If Meselson and Stahl's experiment is continued for 4 generations in E. coli, in the end, would be D) 0:1:31.
Meselson and Stahl's experiment involved growing bacteria (E. coli) with heavy nitrogen (15N) and then switching to light nitrogen (14N) for several generations. The nitrogen isotopes incorporated into the DNA serve as a marker to track the progression of replication and segregation.
After 4 generations, the final ratio of 15N:15N:14N would be 0:1:31, as the lighter nitrogen (14N) would have had time to fully dilute the heavy nitrogen (15N) in each cell and its descendants.
This result supports the semi-conservative model of DNA replication, which proposes that the parent strand is split and each half serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, leading to a mixture of old and new DNA in each daughter molecule.
The 0:1:31 ratio is consistent with this model, as the lighter nitrogen (14N) is incorporated into only one strand of the DNA.
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Can someone please help me with this family tree? I’ll give brainly :)
This is an example of a punnett square, which is a diagram used in genetics to determine the probability of an offspring inheriting certain traits from their parents.
Punnett squareIt is a visual representation of the possible outcomes when two sets of genes are combined, and can be used to predict the outcomes of crosses between parents that have known genetic traits.The punnett square shows the possible combinations of genes that the offspring can have, and can help in understanding the inheritance of traits and disorders.By studying the punnett square, it is possible to gain insight into the genetic makeup of an individual and determine the likelihood of them having a particular trait.Person F: Hair: hh Eye: EE Height: tt
Person I: Hair: HH Eye: ee Height: tt
Person G: Hair: Hh Eye: EE Height: TT
Person J: Hair: hh Eye: ee Height: Tt
Person K: Hair: Hh Eye: EE Height: tt
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Complete the Concept Map to describe one major mechanism by which hormones act on their target tissues Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets View Available Hint(s) Reset Help water-soluble plasma membrane receptors protein kinasesamino acid-based CAMP molecules phospholipases G proteins DAG molecules hormones typically remain outside the cell and directly activate when triggered by hormones, use GTP to directly activate directly activate enzymes in the membrane called directly generate directly trigger protein-phosphorylating enzymes called adenylate cyclasessecond messengers such as directly activate enzymes in the membrane called directly generate second messengers such as directly trigger enzymes called
Hormones typically remain outside the cell and directly activate adenylate cyclases when triggered by hormones, which use GTP to directly activate protein-phosphorylating enzymes called protein kinases.
Amino acid-based hormones, such as CAMP molecules, directly activate phospholipases, which in turn directly generate diacylglycerol (DAG) molecules. These DAG molecules then directly trigger enzymes called protein kinases, which directly generate second messengers such as cAMP molecules.
cAMP molecules then directly trigger enzymes called adenylate cyclases, which in turn generate second messengers such as Ca2+ and IP3. These second messengers then directly activate protein kinases, which in turn directly activate enzymes in the membrane called protein phosphorylases.
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which of the following is a correct statement? whales, bats, and humans share a common ancestor whale ancestors required more food than could be found on land, so they evolved features that could allow them to survive in the water. viruses mutate to acquire the best-adapted hemagglutinins throughout their evolution. mutations always lead to the improvement of a particular trai
The correct answer is option A. Whales, bats, and humans share a common ancestor.
This is because all three species have descended from the same type of ancestral mammal, evolving over time to take on different forms and characteristics.
For example, whale ancestors required more food than could be found on land, so they evolved features that could allow them to survive in the water. Similarly, bats evolved their wings to enable them to fly and humans evolved bipedalism, allowing them to walk on two feet.
Mutations are also a major factor in the evolution of species. These happen when the genetic code of an organism changes, resulting in a new version of a particular trait. For example, viruses mutate to acquire the best-adapted hemagglutinins throughout their evolution.
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when using an automatic endoscope reprocessor (AER) with an automatic cleaning cycle, you do not have to manually clean an endoscopeas the unit will do all cleaning for you.
