for the duration of, and sooner or later sign this article structure, as do dates that inform whilst the occasions took place.
This text shape gives readers a chronological of events or a list of steps in a method. example an e-book approximately the Yankee revolution would possibly list the events leading to the warfare.
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How do you find the domain of a square on a graph?.
By making the square root expression higher than or equal to zero, the domain of the supplied function can be determined. Or to put it another way, x 0 This results in x = 0, which is] , 0]. interpolation notation
Domain and Range of a Function Theorem
A function's domain is the set of all x-values that can exist and still result in the expression f (x).
The set of all possible values that the expression f (x), when x is any number from the function's domain, can take is known as the range of a function. Consider the function f (x) = x as an illustration. If there is a real number y that satisfies the condition y = x, then x = y must be the case. Since we are aware that no actual integer's square is negative, x must not be a negative number. This informs us that the square root function's domain is x 0, which is represented as [ 0, [ in interval notation.
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gram-negative enteric bacteria, such as salmonella and e. coli, are designated by the following antigens: for the flagellar antigen; for the capsular antigen; and for the cell wall antigen.
H stands for the flagellar antigen, K for the capsular antigen, and O for the antigen found on cell walls.
Which two E coli pathotypes are specifically linked to diarrhea in children?The thermostable toxin and the thermolabile toxin, which are encoded by plasmids, are the two enterotoxins that distinguish ETEC strains. Among all E. coli pathotypes, this pathogen is the most frequent cause of diarrhea in children and the main factor in developing country travelers' diarrhea.
Which of the following is a typical salmonella host?Raw meat, poultry, and seafood are frequently contaminated foods. During the butchering process, feces may contact raw meat and poultry. If it was harvested from contaminated water, seafood might be contaminated.
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Which is the correct organization of genetic structures from largest to smallest?.
The correct hierarchy for organising genetic material is genome, chromosome, gene, and nucleotide, from largest to smallest.
Material that includes genetic information and is passed down from one generation to the next is referred to as genetic material. Animal and plant cell nuclei contain threadlike structures called chromosomes, which are made of protein and a single DNA molecule. Genes are DNA sections that give instructions to cells on how to generate proteins; they are the basic structural and functional components of heredity. The monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are known as nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
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to answer this question, you may reference the metabolic map. categorize each enzyme based on its specific function in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, or both pathways. you are currently in a sorting module. turn off browse mode or quick nav, tab to items, space or enter to pick up, tab to move, space or enter to drop. glycolysis gluconeogenesis both
Categories of each enzyme based on its specific function in glycolysis (Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase) gluconeogenesis (Fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase, Glucose 6 phosphatase) or both pathways (Phosphoglucose isomerase).
Category of the enzymes on the basis of glycolysis
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
Category of the enzymes on the basis of gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Category of the enzymes on the basis of both (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis)
Phosphoglucose isomerase
The reverse pathway of glycolysis resembles gluconeogenesis. Only three of glycolysis's reactions (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase) are irreversible and are catalyzed by specific enzymes. Enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphophatase and glucose-6-phosphatase catalyze fructose-1,6-bisphophate and glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate and glucose respectively.
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What happens during unprotected sex?.
Answer:
There are a lot of things that happen.
Explanation:
There can be:
1. Unwanted pregnancy
2. Contacting STIs
The most important large molecules found in all living things can be sorted into just four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. On the molecular scale, members of three of these classes--carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids--are huge and are therefore called
Since those large molecules, which are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats) and nucleic acids, are "large" or "huge", then the molecules are called macromolecules. Macro- means "being large".
Macromolecules are any large molecules ranging from about 100 to 10,000 angstroms in size. They are composed of much larger numbers of atoms than micromolecules are.
Carbohydrates are macromolecules that are also called sugar molecules. They are the main source of energy for living beings, including humans.
Fats (also known as lipids) are used as major and dense source of food energy for many animals. Fats play important structural and metabolic functions, including thermal insulation and energy storage.
Proteins are macromolecules that perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including DNA replication, catalysing metabolic reactions, responding to stimuli, providing structure to organisms and cells, and transporting molecules from a location to another.
