Flowing water from the Rocky Mountains formed the mighty Colorado River. As the plateau rose, rivers cut through it, carving canyons over time.
When water freezes it expands into ice. Ice widens cracks and erodes rock in the process. During short periods of heavy rain, water rolls down cracks and erodes more rocks and stones. The canyon becomes wider at the top than at the bottom as more rock is eroded away.
The Grand Canyon is perhaps the best example of a water-sculpted canyon. Water exerts tremendous erosive power, especially when carrying large amounts of sediment and rocks, as the Colorado River does during floods. The Grand Canyon is a large deep river canyon in northwest Arizona. Water was the main cause of the erosion that formed the Grand Canyon.
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which of the following supreme court decisions allows public school students to wear t-shirts protesting a school board decision that eliminates funding for high school arts programs? responses
The supreme court decision is: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969).
The Importance of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District: How Freedom of Expression PrevailedThe landmark Supreme Court case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) was monumental in its decision to protect freedom of expression. This case involved several Iowa high school students, who were suspended from school for wearing armbands as a form of protest against the Vietnam War. The students took their case to court, arguing that their right to free expression was violated by the school district. The court ultimately sided with the students, ruling that “students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate”.
This ruling was the first time that the Supreme Court had addressed the issue of student expression in public schools. The ruling established the precedent that students are protected by the First Amendment in public schools, and that school administrators must have a valid reason to restrict student speech. This ruling was also important in protecting the rights of students to express their opinions in a peaceful manner. In addition, the case highlighted the importance of individual expression and the power of students to challenge the status quo.
Complete question:Which of the following supreme court decisions allows public school students to wear t-shirts protesting a school board decision that eliminates funding for high school arts programs?
Engel v. Vitale (1962)Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)New York Times v. U.S. (1971)Learn more about the supreme court decisions:
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how many moles of niso4 are in 4 ml of a 3 m solution of niso4? please answer to the thousandths of a mole.
0.012 moles of Nickel sulfate (niso4) in 4 ml of a 3 m solution of Nickel sulfate.
What is Nickel sulfate ?The inorganic compound NiSO4(H2O)6 is commonly referred to as nickel(II) sulphate or just nickel sulphate. This salt, which is extremely soluble and has the colour blue-green, is a typical source of the ion Ni2+ for electroplating.Nickel, sulphur, and oxygen are all components of nickel sulphate. One nickel atom, one sulphur atom, and four oxygen atoms make up the molecule. Because it is used to electroplate nickel on metal items, it has practical value.Typically, the salt is produced as a by-product of the refining of copper. It can also be created by the sulfuric acid dissolution of nickel metal or nickel oxides.Molarity= moles/volume
M=n/V
Remember the units of molarity are mol/L.
We rearrange for n=M*V
= 3 mol/L*(4*10^-3L)
Liters cancel out and we are left with 4*10^-3 mol of NiSO4
= 4*10^-3 mol
= 0.012 moles
0.012 moles of niso4 are in 4 ml of a 3 m solution of niso4
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What is the Ka value of an equilibrium established between the ammonium ion and ammonia if it is found that at equilibrium the concentration of ammonium is 0.50 M and the concentration of the hydrogen ion is 1.7 x 10^-5 M?
The Ka value of an equilibrium established between the ammonium ion and ammonia is 1.73 * 10⁻⁵.
