Regulating the cell cycle involves the coordinated work of kinases and cyclins dependent kinase proteins.
What are kinases and cyclins dependent kinase proteins?Kinases are proteins that phosphorylate other proteins called cyclins dependent kinases in order to control the progression to different phases of the cell cycle for example from g1 to S synthesis phase during the interphase of the cell cycle.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that kinases and cyclins dependent kinase proteins work together to control the progression through different phases of the cell cycle and thus modulate this process.
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HELPPPP MEE OUT PLS LOL
Answer:
Water will flow out because osmosis is balancing it
the cell will probably shrink
Explanation:
I am pretty sure, but tbh this was just an educated guess :)
What is the membrane potential (Vm) of a cell that is equally permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride ions?
Group of answer choices
89 mV
83 mV
58 mV
0 mV
None of the above
The membrane potential (Vm) of a cell that is equally permeable to potassium, sodium, and chloride ions will bw 0mV
If just potassium ions could pass through the membrane, the membrane potential will only slightly alter as potassium leaves the cell, moving toward a more negative value.
Since there is a tiny resting Na+ permeability, as it was previously described, the cell was a little more positive then EK, hence it should be noted that the resting membrane potential is really not identical to the K+ equilibrium potential.
Moving sodium as well as potassium ions up and down steep concentration gradients is done by the sodium-potassium pump system. It pumps chloride as well as sodium ions were transported and into the interstitial environment while pumping two potassium ions into the cell wherever potassium levels are high.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option 4th.
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Explain the following terms in your own words.
1. Chromosome
2. Karyotype
3. Genetic Disorder
The detailed explanation of chromosomes, karyotype and genetic disorders would be given below.
What are chromosomes?Chromosomes: Chromosomes are the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material. It is made up of DNA and proteins and is responsible for the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation.
Karyotype: A karyotype is a visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell. It is used to detect abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Genetic disorders: Genetic disorders are conditions caused by changes in genetic material. This change can be inherited from parents or can happen spontaneously. Genetic disorders can cause a variety of physical and mental health problems.
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which phrase best describes cellular respiration, a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms? responses removal of oxygen from the cells of an organism. removal of oxygen from the cells of an organism. changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms. changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms. transport of materials within cells and throughout the bodies of multicellular organisms. transport of materials within cells and throughout the bodies of multicellular organisms. conversion of light energy into the chemical bond energy of organic molecules. conversion of light energy into the chemical bond energy of organic molecules.
The phrase that best describes cellular respiration, a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms is option D: changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms.
The steady and continuous process of cellular respiration occurs within the cells of organisms in order to release energy from the food they consume with the goal of growth and development. The chemical energy that is largely stored in the food molecules is altered as a result of this process. Thus, option D is the best option.
Individual cells release energy through the process of cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of food molecules like glucose. Although it doesn't produce as much light or heat as a campfire, the process is similar to burning. This is due to the slow, gradual release of glucose's energy during cellular respiration.
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Correct way of asking the question is:
Which phrase best describes cellular respiration, a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms?
A) removal of oxygen from the cells
B) conversion of light energy into the chemical bond energy of organic molecules
C) transport of materials within cells and throughout the bodies of multicellular organisms
D) changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
a) RNA
b) phospholipid
c) steroids
d) cholesterol
e) wax
Polysaccharides is not a lipid
Lipids are the hydrocarbon-containing molecules that serve as the foundation for the structure as well as function of the living cells. Lipids are the fatty acid polymers with a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain and a small polar area containing oxygen. Lipids perform a variety of roles, including energy storage, signalling, and functioning as structural components of the cell membranes. Lipids find use in the cosmetic as well as food industries, and in nanotechnology.
Polysaccharides are the most common form of the carbohydrate contained in a food. They are the polymeric long-chain carbohydrates which is made up of monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic linkages. some of the examples are: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.
