They go past one another, shortening the sarcomere but maintaining the length of the filaments.
What purpose do the filaments serve?Microtubules, actin filaments, & intermediate filaments make up the cytoskeleton of a cell. These elements aid in the organization of the cell's components and give its cell its form. These provide the foundation for cellular division & movement too though.
From what is filament made?Traditional filaments are coils of wire that are housed inside glass bulbs and look somewhat like springs. Due to its high melting point, tungsten is typically used in their construction. The ability of tungsten to withstand heat is essential to the operation of filament lamps.
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by what means do amoebas and slime molds move?by what means do amoebas and slime molds move?ciliaflagellapseudopodiaamoebas and slimes do not move; they are anchored to the substrate.
Moving slime molds and amoebas Slime molds, which share phenotypic characteristics with both fungus and protozoa, produce spores but move by gliding like amoebas.
The slime mold moves in what manner?A plasmodium is a multinucleate protoplasmic mass that forms when amoeba-like cells fuse together. Since the fungus is in its "creeping" stage at this point, slime molds will creep or flow across a variety of surfaces if enough water is available. They move several feet in a day and creep at a fairly quick rate.
What are the similarities between an amoeba and a slime mold?Slime mold is not a type of animal or plant. Despite occasionally looking like one, it is not a fungus. In reality, slime mold is a type of soil-dwelling amoeba, a single, mindless cell that frequently has multiple nuclei.
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which of these contain phytochemicals? a) tomatoes b) egg yolks c) fish d) all of the above
(D) All the above contains phytochemicals.
Fruits and vegetables, whether fresh or processed, are among the most significant sources of phytochemicals in the human diet. So far, around 200,000 phytochemicals have been found, with 20,000 of them originating from fruits, vegetables, and cereals.
Plants use phytochemicals to defend themselves, which means they help protect budding buds and sprouts against pollution, insects, and the weather. That most of these protective properties are passed on to us when we consume fruits and vegetables rich in phytochemicals.
Phytochemicals are non-nutritional bioactive ingredients that are primarily accountable for scavenging harmful radicals following oxidative stress by producing antioxidants, which are the root cause of the majority of chronic illnesses.
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17.plants containing only chlorophyll b are exposed to radiation with the following wavelengths: 10nm(x-rays), 450nm (blue light), 670nm (red light), 670nm (red light), and 800nm (infrared light). which plants harness (use) the most energy for photosynthesis? blue light irradiated plants.
The greatest energy is captured (used) for photosynthesis by plants exposed to blue light.
Platids, which can be rounded, oval, or disk-shaped bodies and are used in the synthesis and storage of food, include chloroplasts. The presence of the two pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b gives chloroplasts their distinctive green colour, which sets them apart from other plastid types. The pigments' ability to absorb light energy for photosynthesis is one of their functions. The chloroplasts include other pigments, such as carotenoids, which act as accessory pigments by absorbing sun energy and transferring it to the chlorophyll. All green tissues in plants have chloroplasts, although they are notably dense in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll.
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4. What are the parent genotypes for pea seed color shown in this Punnett 1 point
Square?
Y
у
Yy
У
у
Yy
Homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive
Heterozygous and homozygous recessive
Heterozygous and heterozygous
Heterozygous and heterozygous dominant
Homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive are the parent genotypes for pea seed color shown in this Punnett 1-point Square.
The genotypes of both parents must be known in order to create a Punnett square. The alleles of one parent are listed at the top of the table, and those of the other parent is listed on the table's left side. The resulting kid genotypes are produced at the intersection of the parent's alleles.
The genotypes PpYY, PpYy, ppYY, and ppYy are among the options. For a 1:1 ratio of each phenotypic, the first two genotypes would produce plants with purple flowers and yellow peas, whereas the second and third genotypes would produce plants with white flowers and yellow peas.
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which process or feature would most be responsible for the greatest incremental growth in a water droplet?
The process or feature that is responsible for the greatest incremental growth in a water droplet is collision coalescence.
What is Collision coalescence?
