When a person takes more of a substance to become intoxicated after taking the same quantity and experiences less of its effects, tolerance is present.
This person may have extraordinarily high drug levels in their blood. Alcohol, painkillers, stimulants, and nicotine are highly tolerable substances. Cannabis and PCP have low tolerance levels. Strong scientific data demonstrates that alcoholism or drug addiction is a chronic brain illness with relapse and recovery possibilities. As a person uses substances more frequently, their brains undergo significant changes that make it harder for them to maintain control over their substance use. Long after substance use has stopped, the brain remains. It is yet unknown how much or how long it might take to reverse these alterations.
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Starting with benzene and using any other reagents of your choice, design a synthesis for the molecule below. NH2
Retrosynthesis, Create a synthesis again for molecule below using benzene as the starting point and any additional reagents of your choosing.
How do synthesis and retrosynthesis work?Retrosynthesis seems to be the process of planning a viable path of synthesis starting with a straightforward precursor molecule, as opposed to synthesis, which is the procedure of combining simple processes to create an organic complex.
An explanation of a retrosynthetic stepAs a general rule, when designing a synthesis, we look at the finished result and decide how to carry out the last step rather than starting the with starting material and making that decision. Retrosynthetic analysis is the procedure used frequently in organic synthesis, and it is described in this sentence.
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Osmotic pressure of the solution is 570 mmHg at
Osmotic pressure of the solution will be 818.203 Pa. Osmotic pressure prevents water from passing through a semipermeable membrane.
What is osmotic pressure ?Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure required to prevent the inward flow of a solution's pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure of a solution's proclivity to absorb a pure solvent via osmosis.
Osmotic pressure of a solution is defined by the formula,
π = MRT
where π = Osmotic pressure
M = Molarity of the solution
R = Ideal gas constant
T = Temperature in °K
40 grams of glucose was dissolved in water so the Molarity of the solution will be,
M = no of moles of solute / Volume of solution
Moles of solute = weight of solute taken / volume of solution
= 40 / 180
= 2 /9 moles
Morarity = (2/9) / 0.7
= 0.3175 mole per liter
Value of ideal gas constant 'R' = 8.314 J K^-1 Mol^-1
T = 37°C = (273 + 37)° K
= 310°K
Now by substituting these values in the formula,
π = 0.3175 * 8.314 * 310
= 818.203 Pa
Therefore, osmotic pressure of the solution will be 818.203 Pa.
Complete Question :
The osmotic pressure of a solution is calculated using the formula Π=MRT where Π is the osmotic pressure in atm, M is the molarity, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the kelvin temperature. Part A What is the osmotic pressure of a solution made by dissolving 40.0 g of glucose, C6H12O6, in enough water to form 700.0 mL of solution at 37.0 ∘C ?
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what are the two types of compounds used to make esters? give an example of each. clearly identify their functional groups.
Alcohols and carboxylic acids are the two types of compounds used to make esters.
An esters is a molecule created from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one hydroxyl group (OH) is replaced by an alkoxy group, similar to the substitution process between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol (OR). Glycerides are important in biology since they are one of the primary lipid groups and make up the majority of animal fats and vegetable oils. Fatty acid esters of glycerol are known as glycerides. The majority of esters are fragrant; those with a low molecular weight are widely used as fragrances and can be found in pheromones and essential oils. They are one of the most widely used types of synthetic lubricants on the market and act as premium solvents for numerous polymers, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers. The parent acid, which may be organic or inorganic, and the parent alcohol are what give esters their names. Esters made from the simplest carboxylic acids are usually referred to by the more common, so-called "trivial names," such as formate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, as opposed to the IUPAC nomenclature methanoate, ethanoate, propanoate, and butanoate.
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a student observed crystals starting to form at a temperature of 65.5 degree C in a solution containing 4.52 g of solute in 2.75 g of water. express the solubility in g solute/100g water
The solubility in g solute/100g water of the solute is 164.4 g solute / 100 g of water.
What is the solubility of a solute?The solubility of a solute is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent or solution at a particular temperature.
The amount of solute can be given in grams or in moles. Also, the amount of solvent or solution can be given in liters or in grams.
Hence, the unit of solubility is in mol/L, g/L, g/g or mol/g.
The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in 2.75 g of water at 65.5 degree Celsius is 4.52 g
Hence, the amount that can dissolve in 100 g of water = 4.52/2.75 * 100
The amount that can dissolve in 100 g of water = 164.4 g solute / 100 g of water.
