pasteurization was first developed to kill __________ in wine.

When a nonvolatile solute is added to a liquid, the concentration of the solute increases, which leads to a decrease in the vapor pressure of the solvent.

This is due to the fact that the solute particles occupy some of the space that would otherwise be filled by the solvent molecules. Since the solvent molecules have fewer spaces to escape into, the number of solvent molecules that escape into the air above the solution decreases, and therefore, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases.

This decrease in vapor pressure is proportional to the concentration of the solute, and it is the basis for the phenomenon of vapor pressure lowering. This effect is important in many chemical and physical processes, such as boiling and evaporating, because it affects the temperature at which the solvent will boil.

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Answer:

Your answer would be Choice A.

Explanation:

The structure is composed of a hydrophilic phosphate group, two hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and a backbone formed of glycerol.

In an acidic environment, the nitrogen of the histidine side chain that is most likely to get protonated is the amino group nitrogen (NH2).

In the case of histidine, the two nitrogens in the side chain are referred to as the imidazole ring. The imidazole ring contains a pyridine-like structure with two nitrogen atoms, one of which is in the form of an amino group (NH2) and the other in the form of a pyrrole-like nitrogen (N).

In an acidic environment, the pH is low, and there are excess protons (H+) available. which means it would accept a hydrogen ion (H+) to become NH3+. This is because the amino group has a lone pair of electrons that can accept the proton, while the pyrrole-like nitrogen does not have a lone pair available for protonation.

Therefore, in an acidic environment, the nitrogen of the histidine side chain that is most likely to get protonated is the amino group nitrogen (NH2).

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Mass on syringe is 3.498, Pressure is 1.37, Volume is 37.5 and hence the PxV would be 51.4. These are consistent with the scientific principle known as Boyle's Law.

A decrease in volume as pressure increased, which is consistent with Boyle's Law. Boyle's Law describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature. This means that as pressure increases, the volume of the gas decreases, and vice versa. This relationship is important in understanding the behavior of gases and has numerous practical applications, such as in the design of engines and other machinery that rely on the expansion and compression of gases.

When conducting experiments, it's always important to have data that supports your hypothesis. In your case, it seems that your data shows a clear relationship between pressure and volume, with a decrease in volume corresponding to an increase in pressure. This is consistent with the scientific principle known as Boyle's Law, which describes the inverse relationship between pressure and volume for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature.

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Step 8: Measure Pressure and Volume with the Book and 3 kg of Weight, Total the mass on the syringe. Record it in the correct row of the data table

Answer:

1.) 3.498 kg

2.) 1.37 kg/cm^2

3.) C- 37.5 mL

4.) 51.4

Explanation:

This is correct because the person above me was right. I hope this helps!

:)))))

We can use the following formula to determine the amount of food colouring present in a standard solution: C1V1 = C2V2. As a result, the final standard solution's food colouring concentration is 0.02676% (v/v).

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, in which the solute is uniformly dispersed in the solvent, is referred to as a solution. Solutions exist in a variety of forms, including gases, liquids, and solids. They are crucial in a number of disciplines, such as chemistry, medicine, and technology. To create a solution, one must correctly measure the amounts of the solute and solvent and then completely combine them to create a homogeneous mixture. A solution's concentration can be stated in a number of ways, including molarity, molality, and percent by mass or volume. Solutions can differ from their component elements and compounds in terms of their boiling and melting points, as well as their appearance, flavour, and odour.

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Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead cells.

A phagocyte is a type of white blood cell. Phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils play an essential role as they surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells a process essential for the defense of the human body against infections. They can also boost immune responses.

Invading microorganisms are ingested by phagocytic cells and subsequently found in membrane-delimited phagosomes, where they are killed. The immune system cells that perform phagocytosis can also use other mechanisms to destroy pathogens inside the phagolysosome, such as Oxygen Radicals, Nitric Acids, Antimicrobial Peptides etc.

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Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except that they tend to dissolve in water fluently.