What is the equilibrium equation of the reaction between hydrogen ions and ammonia to give ammonium ions?The equilibrium equation of the reaction between hydrogen ions and ammonia to give ammonium ions is as follows:
NH₃ (g) + H⁺ (aq) ⇄ NH₄⁺ (aq)
The base dissociation dissociation constant, Kb of the reaction is given below:
Kb = [NH₄⁺] / [H⁺] * [NH₃]At equilibrium;
[H⁺] = [NH₃]
[H⁺] = 1.7 * 10⁻⁵ M
[NH₃] = 1.7 * 10⁻⁵ M
[NH₄⁺] = 0.50 M
Kb = 0.50 / (1.7 * 10⁻⁵ * 1.7 * 10⁻⁵)
Kb = 1.73 * 10⁹
pKb = - log Kb
pKb = -log (1.73 * 10⁹)
pKb = 9.24
Also;
The acid dissociation constant, Ka, is elated to the Kb as follows:
pKa + pKb = 14
Hence;
pKa = 14 - pKb
pKa = 14 - 9.24
pKa = 4.76
[tex]Ka = 10^{-4.76}[/tex]
Ka = 1.73 * 10⁻⁵
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Draw the Lewis dot structure for Mg^2+ . Show the formal charges of all atoms in the correct structure. To change the symbol of an atom, double-click on the atom and enter the letter of the new atom.
Lewis symbols, also known as Lewis symbols, are used to represent the electrons as dots. Two electrons from the Mg atom are given up to create the magnesium ion or Mg2+.
Mg's electronic configuration can be described as 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2, while Mg2+'s is discovered to be 1s2 2s2 2p6.
Element number twelve is magnesium. To create the Lewis electron dot diagram, visualize the symbol for magnesium in a box with all of its core electrons. Then, we arrange the valence electrons so that each side of the box corresponds to an orbital in the highest energy level.
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The questions below will assess your knowledge of the management of poison. Choose whether the following statements on poison control are appropriate or inappropriate.
Ingestion of a toxic substance is the only way a poisoning can occur.
a. Appropriate
b. Inappropriate
It is inappropriate that Ingestion of a toxic substance is the only way a poisoning can occur.
A poison can be any substance that is harmful to the body. It can be swallowed, inhaled, injected or absorbed through the skin. Poisoning is the harmful effect that occurs when too much of that substance has been taken. Poisoning is not to be confused with envenomation.
Acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period of time. Symptoms develop in close relation to the degree of exposure. Absorption of a poison is necessary for systemic poisoning (that is, in the blood throughout the body)
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Which of the elements listed below appear as polyatomic molecules in their standard states? Select all that apply.OxygenFluorineHydrogenNeonBeryllium
Oxygen Hydrofluoric Acid Nitric Oxide All of these compounds are polyatomic.
Why are molecules polyatomic in nature?Three or more atoms form stable structures to form polyatomic molecules (bound state). The molecular formula, which reveals the precise number of constituent atoms, serves as a means of distinguishing different compounds.
How is polyatomic distinguished?Only a few of the periodic table's elements have a second letter that is lowercase after their capital initial. As a result, you will recognize a polyatomic ion if it contains two capital letters together. Two diatomic gases, nitrogen and oxygen, make up its major constituents.
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Question 7 0.5 pts Select all of the following molecules that can be described as bent or angular molecules and none that have other shapes? H25 Bel2 SO2 O H20 CO2 PF3
H₂S, SO₂, H₂O are non-linear or bent or angular molecules, while CO₂, BeI₂ and PF₃ are none because they have other shapes.
H₂S is a angular molecule because of the presence of the lone pair of electrons on the Sulfur atom. The lone pair-lone pair repulsion bent the atom into V shape.
Similarly in the case of SO₂ and H₂O, the lone pair of electron present on the central atom, i.e. Sulfur and Oxygen respectively, repels the sides atom in such a manner that the whole molecule attains a V shaped angular geometry.
The molecules CO₂, BeI₂ and PF₃ have other shapes/geometries.
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Please explain how you would determine whether a particular molecular compound was polar if you were given the lewis structure.
The kind of bonds of the compounds and the structure of the compound determines its polarity.
What is a polar compound?We can tell that a compound is polar by looking at two main things. The first is the structure of the compound and the second is the kind of atoms that are found in the bond. We know that if the atoms that are bonded in the compound do have difefernt electronegativities then we know that the compound would be polar based on the bonds that are in the compound.
