Lichens may be an association of algae and fungus.
The correct option is C.
What are lichens?Lichens are a complex life form that result from the symbiotic partnership of two different creatures, a fungus and an alga . Lichens can potentially be found on practically any surface (particularly rocks), and unlike algae, which can only grow in aquatic or extremely damp settings (meaning that they grow on other plants). The symbiotic interaction between lichens and algae sometimes resembles a mutualism (a relationship in which both organisms benefit).
What is the function of lichen?Some lichen species are thought to be responsible for turning rocks into soil, aiding in its creation, enhancing its quality, and enriching the soil needed for plant growth. Through the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, lichens contribute significantly to the nitrogen cycle.
What is a fact about lichen?Small creatures known as lichen are typically found in North American woodlands. They are organisms that are unlike any other on Earth and are neither plants nor animals. Lichen is actually a combination of an algae and a fungus, despite the fact that most people mistakenly believe it to be a sort of moss.
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
lichens may be an association of:
1.several different fungi
2.protozoa and bacteria
3. algae and fungus
4.virus and algae
A human skin cell has 46 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will be present in each daughter cells when mitosis is complete?.
Answer:
23 chromosomes (46 total)
Explanation:
During Interphase, the DNA is copied. Hence, there are 2 copies of one chromosome. This means that there are now 46 pairs of chromosome in the parent cell.
However, during cytokinesis, the cell divides itself into two, meaning that each daughter cell are left with 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes.
Thanks.
Definition(s):
Mitosis: The usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell.
Cytokinesis: The division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follow mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.
Chromosomes: Any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order: the human species has 23 pairs, designated 1 to 22 in order of decreasing size and X and Y for the female and male sex chromosomes respectively.
Daughter cell: A cell produced by reproductive division of a cell during mitosis or meiosis.
Parent cell: A cell that is the source of other cells, such as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cell, is called a parent cell. It is sometimes also called the mother cell.
Thanks,
Eddie
The outer surface of the f0 subunit of atp synthase must be _____ to be embedded in the membrane.
The outer surface of the f0 subunit of atp synthase must be hydrophobic to be embedded in the membrane.
What is ATP synthase?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced by the enzyme ATP synthase during the process of cellular respiration. The primary source of energy used by cells is ATP.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) are used by ATP synthase in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which is the process by which enzymes oxidize nutrients to produce ATP. All life forms contain ATP synthase, which is responsible for all cellular activities.
About 100 ATP molecules can be produced by each ATP synthase every second. Eukaryotes, which include plants, animals, and fungi, have mitochondria, which primarily serve as ATP generators.
Therefore, The outer surface of the f0 subunit of atp synthase must be hydrophobic to be embedded in the membrane.
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Regarding most cells, the orderly process consisting of interphase and cell division is called the.
Answer:
mitosis
Explanation:
this is what happens in most cells ( including human cells) for growth and to replenish dead cells etc...
which statement about early primary succession is false?
The first colonizers usually can modify the habitat to benefit their growth and reproduction
The first colonizers are called pioneer species
The first colonists typically cannot withstand much physiological stress
The process can be very slow
The first colonists typically face hostile conditions
The first colonists in the early primary succession typically cannot withstand much physiological stress. The given statement is incorrect about primary succession. Thus, the correct option is C.
What is Primary succession?
Primary succession is the beginning step of ecological succession which occurs on a barren land or area where no living organism ever existed. It usually occurs in an environment which is devoid of vegetation and other organisms.
During the first stage of primary succession, the ecosystem is cleared by either a natural occurrence or manmade disturbance. During this stage, the organisms which colonize can withstand much physiological stress as compared to other organisms.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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in prokaryotic cells, gene expression is inherently different than gene expression in eukaryotic cells. why? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices
Answer:
Transcription cannot occur in a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell.
Explanation:
the universal theme of passage 1 is the relationship between violence and human nature, and the universal theme of passage 2 is the relationship between civilization and nature. how do these universal themes relate to each other? they both show that people and animals are natural enemies. they both suggest that violent instincts are needed for people to survive in nature. they both suggest that nature influences people more than civilization does. they both show that violent instincts can emerge when people are away from the influence of civilization.
Humans naturally have a propensity for violent behaviour. Conflicts tend to occur frequently because of this predisposition.
What connection is there between violence and the essence of people?Humans naturally have a propensity for violent behaviour. Conflicts and destruction are a constant feature of human society, and this inclination explains why.