Saturated fats are a type of salutary fat that are generally attained from beast sources(e.g., meat, dairy products) and some factory sources(e.g., coconut oil painting, win oil painting). They're called" impregnated" because they've a high proportion of impregnated adipose acids, which have single bonds within the carbon chain and are" impregnated" with hydrogen tittles. As a result, they're solid at room temperature and have a fairly high melting point. impregnated fats are generally considered to be less healthy than unsaturated fats because they can increase situations of LDL( low- viscosity lipoprotein) cholesterol, which is a threat factor for cardiovascular complaint. thus, it's recommended that people limit their input of impregnated fats and replace them with unsaturated fats, similar as those set up in nuts, seeds, and vegetable canvases . still, impregnated fats don't tend to dissolve in water fluently, which is the characteristic that sets them piecemeal from other types of salutary fats. rather, they're hydrophobic and tend to dissolve in nonpolar detergents, similar as chloroform or ether.

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Validity, Reliability and Accuracy are used in the following ways:

How important are Validity, Reliability and Accuracy in separating iron filings?

Overall, to ensure validity, reliability, and accuracy when separating iron filings, sand, and salt from a mixture, it is important to follow a standardized and consistent process, use appropriate materials and equipment, and accurately measure and record the amounts of each substance before and after separation.

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Answer:

4.19

Explanation:

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

where pKa is the acidic dissociation constant of the weak acid (in this case, benzoic acid), [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (sodium benzoate), and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid (benzoic acid).

To find [A-] and [HA], we need to convert the masses of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate to moles.

First, let's convert the mass of benzoic acid to moles:

21.5 g ÷ 122.12 g/mol = 0.176 moles

Next, let's convert the mass of sodium benzoate to moles:

37.7 g ÷ 144.11 g/mol = 0.262 moles

Now we can use the mole ratios to find [A-] and [HA]. Since sodium benzoate is the salt of benzoic acid, the ratio of sodium benzoate to benzoic acid is 1:1, so [A-] = [HA] = 0.176 moles.

Finally, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of the buffer solution:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) = 4.19 + log(0.176/0.176) = 4.19

So the pH of the buffer solution is 4.19.

The pH of a buffer solution prepared by dissolving 21. 5 g benzoic acid and 37. 7 g sodium benzoate  is 4.19.

Buffer is a chemical which resists change in pH on addition of acid and base.There are 2 types of buffers.

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) where pKa is the acidic dissociation constant of the weak acid (in this case, benzoic acid), [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (sodium benzoate), and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid (benzoic acid).

To find [A-] and [HA], we need to convert the masses of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate to moles.let's convert the mass of benzoic acid to moles:21.5 g ÷ 122.12 g/mol = 0.176 moles

Next, let's convert the mass of sodium benzoate to moles:

37.7 g ÷ 144.11 g/mol = 0.262 moles

Now use the mole ratios to find [A-] and [HA]. Since sodium benzoate is the salt of benzoic acid, the ratio of sodium benzoate to benzoic acid is 1:1, so [A-] = [HA] = 0.176 moles.

Finally,  use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH of the buffer solution:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) = 4.19 + log(0.176/0.176) = 4.19

Hence,  the pH of the buffer solution is 4.19.

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The current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is 40 in 250 years ago

Long-term changes to weather patterns and temperatures are a result of climate change.

The use of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and gas), which release heat-trapping gases, has been the primary cause of climate change since the 250s, despite the fact that these changes are natural.

Global warming is the long-term increase in the planet's average temperature.

Even while there has been a long-term warming trend, the usage of fossil fuels over the past century has caused the pace of acceleration to increase.

The usage of fossil fuels has expanded along atmospheric concentration  with the global population.

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In order to generate the same amount of heat as 1 mole of H2O, approximately 2 moles of H2S must be condensed.

A colourless gas noted for its strong "rotten egg" smell at low concentrations is hydrogen sulphide. It is exceedingly poisonous and combustible.

Compared to hydrogen sulphide, one mole of water requires about 40.7 kJ/mol of enthalpy to vaporise.

To produce the same amount of heat, more hydrogen sulphide must condense into water. Because water has a higher enthalpy of vaporisation than hydrogen sulphide, this happens.

Hence, around two moles of hydrogen sulphide will give the heat produced as one mole of water produces.

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The complete question is-

the table above provides the values for some physical properties of h2s and h2o . approximately, how many moles of h2s must be condensed to release as much heat as would be released when 1 mole of h2o is condensed? responses

A limiting reactant problem is a type of stoichiometry problem that involves determining which reactant in a chemical reaction will be completely consumed, and therefore limit the amount of product that can be formed.