Collision coalescence is a natural phenomenon that take place in clouds in upper atmospheric regions.
In general, the atmospheric area having temperature above freezing point lead to the formation of collision coalescence process.
In such region, a sufficient incremental growth in water droplets takes place. These droplets then collide with each other and form precipitates which become heavier enough and then fall on earth in the form of rain.
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a researcher is concerned about a chemical in the lake kariba ecosystem that has the potential to biomagnify, much like ddt. due to limited resources, pollutant levels can be tested in only two species. which two species are the best to compare to reveal possible biomagnification between them?
Biomagnification is the accumulation of non-essential chemicals in the oceans in the food chains as it goes upwards. zooplanktons and Eagle
It increases its concentration in the tissues of organisms as it travels up the food chain. As the toxicity increases and so the trophic levels, it also causes some organisms death. can also be defined as the trophic enrichment of contaminants within food webs.
example- when DDT is put into oceans-
DDT is accumulated in the zooplanktons, which is then consumed by small fishes and then large fishes and then by bird eating fishes ( eagle)
the concentration goes like
zooplanktons ( 0.04ppm)
small eating fishes (0.5ppm)
large eating fishes (2ppm)
eagles ( 25ppm) - this high level disturbs birds ca metabolism.
therefore, two species are the best to compare to reveal possible biomagnification between them is zooplanktons and eagle to find out the difference between them in toxic levels.
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The activity you choose to improve your cardiovascular endurance does not have to be strenuous?.
To increase cardiovascular endurance does not have to be strenuous. We can start with aerobics, yoga, jogging, cycling, or swimming.
About cardioCardio is an exercise that aims to pump blood from the heart and lungs so that the heart rate increases to the point where the burning of fat and calories occurs optimally.
For a beginner, start doing cardio slowly. Take a five-minute walk in the morning and five minutes in the evening. Gradually add a few minutes to each session and increase the pace a bit.
After this exercise is done regularly, increase the speed up to 30 minutes a day. Also consider hiking, biking, jogging, rowing, or any activity that increases breathing and heart rate.
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Deafness in cocker spaniels is inherited. the allele for deafness (d) is recessive to the allele for hearing (d). two cocker spaniels that are heterozygous for hearing are mated together. what is the chance that a puppy will be deaf?
The human body is divided into several cavities. List these cavities and propose reasons why evolution has favored this configuration.
In order to supply living creatures with the necessary adaptations and efficiency, evolution has led to complexity in body design. The bodily cavity, also known as the coelom, is a fluid-filled region where organs like the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines can grow, expand, and move. In humans the body cavity has been divided into dorsal, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities on the basis of their body position and the organs lodged there. The fluid in the body cavity keeps all the body organs hydrated and also provides a sort of hydrostatic support. It also helps to maintain homeostasis within the body.
The evolution of living things reveals that they began as aquatic prokaryotes, progressed to aquatic eukaryotes, and eventually became multicellular creatures that gradually adapted to life on land. The evolutionary tree's pinnacle or greatest level is seen as being human. The body cavity gives the intricate internal organs the environment they require to work properly. Evolution produced the many bodily compartments in humans because each function in the body has specialized organs that work separately yet together. These cavities are divided from one another by tissues and membranes.
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describe some of the plants with which you are fimilar
Answer:
I like banbanana tree
Explanation:
Answer:
Paddy.
Explanation:
Paddy is a common crop in our country, and I am familiar with it since my early childhood. Rice, which we get from paddy, is the staple food in our country and our food demand is mainly supported by this crop. I would like to thank you for this great topic which expects me to talk about a crop I am familiar with.
Paddy is grown in almost all parts of our country by the farmers. But the north part of the country is particularly suitable to produce the finest quality of paddy due to its arable lands and higher rainfalls. The paddy plant grows well in fertile lands where plenty of water supplies is available. But it can't grow in water.
Rice is the main source for our daily carbohydrate requirements. No doubt, this is the most important crop in our country. If we can't grow plenty of paddy plants, we won't have enough rice. And as a consequence, we won't have enough food supply for our people. This epitomises how important this single crop is for us!