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Balance the reaction of H2 + O2 = H2O using this chemical equation balancer!
Answer:
2 H2 + O2 ---> 2 H2O
Explanation:
Amount in the beginning:
- Left side : 2 H and 2 O
- Right side: 2H and 1 O
You need the same amount of H en O on each side. You are missing 1 O on the right side, so you add another one by placing 2 infront of O on the left side. Now the O is balenced.
The H is out of balance now. You have 4 on the right side and 2 on the left side. So you add 2 H on the left side, by putting a 2 ahead of H2. Now you have 4H in total on the left and on the right side. The reaction is now balenced.
Using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate the volume of 0.20 M Acetic Acid and 0.2 M Sodium Acetate needed to prepare 50 mL of 0.1 M Acetate Buffer solution (pH = 4.5). pKa of Acetic Acid is 4.74?
Volume of 0.20 M sodium acetate is calculated to be 0.82g. Sodium acetate can be used as additives in food, industry and in buffer solutions.
What is Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?To determine pH of a buffer is by using the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is pH = pKₐ + log([A⁻]/[HA]).
As we know that, pH = pKa + log [salt]/[acid]
Given pH (4.75) and pKa (4.75).
Given [acid] = 0.20 M
When the pH = pKa, ratio of [salt]/[acid] =1 because log 1 = 0
Hence,[sodium acetate] = 0.20 M.
4.75 = 4.75 + log [sodium acetate]/[0.20]
0 = log x/0.2
Hence, x = 0.2 M
To calculate the "amount" in grams, convert 0.20 M to grams using the volume of 50 ml (0.05 L)
0.20 mole/L x 0.05 L = 0.01 moles moles sodium acetate
0.01 moles sodium acetate x 82 g/mole
Volume of 0.20 M sodium acetate= 0.82g
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How many moles are in MgO?; How many moles are in 10g of MgO?; What is the grams of MgO?; How many moles are in 20 grams of MgO?
the correct answer is 20g of MgO contains 0.5 moles
Amount of MgO, w = 20g
Molar mass of MgO, M = (24+16)g mol-¹ = 40g mol-1
To find:
No. of moles of MgO in 20g, n = ?
We know that,
No. of moles = given mass(w) molar mass(M)
:: no. of moles in 20g of MgO, n = 20g 40gmol-1 → n = 0.5 mol
The molar mass of a complex mixture is determined by dividing its weight by the amount of that chemical, represented as the number of moles in the test, expressed in moles. The molar mass of a material is a bulk characteristic instead of a molecular one.
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complete the sentences to explain how a mutation can decrease the activity of a protein. match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.
If the mutation replaces one or more amino acids that do not form the same types of R group interactions as in the functional group protein, then the structure of the resulting protein can be altered so much that it has little or no functional activity.
A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations usually result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
Hereditary mutations includes cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease. Also other mutations can happen on their own throughout a person's life. These are generally called as sporadic, spontaneous, or new mutations. They affect only few cells.
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When molecules begin to react, the rate of the forward reaction is faster than the rate of the reverse reaction. true or false?
When molecules begin to react, then the rate of the forward reaction is faster than the rate of reverse reaction: true
Why forward reaction is faster than reverse?When molecules begin to react, rate of the forward reaction is faster than reverse reaction. As reactants are consumed and products accumulated, the rate of the forward reaction decreases and rate of the reverse reaction increases.
Greater is the activation energy, slower is the reaction. Therefore, reverse reaction, for the exothermic reaction, has a greater activation energy than the forward reaction. Therefore, the reverse reaction proceeds at a slower rate than the forward reaction.