The key clue that a problem is a limiting reactant problem is the presence of information about the amounts or masses of two or more reactants that are involved in a chemical reaction. In a limiting reactant problem, you are typically given the amounts of two or more reactants, and asked to determine the amount of product that can be formed.

To solve a limiting reactant problem, you must first determine the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, and then use stoichiometry to calculate the theoretical amount of product that can be formed from each reactant. The reactant that produces the smallest amount of product is the limiting reactant, because it will be completely consumed in the reaction, while the other reactant(s) will be left over.

The calculation of the limiting reactant and the amount of product produced from it is what sets a limiting reactant problem apart from other stoichiometry problems. In other types of stoichiometry problems, you may be given the amount of a single reactant or product, and asked to find the amount of another reactant or product using stoichiometry.

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the wavelength of a single photon of UV-A electromagnetic radiation that possesses an energy of 6.2 x 10^-19 J is approximately 3.210 x 10^-5 cm. The option closest to this answer is 3.2 x 10^-5 cm.

explain about energy ?

The energy E of a photon is related to its wavelength λ by the following formula:

E = h * c / λ

where h is the Planck's constant, c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and λ is the wavelength of the photon.

We are given the energy of a single photon of UV-A electromagnetic radiation as 6.2 x 10^-19 J. The values of h and c are:

h = 6.626 x 10^-34 J s

c = 2.998 x 10^8 m/s (the speed of light in a vacuum)

To convert the wavelength to centimeters, we can use the conversion factor of 1 m = 100 cm.

Now we can rearrange the formula to solve for the wavelength λ:

λ = h * c / E

Substituting the given values, we get:

λ = (6.626 x 10^-34 J s) * (2.998 x 10^8 m/s) / (6.2 x 10^-19 J)

λ = 3.210 x 10^-7 m = 3.210 x 10^-5 cm (after conversion)

Therefore, the wavelength of a single photon of UV-A electromagnetic radiation that possesses an energy of 6.2 x 10^-19 J is approximately 3.210 x 10^-5 cm. The option closest to this answer is 3.2 x 10^-5 cm.

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16.49g sodium iodide (NaI) will react with 7.82 grams of chlorine.

Given, Mass of Chlorine gas = 7.82g

          Mass of sodium iodide  = ?

Let's find the number of moles of the given element:

Number of moles   = mass/molar mass

Molar mass of Cl₂   = 2(35.5)  = 71g/mol

Number of moles = 7.82/71 = 0.11mole

The given reaction equation is:

2NaI  + Cl₂  →  2NaCl + I₂  

Here, 2 mole of Cl₂ will react with 2 mole of NaI

Also,  0.11 mole of Cl₂ will also react with 0.11mole of NaI

Mass of sodium iodide = number of moles x molar mass

Molar mass of NaI  = 23 + 126.9  = 149.9g/mol

Mass of sodium iodide  = 0.11 x 149.9 = 16.49g

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The complete question is -

What mass of sodium iodide (NaI) will react with 7.82 grams of chlorine? 2NaI  + Cl₂  →  2NaCl + I₂ (given reaction equation).

To determine the concentration of the Fe2+ solution, we can use the following equation for the reaction between Fe2+ and Ce4+ ions:[tex]Fe2+ + Ce4+ → Fe3+ + Ce3+[/tex]

We know the volume and molarity of the Ce4+ solution (0.962 M), and the volume of Ce4+ solution required to reach the equivalence point (24.995 mL). The volume of Ce4+ solution can be used to find the number of moles of Ce4+ ions present in the solution.

First, convert the volume of Ce4+ solution to liters:

[tex]24.995 mL * (1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.024995 L[/tex]

Next, use the molarity and volume to find the number of moles of Ce4+ ions:

[tex]0.962 M * 0.024995 L = 0.023724 moles of Ce4+[/tex]

Since the equivalence point is reached, the number of moles of Ce4+ ions added is equal to the number of moles of Fe2+ ions in the original solution. We can now use this information to find the concentration of the Fe2+ solution.

First, we need to determine the total volume of the Fe2+ solution and water mixture.

Volume of Fe2+ solution = 6.685 mL

Volume of water = 45 mL

Total volume = 6.685 mL + 45 mL = 51.685 mL = 0.051685 L

Next, use the number of moles of Fe2+ ions and the total volume to find the concentration:

[tex]0.023724 moles / 0.051685 L = 0.462 M[/tex]

So, the concentration of the Fe2+ solution is 0.462 M.