Every nation has its own main crop and its economy is much influenced by it. In our country, paddy has similar influences on our economy. I like this paddy plant as it looks beautiful in the green field and whenever I visit a rural area, lush paddy fields take my heart away. They are such a beautiful sight to look at. The golden paddy, when they ripe, and the green plants, when they are yet to ripe, look amazing when it dances with the rhythm of the wind, it's heavenly. I also like this crop because it is our main food source.
The importance of this crop is monumental, especially for our country. If we do not have this crop in our country even for a single year, we would have a huge problem fulfilling our daily food needs.
Please help me!!!
I’ll give you the Brainiest!!!
Sometimes water seeps through the concrete wall of a basement after a heavy rain, and the
homeowner must remove it with a sump pump. How can this situation be compared to the action of
a unicellular organism that lives in a pond?
(Answer in 5-7 sentences)
Explanation:
This is Osmosis. water molecules move from an area of higher water potential to an area of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane. in a unicellular organism, it's cell surface membrane is often selectively permeable which maintains the water potential within the cell.
when an rh-negative mother gives birth to an rh-positive infant, the mother usually produces antibodies that will attack any subsequent pregnancies in which the fetus is rh positive. when subsequent babies are rh positive, erythroblastosis fetalis occurs. what is another name for erythroblastosis fetalis?
Alloimmune HDFN (Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn) is another name for erythroblastosis fetalis.
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Hemolytic anaemia in the fetus known as erythroblastosis fetalis is brought on by the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies to fetal red blood cells.
This condition is typically brought on by mismatch between the maternal and fetal blood groups, frequently Rho (D) antigens.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from the mother damage neonatal red blood cells, which is the source of the condition. Isoimmunization refers to the production of maternal antibodies in response to a fetal antigens.
Therefore, Alloimmune HDFN (Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn) is another name for erythroblastosis fetalis.
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Which of the following can cause a loss in species, a reduction in populations, species extinctions,
and species migrations?
O Abiotic and biotic factors
O Biodiversity
O Ecosystem disruption
O No answer text provided.
Species extinctions, population declines, species movements, and species losses can all be attributed to biodiversity.
The correct answer is B
How essential is biodiversity, and why?All life on planet Earth, including humans, depends on processes made possible by biodiversity. We cannot have the robust ecosystems that we depend on to give us the air we and the food that consume without a diverse variety of animals, plants, and microorganisms. The natural world itself is also valued by people.
How is biodiversity valued?Environment-related issues are where biodiversity has the most impact. The Earth's natural processes are supported by healthy ecosystems. Even without species that support them, operations like soil re-cycling, water purification, pest management, and others couldn't be carried out. These processes could be severely damaged if they are interrupted.
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what is the definition of a recessive allele? multiple choice an allele that is expressed when environmental conditions dictate that it must be an allele that is expressed only when it is needed an allele whose phenotypic effect is expressed when present in one or two copies an allele whose phenotypic effect is only expressed when present in two copies
The definition of a recessive allele is Option D. whose phenotypic effect is only expressed when present in two copies.
The best description of a recessive allele is that it does now not decide the phenotype while a dominant allele for the identical trait is a gift. A type of allele that when gifted on its personal will not have an effect on the man or woman. copies of the allele want to be a gift for the phenotype to be expressed.
People inherit variations of each gene, referred to as alleles, from each parent. In the case of a recessive trait, the alleles of the trait-causing gene are the same, and both (recessive) alleles ought to be gifted to express the trait. A recessive allele does now not produce a trait at all when the handiest copy is present.
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the brain is a network of interconnecting neurons that control and integrate the body's activities. what components make up these neurons? select all that apply.
The brain is a network of interconnecting neurons that control and integrate the body's activities. components make up these neurons are Cell body, Axon, Dendrite
Nerve cells or neurons
Tang is no less important part of the anatomy of the nervous system is the nerve cell itself or called a neuron. The function of a nerve cell or neuron is to transmit nerve impulses.