What kind of bond exists between people and the natural world?According to a sustainable marketing approach, the essential connection between people and nature is the constant exchange and transformation of resources, as well as the assistance that both nature and people give to one another: Although we live in a world with non-renewable resources, we have a tendency to consume as if there is an endless supply of resources.
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Answer:
D
Explanation:
They both show that violent instincts can emerge when people are away from the influence of civilization.
got right on the test
which of the following is true about tertiary consumers compared to primary producers in a sunlight dependent ecosystem?
Tertiary consumers produces less biomass but result in higher biomagnification.
What are different types of consumers?Compared to primary consumers, tertiary consumers spend less energy. Organisms that eat secondary consumers are considered as tertiary consumers. Primary consumers are herbivores that devour plants. Consider insects. Secondary consumers are small carnivores that eat other animals, often herbivores. Consider frogs. Tertiary consumers are large carnivores that eat other animals, particularly secondary consumers. Consider birds. Bugs, frogs, and birds(First-tier consumers) The secondary market (Tertiary consumers).
The higher an animal is on the food chain (such as third-party consumers like seals), the higher the concentration of DDT in their bodies as a result of a process called biomagnification.
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a neurospora mutant that was defective in the ability to convert citrulline to arginine (the last step in arginine biosynthesis) would be able to grow on
A Neurospora mutant that was defective in the ability to convert citrulline to arginine (the last step in arginine biosynthesis) would be able to grow on minimal medium supplemented with arginine.
What is Neurospora ?A genus of Ascomycete fungi is called Neurospora. The name of the genus, which means "nerve spore," alludes to the distinctive striations that mimic axons on the spores. The best-known member of this genus is the standard model organism in biology, Neurospora crassa.
What is arginine ?The amino acid with the formula CN(CH2)3CHCO2H is arginine. A guanidino group is attached to a typical amino acid framework in the molecule. The carboxylic acid is deprotonated and the amino and guanidino groups are both protonated at physiological pH, forming a cation.
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12.opportunistic infection a.what components of the gram-positive cell wall are responsible for septic shock b.how would you formulate koch's postulates for opportunistic pathogens?
Peptidoglycans are the mediators of the septic shock. The micro organisms must be found in any kind of healthy individual.
What are gram positive bacteria ?Gram positive bacteria are the bacteria which gets stained by the gram stain.
Peptidoglycans are the components of gram bacteria in which the gram stain bacteria cell wall and is present in both types of bacteria where it both gets the structural support by the molecules.
Peptidoglycans are the mediators of septic shock.
The cells that cause septic shock are caused by the primarily caused by the cytokines and the basic TNF and interleukins.
V
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which of these is genetically balanced as haploid gametes? note that the red and blue chromosomes are non-homologous. select all that apply.
Haploid gametes with homologous chromosomes have balanced genetic makeup.
What chromosomes have haploid DNA?Definition. A cell of an organism is said to be haploid if it only has one set of chromosomes. Diploic organisms are those that reproduce sexually (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). In humans, only the sperm and egg cells are haploid.
A haploid gamete is what?Haploid refers to a cell containing one set of chromosomes. The number of chromosomes in gametes, which are also known as egg or sperm cells, is also referred to as haploid. Human gametes are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, one of which is found in each of the chromosome pairs found in diplod cells.
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lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids in the digestive system of humans . it functions best at a ph range of 4 .0 to 5 .0 . when a person takes an antacid tablet to relieve heartburn, the antacid increases the ph to around 7 in certain areas of the digestive system . which below would most likely be caused by this change in ph?
Lipid digestion is influenced by pH, even a small change in pH can have a negative impact on the amount of lipids digested.
When it comes to the digestion of lipids, why would a change in pH be expected?The digestive tract's increased concentration of weak acid results in an increase in the number of protons in solution, as fatty acids are not protonated in physiological conditions.
Why is a drop in pH a sign that lipids are being broken down?The lipids begin to decompose into fatty acids when the pancreatic and bile salts are added to the solution. Because the breakdown will cause a low pH, we tested every 20 minutes to see how the pH changed. The fats' breakdown is confirmed by this pH change.
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Full Question = Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids in the digestive system of humans. It functions best at a pH range of 4.0 to 5.0. When a person takes an antacid tablet to relieve heartburn, the antacid increases the pH to around 7 in certain areas of the digestive system. Which initial effect would most likely be caused by a change in pH?
A. More lipids would be digested.
B. Fewer lipids would be digested.
C. The production of lipase molecules would increase.
D. The production of lipase molecules would decrease.
Enzyme molecules normally interact with substrate molecules. Some medicines work by blocking enzyme activity in pathogens. These medicines are effective because they?.