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The formulas of the compounds that were shown are;

CaCl2

K2S

AlBr3

BeF2

MgS

Ionic compounds are a type of chemical compound made up of ions, which are atoms or molecules that have a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons. In ionic compounds, positive ions (cations) are typically metal atoms, while negative ions (anions) are typically non-metal atoms. These ions are held together in a crystal lattice structure by strong electrostatic forces, forming a solid, crystalline substance.

Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points, and they are often soluble in water. They are also typically poor conductors of electricity in the solid state, but good conductors in the melted or dissolved state due to the movement of ions.

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The energy is 6.6 * 10^-18 J.

Photons are quantized packets of electromagnetic energy, which are sometimes referred to as light particles. The energy of a photon determines its color, as well as its ability to interact with matter. Photons with lower energy have longer wavelengths and lower frequencies, and are perceived as red or infrared light. Photons with higher energy have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies, and are perceived as blue or ultraviolet light.

Given that the wavelength is 3 * 10^-6 cm or 3 * 10^-8 m We would have that;

E = hc/λ

E = energy

h = plan's constant

c = speed of light

λ = wavelength

E= 6.6 * 10^-34 * 3 * 10^8/3 * 10^-8

E = 6.6 * 10^-18 J

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Shearing stress is most likely to occur at this boundary. Therefore, option A is correct.

Shearing stress is defined as "a type of stress that acts coplanar with the material's cross-section." Shear stress is caused by shear forces. They are the same magnitude and opposite direction forces acting on opposite sides of a body. Shear stress is measured as a vector quantity.

A strike-slip fault is a dip-slip fault with a vertical dip in the fault plane caused by shear stresses. The San Andreas Fault in California is the world's most well-known strike-slip fault.

Thus, option A is correct.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably your question was

What type of stress is most likely to occur at this

boundary?

O shearing

syncline

tension

compression

A simple technique to tell if a molecule is not chiral is to look at its plane of symmetry.

The plane of symmetry of each molecule is identified by drawing an illogical line between them. The molecule is divided into two identical halves according to the plane of symmetry. The plane of symmetry of a molecule can be found by rotating the carbon-carbon sigma bond.

Complete solution, step by step: A molecule's imaginary division via which it is divided bilaterally into two equal halves is known as its plane of symmetry. They are mirror images of one another in both parts.

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Covalent bonding can result in de-localized electrons, such as in metallic bonding where atoms share valence electrons, or in conjugated systems in organic molecules.

Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom and are responsible for the chemical properties of the element. They are located in the highest energy level or valence shell of an atom and determine how that atom interacts with other atoms. For example, atoms with a full valence shell, such as the noble gases, are generally unreactive, whereas atoms with incomplete valence shells, such as the halogens, are highly reactive and tend to form chemical bonds with other atoms to achieve a full valence shell. Valence electrons can be shared or transferred between atoms, which leads to the formation of chemical bonds, including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Understanding the properties and behavior of valence electrons is essential for predicting and explaining the chemical properties of different elements and compounds.

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The increase in reaction rates with an increase in temperature is not a colligative property of a solution.

Freezing-point depression is the decrease of the freezing point of a solvent in addition to a non-volatile solute. It is a colligative property of the solution.

When a solute is added to a solvent, the area of the open surface of the solvent is decreased due to the presence of solute molecules. Hence, the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. Therefore, there is a depression of vapor pressure upon the addition of a solute to a solvent.

As the vapor pressure is decreased, the boiling point will be increased, as it would take more temperature to achieve the saturated vapor pressure. This leads to the elevation of the boiling point.

If more solute is added to a solvent, then the concentration gradient will be increased, which leads to an increase in osmotic pressure.

If the reaction is exothermic then the reaction rate decreases with the increase in temperature. But if the reaction is endothermic then the reaction rate increases with the increase in temperature. Hence, it is not a colligative property of solutions.

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NAAQS standard is an average and all of the monthly average ozone levels are below the required level of 75 ppb, Pittsburgh appears to be in compliance. The monthly maximum ozone levels, where the requirement of 75 ppb is surpassed five times, show that it is feasible for ozone levels to exceed the limit and still be in compliance because the NAAQS standard is average.

In order to safeguard the environment and public health from air pollution, the government announced National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 12 contaminants in 2009.