On the other hand we also know that if the compound is symmetrical, then the compound would not be polar because the dipoles in the compound would cancel out and then we can now be able to say that the compound would not be polar.
If on the other hand the compound is non symmetrical, then the dipoles would not cancel out and the compound would be found to be polar.
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What happens to h the height of the mercury column, if the atmospheric pressure increases?.
The height of the mercury column increases if we increase the atmospheric pressure.
Well, we know that 1 atmosphere pressure will support a column of mercury that is 760mmhg .
There will only be 50 tons of air above your head if you ascend to, say, half the height of the atmosphere. As a result, the pressure has increased to 50000 pascal while the force has decreased to 50000 N.
As you can see, pressure has dropped as you've climbed higher. Now the mercury in the barometer experiences the same thing. On the ground, it is pushed with a force of, let's say, x, but halfway through the atmosphere, it will be pushed with a force of, let's say, x/2, and as a result, the barometer will rise less.
And thus the mercury column, the mercury barometer, is an excellent means to monitor atmospheric pressure, or pressures lower than that of atmospheric pressure.
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Wht number hould be placed in front of fe to balance thi chemical equation? Fe302 2fe203
Fe2O3 must be added to the equation in front of Fe to make it balanced. 4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃
How is a chemical equation balanced?In order to make a chemical equation equal in both reactants and products, add coefficients where necessary in front of the symbols or formulations.
To help balance the equation, can you add a number before the compound?Multiply coefficients (the numbers in front of the formulas) by the formulas themselves to equalize the amount of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. The atoms that are easiest to balance are those of oxygen and hydrogen. After designating the states of matter for the reactants and products, review your work.
4 Fe + 3 O₂ → 2 Fe₂O₃
On the left side, there are 4 Fe atoms and 6 O atoms.
On the right side, there are 4 Fe atoms and 6 O atoms.
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which of the following is the best nucleophile? a) methyl anion b) hydroxide ion c) water d) tosylate
Water is the best nucleophile.
What are nucleophile and example?A reactant that donates an electron pair to create a covalent bond is called a nucleophile. Typically, a nucleophile is neutral or negatively charged with a single pair of donateable electrons. Among them are H2O, -OMe, or -OtBu. Overall, the species with a lot of electrons is a nucleophile.In both laboratory and biological organic chemistry, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are the most important nucleophilic atoms, whereas water, alcohols, phenols, amines, thiols, and occasionally carboxylates are the most frequent nucleophilic functional groups.
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an electron is projected into a uniform magnetic field (0.5 0.8) with a velocity of (3.0 4.0) × 106 m/s. what is the magnetic force on the electron?
Explanation:
0.5×0.8=(3.0×4.0) × 160
Consider the retrosynthesis of the following target molecule. Provide at least two possible starting material(s) that could be used to prepare the target molecule. OH Select the compounds (plus reagents) that would be suitable starting materials for an efficient synthesis of the given target molecule. Select all that apply. + conc. H2SO4 and heat Br + hydroboration- oxidation + H20 Br + NaOH Br oxymercuration- demercuration
The two starting materials to obtain the given target molecule are NaOH and the method of oxymercuration-demercuration.
Retrosynthesis
The process of “deconstructing” a target is known as Retrosynthesis. A molecule into readily available starting materials by means of. - imaginary breaking of bonds (disconnections) and by the conversion of one functional group into another (functional group interconversions).
We can obtain the target molecule by reacting the following compound with NaOH.We can obtain the target molecule by undergoing the reactant with oxymercuration- demercuration.The reaction are given in the image.
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in choosing a sample size for a study, we need to know the population standard deviation. which of the following could be used to estimate the population standard deviation? select all that apply.
It is a single value calculated from a sample to estimate a population when determining a sample size for a study.
Can sample mean be used to infer population mean?the number N divided by the total number of observations in the sample. The sample mean, ("mu") one of the two factors defining the normal distribution, is an estimation of the population mean (the other is , see below)
The population mean can be calculated in what way?The mean or average of all values within a population is known as the population mean. It is determined using the population's total values, represented by the sum of X divided by the total number of population values, represented by N.