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are essential to all known forms of life. There are two main classes of nucleic acids, which are DNA and RNA.
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discuss the evidence for the branching of fungi and animals within one clade, the opisthokonta, which is distinct from algae and protists.
Posterior flagella are a characteristic of opisthokonta organisms at some stage in their life cycles. Because they possessed movable spores at some stage in their evolutionary history, fungi are included in this category.
The term "opisthokonts" refers to a large class of eukaryotes that includes members of both the animal and fungi kingdoms. Opsthios, which means "rear, posterior," and kontós, which means "pole, i.e. flagellum," are derived from Ancient Greek. Opisthokonts, formerly known as the "Fungi or Metazoa group," are widely acknowledged as a clade.
Many fungal lineages emerge during the fungi's evolution without the flagella. According to DNA evidence, fungus belong to the group of animals known as opisthokonts, which includes all other animals.
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the humoral immune response differs from the cell mediated immune response in that ony in the humoral immune response is there
The humoral immune response differs from the cell-mediated immune response in that only in the humoral immune response there are B lymphocytes.
What is the humoral immune response and the cellular immune response?
The humoral immune response is the response of the body to antigens that are circulating in the blood or extracellular fluids. This response is mediated by antibodies that are produced by B lymphocytes. The cell-mediated immune response is the response of the body to antigens that are presented by cells of the body. This response is mediated by T lymphocytes.
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Between what temperatures are foods at risk for the growth of bacteria?.
The temperature danger zone is between 41°F and 135°F.
The picture below shows you several organs working together, including your lungs, bronchi and windpipe (trachea). This means this picture shows you a __?
system
The image below shows several organs working together, including the lungs, bronchi, and windpipe (trachea). This picture shows the pulmonary system
What is pulmonary system?The upper and lower pulmonary structures, bronchial/systemic circulation, and gas exchange at the level of the lungs and tissue cells make up the pulmonary system. The delivery of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide are the two fundamental objectives that these anatomical components jointly pursue. The nose and pharynx are examples of the higher structures. The pharynx is made up of the laryngopharynx, oropharynx, and nasal cavity. These structures function to filter, humidify, warm, and balance ear pressure in the ambient air. The larynx, trachea, carina, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli are among the lower structures. These structures' main function is to transport oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Except for the region around the mediastinal space, the whole thoracic cavity is occupied by the lungs. The mediastinal area is home to the heart, major blood veins, bronchi, and esophagus, among other organs. The ventilation and diffusion processes are the two fundamental jobs of the lungs.
• Ventilation: the movement of air between the alveoli and the atmosphere.
• Diffusion: the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from a higher concentration to a lower concentration across the respiratory membrane.
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With the exception of identical twins, siblings who have the same two biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, to each other because they have a similar but not identical combination of genes
At several locations along their genomes, one twin's DNA was different from the other twin's.
Identical twins share what proportion of their genes?In twin research, heritability is calculated by comparing the genetic similarity of identical twins, who share all of their genes, to fraternal twins, who only share 50% of their genes. The media has paid a lot of attention to twin research, particularly studies of twins raised separately.
What are the genetic similarities between identical twins?While non-identical twins and non-twin siblings both share half of their DNA, identical twins share all of their genes. Therefore, we can presume that environmental factors, rather than genetic variations, are the cause of any differences in at
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urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder bya) ciliary action in the kidneyb) suction from the urinary bladderc) muscle contraction of the uretersd) contraction of the bladder muscles
Urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder by - contraction of the bladder muscles .
What is Contraction of the bladder muscles ?
When the bladder muscle suddenly and without warning contracts, it causes an urgent need to release urine, which is known as a bladder spasm or "detrusor contraction." Urine may flow from the bladder as a result of the spasm. When this occurs, the problem is known as overactive bladder or urge incontinence.
Your bladder muscles may contract uncontrollably during bladder spasms, causing cramping, searing pain. You'll probably also have a strong urge to urinate. Urinary incontinence, which can result from abrupt bladder spasms, occurs when pee leaks from the bladder.