These medicines have a shape that fits in the enzyme thats why they are effective
Each enzyme has a unique part this is referred to as active site. This active site is liable for all of the enzymatic activity and its shape is such that just a few substrates can bind with it (Please see discern).
This exactly is the mechanism through which a few medicines work. they have got a shape that fits with the active site of the enzyme and for this reason can bind to it. while those drug treatments bind with the active site of the pathogen’s enzyme, they decrease enzyme’s activity rather than increasing. The drug treatments in this example are referred to as as inhibitors, due to the fact they inhibit the enzyme’s feature.
The quality of a medicine is frequently assessed with the aid of its specificity for the enzyme and its quantity needed to inhibit the enzyme. If its form is flawlessly matching with active site and very small amount is needed to inhibit the enzyme activity, it means that medication has low side effects and greater tremendous results.
Many herbicides and pesticides used for crop development work in this mechanism.
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What is direct democracy Short answer?.
The form of democracy where the public can directly vote for the proposed constitutional amendment, law, treaty or policy, is called the direct democracy.
Democracy is the form of government formed by the will of common public. It allows the public to have the authority to choose their leader, representative and also the tasks that should be done by the political officials.
Amendment is the small but official change made to a pre-formed law, contract or any other form of legal document. In simple terms, an amendment is a correction. These amendments are essential according to the people's aspirations and changes in society.
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taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the pacific yew tree that disrupts microtubule formation in animal cells. when taxol is added to animal cells, cell division stops. specifically, taxol must affect .
Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the pacific yew tree that disrupts microtubule formation in animal cells. When taxol is added to animal cells, cell division stops. Specifically, taxol must affect the fibres of the mitotic spindle.
How does tаxol аffect microtubules?Tаxol (generic nаme pаclitаxel) is one of the most importаnt аnticаncer drugs аvаilаble in the world. It is relаted to the destruction of microtubules. Tаxol stаbilizes microtubules аnd reduces their dynаmicity, promoting mitotic аrrest аnd cell deаth. Upon аssembly of the α/β-tubulin heterodimer, GTP bound to β-tubulin is hydrolyzed to GDP reаching а steаdy-stаte equilibrium between free tubulin dimers аnd microtubules. Due to this, the formаtion of mitotic spindle fibre formаtion gets аrrested аnd аs а result, the cell division come to а hold.
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Cedar Key Florida, the freshwater aquifer used for the city water supply is continuous with the seawater surrounding the island. In which of the following situations is saltwater intrusion most likely to occur?
a. reduced use of city water through conservation efforts and unusually high rainfall throughout the year
b. increased use of city water and unusually high rainfall throughout the year
c. reduced use of city water through conservation efforts and unusually low rainfall throughout the year
d. increased use of city water and unusually low rainfall throughout the year
Use of city water has increased, and the annual rainfall has been unusually low. Option D is correct.
What is water scarcity?Both society and nature rely on water resources. To maintain our health, we require a consistent, clean supply of drinking water. Water is also necessary for agriculture, the development of energy, navigation, leisure, and manufacturing. Many of these applications impose stress on water resources, and climate change is expected to make matters worse. Climate change is projected to result in decreased water supplies and increased water demand in many locations. It would be difficult for water managers to balance the requirements of expanding communities, fragile ecosystems, farmers, ranchers, energy producers, and manufacturers at the same time. In other places, runoff, flooding, and sea level rise will be more of an issue than water scarcity. These consequences may lower water quality and harm infrastructure.
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which of the following is not located anteriorly on the distal end of the humerus? group of answer choices capitulum coronoid fossa radial fossa olecranon fossa
The correct answer is option D, the Olecranon fossa.
The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular pit located on the back of the humerus, above the trochlea.
The coronoid fossa, which is placed superior to the trochlea and receives the coronoid process of the ulna, and the radial fossa, which receives the head of the radius, are both located superior to the capitulum on the anterior side of the condyle.
The capitellum, which forms the "ball" of the pivoting ball-and-socket portion of the elbow joint, is crucial to the elbow's ability to pivot. This area of the humerus rarely fractures. They are thought to be the cause of 6% of distal humerus fractures and 1% of elbow fractures.
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A woman is a carrier for a sex-linked lethal gene that causes an embryo with the gene to spontaneously abort or miscarry. She has nine living children, but has lost several embryos to spontaneously abortions. How many of the living children do you expect to be boys? (specific number please)
Given that the woman is the carrier, the fatal gene must be located on the X chromosome. In other words, there is a 50% chance that the offspring will carry the lethal gene. Due to the 2:1 ratio, there are 3 male children and 6 female children.