This method of estimation is called the Lincoln Index.
P = (N1 x N2)/ R.
P = total size of population.
N1 = size of first sample (all marked)
N2 = size of second sample (recapture: some will be marked, some won't)
R = number of marked individuals recaptured in second sample
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The activation energy Ea for a particular reaction is 42.2 kJ/mol. How much faster is the reaction at 343 K than at 323 K? (R = 8.314 J/mol • K)
The reaction rate would be approximately 8.3 times faster than at 323K
By the Arrhenius Equation
Ea/R (1/T1 -1/T2) = ln(k1/k2) The equation can also be expressed in numerous ways, and they are all valid.
NOTE: R = 8.314 J/K-mol, thus we'll convert Ea to joules as well (42,200 J/mol) as it contains joules (J) as a unit.
Even if we don't know k1 or k2, all we need to do is calculate the ratio, which should reveal the speed of the reaction at the two different temperatures. Setting k1 = 1 at random, we can solve for k2 by setting T2 = 343K and T1 = 323K.
ln(1/k2) = -42,200/8.314 (1/323 - 1/343)
ln 1 - ln k2 = -5076 (0.003096 - 0.002915)
-ln k2 = -5076 (0.0001810) = -0.9188
k2 = 8.29
Therefore, at 343K, the reaction rate would be approximately 8.3 times faster than at 323K.
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Does temperature influence the effectiveness of a chemical sanitizer solution?.
Yes chemical Sanitizers can usually function properly in temperatures between 75°F and 120°F. Some metal objects may corrode when exposed to chlorine compounds at higher temperatures.
The temperature of chemical Sanitizers solutions should be at least 75°F. At lower temperatures, they are less effective. Chlorine can evaporate from a solution and cause some metals to corrode at temperatures above 120°F. Generally, temperatures between 75° and 120°F are ideal for all sanitizers. In environments with high temperatures and low humidity, products that require prolonged contact times may evaporate before disinfection is achieved. Because of this, disinfection cannot be accomplished with a single application. The water needs to be warm enough to increase the activity of the solution but not so warm that it speeds up sanitizer evaporation. Sanitizers can usually function properly in temperatures between 75°F and 120°F. Some metal objects may corrode when exposed to chlorine compounds at higher temperatures.
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How do you calculate the relative atomic mass of lithium?.
The relative atomic mass of lithium can be calculated by the average weighted of masses of the Isotopes of lithium relative to the mass of lithium.
Relative atomic mass of an element is given in the periodic table. It is also called relative atomic weight. The relative atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of the isotopes in the naturally occurring element relative to the mass of an atom.
We can estimate the the relative atomic mass or the atomic weight of an element E with the naturally occurring isotopes and with the respective abundances of A%, B%, C% and like that.
relative atomic mass =( A /100× a)+ ( B / 100× b) + ( C/100 × c).... and so on
lithium has two isotopes. one is lithium-6 and other is lithium-7 . so we can calculate the relative atomic mass by using Isotopes of lithium.
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How many moles of bromide ions are in 0.500 L of a 0.300 M solution of AlBr3?
Two measurements are required to determine the molarity of a solution, the mass of the solute, and the volume of the solution. Mass isn't in the molarity equation, though. Moles of solute is divided by the volume of the solution.
The many moles of bromide ions are in 0.500 L of a 0.300 M solution of AlBr3 There is 0.45 mol of Br− withinside the solution.
Two measurements are required to decide the molarity of a solution, the mass of the solute, and the quantity of the solution. Mass isn't always within side the molarity equation, though. Moles of solute is split via way of means of the quantity of the solution.
The number moles of bromide ions are in 0.500 L of a 0.300 M solution of AlBr3 0.45 mol. The molarity depends upon concentration and the outer characters.