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A Cycle of Chemical Reactions of Copper PRE-LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT Finish the pre-laboratory assignments before the laboratory experiment. Read the manual of this experiment and complete the following questions. 1. a. Identify oxidation-reduction reactions in the copper cycle experiment. For each oxidation-reduction reaction, write half reactions to show what is oxidized and what is reduced. Identify acid-base reactions and precipitation reactions in the copper cycle experi- ment. Write equations for the corresponding reactions. b. How many mL of 3.0 M NAOH are required to neutralize 4.0 mL of 16.0 M HNO2? 2. 1N Copper. AplL tions and interpreting them in terms of chemical equations. You will also use a simple classification scheme for grouping chemical reactions by type. Finally, you will practice quantitative lab techniques by trying to recover the copper with minimal loss. AN OVERVIEW OF THE COPPER CYCLE One of the most fascinating aspects of laboratory experiments to new chemistry students is the variety of colors, odors, and textures encountered. The present experiment demonstrates that aspect by a sequence of striking changes in color, appearance, and bulk. By going through this experiment, students will develop laboratory techniques by the challenges of shepherding copper through all chemical changes with minimal loss. A schematic outline of the chemical reactions involved in the experiment is shown in Figure 5-1 HNO Cu(NO)2 Cu (1) NaOH (2) Zn (5) Cu(OH), 9VOA CUSO je() A (heat) 1000 Ht H,SO Cuo Figure 5-1. A schematic outline of the series of chemical reactions in the copper cycle. The overall copper cycle is then given as Cu(NO,)2(aq) Cu(s) Cu(OH)2(s) CuO(s) CUSO,(aq) Cu(s) The balanced equations corresponding to these steps are: Nitric acid is not only a strong acid but also a strong oxidizing agent, making it a very effective solvent for most metals. 1. (1) 4HNO,(aq)+ Cu(s) Cu(NOs)2(aq) + 2H20(l) + 2NO2(g) Many heavy metals form insoluble hydroxides which can be precipitated from solutions by sol- uble hydroxides such as NaOH. 2. (2) Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NANO,(aq) Cu(NO,)2laq) + 2NaOH(aq) Many transition metal hydroxides lose water upon heating, thus changing to oxides. For copper, this reaction happens at a relatively lower temperature and is accompanied by a striking color change, from blue to black. 3. (3) Cu(OH)2(s)Cu0(s) + H20(e) 4. Metal oxides, being base an hydrides, form salts with acids just as readily as do the bases themselves. CuO(s) + H,SO(aq) CuSO(aq) + H20(e) (4) 5. Chemically active metals, such as zinc, readily displace less active metals from their salts. CuSO&(aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s) + ZnSO(aq) (5) 6. The reaction used to remove excess Zn(s) left over from eq(5): Zn(s) +2H*(aq) Zn2t(aq) + H(g) (6) The last reaction is not explicitly shown in the cycle, but actually occurs twice. The first reaction is with H from excess HSO, as a side reaction during the reduction of CuSO and the second one is with HCL, as an intentional step for the removal of excess Zn remaining in solution after reduction of Cu2+ to Cu. Each equation, as given above, describes one of the colorful transformations, but it is easy to lose sight of their physical meaning if you merely look upon them as a bunch of symbols written on paper. To become more familiar with the chemical equations it is essential to try the following: Find out what the compounds, represented by the formulas, actually look like and what their chemical properties are. a. What class of compounds they belong to, e.g. acid, salt, etc., and what the generic properties of this class are, ie. what types of reactions they undergo. b. Similarly, try to categorize the equations (actually, the reactions they represent): oxidation- reduction (redox) reaction, acid-base reaction, precipitation reaction, replacement reaction, C. etc CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Precipitation In a precipitation reaction, two soluble substances react to form an insoluble compound, e.g. (7) CaCl2+ Na COs CaCO,(s) + 2NaCl CACO3 is insoluble in water so this salt will form a precipitate and fall out of the solution. 45 LAB 5: A CYCLE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF COPPER
1 . a.
Solution :
a. The oxidation reduction reactio is
1. HNO₃ + Cu(3) --> Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O(l) + 2NO₂(g)
Half reaction
oxidation --> Cu(s) --> Cu(NO₃)₂(aq)
reduction --> HNO₃ -->NO₂
copper is oxidized and nitrogen is reduced
2 -> CuSO₄(aq) + zn(s) --> Cu(s) + ZnSO₄(aq)
Half reaction .
oxidation --> Zn(s) --> ZnSO4(aq)
Reduction --> CuSO₄ (aq) --> Cu(s)
zinc is oxidized and copper is reduced.