Which of the following diseases is brought on by nondisjunction and results in severe birth defects?The cell division error known as nondisjunction frequently causes down syndrome. Instead of the usual two copies of chromosome 21, an embryo with nondisjunction has three copies.
a gene that, under certain circumstances (like homozygous ones), may stop an organism's development or result in the death of its germ cells. additionally known as a lethal factor, lethal mutant, or lethal mutation.
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What caused Claire's miscarriage?.
The trauma of witnessing Jamie and Black Jack Randall's (Tobias Menzies) duel caused Claire to deliver her child too soon, and she nearly died in the hospital after losing her baby.
Claire tragically lost her child after going into premature labor while racing to stop Jaime from dueling Captain Jack Randall. Claire was devastated when the nurse was rushed to L'Hôpital des Anges and her baby was stillborn.
Claire knew she would have miscarried whether Jamie pursued BJR or not; she had experienced bleeding in the weeks leading up to it, as well as a nagging pain in her back on her way to Bois de Bologne. She did not place blame on herself for the miscarriage. While it's easy to love Claire and Jamie when they're in love, it's quite another to see Balfe's character reveal she "hated" Jamie for the events leading up to their first daughter's tragic miscarriage.
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the aortic arches function as hearts, pumping blood through a closed circulatory system. therefore, which of the following are true statements about how blood travels in an earthworm? select all that apply.
The aortic arches perform heart-like functions. The five pairs of aortic arches are in charge of supplying the dorsal and ventral blood arteries with blood.
The earthworm's frontal blood arteries are in charge of delivering blood there. The "brain" of an earthworm. The neural system of an earthworm is basic. A ventral nerve cord that runs the entire length of the body is attached to the cerebral ganglia. Since each segment is linked to this cord, earthworms are able to move and react to various stimuli, including light, touch, chemicals, vibrations, and more. Worms have an anus at the back of the body where they excrete solid waste, and they have nephridiopores all over the body where they excrete liquid waste.
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Which of the following examples of levers is mismatched?
a.) First class lever - Elbow joint
b.) Second-class lever - Standing up on your toes
c.) Third class lever - Biceps brachii muscle
d.) All of these choices are correct.
The head and neck are the first class levers in the human body during neck extension. Therefore, option (A) is example where levers is mismatched.
What are levers?In the human body, a lever consists of a load represented by a weight and effort. The structures in the body that form levers to create human movement are bones, ligaments, and muscles.
The fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and the load, making this a first-rate lever. When raising your head to head a football, this type of lever is found in your neck. The effort is provided by the neck muscles, the fulcrum is the neck, and the load is the weight of the head.
Therefore, option (A) is mismatched.
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What are the 5 components shared by all living cells?.
Despite their various shapes, all cells share certain components. The cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and DNA are among these components.
A membrane surrounds a cell and has receptors on its surface. The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex are all small structures found inside a cell.
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the substances that enter and exit the cell. The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that houses the nucleolus as well as the majority of the cell's DNA. The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. It works by separating cells from one another as well as the cell from its surroundings.
The living substance of the cell is referred to as protoplasm. Protoplasm refers to the entire contents of a living cell.
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when you performed transcription, you were joining together nucleotides to build an mrna strand. what enzyme's job were you doing?
In order to create an mRNA strand, RNA polymerase and nucleotides are used.
RNA polymerase uses transcription to create RNA molecules from a DNA template.The initial phase of gene expression, transcription, occurs before translation, which is the process of decoding RNA into proteins. The transcription of DNA into RNA is aided by the DNA dependent RNA polymerase. Only one strand of DNA serves as a template (3'-5' orientation) and is translated into RNA.
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A broad definition of ______ is changes in traits from generation to generation.
Evolution consists of changes in the heritable traits of a population of organisms as successive generations replace each other. It is populations of organisms that evolve, not individual organisms.
In population genetics, evolution is defined as a change in the frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) in a population over time. Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over generations. Genetic variations underlie these changes.
In general terms, biological evolution is the process of change by which new species develop from pre-existing species over time; In genetic terms, evolution can be defined as any change in the frequency of alleles in populations of organisms from generation to generation.