A. True
B. False
Which of the following amino acid sequences is most likely to be found in a transmembrane domain of a membrane spanning protein?
The transmembrane region of integral membrane proteins are most likely to include hydrophobic amino acids.
Because the inside of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, the inside of integral membrane proteins must be hydrophobic as well in order to be present in the transmembrane domains of the integral proteins.
Alpha-helical proteins are found in the inner membranes of bacterial cells, the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells, and on rare occasions the bacterial outer membrane. This type of transmembrane protein is the most frequent. It is believed that alpha-helical membrane proteins account for 27% of all proteins in humans.
Because the inside of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, leucine and other hydrophobic amino acids are more typically present in transmembrane proteins' membrane-spanning regions.
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Why do the Alps have rocks with ocean fossils in them?
A.Small lakes in mountains contain ocean animals.
B.The ocean once covered all the mountains on Earth.
C.Birds carry ocean animals to the top of the mountains.
D.Rocks in some mountains were once under the ocean.
Fish and other marine life that lived in the shallow coastal waters perished, sank to the bottom, and were petrified as the sediments solidified into rock. (Choice C).
What are the top three fossil facts?Sometimes fossils appear to be bone, but they are not! Rock that is used to create fossils has a precise replica of the original object's shape. The item will be covered by sediment.
What fossil was the largest ever discovered?According to a statement, experts believe this creature, which may have been a member of the Brachiosauridae family, stood between 39 and 82 feet tall and existed between 160 and 100 million years ago, between the Upper Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous.
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Which of the following steps in a signaling pathway typically occurs first once a chemical messenger reaches a target cell? A ligand binds to a receptor.
A ligand binds to a receptor once a chemical messenger reaches a target cell.
When a cell is exposed to the first messengers, which are extracellular signalling molecules, the cell then responds by releasing second messengers, which are intracellular signalling molecules.
(Depending on the distance that the signal travels, intercellular signals are categorized as autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, or endocrine.) intercellular signals are a non-local kind of cell signaling that encompasses both first messengers and second messengers.
At the level of the cell, second messengers are responsible for triggering physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis, and depolarization.
The cascades of intracellular signal transduction are one of the processes that are set off by them.
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4. Nerve cells, called neurons, in our brain and nervous system communicate
using a process called neurotransmission. Which of the following is/are true?
Oa. Drugs affect the brain by enhancing and assisting the neurotransmissio
O b. Drugs affect the brain by interfering with the neurotransmission proces
Oc. Alcohol has little effect on the way neurons transmit messages
d. Drugs have insignificant effect on the way neurons receive messages
Answer:
a. Drugs affect the brain by enhancing and assisting the neurotransmission.
b. Drugs affect the brain by interfering with the neurotransmission process.
Explanation:
c. Alcohol has little effect on the way neurons transmit messages is false. Alcohol can affect neurotransmission by inhibiting the activity of certain neurotransmitters, such as GABA, which can lead to changes in mood, behavior, and cognitive function.
d. Drugs have insignificant effect on the way neurons receive messages is false. Drugs, including alcohol, can affect the way neurons receive messages by altering the activity of neurotransmitters and receptors in the brain. This can lead to changes in the way the brain processes information and can result in a wide range of effects, including changes in mood, behavior, and cognitive function.
a student is planning on running a 5 kilometer race on a warm day. explain how her body will maintain homeostasis
The body will maintain homeostasis by releasing excess heat from the body.
When body temperature rises, blood vessels dilate, allowing more blood to flow near the undersurface of the skin which allow heat to dissipate through the skin to the surrounding air. Rapid breathing while running also help the body eliminate excess heat. When the hypothalamus senses that the body is getting heated up, it sends signals to the sweat glands to release sweat; when the sweat evaporates, it helps to cool the body.
What is homeostasis?The regulation and monitoring of body temperature in accordance to the outside temperature is called homeostasis.
What is temperature?Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
What is hypothalamus?Hypothalamus is the coordinating center o the body present in the brain.