An overactive bladder can trigger bladder spasms by making you feel the need to urinate. A UTI or interstitial cystitis, a painful bladder ailment, are other potential causes. There are drugs that can lessen spasms.
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Which of the following phenomena is not an evolutionary mechanism? A. Gene flowB. Natural selectionC. MutationD. Genetic driftE. Random mating
Random mating is a phenomenon that is not an evolutionary mechanism
Evolution is a term that describes how an organism evolved from another form that is different from its current form.Of the options given, random mating is not an evolutionary mechanism.
Take people for example. Humans were thought to have evolved into humans (through several evolutionary steps) from Australopithecus.
There are several mechanisms that contribute to evolution. Mutation, non-random mating, gene flow, finite population size (genetic drift), natural selection, etc.
Mutations are the original cause of all genetic variation, but mutation rates in most organisms are rather low. Therefore, the impact of novel mutations on allele frequencies from one generation to the next is usually not large.
Non-random mating. In non-random mating, organisms may prefer to mate with other organisms of the same genotype or different genotypes.
Gene flow involves the transfer of genes to and from populations by either individual organisms or their gametes (egg and sperm, e.g. by pollen dispersal through plants).
Population size is not infinite (genetic drift). Genetic drift includes changes in allele frequencies due to random events. This is literally a "sampling error" when selecting next-generation alleles. Drift can occur in populations of any non-infinite size, but affects small populations. natural choice. Finally the most famous evolutionary mechanism! Natural selection occurs when alleles (or combinations of alleles from different genes) make an organism more or less compatible, that is, allow it to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Therefore, random mating is not an evolutionary mechanism.
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the stimulation of auditory nerves depends on the opening and closing of channels in the auditory hair cells. which type of gating mechanism do these cells use?
The cells use a stress-gated gating mechanism as the stimulation of auditory nerves depends on the opening and closing of channels in the auditory hair cells.
The auditory nerve fibers carry the frequency and strength of the sound stimulus to the brain from the internal hair cells. Cochlear tonotopic in mammals is connected to frequency coding. However, phase blocking at the level of hair cells provides the basis for the coding of sounds with a frequency lower than 3 kHz.
There are cation channels that are mechanically gated in the membrane of stereocilia. The tallest neighboring stereocilium's tip is connected to these cation channels by proteins called tip link proteins. These cation channels open as a result of the basilar membrane's vibration, allowing cations—most notably K+—to enter the cytosol of hair cells. The receptor potential depolarizes when cations enter. Thus, the cells use a stress-gated gating mechanism as the stimulation of auditory nerves depends on the opening and closing of channels in the auditory hair cells.
The complete question is:
The stimulation of auditory nerves depends on the opening and closing of channels in the auditory hair cells. Which type of gating mechanism do these cells use?
(a) voltage-gated
(b) extracellular ligand-gated
(c) intracellular ligand-gated
(d) stress-gated
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defined vs complex media can be selective all components and their concentrations are not precisely known all components and their concentrations are known supports the growth of a wider range of bacterial species
Match the strains with the correct descriptions: defined vs complex media
All components and their concentrations are not precisely known: complex mediaSupports the growth of a wider range of bacterial species: complex mediaWhat is defined and complex media?Culture mediа mаy be clаssified into severаl cаtegories depending on their composition or use. А chemicаlly-defined (synthetic) medium is one in which the exаct chemicаl composition is known. А complex (undefined) medium is one in which the exаct chemicаl constitution of the medium is not known. Defined mediа аre usuаlly composed of pure biochemicаls off the shelf; complex mediа usuаlly contаin complex mаteriаls of biologicаl origin such аs blood or milk or yeаst extrаct or beef extrаct, the exаct chemicаl composition of which is obviously undetermined.
So, the key difference between chemicаlly defined аnd complex mediа is thаt the chemicаl defined mediа contаin аn exаctly known chemicаl composition while complex mediа contаin аn unknown chemicаl composition.
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the parietal cells of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid to protect the mucosal covering from gastric erosion. the nurse understands that helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) produces an enzyme that enables its survival in this acidic environment. which enzyme does h. pylori produce?