Based on their function, neurons are divided into three types, namely sensory neurons that carry messages to the central nervous system, motor neurons that carry messages from the central nervous system, and interneurons that transmit messages between sensory and motor neurons in the central nervous system.
Each neuron or nerve cell consists of three parts or basic structures. The anatomy of these neurons, namely:
- The cell body, which has a nucleus.
- Dendrites, which are shaped like branches and function to receive stimuli and carry impulses to the cell body.
- The axon is the part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body. Axons are generally surrounded by myelin, which is a dense, fatty layer that protects nerves and helps messages pass. In peripheral nerves, this myelin is produced by Schwann cells.
These nerve cells can be found throughout the body and communicate with each other to produce physical responses and actions. According to the National Institutes of Health, there are an estimated 100 billion neurons in the brain. These nerve cells include 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and elsewhere.
Nervous system function
In general, the nervous system in humans has several functions. The functions are:
- Collects information from inside and outside the body (sensory function).
- Sends information to the brain and spinal cord.
- Processing information in the brain and spinal cord (integration function).
- Sends information to muscles, glands, and organs so they can respond appropriately (motor function).
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Would the reaction rate on graph B of Model 2 ever reach a maximum level? Justify your answer.
The graph B never saturates because the enzyme is always in excess. These excess enzymes will convert the starch into simple glucose molecules. Hence, there will be no maximum limit, as both are in abundance.
What is the enzyme substrate reaction?The enzyme has an active site where the substrate can bind and convert into the product, so the enzyme is called a catalyst. Here the enzyme is amylase, and its substrate is starch. When there is an excess of enzymes in the solution, they can convert it into a product as long as substrates are available. If the substrate runs out, the reaction will come to a halt.
Hence, this reaction has no maximum limit until there are excess substrates and enzymes. If one is restricted, then the reaction can stop.
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all of the following are functions of muscles except a. control of openings. b. heat production. c. respiration. d. secretion. e. stability.
The function of muscles except option D. Secretion.
The muscular machine is composed of specialised cells known as muscle fibers. Their principal characteristic is contractibility. Muscle mass, attached to bones or inner organs and blood vessels, are chargeable for motion. Nearly all movement within the body is the end result of muscle contraction.
Those muscle tissues assist you flow, carry things, pump blood through your frame, and even help you breathe. While you reflect onconsideration on your muscle tissue, you probably suppose most about those you can manipulate. These are your voluntary (VOL-uhn-ter-ee) muscular tissues, which means you may control their movements.
Muscle tissue flow body components by using contracting and then enjoyable. Muscle tissues can pull bones, however they cannot push them back to the authentic role.
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Margulis’ theory of the origin of mitochondria proposes that mitochondria ______.
Margulis’ theory of the origin of mitochondria proposes that mitochondria originated when a larger anerobic cell engulfed a smaller aerobic cell.
Margulis wrote in her 1967 essay that the protomitochondrion, an aerobic prokaryotic microbe, was absorbed into the cytoplasm of a heterotrophic anaerobe as the first stage in the genesis of eukaryotes from prokaryotes in order to survive in the new oxygen-containing atmosphere. This can further be proposes that when a bigger anaerobic cell swallowed a smaller aerobic cell, mitochondria were created.
The mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles, generate the majority of the chemical energy needed to power a cell's metabolic processes (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
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48 POINTS!!!
Which statement best describes a physical change?
A) Changes can occur to certain chemical properties of the substance, but the overall shape of the substance will remain the same.
B) Changes can occur to certain physical properties of the substance, but the overall shape of the substance will remain the same.
C)Changes can occur to physical properties of a substance, but the chemical composition of the substance remains the same.
D)Changes can occur to chemical properties of a substance, but the chemical composition of the substance remains the same.
Answer:
Answer choice C. is correct.
Explanation:
Physical change is a change in which there is no change in the chemical arrangement and thus there is no redistribution of atoms. No new substances are formed.
which one of the following nucleotide bases is not found in rna? a)adenine b)thymine c) guanine d) cytosine
The following are the chemical elements of thymine. In RNA, nucleotide bases are absent.