3 -> Zn(s) + 2H⁺(aq) --> Zn²⁺(aq) + H₂(g)
oxidation --> Zn(s) --> Zn²⁺(aq)
Reduction --> 2H⁺(aq) -->H₂(g)
Zinc is oxidized and hydrogen is reduced .
b . Acid - base reaction
CuO(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) -->CuSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)
precipitation reaction
Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2NAOH(aq) -->Cu(OH)₂ + 2NANO₃
2 . 21.33 mL of 3.0 M NAOH are required to neutralize 4.0 mL of 16.0 M HNO2
1 mole of NAOH required to neutralized the
1 mole of HNO₃
NAOH + HNO₃ --> H₂O +NANO₃
(M₁V₁)NAOH = (M₂V₂)HNO2
3 * V₁ = 4 * 16
V₁ = 64/3
V₁= 21.33 ml
The term oxidation was originally used to describe the reaction in which an element combines with oxygen.
Example: The reaction of magnesium metal with oxygen to form magnesium oxide involves the oxidation of magnesium.
The term reduction comes from the Latin root and means "to undo". So anything that goes back to magnesium metal is a reduction.
The reaction of magnesium oxide with carbon at 200°C to form magnesium metal and carbon monoxide is an example of the reduction of magnesium oxide to magnesium metal.
electrons were discovered, the chemist became convinced that redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one of his atoms to another.
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Can someone help me answer these questions? giving brainliest 50 point!!!
which of the following environments would lead to the transcription of lacz and lacy genes at a fast rate?
Low levels of glucose and high levels of lactose in the cell.
The genes lacZ, lacY, and lacA are transcribed from a single promoter (P) that produces a single mRNA from which the three proteins are translated. The operon is regulated by Lac repressor, the product of the lacI gene, which is transcribed from its own promoter (PI).
Transcription of the lacZ and lacY genes of the lac operon begins when the repressor protein binds to the inducer. The lacZ gene encodes beta-galactosidase, which catalyzes the cleavage of lactose to form galactose and glucose. The function of the lacZ gene is it encodes an enzyme, b-galactosidase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose.
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which of the following occurs naturally as nonpolar diatomic molecules?
A. Hydrogen
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen are nonpolar diatomic molecules that are found in nature. Answer is right ( D).
Which chemicals fall within the nonpolar category?Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen, ozone, and nitrogen are a few examples of non-polar compounds. Examples for homonuclear nonpolar compounds include ozone, oxygen, and nitrogen (O 3 ). Other nonpolar compounds include alkynes, which are water insoluble.
Diatomics are they non-polar?Any diatomic molecule with the same element represented by both atoms must be a molecular compound. A polar molecule is a diatomic compound, such as HF, that contains a polar covalent link.
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the aluminum sample is dissolved in hcl and h2 gas is produced and collected over water. the volume of h2 gas produced is 73.8 ml. what is the volume of gas, in liters? ***do not enter units with your answer. do not use scientific notation. correct significant figures are required\.\***
The volume of gas is 62.2 L
The balance chemical equation is
2Al + 6 H+ → 2Al3+ + 3H2
n al/nH2 = 2/3
nH2 = 3/2 nAl
nAl = given mass / molar mass = 42/27 = 1.56 mol
nH2 = 3 × 1.56/2 = 2.34 mol
so, accordingly to ideal generation PV = nRT
V = nRT/P
T = 30 degree celsius = 303K
V = 62.2 L
The amount of occupied three-dimensional space is measured in volume. It is typically expressed quantitatively using SI-derived units (such the cubic meter and liter) as well as other imperial or US-standard units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch). By the definition of length, volume and length are connected (cubed). The volume of a container is commonly understood to be its carrying capacity, or the amount of fluid (liquid or gas) that it could hold, as opposed to how much actual space the container occupies.
In the past, standardized containers were used to calculate volume first, followed by naturally occurring vessels of a similar shape. A number of simple three-dimensional shapes have volumes that can be calculated using mathematical methods.
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A reaction involving element X occurs
via a second-order reaction at 400 K,
according to the rate law below.
Rate = 0.025 M-¹-min-¹[X]²
What is the value of the rate constant?
k = [ ? ] M-¹ · min-¹
(image below for more context)
The rate constant of the reaction is 0.025 M-¹-min-¹
What is a second order reaction?We know that a second order reaction is the kind of reaction in which the order of reaction depends on two molecules or that the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of a specie raised to power 2.
Given that the general formula for the second order rate law is;
Rate = K[X]^2
K = rate constant
[X] = concentration of X
This can now extrapolated to the reaction that we have here and this is a model that would give us the rate constant.