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how does the volume of an ideal gas at constant temperature change as the pressure increases? socratic.org
The volume of ideal gas will be decreased if the pressure increase while the temperature remain constant
To determine the effect of increasing pressure of ideal gas, we can use the equation available for ideal gas.
Ideal gas equation state as below:
PV=nRT ⇒ V = nRT/P
Where,
P = Pressure
V = Volume
n = mole
R = Ideal gas constant
T = Temperature
Based on above equation, we can conclude if the pressure increase and the temperature remain constant, the volume of the system will be decreased. Therefore, if the pressure decrease while the temperature remain constant, the volume will be increasing.
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the central atom in the icl4- ion has nonbonded electron pair(s) and bonded electron pair(s) in its valence shell. question 9 options: a) 6, 0 b) 0, 4 c) 2, 4 d) 2, 2 e) 4, 2
The central atom in the icl4- ion has nonbonded electron pair(s) and bonded electron pair(s) in its valence shell is 2 and 4 respectively.
The central atom is generally the atom with the lowest subscript within the molecular system and the atom that may shape the maximum bonds. If all the atoms commonly shape an equally wide variety of bonds, the least electronegative atom is usually the critical atom.
A bonding electron is an electron concerned with chemical bonding. this could confer with: Chemical bond, a lasting appeal between atoms, ions, or molecules. A covalent bond or molecular bond is a sharing of electron pairs between atoms. A bonding molecular orbital is an attraction among the atomic orbitals of atoms in a molecule.
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To a 25.00-mL volumetric flask, a lab technician adds a 0.100 g sample of a weak monoprotic acid, HA, and dilutes to the mark with distilled water. The technician then titrates this weak acid solution with 0.0903 M KOH. She reaches the endpoint after adding 47.51 mL of the KOH solution. Determine the number of moles of the weak acid in the solution. Determine the molar mass of the weak acid. After the technician adds 15.99 mL of the KOH solution, the pH of the mixture is 5.29. Determine the pKa of the weak acid.
The pH of the mixture is 5.29. Determine the pKa of the weak acid is 5.58
A weak acid is an acid that partially dissociates into its ions in an aqueous solution or water. In assessment, a robust acid absolutely dissociates into its ions in water. The conjugate base of a weak acid is a vulnerable base, at the same time as the conjugate acid of a weak base is a susceptible acid.
47.51 ml of 0.0903 M KOH = 0.04751 L × 0.0903 mol/L
= 4.290 × 10 ⁻³ mole
∴ A number of the of weak acids = 4.29 × 10 ⁻³ mole
as one mole of KOH neutralizes the one-mole weak acid
∴ The molar mass of weak acid = mass/mole
= 0.100 g / 4.29 × 10⁻³
= 23.31 g/mol
15.99 ml of 0.0903 M KOH = 0.01599L × 0.0903 mol/L
= 1.44 × 10⁻³
Thus after addition of KOH
mole of salt = 1.44 × 10⁻³
A mole of acid = 4.29 × 10⁻³ - 1.44 × 10⁻³
mole of acid = 2.85 × 10⁻³
Henderson equation
pH = PKa + log(salt)/(acid)
5.29 = PKa + log (1.44 × 10⁻³)/(2.85 × 10⁻³)
5.29 = PKa + (-0.296)
PKa = 5.58
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sodium is combined with sulfur to produce sodium sulfide. what will be the charge of a sodium atom after it bonds with a sulfur atom?
sodium is combined with sulfur to produce sodium sulfide, the charge of a sodium atom after it bonds with a sulfur atom is +1
What is charge?Electric charge, a conserved feature of some subatomic particles that govern their electromagnetic interaction, is the type of charge that is often discussed. The charge is a physical attribute that causes matter in an electromagnetic field to experience a force. Protons and electrons are two charged particles, protons carry a positive charge and electrons carry a negative charge.