The ideal response is B.
In what type of nucleotide does RNA exist?A molecule made composed of a nitrogen-containing base (such as adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA or adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA).
How many RNA bases are there?The nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil make up RNA. Similar to thymine, another pyrimidine found in DNA, uracil is a pyrimidine that has a similar structural makeup. Uracil can base-pair with adenine similarly to how thymine can.
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The presence of what cell part will be most helpful in classifying a cell as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?.
The nucleus is the component that contributes the most to determining whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic in nature.
Because it houses a cell's DNA, the nucleus is one of the most crucial eukaryotic organelles. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are two other crucial organelles that are assumed to have evolved from primitive single-celled organisms and play significant roles in energy conversion. Organelles that are membrane-bound, such as numerous mitochondria, are present in eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the process of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Prokaryotic cells, in contrast, lack mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles but still engage in cellular respiration.
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) a tiger is known to chase its target at a speed of 50mph . a tiger found its prey amongst a herd of wild cattle. the tiger was a quarter of a mile behind the cow that it wanted to catch which was running in 25 mph. how long will it take the tiger to catch its prey?
Considering their distance apart, the time it will take the tiger to catch its prey is 36 seconds.
What time will it take the tiger to catch its prey?The time will it take the tiger to catch its prey can be determined below as follows:
The two times are equal, hence, let the time it will take the tiger t.
the distance traveled by the cow = d
distance traveled by the tiger = d + 0.25 miles
Time = distance / speedTime taken by the cow = d / 25
Time taken by the tiger = d + 0.25 / 50
equating the two times:
d / 25 = d + 0.25 / 50
25d + 6.25 = 50d
25d = 6.25
d = 0.25 miles
Distance traveled by tiger = 0.25 + 0.25
Distance traveled by tiger = 0.5 miles
Time taken by the tiger = 0.5/50
Time taken by the tiger = 0.01 hours or 36 seconds
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Which bond or bonds in α‑d‑glucose must be broken to change its configuration to β‑d‑glucose?.
To convert α-D-glucose to the β-D-glucose, the bond among the C-1 and the hydroxyl on the C-5 should be damaged and the reformed withinside the contrary of the configuration.
To convert the D-glucose to the D-mannose, both the —H or the —OH on C-2 that should be damaged and reformed withinside the contrary of the configuration. Conversion among chair and the conformations does now no longer require a bond the breakage; that is the essential and difference among the configuration and the conformation.
α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose is the instance of an anomers. An Anomer is a saccharide most effective the differs in its shape on the anomeric of the carbon. Anomeric carbon is being the purposeful organization of the carbohydrate, wherein is commonly the carboxyl organization which is connected to it. Epimeres, is fluctuate at most effective the only chiral center, now no longer the anomeric carbon.
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How do ocean currents impact the climate of a region?
Answer:
"currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth's surface."
Explanation:
This was the definition I found, but if you'd like some more help, let me know! :)
Charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient. Which process is represented here?.
Charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient this is by Diffusion.
Diffusion is the transfer of a substance's individual molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration over a semipermeable barrier. The type of interaction between the medium and the substance affects the rate of diffusion.
Simple diffusion is one type of diffusion that can be aided by another molecule.
Simple Diffusion is the movement of molecules along their concentration gradient in the absence of any other molecules' direct participation. It may entail the movement of a particle over a membrane or the dispersion of a substance through a medium.Diffusion must take place in the presence of another molecule (the facilitator) in a process known as facilitated diffusion. Large or polar molecules must be transported by facilitated diffusion.To know more about Diffusion visit the link:
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test in which anticoagulant is added to a venous blood sample and the distance cells fall in the test tube over time is determined: a.erythrocyte sedimentation rate b.coagulation time c.hematocrit d.wbc differential e.red blood cell morphology
Test in which anticoagulant is added to a venous blood sample and the distance cells fall in the test tube over time is determined hematocrit.
To determine if you have a blood clotting condition, a D-dimer test is utilised. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot that forms deep within a vein, is one of these illnesses. Though they can occur anywhere on the body, these clots typically affect the lower legs.