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produces pyruvate. the multienzyme complex catalyzes the oxidative of pyruvate to yield carbon dioxide and acetyl coa. the overall equation for
Pyruvate is a byproduct of glycolysis.The oxidative deacetylation of pyruvate to produce carbon dioxide and acetyl CoA is catalyzed by the multienzyme complex dopamine dehydrogenase complex (PDH complex).Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ ----> Acetate CoA + NADH + H++ CO2. Acetyl CoA ———- Citric Acid Cycle is the general equation for the reaction.
How is acetyl CoA produced from pyruvate?Coenzyme A is joined with the oxidized two-carbon acetyl group to generate acetyl CoA.
What enzyme is in charge of turning pyruvate into acetyl CoA?The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) enzyme, which is a component of the multienzyme PDC and is frequently described to as a "gatekeeper" in the oxidation of carbohydrates, catalyzes the physiologically irreversible conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
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Which formula represents a molecular compound? A) Ar B) NaI C) N2O4 D) All of the above
The remaining product, N2O4 N 2 O 4, is a superb illustration of the a molecular compound because it is made entirely of non-metal components.
A molecular substance can be identified by its formula, but how?Typically, two or more non metallic components make up a molecular complex.Molecular compounds are termed using the stem of the first element's name plus the suffix -ide, followed by the second element.
An molecular compound example is what?Chemical substances known as molecules or discrete molecules are known as molecular compounds.Examples include common compounds like water (H2O) & carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Rank the following elements in order of decreasing ionization energy. calcium, carbon, magnesium, oxygen, and silicon. Mg Ca | Si
Elements in order of decreasing Ionization Energy is Oxygen > Carbon > Silicon> Magnesium> Calcium.
The ionization energy is a measure of the capability of an element to enter into chemical reactions requiring ion formation or donation of electrons. It is also generally related to the nature of the chemical bonding in the compounds formed by the elements. The ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in groups, and increases from left to right across a period. Out of Carbon and Oxygen, Ionization Energy of oxygen is more as it belongs to group 16 rather than group 14 of carbon. So, Elements in order of decreasing Ionization Energy is Oxygen > Carbon > Silicon> Magnesium> Calcium.
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What is it called when electrons are shared?; What is the attraction for shared electrons?; What is the attraction one atom has towards an electron called?
When electrons are shared between two atoms, they make a bond called a covalent bond
A non-polar covalent bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when two atoms share electrons equally. As a result, the number of electrons shared by the neighboring atoms in an atom would be equal.
Since the difference in electronegativity is usually small, the covalent bond is often referred to as nonpolar. It also means that there is no charge separation between the two atoms or that their electronegativity is identical. When atoms that share a polar bond arrange themselves in such a way that their electric charges cancel each other out, this type of bond is formed.
A non-polar covalent bond may form between two non-metal atoms that are the same or between atoms that are different.
Non-polar covalent compounds are covalent compounds that have no difference in electronegativity. There is no improvement in electronegativity in these compounds because bond pairs of electrons do not move towards the bonded atoms.
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Select all of the statements that correctly describe an amphoteric molecule or ion.
It can act as either a base or an acid.
It contains at least one hydrogen atom.
It can undergo either an acid-base reaction or an oxidation-reduction reaction.
It contains at least one chlorine atom.
It contains at least one lone pair of electrons.
It can act as either a base or an acid.
It contains at least one hydrogen atom.
It contains at least one lone pair of electrons.
The correct statements about amphoteric molecule or ion are: It can act as either a base or an acid.
It contains at least one hydrogen atom.
It contains at least one lone pair of electrons.
What is an amphoteric molecule or ion?An amphoteric (or amphiprotic) molecule is one that can function as both an acid and a base. Glycine is an example of an amphoteric amino acid. Base is the amino group (it can accept a proton).
Hydrogen ions can be repeatedly removed from an acid or repeatedly added to a base to reveal amphoteric compounds. Since NO2 is not an acid and does not contain any extra hydrogen ions, much alone extra hydrogen ions that cannot be eliminated, it is not amphoteric.
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Which information will be most helpful in determining the atom's identity?; What is the elemental symbol for an atom with 20 protons 21 neutrons and 22 electrons?; What element has 22 protons and 22 neutrons?; What is the mass number of an atom that consists of 20 protons 22 neutrons and 20 electrons?
Answer:20Ca
Explanation:
20Ca because the lower number is the atomic number representing the number of protons and.
Predict the major products of the following reactions, and give the structures of any intermediates. Include stereochemistry where appropriate.