--The given question is incorrect, the correct question is
"Which of these is not a lipid
a) Steroid b) Fat c) Polysaccharide d) Wax"
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Imelda wa given a trong antibiotic the lat time he had trep throat. A week after her infection cleared up, he noticed that he wa very weak and loing weight even though he wa eating a healthy diet. What i the mot likely caue of Imelda’ fatigue and weight lo?
The most likely cause of Imelda's fatigue and weight loss is a side effect of the strong antibiotic he was given for his strep throat.
Antibiotics are designed to target and kill bacteria, but they can also have an impact on the beneficial bacteria that live in the gut. This can lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiome, causing a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weight loss, and digestive issues.
This condition is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea, or antibiotic-related colitis, and it is a common side effect of antibiotics. The best way to treat this condition is to restore the balance of the gut microbiome by eating a healthy diet that includes probiotics and fermented foods, or by taking probiotic supplements. In some cases, it may also be necessary to take an antidiarrheal medication to manage symptoms.
If Imelda's symptoms persist or worsen, it is important for him to see a doctor for further evaluation and treatment.
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_____ 5. states that there are two factors controlling a given characteristic, one of which dominates the other, and these factors separate and go to different gametes
Law of segregation states that there are two factors controlling a given characteristic, one of which dominates the other, and these factors separate and go to different gametes
The Law of Segregation states that for each characteristic, an organism has two factors (alleles) and only one of these alleles will be present in each gamete produced during reproduction.
This results in each offspring having a 50% chance of inheriting either allele from the parent.
The dominant allele will determine the physical appearance of the organism, while the recessive allele will be hidden unless paired with another recessive allele.
The law of segregation helps to explain the transmission of traits from one generation to the next and forms the basis of classical genetics.
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Should everyone be educated at the farm, or would this lead to any problems?
If everyone is educated, then the pigs may worry that the animals would be able to see through them
It is not necessary for everyone to be educated at the farm, as it can lead to several problems.
Education at the farm, also known as agricultural education, can provide students with valuable knowledge and skills in agriculture, horticulture, and natural resource management. However, having everyone receive this education may not be feasible or desirable.
Firstly, not everyone has an interest or aptitude for farming, and forcing them to receive agricultural education could lead to disinterest and a lack of engagement in their studies.
Secondly, farming and agriculture are labor-intensive industries, and not everyone is physically capable of performing the tasks required. This could lead to health and safety concerns for those individuals.
Thirdly, the demand for skilled professionals in various other industries such as technology, medicine, finance, and education may be higher, and it may not be wise to limit students' education options to only farming and agriculture.
Moreover, the economic realities of modern farming and agriculture may also be a concern. The industry has changed significantly in recent years and may not provide enough job opportunities or financial stability for all students.
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Stretch your thinking, right, and olve a diviion problem that divide the four digit number by two digit number how did you etimate the firt digit of the quotient
The first digit of quotient is 7. As first three digits (365) can be divided by 47.
Quotients are the results of dividing two numbers, one by the other. We can take advantage of the fact that division can be seen as multiplication, but with the multiplicative inverse of the denominator.
A 4-digit number must be divided by a 2-digit number.
Place the dividend (3654) beneath the Place of the divisor (47).
The dividend's first two numbers may be (36). 36 cannot be divided by 47 to get a complete number because it is less than 47.
then subtract the dividend's first three digits (365). Seven 47s are contained in the number 365.
(7 x 47=329)
(8 x 47=376).
Place the 7 now directly above the 5 and above the division bracket, and we will get the solution to 77.
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What happens to a liquid when it cools
Answer:
Explanation:
As the liquid cools, it loses thermal energy. As a result, its particles slow down and come closer together. Attractive forces begin to trap particles, and the crystals of a solid begin to form.v
Answer: the average energy of the molecules decreases
Explanation:
Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect - decrease or block the production of G and H
The absence of either of the enzymes 1, 2 or 3 will lead to decrease or block in the production of G and H.
Enzymes are defined as basically catalysts which help in increasing the rate of a particular reaction. The majority of the enzymes that we know are proteins and have catalytic capabilities which are crucial to perform different processes. Metabolic processes as well as other chemical reactions in the cell are carried out by enzymes which are necessary for sustaining life.