In Sodium sulfide (Na₂S) two Na atom are present and one sulfur atom is present, here each sodium atom (Na) carry +1 charge and one sulfur atom (S) carry (-2) charge. So, the charge of a sodium atom after it bonds with a sulfur atom is +1
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What are the different types of reduction?.
The different types of reduction are : chemical reduction , Auto reduction, Electrolytic reduction.
The different types of reductions are :
chemical reductionauto reductionelectrolytic reductionChemical reduction : it involves the transfer of the electrons between the species in the chemical reaction.
auto reduction : the method of the metal extraction is called as the auto reduction.
electrolytic reduction : it occurs when the electric current passes through the ionic solution causing the electrode to react the chemically. The substance is in a molten state or in the dissolved state. The material then decomposes and the reduction is called as the electrolytic reduction.
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In a Sn2 substitution reaction, when can a rearrangement step occur?Rearrangement steps can occur before, between and after the concerted core step (Nucleophilic Attack and Loss of Leaving Group) Before the concerted core step (Nucleophilic Attack and Loss of Leaving Group) After the concerted core step (Nucleophilic Attack and Loss of Leaving Group) Between the concerted core step (Nucleophilic Attack and Loss of Leaving Group) Rearrangement steps cannot occur ever during a Sn2 substitution reaction
Creation of a carboxyl group is essential for a rearrange to take place.
What does "reaction" mean in the context of chemistry?One or even more chemicals, also referred to as reactants, are transformed all into or so other substances, often referred to as product, in a chemical reaction. Materials are composed of chemical compounds or elements.
What is response, using an example?A chemical reaction occurs when one or more components change into one or more other substances. An illustration of this happens when steel and oxygen combine to make rust. When vino and fizzy coke are combined, sodium chloride, oxide, and liquid are created. burning or exploding objects
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the binding of small effector molecules, protein-protein interactions, and covalent modifications are three common ways to modulate the activities of transcription factors. which of these three mechanisms are used by steroid receptors and by the creb protein?
Protein-protein interactions and effector molecule binding at steroid receptors; covalent modification and protein-protein interactions at CREB protein.
How a molecule is formed?A molecule is the term used to describe the aggregate of atoms that results from the formation of covalent bonds. Therefore, we might claim that a monomer is the most basic component of a covalent composite. In nature, oxygen exists as a molecule. Dioxygen is created when two oxygen atoms make a covalent triple bond with one another.
Is water a molecule?Molecules are created when atoms come together. 2 hydrogen (H) atoms one and oxygen (O) atom make up the three atoms that make up a water molecule. Because of this, water is occasionally abbreviated as H2O. There are billions of hydrogen atoms in an one drop of liquid.
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Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. If sugar is dissolved in water, sugar is the solute and water is the solventb. In an experiment, students are instructed to add water to a certain quantity of a stock solution of sodium hydroxide. The resulting solution may be called dilute, and the stock solution is said to be concentratedc. If, at a given temperature, the solubility of a certain compound is 56 grams per 100 milliliters of water, a solution having a concentration of 46 grams per 100 milliliters at the same temperature is supersaturatedd. Oil and water are immisciblee. The concentration of a saturated solution, expressed in grams per 100 milliliters of solvent, is the same as its solubility expressed in the same units
The following statements is incorrect : If, at a given temperature, the solubility of a certain compound is 56 grams per 100 milliliters of water, a solution having a concentration of 46 grams per 100 milliliters at the same temperature is supersaturated.
The supersaturated solution is the solution that contain more solute than required for the saturated solution. so, the third option is incorrect.
Thus, The following statements is incorrect : If, at a given temperature, the solubility of a certain compound is 56 grams per 100 milliliters of water, a solution having a concentration of 46 grams per 100 milliliters at the same temperature is supersaturated.
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What is the first step in the emergence of life proposed by Oparin?.
Oparin suggests that the first phase in the evolution of life was self-copying molecules in the primordial soup.
Oparin, what do you mean?Oparin thought that coacervates, which are microscopic, spontaneously produced circular aggregates involving lipid molecules held together by electrical charges and which may have been the earliest forms of cells, were the source of life.