The study of a molecule's three-dimensional structure is known as stereochemistry. The sole structural difference between the cis and trans isomers, which are types of stereoisomers, is where the atoms of the molecule are situated in three dimensions.
What is the stereochemistry principle?Stereochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies and manipulates the relative spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules.
What role does stereochemistry play?Because a drug's shape affects how it interacts with the different biological molecules (enzymes, receptors, etc.) that it comes into contact with in the body, stereochemistry is crucial to understanding how drugs work.
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based on the solubility rules, which one of these compounds is soluble in water? baso4 k2so4 pbso4 caso4 ag2so4
According to the solubility criteria, which divide solutes either highly soluble, sparingly soluble, and insoluble depending on how much of a chemical dissolves in a solvent, AgBr is one of these compounds that is
What are the GCSE rules for solubility?The amount of a substance that will dissolve at its greatest mass in such a given solvent volume at a specific temperature is known as its solubility. A high solubility indicates a substance to be particularly soluble. Low solubilities refer to substances that are either insoluble or just very little of them dissolve.
Which four solubility factors are there?The solubility of gases in liquids is significantly influenced by four different parameters. the liquid and gas's and the pressure's relative sizes, temperatures, and chemical reactions. Henry's law states that by increasing pressure, the gas in the liquid will often become more soluble.
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provide a complete arrow pushing mechanism for reaction 1d. explain the origin of the stereochemistry observed in the product.
When stereoisomeric starting materials are used in a reaction, a stereospecific reaction results in a product from one reactant that is a stereoisomer of the product from the other.
While a stereoselective reaction chooses products from among those produced by the same, non-specific mechanism acting on a particular reactant, a stereospecific mechanism specifies the stereochemical outcome of a given reactant. A stereospecific mechanism, given a single, stereoisomeric ally pure starting material, will produce 100% of a specific stereoisomer (or no reaction), yet stereochemical integrity can readily be lost due to competing processes that produce distinct stereochemical results. Even if only one mechanism is at work on an isomerically pure starting material, a stereoselective process will typically yield numerous products. The term "stereospecific reaction" is ambiguous because the word "reaction" itself can refer to either the end product of a reactant mixture that may proceed through multiple competing, specific and non-specific mechanisms, or it can refer to a single-mechanism transformation (such as the Diels-Alder reaction), which could be stereospecific. The phrase stereospecific reaction is frequently used incorrectly to refer to a highly stereoselective reaction in the latter sense. Chiral synthesis is based on a mix of stereoselective and stereospecific transformations, where the optical activity of a chemical molecule is conserved. Stereospecific transformations are used to interconvert existing stereocenters.
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Which of the following statements about nonmetals is true?
a. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to increase their mass.
b. Nonmetals tend to lose electrons to to form positive ions.
c. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to obtain a noble gas electron configuration.
d. none of the above
c. Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to obtain a noble gas electron configuration.
A nonmetal will tend to gain a number of electrons that will give it the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas, meaning a full valence shell, which is a stabilizing characteristic.
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to obtain a noble gas electron configuration. Option C.
Non-metals tend to acquire many electrons giving the closest noble gas electronic configuration. This means a perfect valence shell, which is a stabilizing property. Non-metallic atoms gain electrons The extreme energy levels of non-metallic atoms are nearly full.
Only a few electrons are required to fill the outer surface of a nonmetallic atom. As such, non-metallic atoms tend to accept electrons from other atoms. Non-metals on the right side of the periodic table tend to accept electrons due to their relatively high ionization energies. Non-metals are said to have high electronegativity because they tend to accept electrons to achieve a perfect outer shell.
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Air and water are both considered to be ________
Air and water are both considered to be _elements.
What are elements ?A basic thing that is difficult to divide into smaller parts is known as an element. Unbreakable by non-nuclear reactions, an element is a material in chemistry and physics. An element is a unique component of a bigger system or set in mathematics and computing. Atoms of at least one or more different elements can be found in everything in the cosmos. The elements with comparable properties are grouped together in the periodic table, which contains a list of every known element.
The elements include things like iron, gold, silver, oxygen, and hydrogen. A single atom form makes up every element.
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Since water and air are each a gas and just a liquid, those who are both fluids, as are all liquids and gases.