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model 5 is a condensed version of meiosis i. notice the two possible arrangements of chromo-somes in late prophase i. considering what you know about dna replication and meiosis, is either arrangement equally likely during the formation of tetrads in late prophase i? explain.
No, the two possible arrangements of chromosomes in late prophase I of meiosis are not equally likely.
The chromosomes in each cell must come from the homologous chromosomes that were previously replicated in the S phase of the cell cycle. As a result, each chromosome will have a partner of similar length, centromere position, and gene content.
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes align at the equatorial plate and exchange genetic material, leading to the formation of tetrads. This process, called synapsis, ensures that the two possible arrangements of chromosomes in late prophase I are not equally likely, but rather that the chromosomes are paired in a specific way.
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Which extraocular muscle is innervated by the 3rd cranial nerve *?
The oculomotor nerve innervates all the extraocular muscles except the superior oblique (trochlear nerve) and lateral rectus (abducens nerve).
The oculomotor nerve (CN III) innervates the four rectus muscles (medial , lateral, superior, and inferior) and the two oblique muscles (superior and inferior).
The superior oblique muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV) and the lateral rectus muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve (CN VI).
The extraocular muscles are responsible for the movement of the eyes and the ability to focus on different objects. These muscles are divided into four rectus muscles (medial, lateral, superior and inferior) and two oblique muscles (superior and inferior). The oculomotor nerve (CN III) innervates the four rectus muscles, while the trochlear nerve (CN IV) innervates the superior oblique muscle, and the abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the lateral rectus muscle.
The extraocular muscles work together to create various eye movements, such as up and down, side to side, and rotational movements. They also play a role in focusing the eyes on an object, as well as accommodating for different distances. The extraocular muscles are also responsible for the convergence of the eyes, which occurs when an object is close to the eyes and both eyes need to move inward in order to focus.
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in a homeostatic mechanism, a sensor detects a deviation from the [x] and signals an [y] , which based on the output of the sensor activates [z], processes that restore the steady state.
In a homeostatic mechanism, a sensor detects a deviation from the set point and signals an integrator , which based on the output of the sensor activates effectors, processes that restore the steady state.
Homeostasis, also known as homoeostasis in the United Kingdom, is the stable internal, external, and chemical conditions that are upheld by biological systems. This is the state of the organism when everything is operating at its best and numerous factors, including fluid balance and body temperature, are maintained within predetermined ranges (homeostatic range).
Despite changes in the environment, nutrition, or level of exercise, other variables such as the pH of extracellular fluid, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as well as the blood sugar level, must be controlled. One or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms regulate each of these factors, which collectively help to keep life in balance.
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In a homeostatic mechanism, a sensor detects a deviation from the
______________ and signals an ____________, which based on the output of the sensor activates effectors, processes that restore the steady state.
In the course compendium (found only on Top Hat), how many parts are there to cell theory. Look for the bold statements!
O Three
O Two
O None of the choices
O Four in
In the course compendium on Top Hat, there are four parts to cell theory:
All living things are composed of cells.Cells are the basic unit of life.Cells come only from pre-existing cells.Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from parent cells to daughter cells during cell division.Cell theory, which was first proposed by German scientist Matthias Schleiden and German physician Theodor Schwann in the early 19th century, is one of the most fundamental and widely accepted scientific theories in biology.
These four parts of cell theory form the foundation for much of modern biology and medicine, and are used to explain a wide range of biological phenomena.
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Which of the following are examples of differences between primary and secondary dysmenorrhea? (Select all that apply.)
A. The pain associated with primary radiates to the back and thighs.
B. With primary, the pain originates at the beginning of menses.
C. With secondary, the pain can occur also during ovulation.
D. With primary, the patient often complains of abdominal bloating.
E. With primary, the patient often presents with systemic symptoms such as dizziness and headache.
Answer:
A. The pain associated with primary radiates to the back and thighs.
B. With primary, the pain originates at the beginning of menses.
E. With primary, the patient often presents with systemic symptoms such as dizziness and headache.
Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by painful menstrual cramps that typically start at the onset of menses and often radiate to the back and thighs. These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterus as it sheds its lining. The patient often complains of abdominal bloating and may present with systemic symptoms such as dizziness and headache.
Secondary dysmenorrhea, on the other hand, is caused by underlying conditions such as endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease or fibroids. The pain can occur also during ovulation and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as heavy bleeding or abnormal discharge.
When comparing a wet mount preparation to a commercially prepared slide, which of the following characteristics of Protozoa is best observed using a wet mount slide preparation? A.Presence of micronuclei B.Mechanism of motility C.Mitochondrial morphology D.Lack of a cell wall
Option A, A wet mount slide planning is a significant device to notice the presence of micronuclei and the component of motility in protozoa.
This kind of planning is particularly valuable in concentrating on the motile properties of protozoa like the ciliary development and the presence of flagella.
The mitochondrial morphology and the absence of a cell wall in protozoa can likewise be noticed by utilizing a wet mount slide planning.
Different highlights, for example, the presence of micronuclei, mitochondrial morphology, and the absence of a cell wall may likewise be noticed, yet may require further staining or perception procedures.
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compared to oxidative phosphorylation, this pathway can generate atp more rapidly but also depletes glycogen stores more rapidly. this pathway is typically used when oxygen delivery or oxidative phosphorylation capacity is exceeded. this pathway typically utilizes creatine phosphate supplies to provide short bursts of high-intensity contractile effort. known as glycolysis, this pathway is ideal for endurance-type exercises, where glycogen stores are slowly and steadily depleted to provide a consistent rate of atp production.
The pathway is great for perseverance-type works out, where glycogen stores are gradually and consistently drained to give a steady pace of atp creation Anaerobic glycolysis.
The pathway in question is anaerobic glycolysis, a metabolic process that generates ATP (adenosine triphosphate) through the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP through the use of oxygen and requires a slow, steady supply of glucose, glycolysis produces ATP quickly but depletes glycogen stores rapidly.
This pathway is typically used during high-intensity, short-duration activities, such as sprinting, where the body's oxygen delivery or oxidative phosphorylation capacity is exceeded. Anaerobic glycolysis uses the energy stored in creatine phosphate to provide short bursts of high-intensity effort.
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Hecate is a horticulturist examining the health of a walnut tree. She places her hand on the trunk of the tree. What part of the tree is she touching?
the herbaceous stem
the tuber
the woody stem
the corm
Hecate is a horticulturist examining the health of a walnut tree, and she places her hand on the trunk of the tree so she is touching the woody stem of the walnut tree that is in the third option.
What is the significance of the walnut tree?The walnut trees are significant as they provide the walnut, which is nutritious, and the timber, which is valued for its strength and durability. Walnut trees are a major commercial crop, and along with these, they have cultural values too.
Hence, Hecate is a horticulturist examining the health of a walnut tree, and she places her hand on the trunk of the tree so she is touching the woody stem of the walnut tree that is in the third option.
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Please help!! Why do you think that some animals have evolved to grow bigger but are able to gain energy from relatively small amounts of low quality food?
Animals may have evolved to grow bigger to gain advantages in competition for resources, such as mates, territory, and food. This allows them to survive and reproduce more successfully. The ability to efficiently extract energy from low quality food, such as tough plants or sparsely available resources, allows them to sustain their large size and persist in habitats with limited resources. Additionally, larger body size can also provide protection from predators and environmental stressors.
Some are used as hormones
waxes
phospholipids
polyunsaturated fats
ions
steroids
Explanation:
Steroids and some hormones can be made from cholesterol, which is a type of lipid molecule. Phospholipids and polyunsaturated fats are important components of cell membranes, but they don't typically act as hormones. Waxes are lipids that provide a protective coating for plants and animals, but they also don't act as hormones. Ions such as calcium and sodium are important in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction and nerve signaling, but they don't act as hormones either.
Please help me with this question
The control variables in the experiment above are:
The dimension of the boxThe variety of foodThe portion of the foodIn a scientific experiment, a control variable is an experimental element that is constant (controlled and not changing) throughout the experiment. Control variables tend to influence the experiment result but they are not the primary interest of the experiment, which is why they have to be kept constant so they won't affect the relative relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable.
In the case above, the box's dimension, food variety, and food portion are the control variables since they can affect the octopus' decision throughout the experiment.
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The control variables are box's dimension, food variety, and food portion since they can affect the octopus' decision throughout the experiment.
What are variables?
Variables are defined as any characteristics, number or quantity which can be measured . It can also be called as a data item . It is called as variable because they can vary and can have variety of values.
There are three types of variables 1) manipulated variable where in a condition is specified, 2) responding variable which is dependent on manipulated variable 3)controlled variable which do not change
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one of the major differences in the cell division of prokayotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells is that the prokaryotic cell division occurs through binary fission whereas the eukaryotic cell division occurs either through mitosis or meiosis. Furthermore, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division are two types of cell division processes classified based on the organization of the organisms.
Answer:
Correct! In prokaryotic cells, binary fission is the mode of cell division, where the parent cell divides into two daughter cells, both with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In contrast, eukaryotic cells have either mitosis or meiosis to divide, where chromosomes are replicated and separated into daughter cells, resulting in cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell in meiosis. The presence of a nucleus in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells is a defining characteristic that separates these two types of cell division processes.
This Punnett square shows allele combinations for all possible genetic crosses in the wildflower population described in Part A.CRp = 0.7CWq = 0.3CRp = 0.7CR CR?CR CW?CWq = 0.3CRCW?CWCW?
The Punnett Square you referenced is a diagram used to predict the genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross. It shows the possible combinations of alleles that can be inherited from the parents.
In this case, CRp = 0.7 and CWq = 0.3, which means that the probability of the offspring inheriting the CR allele from the parent is 0.7 and the probability of the offspring inheriting the CW allele from the parent is 0.3. The possible combinations of alleles that can be inherited from the parents are: CR?CR, CW?CW, CW?CR, and CR?CW.
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which of the following best describes the location of the alpha phosphate of atp following the phosphorylation reaction?
Alpha phosphate of ATP stays closest to ribose sugar following the phosphorylation reaction.
Phosphorylation reactionAll chemical reactions in cells require energy. The energy comes from a small and simple molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is like a battery. Within its bond, it contains the potential energy so that when its broken, this bond release energy to power cellular reactions.
As its name, adenosine triphosphate is comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups. The three phosphate groups closest to furthest from the ribose, are alpha, beta, and gamma. ATP stores energy within the bonds between the phosphate groups especially the second and third.
Phosphorylation is considered one of the reactions in which phosphate molecules are added to organic compounds such as glucose and ADP. Then, the addition of phosphate will convert ADP into ATP.
The primary phosphate on ATP that is hydrolyzed when the energy is needed is gamma phosphate or we can say that bond between the beta and gamma phosphate is considered high-energy.
Thus, in the phosphorylation reaction, alpha phosphate is incorporated into the sugar-phosphate backbone.
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How have the fields of anatomy and physiology changed over time and what led to these changes?
The fields of anatomy and physiology has changed over time by the use of easier techniques and findings and what led to these changes are technological and societal advancements.
What is Anatomy?This is referred to as the branch of biology which is concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts and also deals with the structural organization of living things.
Technological advancements have made scientists to perform new investigations and test new ideas they may not have been able to do in the past thereby making work easier and effective is what has led to the changes experienced in the field of anatomy and physiology.
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Cell addresses are also called ______. cell names cell references sheet addresses tab addresses
Answer:
Cell addresses are also called cell references.