In the given reaction, the absence of either of enzyme 1, enzyme 2 or enzyme 3 will cause a decrease or a block in the production of G and H.
--The given question is incomplete, the complete question is
"Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question.
A+B⟶Enzyme1C+D⟶Enzyme2E+F⟶Enzyme3G+H
Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H?"--
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11. what is the role of aalas in animal research?
AALAS is an abbreviation for the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science.
The role of AALAS is to promote and advance the humane care and use of laboratory animals in order to promote scientific discovery and improve human and animal health.
AALAS provides resources and education for researchers, technicians, and other professionals involved in animal research, to ensure that the animals are treated with respect and care, and that their welfare is protected.
Additionally, AALAS advocates for responsible animal research practices, and works to improve public understanding of the importance of animal research in medical and scientific advancement.
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different between national park and conservation area
Answer:
A national park is a protected area of land that is designated and managed by the national government for the preservation of natural, historical, or cultural resources. National parks often have designated trails, visitor centers, and other facilities to help visitors enjoy and learn about the park.
A conservation area, on the other hand, is a protected area that is designated and managed by a local government or non-profit organization for the preservation of natural, historical or cultural resources. Conservation areas may have fewer facilities and services compared to national parks.
In summary, the main difference between national park and conservation area is that national parks are managed by the national government and conservation areas are managed by local government or non-profit organizations.
Answer:
National FORESTS
The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 gave the President authority to create forest reserves. The Yellowstone Timberland Reserve initially included the Shoshone National Forest, which has been set apart.
Forests were transferred from the Department of Interior to the Department of Agriculture in 1905. US Forest Service was founded.
NATURAL PARKS
Yellowstone National Park was created as the first national park in 1872.
The National Park Service was founded in 1916.
MANAGEMENT
National Parks - Department of Interior National Forests - Department of Agriculture
PURPOSE AND MISSION
National Forests - The USDA Forest Service's goal is to preserve the nation's forests and grasslands' health, variety, and productivity in order to satisfy the demands of both the present and the coming generations.
National Forest land is maintained "to offer the greatest amount of benefit for the largest number of people in the long term," according to Gifford Pinchot, the first Chief of the Forest Service.
National Parks - For the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of the current and following generations, the National Park Service protects the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System without deterioration.
AREA 193 million acres, according to the U.S. Forest Service 84 million acres (55 million in Alaska), 155 national forests, 20 national grasslands, and 1 national tallgrass prairie national park system 397 locations, including the White House, the White House National Memorial, 58 National Parks, monuments, battlefields, military parks, historical parks, historic sites, lakeshores, seashores, leisure areas, beautiful rivers, and pathways
Explanation:
How do organelles work together for the cell to function?
The mitochondria create energy from food molecules, the lysosomes break down & recycle organelles and macromolecules, as well as the endoplasmic reticulum helps form membranes but also transport proteins throughout the cell.
Cell organelles provide a variety of activities, including cell shape maintenance, reproduction, motility, protein synthesis Synthesis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), energy production, and substance transport in and out of the cell. Eukaryotic cells, such as those found in cattails but also apple trees, mushrooms and dust mites, halibut, and Scitable readers, have evolved mechanisms to assign distinct activities to different parts of the cell.
Organelles, which are specialized compartments within eukaryotic cells, exist for this reason. For example, mitochondria create energy from food molecules; lysosomes break down & recycle organelles & macromolecules; and the endoplasmic reticulum helps form membranes and transport proteins throughout the cell.
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sperm cells are an example of __________, which pass on genes. what word completes the sentence?
Sperm cells are an example of sex cells, which pass on genes.
Sex cells are also known as reproductive cells or the gametes. Sperm cells are produced in men's testicles as well as egg cells are produced in the women's ovaries. Sex cells are different from other cells in one special way: Put simply, they have only one half of the total amount of human genetic information.
Sperm is the male reproductive cell, or the gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction (forms in which there is a larger, female reproductive cell as well as a smaller, male one).