What part did Oparin play in the beginning of life?Oparin continued by elaborating on the method by which biomolecules will self-assemble into enormous liquid-like structures he referred to as "complex coacervates"—what we now refer to as hydrodynamic assemblies. He proposed that the development of these protocells was a crucial step in the emergence of life.
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The complete question is-
Which is the first step in the emergence of life propose by Oparin?
A. Self-copying molecules ate the primordial soup.
B. Lighting sparked chemical reactions among simple organic compounds in the primordial soup.
C. Molecules began copying themselves, using other molecules in the primordial soup as building blocks.
D. Photosynthesis supplied the oxygen necessary for self-copying molecules to thrive and form membranes.
why are only gases and aqueous included in the reaction quotient formula? answer in terms of molarity (mol/l).
The ideal gas law (PV = nRT), from which both of the gas equilibrium constants are derived, relates them to the equilibrium (K). As we've seen above, Kp = Kc (RT)n is a formula that can be derived from the Ideal Gas Law.
Why are gases included in equilibrium constant?The equilibrium constants for mixtures of gases are Kc and Kp. However, Kc is defined by molar concentrations, whereas Kp is defined by the partial pressures of the gases inside a closed system. This is the difference between the two constants. The concentrations of individual components, such as liquids and solids, are not included in the equilibrium constants, although they might have units depending on the type of reaction. Following are some simple instructions for writing gas equilibrium constants (the same applies for determining Kc, Kp, Ksp, Q, etc.):.Gas equilibrium constants are typically expressed as follows:
aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD
Kc=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b
Kp=(C)c(D)d/(A)a(B)b
Thermochemical Decomposition of NH4SH, as an example
Think about how NH4SH(s) thermally breaks down:
NH4SH(s)⇌NH3(g)+H2S(g)
Associated with Ksp is also this
Kc=[NH3][H2S]/[NH4SH]
NH4SH is a solid, however, so we obtain:
Kc=[NH3][H2S]/[1]
Kc=[NH3][H2S]
Similar to Kc, Kp uses parentheses () rather than brackets (), as follows:
Kp=(NH3)(H2S)/(NH4SH)
Kp=(NH3)(H2S)/(1)
Kp=(NH3)(H2S).
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acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a nitrile to give a carboxylic acid occurs by initial protonation of the nitrogen atom, followed by nucleophilic addition of water. draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism. arrow-pushing instructions
The product formed are ammonia and 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid. HCl is used in protonation of 2,2-dimethyl butane nitrile in the initial step.
What is Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis?It is the process by which nitrile combines with an acid, water, and to produce carboxylic acid. Protonation, nucleophilic addition, and proton transfer are all components of the chemical process. In this reaction, water serves as a nucleophile.
What are the steps of production of ammonia and 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid?2,2-dimethyl butane nitrile can be protonated by HCl in the first step. The protonated aminoketone will result from the water's nucleophilic attack on protonated nitrile. The nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon in the following step will result in a proton yield with a protonated diol intermediate. In subsequent steps, this will eliminate ammonia and proton. Ammonia and 2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid is the end product.
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Select the example below that is binding. O A price floor above equilibrium O A price ceiling above equilibrium O A price ceiling at equilibrium O A price floor at equilibrium
According to the given statement that is binding A price ceiling above equilibrium.
What happens in equilibrium chemistry?When a response and its opposite reaction move forward at the same pace, chemical equilibrium is reached. Both the advance and the reverse reactions take place as a system gets closer to equilibrium. The forward and backward reverse reactions are moving at the same speed when the system is in equilibrium.
How come equilibrium is so crucial in chemistry?In the study of chemical reactions, equilibrium is crucial because it provides information about the reaction's direction. Equilibrium enables us to regulate the parameters of the reaction to favor the production of desired products. Calculating the composition of the final reaction mixture also makes use of it.
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