The pylori attacks the lining that protects your stomach. The bacteria makes an enzyme called urease.
What do you mean by Helicobacter pylori?
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral bacterium usually found in the stomach. It has a helical shape is thought to have evolved in order to penetrate the mucoid lining of the stomach.You can get H. pylori from food, water, or utensils.Most people are cured after finishing two weeks of medicine.Natural cure methods include Green tea , Honey , Olive oil ,Licorice root and Broccoli sprouts.
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can you match the characteristics with the correct organelle? sort each structure or function depending on whether it describes a chloroplast or a mitochondrion.
The organelle responsible for photosynthesis is the chloroplast, while the organelle responsible for cellular respiration is the mitochondria.
What are the roles of mitochondria and chloroplasts?The "powerhouses" of the cell, mitochondria break down fuel molecules and harvest energy during cellular respiration. Both plants and algae include chloroplasts. They are in charge of absorbing solar energy to produce sugars during photosynthesis.
What purposes do chloroplasts serve?Through the processes of photosynthesis and oxygen release, chloroplasts provide energy that supports plant growth and crop yield. As a result, chloroplasts are in charge of producing active substances such amino acids, vitamins, lipids and secondary metabolites
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a band of nervous tissue that lies along the midline of the cerebellum between the right and left cerebellar lobes is called the .
The cerebellum has two hemispheres (left and right). They are connected by a midline mass called the vermis.
The unpaired, middle region of the cerebellum that links the two hemispheres is known as the vermis. The lobules that make up the vermis and hemispheres are created by collections of folia. The anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes of the vermis are similarly three in number. The lingula, central lobule, culmen, clivus, folium of the vermis, tuber, pyramid, uvula, and nodule are among the vermis' nine lobules.
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the fossil of tiktaalik, which exhibits fins, scales and gills along with a flat head and wristlike forelimb is much like a fish as well as a tetrapod. this type of fossil is an example of a fossil, which supports the idea that animals descended from a common ancestor.
The fossil of tiktaalik is a Traditional fossil.
The idea it supports:The fossil of Tiktaalik resembles both a fish and a tetrapod because it has fins, scales, and gills as well as a flat head and a forelimb that looks like a wrist. Traditional fossils like this one are an illustration that animals shared an ancestor, according to this form of fossil. its significances that is a fish that obfuscates the line between a fish and an animal that lives on land. letting us know that this fish can live in shallow water and even make brief forays ashore and supports the idea that animals descended from a common ancestor.
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What is A strand of RNA bases?.
A strand of RNA can be thought of as a strand with one nucleotide in each link.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA for short) is a nucleic acid that is present in all living cells and is structurally similar to DNA. Each nucleotide is made up of a base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, usually abbreviated as A, C, G, and U), a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. However, unlike DNA, RNA is mostly single-stranded. RNA molecules have a backbone composed of alternating phosphate groups and sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA.
RNA contacts almost everything in the cell in one way or another. RNA performs a wide range of functions, from translating genetic information into the molecular machinery and structures of cells to regulating gene activity during development, cell differentiation, and environmental changes.
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Why are mutations in body cells not a source of genetic variation?.
This is due to the fact that mutations in body cells have no effect on the DNA of eggs and sperm. While this prevents many harmful mutations from wreaking havoc on offspring, it also reduces diversity and the ability to adapt to changing environments. Sexual reproduction, on the other hand, compensates for this loss, at least in part.
What are some examples of genetic variation?
Genetic variation results in different forms of genes, known as alleles. People with blue eyes, for example, have one allele of the eye color gene, whereas people with brown eyes have a different allele of the gene.
There are three sources of genetic diversity: mutation, recombination, and gene immigration. The driving force behind genetic variation and evolution is mutation.
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For each of the following, indicate whether it would cause an increase in aldosterone secretion, a decrease in aldosterone secretion, or no change in aldosterone secretion. ► View Available Hint(s) Reset Help High plasma potassium levels Dehydration Low plasma sodium levels High plasma sodium levels Low plasma potassium levels Balanced plasma sodium and potassiurn levels No change in aldosterone Decreased aldosterone Increased aldosterone
Increased aldosterone secretion: High plasma potassium levels, Low plasma sodium levels, Dehydration.