Male sex cells are also called as testicles. Sperm will develop in the testicles within a system of tiny tubes called the seminiferous tubules.
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Which event occurs after the activated receptor: hormone complex enters the nucleus of the target cell? The activated receptor:hormone complex binds to specific regions of RNA. The receptors bind to a second messenger to activate DNA. The activated receptor:hormone complex binds to specific regions of DNA. The hormone dissociates from the receptors and the receptors bind to the plasma membrane.
After the activated receptor: hormone complex enters the nucleus of the target cell, it binds to specific regions of DNA. This binding triggers changes in the gene expression and regulation of the target cell, leading to a specific cellular response.
The binding of the activated receptor: hormone complex to specific regions of DNA is a critical step in the regulation of gene expression and the cellular response to hormones. This process is a complex and regulated event, involving the binding of the activated receptor: hormone complex to specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements. This binding leads to the recruitment of other proteins, such as transcription factors and co-activators, that help regulate gene expression and determine the specific cellular response.
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researchers often draw the objects/organisms that they observe? these drawings are typically not artist quality. what purpose do these drawings serve?
The purpose these drawings serve are:
it depicts the accurate representation of what was actually observed.it may either be accurate or abstractto label biological drawings.it strengths the reporting, interpretation and conclusions.The use of technical drawing to visually describe the structure and precise aspects of biological subjects of research is known as biological illustration. This can be used to show anatomy, explain biological activities or interactions, direct surgical operations, differentiate species, and for a variety of other purposes.
Drawing is an essential skill in biology and is classified as a sort of data collection since it aids in the recording of data from specimens. Drawings can emphasize essential characteristics of an item. A drawing is the product of extensive observation at various depths of focus and magnifications.
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Create a model showing the complementary RNA and the amino acid sequence for both the normal and mutated sequence.
1. Transcribe the complementary RNA for BOTH the normal and mutated sequence. You can organize it by number or order.
2. Use the codon chart to identify the complementary amino acid sequence for both sequences.
Normal Sequence: Complementary RNA: UGCCACAGGCUGA, Amino acid sequence: Val-Pro-Gln-Gly-Leu-Ala
Mutated Sequence: Complementary RNA: UGCCUCAGGCUGA, Amino acid sequence: Val-Ser-Gln-Gly-Leu-Ala
What is Acid sequence for both the normal and mutated sequence?The normal sequence is the sequence of amino acids in the protein, which is the building block of life. This sequence is determined by the genetic code and is responsible for the structure and function of the protein.
Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine are among the 20 amino acids that make up the typical sequence.
The mutated sequence is the sequence of amino acids in a protein that has been altered due to mutation. It may be similar to the normal sequence but differ in one or more amino acid residues.
The mutated sequence may also contain new amino acid residues that were not present in the original sequence. Mutated sequences are often associated with diseases as the changed residues can alter the normal structure and function of the protein.
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explain why an organism's genotype can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive but never heterizygous recessive
An organism’s genotype can be homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive but never heterozygous recessive because the organism must have two identical copies of the same gene, both of which are recessive, in order to express the recessive trait.
A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism and can be homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, or heterozygous. It is important to understand the differences between these terms in order to understand why heterozygous recessive is not possible.Homozygous dominant means that the organism has two identical copies of the same gene, with one copy being dominant and the other copy being recessive. This means that the organism will always express the dominant trait.
Homozygous recessive means that the organism has two copies of the same gene, both of which are recessive. This means that the organism will always express the recessive trait.Heterozygous means that the organism has two different versions of the same gene, one dominant and one recessive. This means that the organism can express either the dominant or the recessive trait, depending on the environment.
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what kind of rna could have the same effect as the methylation
The RNA that could have the same effect as the methylation would be S. I. R. N. A because they don't directly bind to the 5' cap,.
RNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group( CH3) to an RNA patch. This methylation generally occurs on the 5' cap of the RNA patch, and it can be used to regulate the expression of a gene. This regulation is frequently achieved by changing the way the RNA patch is reused and restated by the cell. An indispensable way to regulate gene expression could be through the use of small snooping RNAs( siRNAs). siRNAs are short double- stranded RNAs which can bind to and inhibit the restatement of a specific mRNA. siRNAs can thus be used to reduce the expression of a gene.To know more about methylation visit:
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If napdragon are incompletely dominant for color; they have phenotype red,pink or white. The white flower are homozygou receive and the pink flower are heterozygou what would the genotypic ration of white offpring?
The genotypic ratio of white offspring would be 1:0 (homozygous dominant: heterozygous).
In incomplete dominance, a heterozygous individual (Rr) has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygous individuals (RR and rr). In this case, the phenotype of the heterozygous napragon (Rr) is pink, while the homozygous dominant napragon (RR) has a phenotype of red and the homozygous recessive (rr) has a phenotype of white.
When two heterozygous napragons (Rr) are crossed, the expected genotypic ratio of their offspring is 1:2:1, meaning there is a 25% chance of producing homozygous dominant offspring (RR), a 50% chance of producing heterozygous offspring (Rr), and a 25% chance of producing homozygous recessive offspring (rr).
However, if the white flower is homozygous recessive (rr), all the offspring produced from this flower will also be homozygous recessive (rr), giving a genotypic ratio of 1:0 (homozygous recessive: heterozygous).
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why do cells only express a subset of their genes (not all of their genes) at any given time? (choose all correct answers)
Cells only express a subset of their genes (not all of their genes) at any given time because it consumes a lot of energy to synthesize RNA and proteins that are not required.
The proper ratio of ingredients is required for our cells to operate properly. Proteins required for the process must be created at the appropriate moment for it to operate as intended. Because DNA contains information that may be controlled and regulated, protein synthesis can occur within all cells. Genes must be activated in order for RNA to be produced, which helps with expression.
Gene expression is the name given to this process. In order for it to occur, a mechanism must exist to regulate the expression of a gene, determining how much protein will be produced and when to halt protein synthesis.
To save space and energy, not all of a cell's genes are expressed. If every gene is expressed constantly even when it is not necessary, an organism would need to use a lot of energy, and cells would need to be extremely large.
Therefore, requiring that genes be turned off when not in use and only switched on, when necessary, would result in a more energy-efficient system. Additionally, because the transcription and translation of DNA require the unwinding of DNA from its coiling structure, expressing only a selection of genes in each cell might conserve space.
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Even though your question is incomplete, I've believed that you were referring to this specific question:
➤ Why do cells only express a subset of their genes (not ALL of their genes) at any given time? (Choose ALL correct answers)
a. cells in a multicellular organism can have different phenotypes by expressing different groups of genes.
b. it wastes a lot of energy to make RNA and proteins you don't need.
c. it wastes a lot of resources (nucleotides and amino acids) to make RNA and proteins you don't need.
the ph of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. the ph of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. true false
True, the body's fluids should have a pH of 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly alkaline.
As the pH of body fluids can impact how the body works, maintaining homeostasis is crucial for the body.
For instance, a drop in pH can result in acidosis, which can produce a number of symptoms such as weariness, disorientation, and nausea.
Living cells' internal fluid pH is often kept at alkaline levels by a variety of processes.
Proton-buffering mechanisms include, for instance, the bicarbonate-carbonate system, protein-proton binding, and phosphoric acids (H3PO4).
Additionally, a number of membrane transporters play crucial roles in the expulsion of proton from the cytosol into the extracellular space and contribute to the maintenance of an alkaline pH.
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The breaking and rearrangement of chemical bonds
Answer:
Chemical Reaction
Explanation:
According to the modern view of chemical reactions, bonds between atoms in the reactants must be broken, and the atoms or pieces of molecules are reassembled into products by forming new bonds. Energy is absorbed to break bonds, and energy is evolved as bonds are made.
at standard conditions, the equilibrium lies toward products for a given biochemical reaction. what is known about the change in free energy?
At standard conditions in biochemical reaction the change in free energy indicate the work done.