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Which of the following conditions will activate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, which catalyzes
the phosphorylation and inactivation of E1 in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A) Ca2+
B) Insulin
C) Elevated concentrations of acetyl-CoA
D) Elevated concentrations of NAD+ and ADP
E) Elevated concentrations of NADH and ATP
Increased [NAD+] inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Increased [NADH] activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Coenzyme A inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Acetyl-co A activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
ADP inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, PDK, is an enzyme that acts to inhibit the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme by phosphorylating it using ATP. Its mechanism of action is catalyzing the phosphorylation of a specific Ser residue in the E1 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, rendering it inactive. By inhibiting the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, PDK will decrease the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-coA and CO₂ in mitochondria and increase the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the cytosol.
Since the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is activated by an increase in the concentration of one or more of ADP, NAD+, or CoA-SH, its inhibitor, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, is inhibited by ADP, NAD+, CoA-SH, and pyruvate. However, the PDK is activated by the increased concentration of ATP, NADH, and acetyl-CoA.
Increased [NAD+] inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Increased [NADH] activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Coenzyme A inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
Acetyl-co A activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
ADP inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH kinase)
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we can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. these sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. the following receptors are most likely responsible for this ability.
Proprioreceptors are responsible to create the sensation awareness of our body.
What are proprioceptors?A sensory receptor found in the subcutaneous tissues that may detect motion (or movement) and position of the body by responding to an internal stimulation.
One would be able to feel how a body part moved and where it was in relation to other body parts. Even while wearing a blindfold, a person could still be able to feel the arm over their head or use their finger to touch their nose. The body's proprioceptors are to blame for this. Sensory receptors called proprioceptors are found in the subcutaneous tissues. Through a stimulation created within the body, they are able to detect motion (or movement) and position of the body. When a bodily part moves or changes position in relation to the rest of the body, they communicate that information to the brain. The neuromuscular spindle, the Golgi tendon organ, the joint kinesthetic receptor, and the vestibular apparatus are a few examples of proprioceptors.
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potential threats to biodiversity as a result of climate change include all of the following except
The sympathetic division of the ans is also called the thoracolumbar division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
What is the thoracolumbar division?The peripheral nervous system's autonomic nervous system controls physiological functions that are carried out automatically, such as digestion, blood pressure, respiration, and sexual desire.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system is the part of the body that is responsible for kicking off the "flight or fight" reaction when the body is under stress.
Therefore, The sympathetic division of the ans is also called the thoracolumbar division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
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What is the relationship between an allele and DNA?.
At a specific genomic location, an allele is one of two or more variations of the DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases). For each genomic region with such variation, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, generally known as DNA, is the full name for the polynucleotide chain-based compound that makes up most of an organism's genetic allele material and is responsible for passing genetic information from one generation to the next. A pair of chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids and made up of different proteins and DNA, are found in the nucleus of each individual cell. Therefore, we can state that each chromosome has DNA and that each cell contains chromosomes. The alleles are different versions of a gene that are nearly identical to each other and have little to no different DNA. A gene is a structure made of DNA that is arranged on a chromosome.
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What is an advantage of a CT scan?.
When used to diagnose, plan therapy for, and assess a variety of illnesses ,issues, in both adults and children, CT scans may offer extensive information. Additionally, exploratory surgery might not be necessary given the comprehensive pictures produced by CT scans.
In general, a CT scan provides the benefit of a quick study period (15 to 20 minutes) with excellent picture quality. However CT scans, drawbacks include the requirement for radiation exposure,issues and the majority of the time, the use of a contrast material (dye), which may make it inappropriate for people with severe renal issues.
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During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?
A. If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion
B. The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold.
C. It is possible to trigger a new action potential but only with an unusually strong stimulus.
D. No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
E. The signal grows weaker with distance.
No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is true about the absolute refractory period (Option D).
What is the absolute refractory period of a response to a stimulus?The absolute refractory period of a response to a stimulus refers to the interval of time in which the new action potential can not be reached independently of the presence of stimuli to trigger it.
This period (the absolute refractory period) is used to understand how stimuli send info during the response to the environment.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the absolute refractory period of a response to a stimulus is based on the time period required for the neuron cell to be able to respond to a new stimulus, which depends on the generation of a new action potential capable of activating a concomitant response.
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What would happen if there was a mutation in the DNA sequence?.
A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings.
A point mutation is the most basic type of mutation. When one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is swapped out for another, something happens. The production of the incorrect amino acid may result from the alteration. DNA is a flexible and dynamic molecule. As a result, due to a process known as mutation, the nucleotide sequences found therein are liable to alter. A particular mutation may prove harmless, beneficial, or even harmful depending on how it changes the genetic structure of an organism. The physiology of an affected organism can occasionally undergo drastic alterations as a result of a mutation. Naturally, it is first necessary to comprehend what mutations are and how they occur in order to better understand the various effects of mutations.
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