The CAA mandates that EPA create National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for six common air pollutants, sometimes referred to as "criteria" air pollutants, in order to safeguard human health and welfare across the country. The contaminants are particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and lead.

Areas in the US that do not meet the 0.08 ppm(v) 8-hour limit for ambient ozone concentration are out of compliance. The number of days per year with an average 8-hour ozone concentration of 0.08 ppm(v) or higher is the basis for the 8-hour ozone NAAQS.

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The number of moles in 5.12 × 10³ Fluorine(F) atoms is 8.45 × 10 ‐ ²³ moles.

The moles is defined as the measurement of the amount of any substance. Its is the measure of the amount of elementary particles in a substance. One mole is numerically equal to 6.023 × 10²³  which is called Avogadro's number.

From Periodic Table, we can find that Molecular Weight of Fluorine(F) is 19. We know the Molar Weight of any element is numerically equal to its Molecular Weight i.e. numerically, Molecular Weight = Molar Weight of any matter.

The number of moles in 5.12 × 10³ Fluorine(F) atoms will be calculated as: (5.12 × 10³) / (6.023 × 10²³) = 8.45 × 10 ‐ ²³ moles

So, there are approximately 8.45 x 10^-23 moles  in 5.12 × 10³ atoms of Fluorine.

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In liquid chromatography (LC), the mobile phase is a solvent or a mixture of solvents that flows through the chromatography column.

The choice of mobile phase and its composition is critical for the separation of sample components. The solvents used as the mobile phase should be able to dissolve the sample components, but not the stationary phase, and they should also have different affinities for the sample components, so that the components can be separated effectively.

In a step gradient separation, different concentrations of aqueous isopropanol are used as the mobile phase at different times during the chromatographic run. The step gradient separation involves a series of steps where the concentration of isopropanol in the aqueous mobile phase is gradually increased. This method allows for the separation of components with different polarities, as the increasing concentration of isopropanol reduces the polarity of the mobile phase and hence affects the separation of components.

The different concentrations of aqueous isopropanol are necessary because they provide a range of polarity conditions for the separation. The separation of sample components depends on their relative affinity for the stationary and mobile phases. By varying the composition of the mobile phase, the affinity of the mobile phase for the sample components can be adjusted, which leads to the separation of the components. For example, if the mobile phase is too polar, some non-polar components may not interact with it and may elute early from the column without separation. Conversely, if the mobile phase is too non-polar, some polar components may not interact with it and may elute late from the column, which may result in poor separation.

By using a step gradient of different concentrations of aqueous isopropanol, the mobile phase is changed gradually, allowing for the separation of a wider range of sample components. The higher concentration of isopropanol results in a less polar mobile phase, which is better suited for the separation of more non-polar components, while the lower concentration of isopropanol results in a more polar mobile phase, which is better suited for the separation of more polar components. This allows for the separation of a broader range of sample components and improves the resolution of the LC experiment.

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Cooler materials are more dense than warmer materials because density increases as temperature decreases.

This is due to the fact that molecules slow down as the temperature drops, causing them to move closer together and increase the density of a material. This is known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac, which states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. As the temperature decreases, the pressure also decreases, causing the molecules to come closer together and increase the density of the material.This is due to the fact that thermal energy, which causes particles to move farther apart, is reduced when temperature decreases. As the particles become more tightly packed, the material becomes denser.

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You are using an experimental spectrophotometer. If a detector reading is 45158 (in some unit) for a blank tube and 4119 for your riboflavin sample. Then, the absorbance of the riboflavin sample is 1.30.

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in foods and sold as a dietary supplement. Required for the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. These coenzymes are involved in energy metabolism, cellular respiration and antibody production, and normal growth and development. Coenzymes are also required for the metabolism of niacin, vitamin B6, and folic acid. Riboflavin is prescribed to treat corneal thinning, and oral administration can reduce the frequency of migraines in adults.

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Answer:

The absorbance of the riboflavin sample is 0.898 AU, which is calculated by subtracting the blank tube reading (45158) from the riboflavin sample reading (4119) and dividing by 45158.

Answer:

The weak acid will give it's H+

Explanation:

If a strong base is added to a buffer, the weak acid will give up its H+ in order to transform the base (OH-) into water (H2O) and the conjugate base: HA + OH- → A- + H2O. Since the added OH- is consumed by this reaction, the pH will change only slightly.

Answer:ionic radius increases down the

Explanation: