If one egg cell unites with one sperm cell at fertilization nine months later twin brothers are born, the brothers received their identical DNA from the mother.
One egg cell unites with one sperm cell at fertilization nine months later twin brothers are born.
There are two types of twins. In one example, dizygotic twins. It can occur when two of her eggs are present in the mother's body at the same time and both are fertilized. Each will grow into their own baby. Any baby that grows out of it will not have the same her DNA. This is because each egg and sperm does not have the same DNA. They are basically like other siblings, but were born at the same time.On the other hand, another type of twins is called identical twins. There is only one egg and only one sperm can fertilize it. A fertilized egg usually divides into a baby. However, once fertilized and division begins, the eggs can fall apart. After falling apart, each half begins to split and grow into a baby. And since these two babies came from the same fertilized egg, they have the same DNA. Dizygotic twins each have their own DNA, but identical twins share the same DNA.
Even if identical twins have exactly the same DNA, they are not exactly identical. So mothers can tell identical twin babies apart. However, identical ones have the same genotype. In any case, they are born from the same fertilized egg. Furthermore, DNA is basically like a guide for building something, so even though identical twins aren't exactly identical, the way their bodies are built is random. is able to have an identifiable fingerprint. Another important factor in why identical twins are not exactly identical is the environment in which they were raised. In other words, in basic biology, it is said that identical twins have the same DNA.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was
Imagine that one egg cell unites with one sperm cell at fertilization nine months later twin brothers are born select all of the true statements
the brothers received identical DNA from the motherthe brothers DNA not necesarilly more similar than two brothers born years apartthe brothers received identical DNA from the fatherLearn more about twin at https://brainly.com/question/20417246
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genes a and b are on the same chromosome. what gametes could an aabb individual produce, if crossing-over and nondisjunction do not occur?
There is only one sort of normal gamete: AB. AAB, B, ABB, or A or AABB gametes are abnormal gametes .E. Translocation in the meiotic process.
Translocation is the movement of a portion of a chromosome into a different location, most frequently on a nonhomologous chromosome.
The changing of the generations.
Like eggs and sperm, gametes are sexually active cells.
The driving force behind sexual reproduction in an organism occurs when gametes, also known as sex cells, fuse together under specific circumstances.
The sperm and egg cells that combine to create the zygote make up the gamete. The egg cells are typically from the female part of organisms, whereas the sperm cells typically come from the male part.
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3.rank these bonds from weakest to strongest (assume we are in a cellular environment): peptide bond, hydrogen bond, ionic bond, hydrophobic interactions
The order of the bonds from weakest to strongest is hydrogen bonds-hydrophobic interactions-peptide bonds-ionic bonds
A chemical bond is a force that binds two or more atoms together to form a chemical compound or element.
The ionic bond is a strong chemical bond because it has an electrostatic attraction force so that ionic compounds require more energy to overcome this force. While a peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between two amino acid molecules when the carboxyl groups of the amino acids react. Covalent bonds are much weaker than ionic bonds because they are formed by sharing bonding electrons. Ionic compounds have higher boiling points, and melting points than covalent compounds.
Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular interactions that occur between hydrogen atoms and highly electronegative elements. Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds because the atomic bonds are stronger and the intermolecular attractions that occur are stronger. While the Hydrophobic interactions are stronger than the hydrogen bonds because as the temperature increases, the strength of the hydrophobic interactions also increases. Thus causing the bond to be stronger.
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What are the RNA pairs?.
The bases of DNA and RNA are also joined by chemical bonds and follow precise base pairing principles. Adenine (A) partners with uracil (U) in DNA/RNA base pairing, and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).
Contrary to DNA, which has two strands, RNA is only one strand, yet it may still generate complementary base pairs. A single strand of RNA may base-pair with complementary portions inside of it, causing the molecule to fold in on itself and take on a complex, three-dimensional structure.
The base pairs of RNA. An adenine-thymine base pair and a guanine-cytosine base pair's intricate molecular structures are displayed. Both the main groove edge and the minor groove edge include labels identifying the hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Each base pair has a distinct pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors (AU, UA, GC, and CG).
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Does hCG cause inflammation?.
hCG induces testicular inflammation through local activation by Leydig cells of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by resident macrophages.
Can hCG help with inflammation?The systemic pro-inflammatory effects of hCG are not surprising, as this hormone can activate the immune system. However, hCG exerts anti-inflammatory effects at the maternal-fetal interface. Taken together, these data suggest that this hormone has distinct functions in decidual and peripheral leukocytes. What are the effects of high hCG?HCG can cause serious side effects: severe abdominal pain or bloating, swelling, rapid weight gain, chest pain, difficulty breathing, severe nausea and vomiting, decreased urination, pain or swelling in one leg, sudden numbness in one side of the body.A medical concern of higher hCG levels is that it may indicate gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). GTD can occur during or after pregnancy. It causes abnormal cells to grow in the uterus. Most are benign, but some may be cancerousTo learn more about hCG visit:
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What are the 7 steps of translation and transcription?.
7 steps of translation and transcription are initiation, promoter escape, elongation, termination, 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
The process by which cells use the genetic information contained in messenger RNA (mRNA) to make proteins. mRNA is made by copying DNA, and the information it contains tells the cell how to combine amino acids to form proteins.
Transcription in genomics is the process of making RNA copies of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.
Transcription is the process of copying (transcribed) the DNA sequence of a gene into an RNA molecule. Transcription is a key step in using information from genes to make proteins.
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bioremediation polluted water through a series of containers filled with different plants, animals, and algae is known as .
Bioremediation polluted water through a series of containers filled with different plants, animals, and algae is known as ecological engineering.
Environmental and ecological engineers recognition on engineering programs to land and water resources, air and soil quality, land use management, surroundings services,ecosystem restoration, and waste management. Graduates are employed by industry, government agencies, and consulting firms.
Ecological engineering helps us understand the causes of population growth and its impact on environmental resources. Rapid population growth will continue to threaten human survival and livelihood security for decades to come.
Ecosystem engineers fall into two categories:
Allogeneic and autologous. An allogeneic engineer is defined as a species that alters its environment by mechanically altering living or non-living materials to form other materials.
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the closest living relatives of land plants are multiple choice sporozoans. cyanobacteria. charophytes. chytrids. lichens.
The closest living relatives of land plants is charophytes.
Green algae are a group of green algae whose ancestral lineage gave rise to land plants and caused profound upheaval in the natural history of the Earth.
Charo plants are autotrophs and produce starch through photosynthesis. Charophytes can reproduce asexually or sexually. Sexual reproduction is the main method. Asexual reproduction occurs by fragmentation. Sexual reproduction is oviogenic in meiosis of the egg. Plants may be dioecious or dioecious.
Woody plants are ecologically important in ecosystems because they control nutrient cycling, improve water clarity, provide an important food source for waterbirds and fish, and serve as bioindicators of ecosystem health.
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The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of dna are blank.
Covalent bonds are the interactions that bind neighboring nucleotides together in the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA.
These bonds link the 3'OH group of one nucleotide and the 5' phosphate of another.
Hydrogen bonds are the contact or link that holds together complementary nucleotides from opposing strands of DNA.
The complementary bases of the two opposing strands combine to generate these connections. Tyrosine and adenosine combine to produce two hydrogen bonds. With guanine, cytosine creates three hydrogen bonds.
Van der Waals forces are the bindings or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that aid in holding the DNA molecule together.
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T or F Granular fertilizer plus postemergence herbicide products are more expensive than sprayable postemergence herbicide products per unit area treated given that the active ingredients are the same in both products.
True. Granular fertilizer plus postemergence herbicide products are more expensive than sprayable postemergence herbicide products per unit area treated given that the active ingredients are the same in both products.
Herbicides usually referred to as weedkillers, are chemicals used to manage undesirable plants or weeds. While nonselective herbicides can be used to clear waste ground, industrial and construction sites, railways, and railway embankments because they kill all plant material with which they come into contact.
Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Modern herbicides are frequently synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones that interfere with the growth of the target plants. Herbicides meant for organic cultivation are now referred to as organic.
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calcitriol causes increases in blood calcium levels by three established mechanisms that are listed below. identify the bodily response that is not related to blood calcitriol and blood calcium homeostasis.
Calcitriol causes increases in blood calcium levels by Increased muscle cell calcium uptake.
The effect of calcitriol on the calcium-transporting proteins known as calbindin-D proteins on cells in the gastrointestinal tract increases calcium absorption from the stomach into the body. The body can only grow its calcium reserves in this way.
The troponin-tropomyosin complex immediately reverts to its initial form, blocking the actin-binding sites, when calcium ions enter the muscle cell. This is accomplished by using ATP energy.
In individuals with damaged kidneys or parathyroid glands, calcium deficiency and bone disease can be treated and prevented using calcitriol.
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which is a genetic condition that provides evidence for genetic aging? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices
Hutchinson-Gilford is a genetic condition that provides evidence for genetic aging.
A hereditary condition that worsens over time and makes kids age quickly. The genetic mutation is not inherited and develops at random.
In the first year or two of life, symptoms including poor growth and hair loss start to emerge.
Progeria has no known treatment, but some drugs may lessen symptoms or stop the disease's progression.
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click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right describing how the ans controls organs without dual innervation.
- The SYMPATHETIC branch of the ANS is the only part of the ANS that innervates many blood vessels.
- The VASOMOTOR tone, or baseline level of vessel constriction, is maintained by the nerve fibers to control blood pressure.
- When blood pressure drops, sympathetic neurons activate, causing the smooth muscle CONTRACTION in the vessel to increase.
- As the vessel's diameter decreases, the pressure inside the vessel GOES UP. In contrast, if blood pressure rises, a reduction in sympathetic firing frequency will RELAX the smooth muscles and DILATE the lumen, lowering pressure.
Dual innervation is the instruction that an organ receives from both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Most of the organs in our body are innervated by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It is claimed that certain organs have "dual innervation." As an illustration, consider how the parasympathetic division aids in micturition and defecation while sympathetic input triggers the bladder and rectum sphincters, signaling the imminence of micturition and defecation, respectively. There are two innervations in the heart and lungs.
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arrange the following events in the order in which they occur during gene expression. begin with the first event to occur at the top of the list.
During gene expression DNA is transcribed into mRNA and mRNA is translated into protein, which is the last step of gene expression.
What is gene expression?1. In the nucleus, the mRNA transcript is created.
2. The ribosome is bound by the mRNA transcript.
3. The appropriate amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA anticodon binding to its complementary codon.
4. As the mRNA is read and more amino acids are taken in by the tRNAs, a polypeptide is created.
5. The mRNA and ribosomal subunits separate after termination.
Therefore, gene expression starts from DNA and end with protien synthesis.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. cnidarians are the only animal phylum to display ___, meaning that their bodies can be divided any way through the center point to yield two even halves.all other adult animals display __, meaning that their bodies can only be sliced lengthwise through the midline to produce two even halves.
All other mature creatures have radial symmetry, making cnidarians the only animal phylum to exhibit biradial or radial symmetry.
What nine animal phyla are there?The vast majority of described, existing species are found in nine of the 36 recognized animal phyla (Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata).
Describe the animal phylum.As a group of organisms with a certain level of morphological or developmental similarity (the phenetic definition), or as a group of organisms with a certain level of evolutionary relatedness, a phylum can be defined in one of two ways at its most fundamental levels.
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If transcription and translation were not coupled in bacteria, what type of regulation would be affected?.
Gene regulation by attenuation would not happen if transcription and translation were not coupled in bacteria.
Attenuation is a proposed mechanism of control in some bacterial operons which results in premature termination of transcription . Attenuation is a mechanism that also reduces the expression of the trp operon in high tryptophan condition.
On the other hand if the nuclear membrane is absent , the physical separation the chromosomal DNA from the cytosolic environment can results in the notion that transcription and translation are temporally coupled in bacteria and archaea.
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What does Hamlet do after killing Polonius?.
Hamlet draws his sword and thrusts it thru the tapestry, Polonius. while Hamlet lifts the wall hanging and discovers Polonius' body, he tells the frame that he had believed he turned into stabbing the King. He then turns his interest to Gertrude.
In the dying of Polonius, Hamlet has committed the very crime which he become searching to ; the son of a father murdered has himself a father. Retribution will name up towards him a son, at whose arms he'll meet his destiny.
At Ophelia's subsequent appearance, after her father's demise, she has long gone mad, due to what the opposite characters interpret as grief for her father. She talks in riddles and rhymes and sings some "mad" and bawdy songs about the demise and a maiden losing her. She exits after bidding each person a "right night".
The interpretation that satisfactory suits the proof exceptional is that Hamlet became laid low with an acute depressive illness, with a few obsessional functions. He could not make a firm remedy to act. In Shakespeare's time, there was no concept of acute depressive illness, even though depression became widely known.
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If one strand of a dna molecule has the sequence g-a-t-t-a-c-a, what is the sequence of the complementary strand?.
The complementary strand sequence of the DNA sequence G-A-T-T-A-C-A is C-T-A-A-T-G-T.
By applying the base pair rule:
A with T: purine adenine (A) always pairs with pyrimidine thymine (T)
C with G: pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with purine guanine (G)
(A = T, G = C).
G ⇒ CA ⇒ TT ⇒ AT ⇒ AA ⇒ TC ⇒ GA ⇒ TComplementary DNA, better known by the abbreviation cDNA (from complementary DNA), is synthetic/artificial single-stranded DNA copied from mRNA strands using the PCR technique by utilizing the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
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which of the following are members of the hamstring group? group of answer choices adductor longus and adductor magnus gluteus maximus and rectus femoris biceps femoris and rectus femoris biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius
The biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are members of the hamstring group.
What is the definition of hamstring?In human anatomy, the hamstring is one of three hamstring muscles located between the hip and knee (from inside to outside: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris). The hamstrings are an area that is prone to injury.
The general criteria for all hamstring muscles are:
The muscle should come from the ischial tuberosity. Muscles should be used at the knee joint, tibia, or fibula.The muscle is innervated by the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve.The muscles are involved in knee flexion and hip extension.To know more about hamstring, visit:
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The predominant mechanism driving cellular differentiation is the difference in gene _____.
The predominant mechanism driving cellular differentiation is the difference in gene expression.
The process of cell predominant mechanism differentiation involves the specialisation of cells. In multicellular organisms, not every cell is the same and performs a particular function to aid the body in maintaining homeostasis, or a constant state of internal conditions. Numerous cell types combine to create the tissues and organs that keep the body alive. There are more than 200 distinct cell types in humans. However, the DNA, or genetic material, found in every cell in a person's body is identical. How are 200 different cell kinds conceivable, then? The solution involves managing gene expression, which is the process of deciding which genes, or regions of DNA, are turned on or off.
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if oxygen concentration is higher in the interstitial fluid than in the cytosol, which direction will oxygen move via simple diffusion?
The O2 molecules cross the membrane to the cytosol side of the membrane in response to an increase in O2 concentration.
It is well known that at equilibrium, the rates of forward and backward reactions are equal.
As a result, it means that at equilibrium, the concentration of reactants and products is equal.
Therefore, the rate of formation of is equal to the rate of formation of in the given reaction.
Additionally, no specie participating in the reaction's concentration will change or grow at equilibrium.
Additionally, and will both have equal concentrations.
As a result, we can draw the conclusion that it is untrue that when the photosynthetic reaction reaches equilibrium, the concentration of will start to decrease.
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using currently accepted p/o ratios, what is the total atp potential yield from one acetyl-coa in the citric acid cycle?
There will be 10 ATP produced from one Acetyl-CoA in the Citric Acid Cycle with the current accept P/O ratios (1 NADH 2.5 ATP, 1 FADH2 1.5 ATP).
NADH = 3 x 2.5 ATP = 7.5 ATP
FADH2 = 1 x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP
GTP = 1 ATP = 1
Total ATP = 10
The Krebs cycle, also known as the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that take place in the mitochondrial matrix and involve the reduction of coenzymes to produce ATP for the electron transport chain and the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to create carbon dioxide. The acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form two molecules of CO2, and one ATP is produced in the process, which consists of eight steps. Additionally produced are reduced high energy compounds NADH and FADH2. Each glucose molecule produces two molecules of acetyl-CoA, necessitating two cycles of the Krebs cycle, which result in the production of four CO2, six NADH, two FADH2, and two ATPs.
Hence, 10 ATP produced from one Acetyl-CoA in the Citric Acid cycle.
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what features show that homo erectus walked just like a modern human? group of answer choices long arms double arches of the feet and an adducted big toe long legs and opposable toes a foramen magnum at the base of the skull
Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, big toe is adducted and the feet have two arches.
Who was Homo erectus?One of the first recognised members of the genus Homo is Homo erectus. H. erectus has a broad nose, a flat face, The big toe is adducted and the feet have two arches. and possibly little body hair. With a continental range spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to Java, it was the first ancestor of modern humans to expand over Eurasia. It was feasible to absorb nutrients with a shorter digestive tract thanks to meat and other proteins that could be easily digested, which led to greater energy becoming available more quickly. Early hearths (campfires) were likely utilised for social gatherings, as well as for warmth and to ward off huge predators. The first Homo erectus specimen was found by a Dutch surgeon by the name of Eugène Dubois in Indonesia in 1891.
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At the end of her talk Arroyo says, “Adaptation’s too important to be left to the experts.” Explain what she means by this, if you feel this is a valid point and why.
The expression “Adaptation’s too important to be left to the experts” evidences that this evolutionary process is associated with many diverse aspects of our daily life and therefore it is essential to understand what it means.
What does adaptation mean?In biology, the term adaptation makes reference to the process of change (evolution) that suffers species across time in order to fit certain environmental conditions, which is a key concept to understand not only life science disciplines but also other fields.
Adaptation mainly occurs as a consequence of the process of natural selection, which is the differential survival and reproduction of the organisms that better make use of the environmental conditions.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that adaptation is an evolutionary process that is associated with how organisms fit certain environmental conditions and this concept may also be used in other disciplines.
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A scientist observes a particular nerve fiber that is among the fastest at conducting action potentials in the body. Which of the following best describes its likely structure?
Large diameter and myelinated
The most likely structure for it is one with a large diameter and is myelinated.
What has the potential to act most quickly?myelinated axons
Action potentials spread more quickly through thicker, myelinated axons than through thinner, unmyelinated axons. A neuron is unable to produce another action potential once it has already done so because of its refractoriness to stimuli.
Examples of non-pacemaker action potentials in the heart include atrial, ventricular, and Purkinje cells. These action potentials are occasionally referred to as "fast response" action potentials because of the incredibly quick depolarization they experience.
Action potentials are created when various ions cross the membrane of the neuron. Initially, a stimulus causes sodium channels to open. Because there are more sodium ions on the outside than the inside of the neuron and because the inside is negative compared to the outside, sodium ions rush in.
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for each of the following locations, tell whether nacl will enter the interstitial fluid, leave the interstitial fluid and enter the filtrate or blood, or not move (is impermeable to solutes).
NaCl will enter the interstitial fluid: Ascending limb of vasa recta and Ascending limb of nephron
NaCl will leave the interstitial fluid: Descending limb of vasa recta
No NaCl movement( impermeable to solute)": Descending limb of nephron
What is a nephron?Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle (glomerulus within Bowman's capsule), a proximal tubule (convoluted and straight components), an intermediate tubule (loop of Henle), a distal convoluted tubule, a connecting tubule, cortical, outer medullary, and inner medullary collecting ducts, among other structures.
The thin ascending limb is impermeable to water and ions, except for sodium and chloride, which cross by diffusion. In the thick ascending branch, sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) ions are reabsorbed by active transport.
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The complete question is:
"For each of the following locations, tell whether nacl will enter the interstitial fluid, leave the interstitial fluid and enter the filtrate or blood, or not move (is impermeable to solutes).
NaCl will enter the interstitial fluid
NaCl will leave the interstitial fluid
No NaCl movement( impermeable to solute)"
which of the following techniques involves reverse transcriptase, pcr amplification, and gel electrophoresis? which of the following techniques involves reverse transcriptase, pcr amplification, and gel electrophoresis? in situ hybridization dna microarray assays nucleic acid hybridization rt-pcr
RT-PCR includes reverse transcriptase, PCR amplification, and gel electrophoresis.
What is RT PCR?Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is an experimental technique that combines the reverse transcription of RNA into DNA and the amplification of specific DNA targets using the polymerase chain reaction.
This is a highly sensitive technique for detecting and quantifying mRNA (messenger RNA). This technique consists of two parts:
Synthesis of cDNA (complementary DNA) from RNA by reverse transcription (RT) and amplification of specific cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
The types of PCR are as follows.
Real-time PCR (quantitative PCR or qPCR)Reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR)Multiplex PCRTo know more about RT-PCR, visit:
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suppose you incubated a sample of glycogen with debranching enzyme, transferase, orthophosphate and glycogen phosphorylase. what would be the approximate ratios of g1p to glucose?
An incubated sample of glycogen with debranching enzyme, transferase, orthophosphate and glycogen phosphorylase will have a ratio of 100 the glycogen sample.
What is carbohydrate metabolism?Carbohydrate metabolism, a fundamental metabolic process, ensures that living cells have a constant supply of energy. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be turned into ATP by the Kreb's cycle, glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces water, ATP, NADH, and two pyruvate molecules. The entire process, which takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell, doesn't require oxygen. It affects both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which oxygen is used and ATP synthesis is linked to electron transport along the mitochondrial electron transport chain. the principal energy source .
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What are the 3 reactants in the photosynthesis process?.
The 3 reactants in the photosynthesis process are
Carbon dioxideWater SunlightPlants require energy to carry out the functions that keep them alive, just like all other living organisms. They eat to obtain this energy. Humans and the majority of other animals are heterotrophs, which means that humans must eat other species such as plants, animals, or a combination of both, in order to survive. However, because they are autotrophs, plants produce their own food. Photosynthesis is the process through which plants use sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
Hence, In plants carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight forms carbohydrates.
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What are the 4 simple tips to prevent the spread of germs?.
The 4 simple tips to prevent the spread of germs are
Wash your hand frequentlyPractice social distancingDon't share personal itemsCover your coughGerms can spread in a variety of ways, including: by kissing, embracing, sharing drinks or eating utensils with, or otherwise coming into contact with, a person who is contagious. By inhaling air after a person who has the infection coughs or sneezes ,by changing diapers or another activity that involves direct contact with someone's faeces (poop), then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. Through contacting filthy things and surfaces, then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Hence, Germs are responsible for diseases.
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TRUE/FALSE a secondary response has a more rapid onset, is more potent, and has a longer duration than a primary response.
Memory cells are quickly triggered as part of a subsequent response to the same antigen. The secondary answer is more efficient and quicker than this one.
In comparison to the primary immune reaction, the secondary immune response is quicker and stronger due to the production of memory cells, which promotes more efficient pathogen eradication.
Due to the immune system's slow recognition of the antigen, the initial immunological response has a lengthy lag phase. Once a B cell-like lymphocyte capable of recognising this specific antigen emerges, it splits and differentiates into plasma cells and memory B cells.
Due to their involvement in immune system and cell maintenance systems, genetic factors are important in achieving longevity.
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