What about hematocrit?Anemia is defined as a hematocrit level below the normal range, indicating that the individual has insufficient red blood cells. An elevated hematocrit level, or an excess of red blood cells, can point to polycythemia or erythrocytosis. A hematocrit that is greater than usual can reveal: Dehydration.a condition that causes your body to overproduce red blood cells, like polycythemia vera. Heart or lung disease The results of your hematocrit test are given as a numerical value. This represents the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. If your hematocrit test result is 42, for instance, this suggests that 42% of your blood is made up of red blood cells, with the remaining blood being made up of white blood cells, platelets, and blood plasma. The hematocrit calculates the volume of red blood cells in relation to the volume of all the blood (red blood cells and plasma). Men's normal hematocrit ranges from 40 to 54%, whereas women's ranges from 36 to 48%. The amount of red blood cells in a person's blood is measured by their hematocrit. Anemia is one disorder that is indicated by low red blood cell counts. Although cancer is more frequently associated with low haemoglobin levels, some malignancies can actually increase haemoglobin levels.This includes a rare kind of blood cancer called polycythemia vera, liver cancer.Learn more hematocrit about here:
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Which of these descriptions of the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains mendel’s law of independent assortment?.
This descriptions of the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's law of independent assortment:
The arrangement of each pair of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate during metaphase I is random with respect to the arrangements of other pairs.
Understanding Mendel's Law
Mendel's law consists of Mendel's law I and Mendel's law II, as quoted from the Learning Resources page published by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Check out the explanation below.
The law of inheritance of the nature of GJ. Mendel
1. Mendel's Law I
Mendel's first law is also known as the law of segregation. Mendel's first law attempts to explain the independent separation of pairs of alleles during meiotic division in the formation of gametes.
Segregation is followed by a change in the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid. Mendel's first law applies to monohybrid crosses or crosses with one object trait.
2. Mendel's second law
Mendel's second law is also known as the law of assortation (in pairs). In Mendel's Second Law, each gene or trait can pair independently with another gene or trait that is not the same at the time of gamete formation.
If Mendel's I law applies to monohybrid crosses, then Mendel's II laws explain dihybrid crosses. A dihybrid cross is a cross with two different traits.
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Choose the words that complete the sentence correctly.
Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may form as a result of
Choose...
during the process of
Choose...
.
Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may form as a result of nondisjunction during the process of meiosis.
What is meiosis?Meiosis is a cell division process by which organisms having a sexual mode or reproduction generate gametes that fuse during the process of fertilization, which involves chromosome separation.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that meiosis is associated with chromosome separation to generate haploid cells, thereby non-disjunction generates unbalanced gametes.
Complete question:
Gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes may form as a result of ... frameshift mutations crossing over point mutations nondisjunction during the process of ... meiosis translation transcription mitosis
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the closest relatives of fungi and animals are group of answer choices amoebozoans. chlorophytes. alveolates. stramenopiles. none of these.
A group of amoebozoans are the closest living relatives of fungi & animals.
Fungi are either bacteria or plants.A lot of people think that fungus are plants. Fungi, on the other hand, are organisms that belong to their own order of life and are neither plant nor animals. They do not carry out photosynthesis like plants or consume their food like animals, which distinguishes them from other species in this regard.
What do mushrooms eat?Since they feed on decaying or decaying matter, most fungus are saprophytes. The accumulation of leaf litter or other trash on the ground is reduced as a result. The nutrients that the fungus has taken subsequently become available to other species that may consume fungi.
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B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that.
T cells have antigen receptors that: bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells.
T cells are a type of lymphocytes. They are an essential component of immune cells and are of two types: Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells. The helper cells help in the activation of other immune cells like B cells to fight against infection, while the cytotoxic cells directly kill the foreign invaders.
Major Histocompatibility Complexes are the genes that encode for proteins that help in the presentation of foreign antigens onto the surface of infected cells so that they can be recognized by immune cells. They are present in all of the higher vertebrate animals.
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