Free energy is the energy available to do work. In a biochemical response, the change in free energy( ΔG) is a measure of how important energy is released or absorbed. When the free energy of the response is negative, also the response is said to be at equilibrium and the products are favored. When the free energy is positive,
when the free energy of a response is negative, reactants are converted to products and the response is said to be robotic, releasing energy in the process. When the free energy is positive, the response isn't robotic and energy requirements to be added in order for the response to take place. therefore, when the free energy of a response is negative.
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Subdivision of the nervous system made up of the nerves radiating from the spinal cord to all parts of the body.a. Trueb. False
The sensory system in general is partitioned into two developments: the focal sensory system (CNS) and the fringe sensory system (PNS).
The focal sensory system is comprised of the cerebrum and spinal string. The fringe sensory system is comprised of nerves that branch off from the spinal string and stretch out to all pieces of the body.
It thusly comprises three isolated developments: the thoughtful framework which takes part in the reaction of the body to pressure. The parasympathetic framework acts to preserve de body's assets and reestablish homeostasis. The intestinal sensory system controls the capability of the smooth muscle of the stomach.
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a bird that was produced as a result of large scale mutation
A bird that was produced as a result of large scale mutation has undergone structural changes due to the gene mutation.
This type of mutation generally looks different from its parent species, with differences in color, size, and body structure. Large scale mutation can do due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or indeed contagions.
These mutations can affect in dramatic differences in the birds appearance, behaviour and indeed its lifetime. Mutations can also affect the birds capability to survive in its natural terrain, as it may not be suitable to find food or duly defend itself from blood suc-kers.
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Explain how Mendel's law of segregation is simulated in the lab.
Law of segregation "During the formation of gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene".
Law of segregation is the second law of inheritance. This law explains that the pair of alleles segregate from each other during meiosis cell division (gamete formation) so that only one allele will be present in each gamete.
In a monohybrid cross, both the alleles are expressed in the F2 generation without any blending. Thus, the law of segregation is based on the fact that each gamete contains only one allele.
This law is based on four basic concepts:
a .A gene exists in more than one form of an allele.
b. When gametes are produced by meiosis, the allelic pairs separate, leaving each gamete with a single allele.
c. Every organism inherits two alleles for each trait.
d. The two alleles of a pair are different, i.e., one is dominant and one is recessive
Given the following genotype, explain how the mutation (identified by a (-) superscript) will affect E. coli grown in lactose medium. 1.
i^− p^+ o^+ z^+ y^+
a. Will the lac operon be on or off? b. Will there be a complete set of gene products from the lac operon? c. What will be the implication of the missing gene product, if ever? d. Will the cell be able to survive in the lactose mediunt or not?
E.coli are grown in lactose medium and according to the given genotype, the lac operon is going to be on.
In E.coli, the lac operon contains genes which are involved in metabolism. These genes are expressed only when the lactose is present and the glucose is absent. The operon is turned on and turned off in response to the glucose as well as lactose levels.
In the given genotype, we can see that the lac I gene is mutated which represents the repressor gene. Because of this, the RNA polymerase will not be able to bind to the promoter region and it will thus prevent the transcription.
In this case, the mutated lac I gene product will be a non functional repressor protein which is not able to bind to the operator region of the lac operon. Therefore, the structural gene will be transcribed continuously and the lac operon will be always "ON".
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. explain why the ladder of protein sizes has the largest near the loading area and the smallest far away. (your answer should involve the composition of the gel.)
The ladder of protein sizes has the largest near the loading area and the smallest far away because a polyacrylamide gel is not solid but is made of a laberynth of tunnels through a meshwork of fibers that separates them based on size.
Protein molecular weight markers, also known as protein standards or protein ladders, are used in Western blotting to estimate the molecular weight of proteins of interest while also monitoring the progress of electrophoretic separation or transfer. Polyacrylamide is the preferred material for creating electrophoretic gels used to separate proteins based on size. polyacrylamide gels are made by combining acrylamide and bisacrylamide to form a crosslinked polymer network, which is then polymerized with ammonium persulfate (aps).
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