The following is a list of six levels of organization that make up the human body:
(1) tissue
(2) cell
(3) organ
(4) Atom, Molecules
(5) organism
(6) organ system
The correct order, from the simplest to the most complex level
2,4,1,3,6,5
4,2,1,6,3,5
O 4,2,3,1,6,5
4,2,1,3,6,5
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels are the six general levels of the organisation, listed from smallest to largest. The following levels are included: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal.
Organizational hierarchy is built up from lower levels. Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems are the four levels of organisation that make up an organism. These levels categorise intricate anatomical structures into categories, making the parts simpler to comprehend. Chemicals, which can range in size from the smallest atoms to the greatest macromolecules, are thought to be the smallest and lowest organisational unit in a living system. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform important tasks or satisfy the body's physiological needs.
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Experimental Insight 2.1 describes data on the kernel color distribution of bicolor corn, collected by a genetics class like yours. To test the hypothesis that the kernel color of bicolor corn is the result of the segregation of two alleles at a single genetic locus, the class counted 12,356 kernels and found that 9304 were yellow and 3052 were white. Use chisquare analysis to evaluate the fit between the segregation hypothesis and the class results.
A chi-square test is a measurable test used to differentiate seen results and anticipated results. The motivation behind this test is to fix whether an honor between noticed data and expected data is hoped should risk.
The investigation of such two-layered possibility tables frequently includes testing for the distinction between the two gatherings utilizing the recognizable Chi-square (χ2) test and its variations.
The chi-square test is a speculation test intended to test for a measurably critical connection among ostensible and ordinal factors coordinated in a bivariate table. At the end of the day, it lets us know whether two factors are autonomous of each other.
It is a measurable test used to decide whether a critical relationship is available between two factors like the normal frequencies and noticed frequencies of a populace, evaluate on the off chance that these factors are free from each other, and on the off chance that example size is satisfactory.
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droughts, such as those seen in california, can affect the availability of important food sources for certain bird species. as such, food source availability can cause birds with small beaks as well as those with large beaks to be more successful than the rest of the population. this is an example of group of answer choices genetic drift sexual recombination stabilizing selection disruptive selection mutation
This is an example of stabilizing selection. Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection which helps maintain the stability of a species by favoring individuals with intermediate levels of traits or characteristics.
In this case, the birds with larger beaks would be able to take advantage of larger food sources, while the birds with smaller beaks would be favored for their ability to access smaller food sources. As a result, this could lead to the population stabilizing around an average beak size.
The stability of a species is determined by how well it is able to survive and reproduce in its environment. Factors that can affect the stability of a species include the availability of resources, competition with other species, predation, and the effects of human-caused environmental changes.
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Comparing the C-values of which two organisms best illustrates the C-value paradox?
frog and fungi
human and dog
E. coli (bacterium) and L. plantarum (bacterium)
S. mutans (bacterium) and fruit flies
Corn and A. thaliana (plant)
The C-values of two organisms that best illustrate the C-value paradox are Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum.
C value paradoxThe C value is the total amount of DNA in the haploid genome. Some researchers tell that genome size does not correlate with organism complexity. For example, many plant species and some single-celled protists, have genomes much larger than that of humans.
The genome size for each organism can be seen in the figure.
We might expect more complex organisms to have larger genomes, but eukaryotic genome size fails to correlate well with apparent complexity.
The lack of a consistent relationship between the C value and the complexity of an organism (e.g., amphibians vs. mammals) is called the C value paradox.
Thus, because there is a big difference in the genome and complexity of organisms, the C value paradox is E.coli (gram-negative bacteria) and L.plantarum (gram-positive bacteria)
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_______________, which carry out all our chemical reactions, work best within specific temperature and pH ranges.
Enzymes
Enzymes that carry out all our chemical reactions work best within particular temperature and pH ranges.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in our bodies. Each enzyme is specific to a certain reaction and is designed to work optimally within a specific range of temperature and pH (the measure of acidity or basicity). Outside of this range, the enzyme can become denatured and lose its function. Thus, maintaining the proper temperature and pH is important for the proper function of enzymes and the chemical reactions they catalyze.
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