Decreased aldosterone secretion: Low plasma potassium levels, High plasma sodium levels
No change in aldosterone secretion: Balanced plasma sodium and potassium levels
What is aldosterone?A steroid hormone made in the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps control the water-salt balance in the kidneys by retaining sodium in the body and releasing potassium from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and fluid accumulation in body tissues.
High aldosterone levels can cause high blood pressure and low potassium levels. Low potassium levels can cause weakness, tingling, muscle spasms, and temporary paralysis. Your doctor will measure the levels of sodium, potassium, and aldosterone in your blood. Low aldosterone levels lead to low sodium levels (hyponatremia), high potassium levels (hyperkalemia), and a condition in which the body produces too much acid (metabolic acidosis).
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you would like to know whether the progeny of a pair of mated fruit flies are distributed among the resulting four phenotypic classes in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. you perform a chi-square test and obtain a p value of 0.04. assuming you have done the test correctly, select the best interpretation of this result.
It is impossible to explain the differences between the observed and expected counts by chance alone.
What is progeny, for instance?By progeny, we mean "children" or "offspring." Your parents are the progenitors of you and your brothers, and your cat is the progenitor of her most recent litter of kittens. You are also the progeny of your grandparents and great-grandparents because the terms "progeny" and "product" are synonymous terms.
The purpose of the chi square test is to determine the likelihood that the hypothesis is correct. A poor outcome in comparison to the observation indicates the hypothesis is incorrect.
This illustration of the law of independent assortment uses a ratio of 1:1:1:1. The probability of exhibiting is 25%, so the value of p 0.04 is very low.
As a result, the discrepancy between the observed and expected count is too great to be due to chance.
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In the gal gene system, which protein binds to the activation domain of the activator protein, ultimately blocking transcription in the absence of galactose?.
In the GAL gene system, Gal4 protein acts as an activator protein through its transcription-initiating effect.
What do you mean by transcription?A DNA fragment is copied into RNA during transcription. Messenger RNA is created when specific DNA sequences are translated into RNA molecules that can encode proteins (mRNA). Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that contain copies of other DNA sequences (ncRNAs). Only 1% to 3% of all RNA samples are mRNA. A minimum of 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed (in one or more types of cells), with the bulk of this 80% being ncRNA. In contrast, less than 2% of the human genome can be transcribed into mRNA (Human genome (Coding vs. noncoding DNA)).
What is GAL gene system?The GAL genes offer a tightly controlled framework for the investigation of gene-specific chromatin organization. While GAL structural genes are inactive in the absence of galactose, they are extensively transcribed when it is present. Many characteristics of GAL structural gene control can be explained by the expression patterns of the regulatory genes.
Thus from above conclusion we can say that in the GAL gene system, Gal4 protein acts as an activator protein through its transcription-initiating effect.
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what evidence has been cited by scientists who propose that alcohol use disorder is related to endogenous opioid production?
Opioid antagonists can lessen the euphoric feeling associated with drinking. It has been referenced by researchers who contend that alcohol use disorder and endogenous opioid production are linked.
Endogenous opioid peptides can be released in response to a variety of uncomfortable, stressful, or traumatic events, these peptides work to lessen both human and animal sensitivity to unpleasant stimuli. Alcohol and opioids share similar neuronal circuits in activation and may interfere with the brain's pain signaling pathways . How a person reacts to alcohol is influenced by their genetic make-up, body mass index, gender, age, choice of beverage, amount of food in their stomach, presence of drugs in their system, and level of health. Peer pressures, sexual and physical abuse, early drug exposure, stress, and parental supervision are just a few examples of factors that can significantly impact someone's chance of using drugs and becoming addicted. Development. Environmental and genetic influences coexist.
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Why is it accurate to claim that the legume-bacteria mutualism described in the text is contingent?.
Rhizobia, a type of nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, and legumes can coexist together.