What are liquids, and what varieties exist?Pure liquid & liquid mixtures are the two main categories into which liquids can be separated. Water is the most prevalent liquid on Earth, yet a lot of the water that microorganisms come into direct contact with isn't pure water; instead, it's a slurry in which different compounds are dissolved.
Which seven liquids are there?40:18 Seven liquids are involved in this matter: wine, bee syrup, olives, milk dew, animal or avian blood, and water. Blood may not often be consumed, but in this case, it was because it had possibly been used in a medical treatment.
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Upon the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to a suspension of mitochondria carrying out oxidative phosphorylation linked to the oxidation of malate, all of the following occur except:
a. oxygen consumption decreases.
b. oxygen consumption increases.
c. the P/O ratio drops from a value of approximately 2.5 to 0.
d. the proton gradient dissipates.
e. the rate of transport of electrons from NADH to O2 becomes maximal.
The correct option is (a) oxygen consumption decreases.
Upon the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) to a suspension of mitochondria carrying out oxidative phosphorylation linked to the oxidation of malate, all of the following occur except: oxygen consumption decreases. oxygen consumption increases. the P/O ratio drops from a value of approximately 2.5 to 0.
The addition of 2, 4-dinitrophenol causes the uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation process and further causes a surge in the consumption of oxygen. Hence, it is an incorrect option.
As a result of the uncoupling effect caused by DNP, the oxygen consumption is enhanced but the process of ATP synthesis is affected. This is indicated by the drop in the P/O (phosphate/oxygen) ratio from 2.5 to 0. Hence, it is an incorrect option.
DNP causes the proton pumps to leak the proton back inside the mitochondrial matrix. This disturbs the proton gradient maintained across the mitochondria. Hence, it is an incorrect option.
When uncoupler agents are introduced into the mitochondria, the consumption of oxygen in mitochondria increases because of the increase in the rate of electron transfer. Hence, it is an incorrect option.
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Given the reactioon vessel and the balanced chemical reaction, what is the limiting reactant? Each symbol represents 1 mol of molecules of the substance.2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) ----> 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)A. C2H2B. O2C. CO2D. H2O
Here in the given reaction the limitng reactant is oxygen (O2) and therefore the correct option is option B.
We need 5 mole O2 for 2 mole C2H2
For 1 mole of C2H2 we will need 5/2 that is 2.5 mole O2
But we have only 1 mole O2
Hence O2 is limiting reactant.
A limiting reactant is usually the one whose minimum concentration results in stopping of the reaction any further.
Determine the balanced form of the chemical equation for the chemical reaction.
The balanced form of the chemical equation is already given.
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) ----> 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Convert all given information into moles (most likely, through the use of molar mass as a conversion factor).
25g×1mol / 180.06g=0.1388
40g×1mol / 32g= 1.25 molO2
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A gas is produced when H3PO4 is added to an aqueous solution of which of the following? a) NaOH b)Ba(OH)2 c)Ba(NO3)2 d) Na2CO3
A gas produced when H3PO4 is added to an aqueous solution of Ba(NO3)2
Phosphoric acid is a weak acid. Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid, is a tricrotic acid that exists as a dense liquid. It is an irritant or corrosive to the skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes of both humans and laboratory animals. Its salts, though, exhibit a significantly lower irritancy potential. Phosphoric Acid can irritate the lungs. Repeated exposure may cause bronchitis to develop with cough, phlegm, and/or shortness of breath. * Long-term exposure to the liquid may cause drying and crack of the skin.
H3PO4 can donate three protons during a dissociation reaction H3PO4 has three steps of dissociation.
First ionization step: H3PO4(Aq)⇌H+(aq)+H2PO4−(aq)
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Calculate the heat, in kJ, that would be involved in condensing 22.5 g of CH₃OH. (∆Hvap = 38.0 kJ/mol)
Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius of one gram of a substance. Therefore, 12.401KJ of heat is required to condense 22.5 g of CH₃OH.
What is Enthalpy?Enthalpy term is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, Enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substances.
Mathematically,
q = n ×ΔH
where
q = amount of heat= ?
n = no of moles
number of moles of CH₃OH = 22.5 g ÷32.04 g/mol
number of moles of CH₃OH = 0.70 moles
ΔH = enthalpy =38.0 kJ/mol
Substituting all the given values, we get
q = n ×ΔH
= 0.70 ×38.0
= 12.401 kJ
Therefore, 12.401KJ of heat is required to condense 22.5 g of CH₃OH.
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