What can you say about bacteria in one sentence?a huge collection of single-cell organisms. Some affect both humans and animals with infections and diseases. Some bacteria aid in the digestion of food, assist the body produce necessary vitamins, and eliminate disease-causing cells. Additionally, bacteria are employed to create nutritious foods like yogurt. But contagious microorganisms can give you a disease.
What is the genesis of bacteria?Bacteria are found in hot springs, polar ice and glaciers, soil, water, plants, wildlife, radioactivity, and deep inside the earth's crust. Bacteria can be found in the stratosphere, from 6 and 30 miles high in the atmosphere, as well as in the deepest parts of the ocean, 10,000 meters or 32,800 feet below the surface.
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2. the normal human microbiota a.infants in the first years of life are often more susceptible to certain bacterial infectionsthan older children. how can you explain this? what function of the microbiota does thisillustrate?
The gut microbiota of neonates is less diverse than that of adults, which weakens the infant's immunity and makes them more susceptible to certain bacterial infections.
What is Microbiome?The human body is home to millions of microbes that work synergistically with our own cells to affect our health throughout our lives and potentially across generations. Microorganisms, called "microbiota" (organisms) or "microbiomes" (organisms and their collective genetic makeup), exert their actions by influencing immunological, endocrine, and neurological pathways. A variety of microbes thrive in the skin, oral cavity, and genitourinary tract, but the gut microbes are the most diverse and abundant, and their functions are best understood.
From birth, the gut microbiome has three main roles: Protection, metabolism, nutrition. Gut microbes act as a barrier against the growth of pathogens.
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which of the following forms of carbohydrates do muscle cells prefer to use for fuel? a) glucose; b) fructose;c) atp; d) glycogen
d) Glycogen is the form of carbohydrate that muscle cells prefer to use for fuel.
The form of glucose that is stored and is composed of numerous linked glucose molecules is called glycogen. Your body's major source of energy is glucose (sugar).
It originates from carbohydrates, a macronutrient found in some of the foods and beverages you consume. Your body typically stores glucose as glycogen in your muscles and liver for later use when it doesn't immediately need it for energy.
In animal cells, glucose polymers are stored as glycogen molecules. The human liver and muscle cells contain the most glycogen.
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which hormones are involved in building and maintaining healthy bone tissue? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.
Various hormones are :
Parathyroid hormone or PTH Calcitriol.What do you mean by Hormones ?
Hormones can be defined as the chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body.These are the body's chemical messengers, sending signals into the bloodstream and tissues. They affect metabolism, appetite, growth and development, mood, stress, and body temperatures.The major glands that make up the endocrine system are the: hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid.Hence, the given Hormone strengthen bones density.
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As you continued to experiment with higher concentrations of the toxin, you found cases when the cell could not repolarize at all, or if it began to repolarize, it would immediately depolarize again. Given this description and the description in the previous question, how does this toxin acts on voltage-gated sodium ion channels? The toxin probably prevents the potassium channels from opening. This would cause the cell to depolarize properly but not repolarize since the potassium channels are needed for that to occur. The toxin probably prevents the sodium channels from opening. The cell would not be able to depolarize properly if the sodium channels are blocked. The toxin probably prevents the sodium channels from closing once they are opened. This would cause the cell to depolarize properly at first, but not repolarize since the sodium channels need to close for that to occur. The toxin probably prevents the sodium channels from opening. The cell would not be able to repolarize properly if the sodium channels are blocked. none of these
This toxin may act on voltage-gated sodium ion channels and fail to reset the inactivating gates of sodium ion channels. This is required for repolarization to occur. It's also possible that the sodium channels are simply stuck open.
What are sodium ion channels?Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels and transport sodium ions (Na+) across cell membranes. There are two main classes of mammalian sodium channels: Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) family and epithelial sodium channel (ESC). Voltage-gated sodium channels are present in various cell types throughout the body, whereas epithelial sodium channels are mainly localized to the skin and kidney.
Sodium channels play a key role in physiology. They rapidly transmit depolarizing impulses through cells and cellular networks, thereby enabling the coordination of higher-order processes ranging from locomotion to perception. These channels are also of particular importance in the history of physiology.
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